Mobile translator of phrases and sentences. Basic English (part 3) - learning to write sentences

Subject + predicate + direct object

Predicate

Indirect additions and circumstances

Simple sentences in English

Types of sentences in English

Bottom line

Simple sentence in English

Complex sentence

How to make sentences in English

Word order in narrative statements

Word order in English questions

Word order in imperative sentences

Word order in exclamatory sentences

Rules for constructing narrative sentences

Inversion in a declarative sentence

Indirect object position

Position of circumstance

Adverbs of frequency and indirect objects without the preposition to

Stylistic change in word order

Unexpanded offers

Common offers

Personal offers

Vaguely personal proposals

Impersonal offers

Declarative sentences

Exclamatory sentences

Interrogative sentences

Imperative (incentive) sentences

1. The subject comes first, the predicate comes second, and then comes everything else.

2. An English sentence ALWAYS has a predicate, i.e. verb!

Declarative sentence

Interrogative sentence

exclamation clause

Before the subject (usually these are tense adverbs)

After the addition (almost any adverb or adverbial phrase can be placed here):

Between the auxiliary and main verb (usually short adverbs):

Types

Examples

Types

Examples

Types

Examples

Types

Examples

What..!

How..!

In the lesson below we will look at a very important grammar topic- construction of narrative sentences in English. The construction of a declarative sentence in Russian is very different from English. Therefore, be careful and pay enough attention to this topic.

First, answer the question - what is a declarative sentence? A declarative sentence is a sentence that expresses the idea of the presence or absence of some actual or alleged phenomenon. Accordingly, they can be affirmative or negative. They are usually pronounced with a falling intonation.

The Russian language is characterized by free word order, i.e. we can rearrange words in a sentence and its meaning will remain the same. This is due to the fact that the Russian language has a developed system of case endings.

For example:

The bear killed the hare.
The hare was killed by a bear.

As you can see, the meaning of the sentence has not changed much. Only the semantic emphasis depends on which member of the sentence comes first. That is, what we want to emphasize comes first. The word "bear" is in nominative case and is the subject of the sentence wherever it appears. The word "hare" is in accusative case and is a direct object wherever it appears.

Now let's do the same with the English sentence:

The bear killed the rabbit.
The rabbit killed the bear.

Rearranging the words in an English sentence radically changed its meaning. Now the second sentence is translated as “The hare killed the bear.” And all because in the English language there are practically no case endings and the function of a word is determined by its place in the sentence. In English, the subject always comes before the verb. And the word after the verb will serve as a direct object. Therefore, in the second English version and it turned out that the word “rabbit” became the subject.

Remember the rule:

The word order in an English declarative sentence is direct (i.e., the subject first, and then the predicate) and strictly fixed!

Scheme of word order in an English sentence

I	II	III	III	III
Subject	Predicate	Indirect addition	Direct addition	Prepositional addition
My name	is Peter.
I	like		skating
Olga	bought	her brother	a car	for a present.
My brother	teaches	me	to swim.

Following the rules of this scheme, when constructing sentences in English, the grammatical basis is first put, i.e., subject and predicate. The complements follow immediately after the predicate. The indirect object answers the question “to whom?”, the direct object answers the question “what?”, and the prepositional object answers “for what?” How?".

As for circumstances, the circumstances of place and time can be either at the end of the sentence, or in the zero place before the subject. Review the following table:

0	I	II	III	III	III	IV	IV	IV
Circumstance time or place	Subject	Predicate	Indirect addition	Direct addition	Prepositional addition	Circumstance course of action	Circumstance places	Circumstance time
	We	do		our work		with pleasure.
Yesterday	he	read		the text		well.
	I	saw		him			at the school	today.

According to the rules, the definition can appear with any member of the sentence that is expressed by a noun. It doesn't have permanent place in a sentence and also does not change the general obligatory pattern for a declarative sentence. For example:

If necessary, each member of a sentence expressed by a noun can have two definitions: left (located to the left of the word to which it refers) and right definition or attributive phrases (located to the right of the word to which it refers).

Direct word order:

Inversion in English is a change in word order in relation to the subject and predicate. That is, the placement of the predicate (or part of it) in front of the subject is called inversion.

In declarative sentences, inversion is observed:

1. If the predicate is expressed by the phrase there is/ are (there was/ were, there’ll be, there has been, there can be, etc.).
Examples:

There is a big lake near our house - There is a big lake near our house big lake(there is - predicate, and lake - subject)
There was nothing on the table when I returned - There was nothing on the table when I returned

2. In short sentences expressing confirmation or denial with the words so or neither - “So (Neither) do (have, am, can) I”, which are translated by the expression “And I too.” In such replica sentences, the auxiliary verb do is placed before the subject (if in the predicate of the previous sentence the main verb was in Present Simple or Past Simple) or verbs will, be, have and other auxiliary and modal verbs(if they were contained in the predicate of the previous sentence).

She knows Spanish very well. − So does her brother. (She knows Spanish very well. - Her brother too.)
I like the ice-cream very much. − So do I. (I love ice cream. - Me too.)
They came too late. − So did we. (They arrived too late. - So did we.)
I haven’t eaten this ace-cream yet. − Neither have I. (I haven’t eaten this ice cream yet. — Me neither.)
She can't go home now. − Neither саn I. (She can’t go home now. — Neither can I.)

3. If the sentence begins with the adverbs here - here, there - over there, now, then, and the subject is expressed by a noun.

Here are the pencils you’d been looking for − Here are the pencils you were looking for
Here is an example - Here is an example

If the subject is expressed by a personal pronoun, direct word order is used in the sentence.

Nehe you are − Here you go
Here it is − Here it is

4. With the verbs had, were, should in a non-union conditional clause.

Should you meet him in town, ask him to ring me up - If you meet him in the city, ask him to call me

5. In words introducing direct speech, when these words come after direct speech and the subject is expressed by a noun.

“Who can read the text?” — asked the teacher — “Who can read the text?” - asked the teacher

If the subject in words introducing direct speech is expressed by a personal pronoun, inversion is not used.

“Who can read the text?” — he asked — “Who can read the text?” - he asked

By remembering the rules for constructing narrative sentences in English, you will be able to correctly express your thoughts. The main thing is to remember what direct word order looks like in English, i.e. learn the scheme. Good luck in learning English! ( 5 Votes: 4,20 out of 5)

In order to construct even the simplest sentence in English, you need to know the word order in the language. This seemingly simple, but very important topic is the starting point in learning English grammar.

In normal affirmative sentence the subject is placed immediately before the predicate (verb). The direct object, when present, comes immediately after the verb. For example:

They bought a car. — They bought a car.
We can't do that. - We can't do this.
The girl in a blue dress was playing the piano. — A girl in a blue dress was playing the piano.

Note that by subject here we mean not only the main noun or pronoun, but also the adjectives or descriptive phrases that refer to it. The rest of the sentence that does not refer to the subject is called the predicate. For example:

The girl in a blue dress was playing the piano.

If there are any other parts in the sentence - indirect additions or circumstances - they usually occupy a strictly defined place.

after direct object if it contains the preposition to.

The indirect object is placed before direct object when to is missing. For example:

The teacher gave dictionaries to the pupils. — The teacher distributed dictionaries to the students.
The teacher gave them dictionaries. — The teacher gave them dictionaries.

The circumstance can be placed in three places:

In the morning he was reading a book. — In the morning he was reading a book.

He was reading a book at the library. — He was reading a book in the library.

He has already read this book. — He has already read the book.

In standard English, there are usually no other words placed between the subject and the predicate or between the predicate and the object. But there are a few exceptions. Here are the most important of them:

I sometimes drink coffee in the morning. - I Sometimes I drink coffee in the morning.
He showed the driver his bus pass. — He showed to the driver your bus pass.

If you follow these simple rules, you will be able to avoid mistakes in the placement of words in an English sentence. The examples given are intentionally simple - but the same rules can be applied to more. For example:

The woman, , never went to sleep before - The woman [who often felt lonely] never went to bed without calling her sister.

Of course, there are exceptions to the rules, and writers or speakers often use unusual word order to achieve a particular effect. But if we now focus on exceptions, we will distract ourselves from the main principles, and the problem of word order in a sentence may seem very difficult.

So here are some more examples: You should know that these sentences exist, but don't try to use them unless absolutely necessary until you have mastered the principles of normal word order (remember, you need to learn to walk before you can run!):

Never before had he felt so miserable. “He had never felt so unhappy before.”

If a sentence begins with never or never before, the subject and predicate are often subject to inversion, i.e. change places. Don't use inversion when never follows the subject!

Hardly had I finished cleaning the house, my friend called. “I had barely finished cleaning the house when my friend called.

(When a sentence begins with hardly, the subject and predicate must always be inverted.)

Had they known, they"d never have done that. - Had they known this, they would never have done that.

(Inversion is used in hypothetical condition structures when if is omitted.)

Whatever you can tell me, I know already. “Whatever you tell me, I already know.”

Here's the expanded addition: Whatever you can tell me, is placed at the beginning of the sentence for artistic reasons: this sentence structure is not necessary, it's just .

Now, having mastered the rules of construction simple sentences, you can move on to more complex sentences with subordinate clauses.

How do you feel about non-standard word order in English? Difficult, unclear? Share in the comments!

Typical sentence in English differs from Russian in its strict word order. Arbitrary rearrangements are highly undesirable. Although some authors change correct sequence to impress readers and listeners. This applies to fiction writers and park speakers. But for ordinary people, even at home, it is better to avoid deviations from standards. Moreover, they are still just learning a foreign language. First, you should get used to composing English sentences as needed, then, if desired, allow some liberties.

Simplicity denotes completeness of thought, a single action performed by an actor, including an inspiritual one or a whole group of people. Unity in this case is a purely grammatical category, regardless of the diverse reality. Simple sentence in English(Simple Sentence) contains a maximum of one subject (Subject) and predicate (Predicate). Or does not contain it explicitly at all, the main members are implied from the previous context. No semicolons, transitions from one thought to another through a comma, and excursions and explanations with the conjunction “what.” The phrase has a clear semantic focus: a narrative, a question, an incentive or an exclamation. This is emphasized by punctuation marks in writing or voice intonation during oral pronunciation.

Simple sentences in English are divided into non-common and common. Both one and the other are divided into the following types:

two-member;
one-member.

In two-part ones there can be a subject and a predicate together, these are called complete:

– The baby is smiling.

In incomplete ones there is only a subject:

– My parents, of course;

or just the predicate:

– Swimming in the sea.

One-piece sentence in English– a specific type, where the main member cannot be clearly attributed to the subject or predicate . It is expressed by a noun or verbal infinitive. For example: – To stay here? – stay here? – Summer! - summer!

Unextended Sentence contains only a grammatical basis - a subject with a predicate, and not always completely, as in the above incomplete ones. There are no additions, circumstances or definitions. Example: – I am sleeping. Here the speaker does not specify where and when he sleeps, in what environment.

Extended Sentence consists of a base and secondary members related to it:

definitions (Attributes);
additions (Objects);
circumstances (Adverbials).

The definition clarifies the subject (subject) and describes its characteristics. Expressed in one or more words related to the most different parts speech, most often to adjectives. Situated before or immediately after the subject.

– Very little child can't eat much.

– Something unusual had happened to them.

Definitions slightly violate the usual word order, when the subject comes first, then the predicate, then - minor members, except in circumstances that may actually be located anywhere.

Additions can be direct or indirect. Direct denotes the object on which the action is performed. Used without prepositions before it. In Russian it is usually translated in the accusative case.

– We have bought a car .

– You are doing exercises .

The indirect object is translated in the dative, instrumental or prepositional case. Appears in advanced speech constructions, where in addition to the actor (subject) and the main subject (object), a “third party” is also involved. If the indirect object is without the particle to, then it is placed before the direct object, and the one used with it comes after the direct object.

– Professor gave books to the students .

– Professor gave them books.

Circumstances determine the time and place, the conditions in which events occur. They usually contain prepositions, although they can be expressed in just one word. Circumstances include English sentences in different places:

before the subject - In the evening she was reading;
after additions – He had finished his work at the library ;
between the auxiliary verb and the main verb – They have already completed their homework.

In the latter case, as a rule, short adverbs are used.

In Personal Sentence, the subject is a specific person or thing: "I", "my friend", "fast car". Expressed by a pronoun or noun with modifiers.

If the subject is already clear from the previous context, it may be absent explicitly. All the same, such English sentences are considered personal. For example: – I wrote the letter. Then subscribed it.

Indefinite-personal contain one (singular) or they (plural) as the subject.

– One may not enter this room – you cannot enter this room;

- They say, next summer will be wet - they say, next summer will be wet.

Impersonal sentences in English are composed with the formal subject it, since the subject cannot be completely absent, as happens in Russian.

– It is snowing outdoors – it’s snowing outside.

– It becomes dark – it becomes dark.

- It seems - it seems.

Offers are of the following types:

narrative - ends with a period;
interrogatives - end with a question mark;
exclamation marks - end with an exclamation mark;
incentive, or imperative - usually also with an exclamation at the end.

In a declarative sentence in English, the word order is straight.

Affirmative.
Negative.

Affirmative, in fact, have already been discussed earlier. In negatives there should be only one negation, not like in Russian, with a double one often occurring. The particle not comes after the modal (auxiliary) verb. In everyday conversations, abbreviated forms with continuous pronunciation are widely used: isn't, aren't, wasn't, weren't, wouldn't, don't, doesn't, didn't, haven't, hasn't ,hadn't, cann't, shouldn't.

– He is a good student – statement.

– He isn’t a good student – denial.

With the word "No":

– No rival could win him.

– There is no newspaper on the desk.

In addition to “No” and “not”, nobody, none, no one, nothing, neither (nor), nowhere are used for negation. These words should also not be duplicated.

Exclamative Sentences express strong emotions and are spoken loudly and clearly.

Can be combined with a question, then at the end it stands question mark before the exclamation point, and at the beginning one of the characteristic words: What, Where, When, How...

- Shut up! - shut your mouth!

– What is this?! – what is this?!

An interrogative sentence in English is characterized by an increase in the timbre of the voice from beginning to end.

General.
Special.

A general question is asked without using question words. The auxiliary verb comes first. A special question begins with the word “who”, “what”, “where”, “when”, “how”...

– Who is there?

– Do you like roast beef?

Imperative Sentence is close to an exclamation, but instead of a passive expression of emotions, it encourages active action, more or less politely. There may not be an exclamation point at the end if it is not a sharp order. Since the interlocutor is known, the pronoun You is often skipped, violating the classical word order .

Affirmative.
Negative.

A command aimed at third parties, as well as expressing a gentle request or offer of help, usually begins with the verb let. Negative imperatives sentences in English always begin with the verb do.

- Listen to me.

- Don't touch me.

- Let him go away.

– Let’s play!!

Let's in the last example is an abbreviation of let us. The full form is almost never included in English sentences, unless they want to surprise their interlocutor with royal courtesy.

Having considered various sentences in the English language, it is useful to practice composing them. The correct word order requires special attention. Although in real life there are many exceptions, both generally accepted and invented to make the phrase unusual. A person who simply wants to talk with foreigners needs only the most general knowledge about proposals. But a linguistic student needs to learn to accurately identify grammatical structures, distinguish between complex predicates, adverbials, additions and definitions. Sometimes this requires a lot of work. But having gained experience, it is no longer possible to make mistakes in your speech. A demanding teacher will give you a high grade, and foreign acquaintances will be delighted.

» Sentences in English

In English, as in Russian, there are five categories of sentences, the rules of construction of which must be accurately known in order to successfully communicate in the language.

Simple sentence - complex sentence
Narrative sentence - interrogative sentence- exclamatory sentence

Simple sentences are those sentences in which there is only one actor (subject) and one action (predicate). With simple sentences, things are not so simple. You need to know the fixed word order - unfortunately, in English it is strict and it is highly undesirable to deviate from it.

Applies to English offer a basic rule consisting of two points:

Schematically, this can be depicted as follows:

Table 1. Word order in an English sentence


SUBJECT	PREDICATE	REST OF THE PROPOSAL

		to work every day.

The following note should be made about this table: You can put a definition BEFORE the subject. And second: this scheme is used for affirmative English sentences, i.e. those with a period at the end.

Even if you don’t hear this verb in the Russian translation of this sentence. For example: There are many wolves in the forest. (there is not a single verb here, although this sentence can be remade for a convenient translation: “There are many wolves in the forest.” This version already has a verb - there are). - There are many wolves in the forest.

We call a complex sentence a sentence made up of several simple sentences. As a rule, there are no difficulties with complex sentences, unless it is a complex sentence (that is, a sentence with a subordinate clause).

If you have already graduated from school a long time ago, then the term “subordinate clauses” most likely will not mean anything to you. Therefore, let’s refresh your memory: there are simple sentences (in which there is one predicate/verb), and there are complex sentences (they consist of several simple ones). In turn, complex sentences are divided into compound sentences (in them you can put the conjunction “and” between several simple sentences) and complex sentences (in them from one simple sentence to another you can ask the question “which? why? where? when? under what condition?” how?, etc.”) And subordinate clauses are precisely those simple ones to which we give a question. They are also called dependent in another way. The structure of a complex sentence looks like this:

As can be seen from the diagram, various conjunctions serve as a link between the main and dependent clauses: where, when, which, whose, because, if, etc.

This all seems so distant and incomprehensible, but in fact we use complex sentences much more often than we ourselves notice. So, the following are often used as unions:

Who used in relation to persons (=who):

I'll call George, who is good at computers.

Which refers to inanimate objects, animals, and also to the main clause in general (=which):

Don’t buy the lipstick which we saw yesterday.

She has already finished the report which will allow her a pay rise.

That refers to both animate and inanimate objects (=which):

The man that we met yesterday is my ex.

The car that Tim bought used to be mine.

Table 2. English words connectors of complex sentences

It is important to use correct punctuation (punctuation) in complex sentences.

The structure of complex sentences generally follows two possible patterns.

Main clause + conjunction + Subordinate clause

Subordinate clause + , + Main clause

Alan couldn’t come to the meeting as he was ill.

Things get more complicated if the subordinate clause begins with who, which, or where. Sometimes a comma is needed, sometimes not - it depends on how IMPORTANT this subordinate clause is for the meaning, whether emphasis is placed on it.

Main clause + conjunction + Significant subordinate clause

The driver didn’t remember the place where he had left the car.

The subordinate clause EXPLAINS the word place. Without this subordinate clause, the sentence will lose meaning, so it is meaningful. This means that there is no need for a comma in front of it - it cannot be separated in any way from the main sentence.

Main clause + , + Minor subordinate clause

The driver didn’t remember the parking lot in his neighborhood, where only expensive cars are parked.

The main sentence already contains specification - in his neighborhood. Therefore, the subordinate clause is DESCRIPTIVE, it does not represent important information. This means that it can be separated from the main clause by a comma.

Also, subordinate clauses can interrupt the main thing, “intervene” into it. In this case, we highlight or not highlight with commas on both sides.

The driver didn’t remember the place where he had left the car well.

The driver didn’t remember the parking lot in his neighborhood, where only expensive cars are parked, well.

The classification into declarative, interrogative and exclamatory sentences is made based on punctuation marks. At the end of declarative sentences we put a period, at the end of interrogative sentences we put a question mark, at the end of exclamatory sentences we put an exclamation mark. However, they differ not only in punctuation, but also in word order. In declarative sentences, the word order is direct - we talked about them above.

So, there are 2 basic types of questions: general and. To the first we answer “yes” or “no”, and to the second we answer something specific, special (depending on what is asked in the question itself). Remember that the word order in any English sentence is FIXED, and this also applies to questions.

0 place- QUESTION WORD

What - what? Which?
Who - who?
Who(m) - to whom? by whom?
Where - where? Where?
When - when?
Why - why?
How - how?
How much (many) - how much?
Which - which?
What - which one?
Whose - whose?

1st place- AUXILIARY VERB

is/are/am
do / does / did
will / would / shall
have / has
can/could
may/might
ought
should

2nd place- SUBJECT

3rd place- BASIC (SEMINAL) VERB

4th place- REST OF THE WORDS

There are also several comments to this structure:

NOTE 1. How to choose an auxiliary verb? Very simply: the auxiliary verb is the one that appears first in the original sentence. For example:

Danny is a worker ---> is
Anna will drive ---> will
They have finished the report ---> have

Therefore, to ask a question, you just need to rearrange the subject and predicate.

What to do if there is no auxiliary verb? For example: We visited the museum. Here we only have the main verb - visited. Therefore, when there is no visible auxiliary verb, it is do / does / did, depending on the tense. In our case it is did, since the verb is in .

NOTE 2. The main (semantic) verb, when you ask a question, is pure, that is, without any endings, in the initial form.

NOTE 3. How to understand 0 place? This position in the question is called so because there are question words only in special questions, but not in general ones. It is by the question word that you determine what to answer. For example:

Mother gave her son a tasty medicine yesterday because he was ill.

Who? -Mother
Whom? -son
Whose son? - her
What? - medicine
What medicine? - tasty
When? - yesterday
Why? - because he was ill

In general questions (those to which you answer “yes” or “no”) there is no question word, that is, an auxiliary verb comes immediately.

As a rule, exclamatory sentences begin with what (what the..., which...) or how (how...). Here, too, you need to be careful with the word order.

Table 3. Word order of English exclamation sentence

In exclamations, it is customary to put either an adjective or an adverb after how.

How sweet! - How nice!

How lovely! - How funny!

Sometimes you can find a more detailed construction: How + adjective/adverb + subject + predicate.

How interesting it was to hear her story!

How wonderful it is to see you!

In this article we will touch on a topic that worries many - how to correctly compose this or that English sentence, or, in other words, what sequence of words to choose in order to get a grammatically correct sentence construction and a beautiful, logical and understandable statement for others. Here, first of all, it is worth paying attention to the nature of the sentence according to the purpose of the statement, namely, whether it is declarative, interrogative, motivating or exclamatory. Let us consider certain types of such statements.

Note: for ease of perception of the material in the examples below, the members of the sentence will be highlighted in color: the subject will be red, the predicate will be blue, the direct object will be brown, etc.

In an ordinary (declarative) sentence subject usually placed immediately before predicate . This type of sentence construction is called direct word order and is fixed for construction narrative statements in English. A direct object (if present) follows immediately after the predicate:

*John* *is traveling* .	John is traveling.
He is writing an article.	He is writing an article.
*The man who stayed at our hotel last night* *is writing a book.*	The man who stayed at our hotel last night is writing a book.

Please note that under the subject there is not just a single word, but sometimes a whole phrase or construction containing an infinitive, or a subordinate clause.

*A strong wish to stay* *was following me.*	A strong desire to stay haunted me.
*Reading at least one book a week* keeps your mind fit.	Reading at least one book a week keeps your mind fit.
*The woman who lives next door* *has telephoned you.*	The woman who lives next door called you.

If a sentence contains any other parts of it - an indirect object, circumstances expressed by adverbs or certain phrases - then these members of the sentence usually also occupy certain places in the statement.

Position indirect object in an English sentence . Indirect addition follows direct object , if it is preceded by a preposition (for example, the preposition to), and precedes a direct object if there is no preposition.

*Jane* *gave that interesting book to her brother.*	Jane gave that interesting book to her brother.
*Jane* *gave her brother an interesting book.*	Jane gave her brother an interesting book.

What's the difference, you ask. Take a closer look at the information conveyed by each of the proposals - the most important and new information is moved to the end of the sentence, that is, for the first statement it was important to whom Jane gave the book, while for the second it was important what exactly she gave to her brother.

Position of circumstance. Circumstances occur in an English sentence in three different places:

a) before the subject, for example:

*Tomorrow* I *am leaving* *my native town.*	Tomorrow I will leave my hometown.
*At the end of the week* we go fishing.	At the end of the week we go fishing.
*Because of your laziness* you have a lot of problems.	Because of your laziness, you have a lot of problems.

This position is characteristic mainly of circumstances of time, place, cause and condition.

b1) after addition, for example:

We *play tennis on Saturdays.*	We play tennis on Saturdays.
*The tourists* *are leaving our town tomorrow .*	Tourists are leaving our city tomorrow.
*Mary* told me the truth the day before yesterday.	Mary told me the truth the day before yesterday.

b2) with intransitive verbs immediately after the verb, for example:

I *am jogging* *in the park.*	I'm running in the park.
*The petrol cost* *is increasing rapidly.*	The cost of gasoline is rising rapidly.
*The sun* *is shining brightly.*	The sun is shining brightly.

Position b1) and b2) are acceptable for almost all types of circumstances, except for those discussed in paragraph c).

c) in the middle of the predicate group, that is, between the auxiliary and semantic verb. This position is typical for circumstances expressed by adverbs denoting the regularity or time of execution (perfection) of an action. Moreover, if the predicate is expressed by only one verb, the position of the adverb is preserved - it will stand before the usual semantic verb, but if the verb can act as an auxiliary (and somewhere nearby the nominal part of such a predicate is found), then the adverb will appear after it. Examples:

*Tom* has already seen this film.	Tom has already seen this film.
*Sue* doesn't usually help me.	Sue doesn't usually help me.
*Helen* often visits her granny.	Helen often visits her grandmother.
*Jack* is often late.	Jack is often late.

The question quite naturally arises: “What if several circumstances should be used in a sentence?” To begin with, it should be noted that such situations most often occur with circumstances of time, place and manner of action (usually only with two types of this list). As a rule, it is preferable to use the adverbial first course of action , then - places , and only then - time . It’s easy to remember this combination, because it partly resembles the name of a famous TV show, only in a slightly modified form - “How? Where? When?". In this case, more precise time parameters are placed before more generalized ones. Examples:

*They left their house quickly in the morning.*	They left their house hastily in the morning.
*Jane met Paul in the street last week.*	Jane met Paul on the street last week.
*Terry is going to say good bye to all his friends at the station at 6 o’clock tomorrow .*	Terry is going to say goodbye to all his friends at the station at 6 o'clock tomorrow.

However, this rule is advisory rather than mandatory. In live English speech, circumstances may be arranged in a different order, since the speaker may have different speech intentions and, with the help of unusual word position and phrasal stress, try, for example, to highlight certain part statements. But at the stage of learning English, you should accept this order circumstances to be noted in order to avoid future doubts about correct structure offers.

Introductory words are most often placed at the beginning of a sentence, expressing the attitude of the author of the statement to the entire sentence, for example:

*Perhaps* *the group has already* *reached* *the destination of the trip.*	The group may have already reached their destination.
*Surely* *the teacher will ask you.*	Surely the teacher will ask you.

However, the author of a statement can sometimes put an introductory word in another place, for example, inside a complex predicate, to give special significance and emotional emphasis to any part of the sentence, for example:

For greater clarity, below is sentence construction scheme(narrative) with examples:

Circumstance or introductory word	Subject	Predicate	Addition			Circumstance
Circumstance or introductory word	Subject	Predicate	indirect	direct	indirect with preposition	course of action	places	time
	1) We	gave	Jane	her present.
	2) We	gave		this present	to Jane.
	3) We	gave	Jane	her present		with great pleasure.
4) At the party	we	gave	Jane	a present.
5) Surely	we	gave	Jane	Apresent			on the stage	at the end of the party.

Translation of the sentences given in the table (to avoid misunderstandings) in order:

1) We gave Jane her gift.

2) We gave this gift to Jane.

3) We gave Jane her gift with great pleasure.

4) At the party we gave Janepresent.

5) Of course, we gave Jane a gift on stage at the end of the party.

Position of definitions. Wherever you find definitions: in the subject group, in the complement group, and even in the adverbial group, within which there is a noun that can be characterized. Definitions can be expressed by various parts of speech, but the most common, of course, is the adjective, which occupies a position before the noun it modifies. And here the question arises: “What if there are several adjectives? In what order should I put them?” . This order and possible examples are presented in the following table:

Translation of examples:

1) a large old Scottish yacht;

2) rare old red oriental carpet;

3) new purple leather jacket.

Using these simple rules will help you construct affirmative sentences correctly in English. The above examples were based on simple sentences, but the same word order is preserved in complex sentences and will be correct for both the main and subordinate clauses. Examples:

*Jim* left the place where he had been living for five years.	Jim left the place where he lived for 5 years.
*The poor baby* is ill so we need some medicine.	The poor baby is sick, so we need some medicine.

All that remains is to find out the word order in interrogative, imperative and exclamatory sentences.

The question differs from an affirmative sentence in the position of the subject and predicate; the remaining members of the sentence in the question occupy the same positions as in the affirmative sentence. Let's compare:

affirmative sentence

interrogative sentence

You can be my friend. /

You can be my friend.

Can you
be my friend? /

Can you be my friend?

If in an affirmative sentence the subject precedes the predicate, then in a question it appears inside the “predicate frame”, consisting of at least two elements.

First of all, you should understand that in English there are five basic types of questions and each has its own word order. But don't give up. In reality, all types of questions start from the structure of the same type - the general question. Let's start with this:

Word order in a general question. Such a question does not contain a question word and requires the answer: “Yes” or “No”. The first position in such a sentence is occupied by the auxiliary verb, followed by the subject, then the semantic verb or the nominal part of the predicate and all other members of the sentence. Examples:

Do *you* like playing golf?	Do you like playing golf?
*Has* *Jane been to Alaska?*	Has Jane been to Alaska?

Word order in special issue distinguished by the presence question word , which is put before the structure characteristic of the general question. For example:

*Why* *do you like traveling?*	Why do you love to travel?
*When* *did you go to Mexico?*	When did you go to Mexico?

Word order in alternative question completely coincides with that in the general question:

*Will* *you* join us or Jenny?	Will you join us or Jenny?
*Has* *Paul has been to Montreal or Quebec?*	Was Paul in Montreal or Quebec?

Word order in questions to the subject is determined by the fact that the question word here is the subject - it comes first and there is no need to use a special auxiliary verb to form a question, unless it is required to construct the tense form of the predicate. The question word is immediately followed by the entire predicate:

*Who* *likes playing golf?*	Who loves to play golf?
*Who* will help you?	Who will help you?

Word order in separation issue is a simple sequence of an auxiliary verb (with or without negation) and a subject expressed by a personal pronoun, for example:

Paul likes playing computer games, doesn't he?	Paul loves to play computer games, isn't it?
Jane won't help you, will she?	Jane won't help you, will she?

Below is the structure of questions in English in a simple diagram format with examples:

	information preceding the question (for separation)	question word	auxiliary verb	subject	semantic verb	other members of the sentence
general question			1) Do	you	live	in London?
specialist. question		2) How long	have	you	been living	in London?
altern. question			3) Do	you	live	in London or in Edinburgh?
question to subject				4) Who	lives	in London?
chapter. question	5) You live in London		don't	you?

1) Do you live in London?

2) How long have you lived in London?

3) Do you live in London or Edinburgh?

4) Who lives in London?

5) You live in London, don't you?

Imperative sentences are characterized by the absence of a subject and the position of the predicate in imperative mood at the beginning of a sentence. Examples:

*Take* *an umbrella!*	Take an umbrella!
*Don* *'t tell* me this story again!	Don't tell me that story again!

general characteristics

size data

age parameters

manufacturer/origin

material

essence

telial

In addition to the fact that almost any sentence can be made exclamatory due to its particularly emotional pronunciation, in English there is a special group of sentences that are constantly exclamatory. They begin with the words What or How, associated with a specific noun or adjective/adverb, respectively. Such sentences are used to express strong emotions, such as admiration, for some reason and after designs with What or How the subject and predicate follow (although sometimes they are omitted). Examples: