The origin of the Ukrainian language is true and false. The truth about the origin of the Ukrainian language

The Ukrainian language was created in 1794 on the basis of some features of the southern Russian dialects, which still exist today in the Rostov and Voronezh regions and at the same time are absolutely mutually intelligible with the Russian language, existing in Central Russia. It was created through a deliberate distortion of common Slavic phonetics, in which instead of the common Slavic “o” and “ѣ” they began to use the sound “i” and “hv” instead of “f” for a comic effect, as well as by clogging the language with heterodox borrowings and deliberately invented neologisms.

In the first case, this was expressed in the fact that, for example, a horse, which sounds like a horse in Serbian, Bulgarian, and even Lusatian, began to be called kin in Ukrainian. The cat began to be called kit, and so that the cat would not be confused with a whale, kit began to be pronounced as kyt.

According to the second principle the stool became a sore throat, the runny nose became the undead, and the umbrella became a cracker. Then Soviet Ukrainian philologists replaced the rosette with a parasol (from the French parasol), the stool was returned Russian name, because the nosebleed did not sound quite decent, and the runny nose remained undead. But during the years of independence, common Slavic and international words began to be replaced with artificially created ones, stylized as common lexemes. As a result, the midwife became a navel cutter, the elevator became a lift, the mirror became a chandelier, the percentage became a hundred percent, and the gearbox became a screen of hookups.

As for the declension and conjugation systems, the latter were simply borrowed from the Church Slavonic language, which until the mid-18th century served as a common literary language for all Orthodox Slavs and even among the Vlachs, who later renamed themselves Romanians.

Initially, the scope of application of the future language was limited to everyday satirical works that ridiculed the illiterate chatter of marginal social strata.

Inventor of the Little Russian dialect Ivan Petrovich Kotlyarevsky

The first to synthesize the so-called Little Russian language, was a Poltava nobleman Ivan Kotlyarevsky. In 1794, Kotlyarevsky, for the sake of humor, created a kind of padonkaff language, in which he wrote a humorous adaptation of “ Aeneids"by the greatest Old Roman poet Publius Virgil Maron.

Kotlyarevsky’s “Aeneid” in those days was perceived as macaroni poetry - a kind of comic poetry created according to the principle formulated by the then French-Latin proverb “ Qui nescit motos, forgere debet eos" - those who do not know words must create them. This is exactly how the words of the Little Russian dialect were created.

Inventor of the "Siberian language" Yaroslav Anatolyevich Zolotarev

The creation of artificial languages, as practice has shown, is accessible not only to philologists. So, in 2005, a Tomsk entrepreneur Yaroslav Zolotarev created the so-called Siberian language, “which has been around since the times of Velikovo Novgorod and has reached our days in the dialects of the Siberian people”.

On October 1, 2006, an entire Wikipedia section was even created in this pseudo-language, which numbered more than five thousand pages and was deleted on November 5, 2007. In terms of content, the project was a mouthpiece for politically active non-lovers of “This Country.” As a result, every second SibWiki article was a non-illusory masterpiece of Russophobic trolling. For example: “After the Bolshevik coup, the Bolsheviks created Centrosiberia, and then completely pushed Siberia to Russia”. All this was accompanied by poems by the first poet of the Siberian dialect, Zolotarev, with telling titles. "Moskal bastard" And “Moskalski vy..dki”. Using administrator rights, Zolotarev rolled back any edits as written “in a foreign language.”

If this activity had not been shut down in its infancy, then by now we would have had a movement of Siberian separatists instilling in Siberians that they are a separate people, that they should not feed Muscovites (non-Siberian Russians were called that way in this language), but should trade oil on their own and gas, for which it is necessary to establish an independent Siberian state under American patronage.

"Ukrov" was invented by Tadeusz Czatsky

The idea of creating, based on the language invented by Kotlyarevsky, a separate national language was first taken up by the Poles - former owners Ukrainian lands: A year after the appearance of Kotlyarevsky’s “Aeneid” Jan Potocki called for calling the lands of Volynsha and Podolia, which recently became part of Russia, the word “Ukraine”, and calling the people inhabiting them not Russians, but Ukrainians. Another Pole, Count Tadeusz Czatski, deprived of estates after the second partition of Poland, in his essay “O nazwiku Ukrajnj i poczatku kozakow” became the inventor of the term " Ukr" It was Chatsky who produced him from some unknown horde of “ancient Ukrainians” who allegedly came out from beyond the Volga in the 7th century.

At the same time, the Polish intelligentsia began to make attempts to codify the language invented by Kotlyarevsky. So, in 1818 in St. Petersburg Alexey Pavlovsky“Grammar of the Little Russian dialect” was published, but in Ukraine itself this book was received with hostility. Pavlovsky was scolded for introducing Polish words, was called a Lyakh, and in “Additions to the Grammar of the Little Russian dialect”, published in 1822, he specifically wrote: “I promise you that I am your fellow countryman”. Pavlovsky’s main innovation was that he proposed writing “i” instead of “ѣ” in order to aggravate the differences between the South Russian and Central Russian dialects that were beginning to blur.

But the biggest step in the propaganda of the so-called Ukrainian language became a major hoax associated with the artificially created image of Taras Shevchenko, who, being illiterate, actually wrote nothing, and all his works were the fruit of mystifying work at first Evgenia Grebenki, and then Panteleimon Kulish.

The Austrian authorities were considering Russian population Galicia as a natural counterweight to the Poles. However, at the same time, they were afraid that the Russians would sooner or later want to join Russia. Therefore, the idea of Ukrainianism could not be more convenient for them - an artificially created people could be opposed to both the Poles and the Russians.

The first who began to introduce the newly invented dialect into the minds of Galicians was the Greek Catholic canon Ivan Mogilnitsky. Together with Metropolitan Levitsky, Mogilnitsky in 1816, with the support of the Austrian government, began to create primary schools with the "local language" in Eastern Galicia. True, Mogilnitsky slyly called the “local language” he promoted Russian.

Help from the Austrian government to Mogilnitsky, the main theoretician of Ukrainianism Grushevsky, which also existed on Austrian grants, was justified as follows:

“The Austrian government, in view of the deep enslavement of the Ukrainian population by the Polish gentry, sought ways to raise the latter in public and culturally».

Distinctive feature Galician-Russian revival is its complete loyalty and extreme servility towards the government, and the first work in the “local language” was a poem Markiyan Shashkevich in honor of Emperor Franz, on the occasion of his name day.

On December 8, 1868, in Lvov, under the auspices of the Austrian authorities, it was created All-Ukrainian Partnership "Prosvita" named after Taras Shevchenko.

To have an idea of what the real Little Russian dialect was like in the 19th century, you can read an excerpt from the then Ukrainian text:

“Reading the euphonious text of the Word, it is not difficult to notice its poetic size; For this purpose, I tried not only to correct the text of the same in the internal part, but also in the external form, if possible, to restore the original poetic structure of the Word.”

Jews went further than ukrov

The society set out to promote the Ukrainian language among the Russian population of Chervona Rus. In 1886, a member of the society Evgeniy Zhelekhovsky invented Ukrainian writing without “ъ”, “е” and “ѣ”. In 1922, this Zhelikhovka script became the basis for Radiansky Ukrainian alphabet.

Through the efforts of society, in the Russian gymnasiums of Lvov and Przemysl, teaching was transferred to the Ukrainian language, invented by Kotlyarsky for the sake of humor, and the ideas of Ukrainian identity began to be instilled in the students of these gymnasiums. The graduates of these gymnasiums began to train public school teachers who brought Ukrainianness to the masses. The result was not long in coming - before the collapse of Austria-Hungary, they managed to raise several generations of Ukrainian-speaking population.

This process took place before the eyes of Galician Jews, and the experience of Austria-Hungary was successfully used by them: a similar process of artificial introduction artificial language was done by the Zionists in Palestine. There, the bulk of the population was forced to speak Hebrew, a language invented by Luzhkov’s Jew Lazar Perelman(better known as Eliezer Ben-Yehuda, Hebrew ‏אֱלִיעֶזֶר בֶּן־יְהוּדָה).

In 1885, Hebrew was recognized as the only language of instruction for certain subjects at the Bible and Works School in Jerusalem. In 1904, the Hilfsverein Mutual Aid Union of German Jews was founded. Jerusalem's first teacher's seminary for Hebrew teachers. Hebrewization of first and last names was widely practiced. All Moses became Moshe, Solomon became Shlomo. Hebrew was not just intensively promoted. The propaganda was reinforced by the fact that from 1923 to 1936, the so-called language defense units of Gdut Meginei Khasafa (גדוד מגיני השפה) were snooping around British-mandated Palestine, beating the faces of everyone who spoke not Hebrew, but Yiddish. Particularly persistent muzzles were beaten to death. Borrowing words is not allowed in Hebrew. There's not even a computer in it קאמפיוטער , A מחשב , no umbrella שירעם (from German der Schirm), and מטריה , but the midwife is not אַבסטאַטרישאַן , A מְיַלֶדֶת – almost like a Ukrainian navel cutter.

7 facts about the Ukrainian language that Ukrainians consider indisputable

(taken from the Ukrainian site 7dniv.info)

1. The oldest mention of the Ukrainian language dates back to 858. Slavic enlightener Konstantin (Kirill) Philosopher, describing his stay in the Crimean city of Chersonese (Korsun) during the journey from Byzantium to the Khazars, notes that: “To curse the man with Russian conversation”. And for the first time, the Ukrainian language was equated to the level of a literary language at the end of the 18th century after the publication in 1798 of the first edition of the Aeneid, authored by Ivan Kotlyarevsky. It is he who is considered the founder of the new Ukrainian literary language.

2. The oldest grammar in Ukraine called “Grammar of the friendly Hellenic-Slovenian language” was published by the Stavropegian printing house of the Lviv Brotherhood in 1651.

3. In the 2nd half of the 19th century. The letters ы, ь, е, ъ have dropped from the civil alphabet in Ukraine; The letters and i were assigned different sounds.

4. Byzantine traveler and historian Priscus of Pania 448, while in the camp of the Hunnic leader Attila, in the territory modern Ukraine wrote down the words “honey” and “strava”, this is a mention of the very first Ukrainian words.

5. Basis modern system spelling became the spelling used by B. Grinchank in the “Dictionary of Ukrainian Language” in 1907 - 1909.

6. The “most Ukrainian” letter, that is, not used in the alphabets of other nations, is “g”. This breakthrough sound in various ways denoted in Ukrainian writing at least since the 14th century, and from 1619 the letter g dates back to 1619 in the Ukrainian alphabet, which was first introduced by M. Smotrytsky as a variety of the Greek “gamma” in his “Gramatitsa”.

7. “The most passive”, that is, the least used letter of the Ukrainian alphabet, is “f”.

“The language of padonkaff” or “he who does not know words must create them”

As we see, the Ukrainians themselves admit that the current “ridna mov” was invented at the end of the 18th century Ivan Kotlyarevsky, but they are silent about its humorous creation through deliberate distortion of common Slavic phonetics and clogging the language with heterodox borrowings and deliberately invented neologisms like brake pad.

Modern ukrophilologists also keep silent about the fact that Kotlyarevsky’s “Aeneid” in the 18th century was perceived precisely as macaroni poetry - a kind of comic poetry. Now it is presented as an epic work of the Little Russians.

Nobody stutters at all about why the letter “f” has become the least used in Ukrainian Newspeak. After all, Kotlyarevsky in the newly invented Little Russian language replaced the sound “f” with “hv” solely for comic effect.

Eh, Ivan Petrovich knew what crap he had come up with... However, even during his lifetime he was horrified when he found out what his linguistic tricks had led to. The innocent joke of the Poltava nobleman became a nightmare in reality.

Ukraine is preparing to switch to the Latin alphabet

Sergey Mironovich Kvit

Minister of Education and Science of Ukraine Sergey Kvit, member of the Petro Poroshenko bloc and member of the right-wing Ukrainian nationalist organization“Trident” named after S. Bandera said in one of his private conversations that Ukraine will soon switch to the Latin script. According to the minister, such a decision will lead to significant savings budget funds in honor of the fact that you don’t have to change computer interfaces, mobile phones, smartphones and other equipment will not have to be modified to fit the Cyrillic alphabet.

Also, the introduction of the Latin alphabet in Ukraine will significantly simplify the stay of foreign tourists in the country and make it more comfortable, and, therefore, will contribute to the influx of tourists from Europe.

It must be said that the project of switching to the Latin alphabet was proposed even under Yanukovych. The author of the bill was then a deputy with the characteristic surname Latynin. However, then this project was blocked by the communists. Now that the Communists have simply been expelled from the Rada, no one will stop the nationalists from abandoning everything national in favor of what is “universal to mankind.” nevertheless, preparations for such a transition had been going on latently throughout the previous years. Thus, on January 27, 2010, the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine issued Resolution No. 55, in which it streamlined the rules for transliteration of the Ukrainian alphabet in the Latin alphabet, approving the transliteration table, and the corresponding GOST was adopted on July 11, 1996. The official Ukrainian transliteration system is based on political rather than scientific principles and is too closely tied to English spelling. The motivation for such a close connection is the following arguments: firstly, if English in the modern globalized world is international, then all transliterations must be strictly subject to the norms of English spelling.

Galician nationalists, nurtured by the Austro-Hungarian General Staff, tried to write Latin in Ukrainian. However, even the creator of the Ukrainian Latin alphabet, the so-called “abetsadlo”, Joseph Lozinsky, later revised his position and completely broke with the Ukrainophile movement. In 1859, Czech Slavist Josef Jireček proposed his own version of the Ukrainian Latin alphabet, based on the Czech alphabet.

Distributed mainly in Ukraine, in to a greater extent in Western and central regions Ukraine. The Ukrainian language has the status of the state language of Ukraine and the working language of the UN; about 40 million people speak it. Ukrainian language belongs to the eastern group Slavic languages, members of the Indo-European family of languages. The writing is based on the civil Cyrillic font.

The language is divided into groups of dialects that developed under the influence of neighboring languages. Northwestern (Polesie) dialects were influenced by the Belarusian language; southwestern - influence of the Polish language; northeastern (Slobozhansky) - Russian. The southeastern (Dnieper) dialects were used as the basis for the literary language. The dialect of the population of Transcarpathia is considered as an independent Rusyn language, influenced by the Slovak and Hungarian languages. A significant part of the population of Eastern, Southern, and Central Ukraine speaks a mixture of Ukrainian and Russian (surzhik), which combines Ukrainian pronunciation norms with Russian vocabulary.
The main phonetic features of the Ukrainian literary language are the distinction between the front i and the more posterior “i”; transition of old “o”, “e” into closed syllable in i (sheaf - snip); consistent change of the Old Russian “o” into i (loto - lito); change of “e” to “o” after sibilants and j before hard consonants, regardless of stress (shchoka, pshono); fricative "g" (head); preservation of voiced consonants at the end of a word and before voiceless ones (snig, oak, masonry); long soft consonants resulting from the assimilation of the soft consonant of the subsequent j (buttya, pitannya, picchu); sound [w] (spelling “v”) in place of the Old Russian “l” before a consonant and in masculine past tense verbs (Vovk, Khodiv); variants of words with initial i - th, u - in (iti - go, teacher - reader); prosthetic “v”, “g” (vukho, gostrium). Differences from the Russian language in morphology: vocative case of nouns (Petre); ending -оvi, -еi in the dative case of nouns of the second declension (brothers); forms comparative degree adjectives with the suffix -ish- and -sh- (kind, broad); loss of ending -т in the third person singular present tense of first conjugation verbs (know, write); verb ending-mo in the first person plural(known); synthetic form of verbs of the future tense (hodimu); gerunds in -chi (knowing, walking). Specific features of the syntactic structure: impersonal sentences with the main member expressed by unchangeable verbal forms in -no, -to (robotu viconano); complex nominal predicate in the form accusative case with the preposition “for” (the elder brother is our father); the originality of verbal control (dyakuvati kom - to thank someone) and the use of prepositions (about the first year - in the first hour). The basis of the vocabulary is made up of words of common East Slavic origin; many words in the Ukrainian language came from Polish and German.
After the Mongol-Tatar invasion in the southern regions of Kievan Rus, the process of formation of an independent nationality accelerated, and local language features. At the same time, the traditions of Old Russian writing and the literary language of Kievan Rus developed here - Church Slavonic language. Since the end of the 15th century, attempts were made to bring the book language closer to the living speech of local dialects; in the 16th century, translations of church books appeared: “Peresopnitsa Gospel” (1556-1561), “Krekhovsky Apostle” (1560); Two types of literary language emerge - “prosta mova” and “Slavic Russian language”. At the end of the 16th - first half of the 17th century, works of the polemical genre appeared in Ukraine, chronicles were compiled, and development fiction. The standardization of the language was influenced by the grammar of M. Smotrytsky (1619) and the dictionary of P. Berynda (1627). The reunification of Ukraine with Russia (1654) contributed to closer relations between the Ukrainian and Russian languages. In the 17th - first half of the 18th centuries, the Ukrainian language was used in all genres of writing. In the mass consciousness he was not perceived as independent language, but was considered as a local dialect, a colloquial language. The Russian language in the minds of Ukrainians was perceived as “ correct language", possession of it distinguished a literate person from an ignoramus. Nevertheless, original literature developed in the vernacular language (The Aeneid by I. Kotlyarevsky, 1798).
The work of T.G. was of fundamental importance in the creation of the literary Ukrainian language. Shevchenko. In the second half of the 19th century the authorities Russian Empire attempts were made to narrow the scope of application of the Ukrainian language. After the revolution of 1917, a wave of Ukrainization took place in Ukraine - the forced introduction of the Ukrainian language into all spheres of society. New stage Ukrainization began after Ukraine gained independence in 1991.

One of the main issues of cultural and political life in Ukraine, of course, there is the question of recognizing the Russian language as the state language. Politicians who call themselves democrats are absurdly stubborn in opposing the implementation of international norms, according to which “the great and powerful,” as native to more than half of the citizens, is simply obliged to have sovereign status. Moreover, there are widespread attempts to discredit the Russian language as a “Finno-Tatar dialect”, contrasting it with the supposedly ancient and truly Slavic Ukrainian language, better known as “Mova”. Therefore, we should once again turn to the history of the appearance of this adverb.

When the famous philosopher Prince Evgeny Trubetskoy called “Mova” a “backwater provincial dialect,” he was right and wrong at the same time. Wrong, because this definition sounds offensive, and right in everything else. Like the idea of Ukrainianity itself, “mova” is an artificial phenomenon, not organic to the history of Western Rus', a kind of philological homunculus. The Ukrainian language was created by a group of Lvov (Lemberg) scientists and writers with Austrian money in the second half of the 19th century. The authorities of Austria-Hungary in Galicia, which then belonged to them, actively fabricated the “Ukrainian” nationality in order to reduce the Polish and Russian influence. Thus, the emergence of this language is, first of all, a fact of politics, not culture. New language was created on the basis of the Western Russian dialect, in which there were many Polonisms and Latinisms with the expectation of maximum demarcation from the Russian language. But in the 40s of the same 19th century, the famous Slavist Yuri Venelin, a Carpathian Rusyn by origin, considered it necessary to overcome linguistic differences, which he reasonably considered to be a consequence of the long rule of foreigners over the majority of Slavic lands.

Moreover, the newly invented language turned out to be inaccessible to the Ukrainian common people, as Ukrainian leaders themselves honestly admitted.

So N. Pleshko recalled how during civil war he attended the congress of justices of the peace. The chairman “began to conduct it in Ukrainian language,” court members made reports, and the defense attorneys began speaking Ukrainian. My place was close to the audience, which consisted mainly of peasants, and they began to look at each other in bewilderment, and one of them, bending over to his neighbor, said: “Petro, and Petro, why did these gentlemen show up, what?” The singer and poet Alexander Vertinsky, who was born and spent his youth in Kyiv, wrote irritably to his wife during the Stalinist era, when everything Ukrainian was allegedly persecuted: “I’m racking my brains over the Ukrainian text, vaguely guessing the content, because there were no such words before and now they are “creating” them.” "Ukrainian language", littering it with all sorts of "Galicisms", Polish-Transcarpathian quirks, and no one in Kyiv can or knows how to speak this language!

On top of everything else, this “wonderful” invention separated its adherents from the entire layer of ancient Russian literature, including that created in Little Russia. A particularly tragicomic situation developed when trying to perform divine services in the “Ukrainian Church” in the “Mauve”. Instead of “Our Father” we should have read “Our Father”! How can one not recall Mikhail Bulgakov’s “The White Guard”: “What language do they serve in, son? On the divine, grandma."

The authors, declared classics of modern Ukrainian literature, also found it difficult to fit into the Procrustean bed of its otherness in relation to the great Russian culture. Even Taras Shevchenko, by origin Ukrainian peasant, he kept his most intimate notes, including his diary, in Russian.

One cannot ignore the pragmatic component in the emergence of a special literature of Little Russian Newspeak. Establish yourself in the big Russian XIX literature century, after Pushkin, Lermontov, Gogol, of course, it was very difficult. Writings in all sorts of dialects that were just acquiring written language were a different matter. Moreover, the Moscow and St. Petersburg public treated such experiments very sympathetically. After all, this is the only way that Marko Vovchok or Lesya Ukrainka could gain at least some fame.

Even the great Gogol, who arrived in the capital with Hans Kuchelgarten, became famous after his Ukrainian stories. And how much they fussed with Shevchenko in Moscow and St. Petersburg, molding him into a “regional genius”!

It is not for nothing that one of the smartest heroes in Turgenev’s “Rudin”, Pigasov, asserted, “if I had extra money, I would now become a Little Russian poet. - What else is this? Good poet! - Daria Mikhailovna objected, - do you know Little Russian? - Not at all; Yes it is not necessary. Why not? - Yes, just like that, no need. All you have to do is take a sheet of paper and write at the top: Duma; then start like this: Goy, you are my share, share! Or: Sede Kazachino Nalivaiko on the mound; and there: By the mountain, by the green, gray, gray, gop! hon! or something like that. And the trick is in the bag. Print and publish." The imperial government, not without the influence of the famous note by M.V. Yuzefovich, who presented all Ukrainophilism as the fruit of “Polish intrigue,” banned the use of the Ukrainian language (Emsky decree of May 18, 1876). By the way, translations into Ukrainian of Gogol’s “Taras Bulba” were discovered at the same time, where the word “Russian” was “translated” as “Ukrainian” (a common lie). The imperial decree, however, was not actually carried out, but gave the “movie” a taste of forbidden fruit. But the Bolsheviks pursued an active policy of Ukrainization, forcing the unfortunate inhabitants of Little Russia to learn this very “grace”. However, all efforts to create at least some serious Ukrainian-language literature failed.

It’s even strange that not only Platonov or Sholokhov, but even Yevtushenko did not succeed in the field of (admittedly meager) Little Russian literature.

Perhaps this is why current fighters for Ukrainian culture are so fond of looking for Khokhlatsky roots in Voloshin, Akhmatova, Mayakovsky and other classics. Ostap Cherry and Pavlo Tychina cannot get by.

Actually, I’m not at all against the Ukrainian language, although in places it seems like a parody of Russian. IN Soviet era it was adopted by a significant part of the inhabitants of the Ukrainian SSR and entered the general cultural cosmos huge country. However, attempts to forcibly introduce it, with the obvious goal of breaking the single space of the great Russian civilization, cannot but cause indignation. True, these attempts are ultimately doomed to failure, because they are not only not accepted by the population, but also contradict the worldwide trend towards globalization (no matter how you look at it). In my opinion, it would be easier to make English the state language of Ukraine.

One of the most educated Little Russians, liberal politician, lawyer I.I. At the beginning of the last century, Petrunkevich wrote to Academician Vernadsky: “My homeland is in Ukraine... I am connected with Ukraine not only by cold ideas of law, but also by feelings rooted in blood, in memories and impressions of nature, in the sounds of the people's language... But all these local influences are not overshadow my entire homeland, and the unity of Russia for me is not just a state idea or the coexistence of two nationalities, but a living and indivisible whole, which has its amazingly artistic and indisputable reflection in such gifted people, like Gogol and Korolenko, in whom Ukrainian and Russian, as particular and general, were reflected with extraordinary clarity. Try to separate the Ukrainian from the Russian in them: neither one nor the other will work, the living will be turned into the dead.” It was as a true patriot of Ukraine that Petrunkevich was well aware that, cut off from the roots of great Russian culture, the weak tree of the Ukrainian dialect was doomed to wither and die.

First, a poster appeared on Facebook signed by the Donbass Rus organization with the heading: “We are studying Ukrainian... sorry, Polish.” And a pair of words that are almost identical in Polish and Ukrainian, but different in Russian: Polish “aby”, Ukrainian “abi”, Russian “if only”. Polish "amator", Ukrainian "amator" and Russian "amateur". Polish “bielizna”, Ukrainian “bіlizna” and Russian “linen”.

In response, another poster quickly appeared - “Learning the Moscow dialect of the Polish language” with similar pairs of words: Polish “człowiek”, Russian “person” and Ukrainian “lyudina”; Polish “samolot”, Russian “plane” and Ukrainian “litak”; Polish "granica", Russian "border" and Ukrainian "cordon".

This can be perceived as a joke, in response to which another joke was made. It is not known whether “Donbass Rus” is really related to the case - on its website there is not a word about the “project for studying the Ukrainian language.” However, the background here is the conflict around the status of the Russian language in Ukraine and the reluctance of Ukrainian Russians to learn the “state language”.

“I’m bilingual, of course, except for my knowledge of Polish. I know Ukrainian and Russian equally well. But in the central regions of Ukraine, the youngest generation, schoolchildren, speak Russian very poorly, says teacher Larisa Verminskaya, head of the Polish organization in Berdichev. - And the fact that the Ukrainian language is really very close to Polish is indisputable. It is easier for Ukrainians to understand when the letter “ż” is written in Polish, and when the combination “rz” (pronounced the same - approx. lane): in Ukrainian words “ż” remains (for example, żaba - toad), but “rz” changes with “p” (wierzba - willow).”

“It is not surprising that there are many similar words in the Polish and Ukrainian languages,” historian Konstantin Bondarenko from the Kyiv Institute of Ukrainian Politics explained in an interview with Rzeczpospolita. - Until the beginning of the 20th century, the Poles were the most numerous inhabitants of the right bank of Ukraine after the Ukrainians. The Polish gentry in the 60s of the 19th century played an important role in the formation of the national identity of my compatriots. A significant part of the Ukrainian lands belonged to the Second Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. So we have common words and a lot of common songs. We can also find Polish expressions in the Belarusian and Lithuanian languages.”

But nationalist-minded Russians see this matter completely differently. You can watch the film “The Truth about the Origin of the Ukrainian Language” on YouTube. Firstly: the name “Ukraine” was invented by the Poles, since these lands were called “Little Russians”. The Poles also came up with religious collaborators - the Uniates, and the Ukrainians themselves were invented by the Austro-Hungarian General Staff during the First World War in order to separate part of the Russian lands from Russia. The Ukrainian language was created by Mikhail Grushevsky (President of Ukraine in 1918 - Rzeczpospolita) - Russian, for Austrian money.

There are other similar films. For example, “The Birth of the Ukrainian Language,” in which academician Nikolai Levashov convinces that Ukrainian is simply a dialect of the Russian language. There are also various Internet sites where it is proven, for example, that the famous Ukrainian poet Taras Shevchenko wrote not in Ukrainian, but in Russian.

According to Lviv publicist Anton Borkovsky, the Internet is increasingly being used as a tool in the disinformation war against Ukraine. “This is a new phenomenon in our politics. More and more comments from hired experts are appearing online, making absurd statements about the history of Ukraine or the proper “place of Ukrainians” in Europe and the world,” he explained to Rzeczpospolita, emphasizing that Poland and the Poles have begun to be drawn into these games. “And it is impossible to check whose theories are real or false experts, because the author of the information posted often remains anonymous,” adds Borkowski.

Ukrainian historians and linguists have a completely different opinion about language than their Russian colleagues. Alexander Pal proves that many names of Russian princes in ancient chronicles were written in Ukrainian sound, for example, Olena, Danilo, Mikhalko. The language spoken in Kievan Rus was close to today's Ukrainian and was used, for example, in princely codes of law.

Miroslav Povovich, Kiev-Mohyla Academy: “In the Russian-speaking east of Ukraine, in the Donbass, Crimea and Odessa, many books and magazines appear with the theses that the Ukrainian language is a rural dialect of the Russian language or the result of the influence of the Polish language on Russian. It was possible to write this way in the 19th century, but not now, when we have studied the history of these three languages - Ukrainian, Polish and Russian. Serious people see no room for discussion here. However, it must be admitted that problems with the Ukrainian language in Ukraine remain: it is poorly protected, and the policy of the current authorities in this direction is neutral or hostile. Many representatives of the Ukrainian authorities demonstratively use Russian, saying that this is what voters demand of them. The issue of recognizing the regional status of the Russian language in areas where a large Russian minority lives, which would help reduce social tension, also remains unresolved.”

Inventor of the Little Russian dialect Ivan Petrovich Kotlyarevsky (August 29 (September 9), 1769, Poltava - October 29 (November 10), 1838, Poltava).

According to the second principle, the stool became a sore throat, a runny nose became an undead creature, and an umbrella became a rosette. Later, Soviet Ukrainian philologists replaced the rozchipirka with a parasol (from the French parasol), the Russian name was returned to the stool, since the stool did not sound quite decent, and the runny nose remained undead. But during the years of independence, common Slavic and international words began to be replaced with artificially created ones, stylized as common lexemes. As a result, the midwife became a navel cutter, the elevator became a lift, the mirror became a chandelier, the percentage became a hundred percent, and the gearbox became a screen of hookups.

Initially, the scope of application of the future language was limited to everyday satirical works that ridiculed the illiterate chatter of marginal social strata. The first to synthesize the so-called Little Russian language was the Poltava nobleman Ivan Kotlyarevsky. In 1794, Kotlyarevsky, for the sake of humor, created a kind of padonkaff language, in which he wrote a humorous adaptation of the “Aeneid” by the greatest Old Roman poet Publius Virgil Maron.

Kotlyarevsky’s “Aeneid” in those days was perceived as macaroni poetry - a kind of comic poetry created according to the principle formulated by the then French-Latin proverb “Qui nescit motos, forgere debet eos” - whoever does not know words must create them. This is exactly how the words of the Little Russian dialect were created.

The creation of artificial languages, as practice has shown, is accessible not only to philologists. So, in 2005, Tomsk entrepreneur Yaroslav Zolotarev created the so-called Siberian language, “which has been around since the times of Velikovo-Novgorod and has reached our days in the dialects of the Siberian people.” On October 1, 2006, an entire Wikipedia section was even created in this pseudo-language, which numbered more than five thousand pages and was deleted on November 5, 2007. In terms of content, the project was a mouthpiece for politically active non-lovers of “This Country.” As a result, every second SibWiki article was a non-illusory masterpiece of Russophobic trolling. For example: “After the Bolshevik coup, the Bolsheviks made Central Siberia, and then completely pushed Siberia to Russia.” All this was accompanied by poems by the first poet of the Siberian dialect, Zolotarev, with the telling titles “Moskalsk bastard” and “Moskalski vydki.” Using administrator rights, Zolotarev rolled back any edits as written “in a foreign language.”

The idea of creating a separate national language based on the language invented by Kotlyarevsky was first taken up by the Poles - the former owners of Ukrainian lands: A year after the appearance of Kotlyarevsky’s “Aeneid”, Jan Potocki called for calling the lands of Volynsha and Podolia, which had recently become part of Russia, the word “Ukraine”, and the people inhabiting them should be called not Russians, but Ukrainians. Another Pole, Count Tadeusz Czatsky, deprived of his estates after the second partition of Poland, became the inventor of the term “Ukr” in his essay “O nazwiku Ukrajnj i poczatku kozakow”. It was Chatsky who produced him from some unknown horde of “ancient Ukrainians” who allegedly came out from beyond the Volga in the 7th century.

At the same time, the Polish intelligentsia began to make attempts to codify the language invented by Kotlyarevsky. Thus, in 1818, in St. Petersburg, Alexei Pavlovsky published “The Grammar of the Little Russian dialect,” but in Ukraine itself this book was received with hostility. Pavlovsky was scolded for introducing Polish words, called a Lyakh, and in “Additions to the Grammar of the Little Russian dialect,” published in 1822, he specifically wrote: “I swear to you that I am your fellow countryman.” Pavlovsky’s main innovation was that he proposed writing “i” instead of “ѣ” in order to aggravate the differences between the South Russian and Central Russian dialects that were beginning to blur.

But the biggest step in the propaganda of the so-called Ukrainian language was a major hoax associated with the artificially created image of Taras Shevchenko, who, being illiterate, actually wrote nothing, and all his works were the fruit of the mystifying work of first Evgeniy Grebenka, and then Panteleimon Kulish .

The Austrian authorities viewed the Russian population of Galicia as a natural counterweight to the Poles. However, at the same time, they were afraid that the Russians would sooner or later want to join Russia. Therefore, the idea of Ukrainianism could not be more convenient for them - an artificially created people could be opposed to both the Poles and the Russians.

The first who began to introduce the newly invented dialect into the minds of Galicians was the Greek Catholic canon Ivan Mogilnitsky. Together with Metropolitan Levitsky, Mogilnitsky in 1816, with the support of the Austrian government, began to create primary schools with the “local language” in Eastern Galicia. True, Mogilnitsky slyly called the “local language” he promoted Russian. The Austrian government's assistance to Mogilnitsky was justified by the main theoretician of Ukrainianism, Grushevsky, who also lived on Austrian grants: “The Austrian government, in view of the deep enslavement of the Ukrainian population by the Polish gentry, sought ways to raise the latter socially and culturally.” A distinctive feature of the Galician-Russian revival is its complete loyalty and extreme servility towards the government, and the first work in the “local language” was a poem by Markiyan Shashkevich in honor of Emperor Franz, on the occasion of his name day.

On December 8, 1868, in Lviv, under the auspices of the Austrian authorities, the All-Ukrainian Partnership “Prosvita” named after Taras Shevchenko was created.

To have an idea of what the real Little Russian dialect was like in the 19th century, you can read an excerpt from the Ukrainian text of that time: “Reading the euphonious text of the Word, it is not difficult to notice its poetic size; For this purpose, I tried not only to correct the text of the same in the internal part, but also in the external form, if possible, to restore the original poetic structure of the Word.”

The society set out to promote the Ukrainian language among the Russian population of Chervona Rus. In 1886, a member of the society, Yevgeny Zhelekhovsky, invented Ukrainian writing without the “ъ”, “е” and “ѣ”. In 1922, this Zhelikhovka script became the basis for the Radian Ukrainian alphabet.

This process took place before the eyes of Galician Jews, and the experience of Austria-Hungary was successfully used by them: a similar process of artificially introducing an artificial language was carried out by the Zionists in Palestine. There, the bulk of the population was forced to speak Hebrew, a language invented by the Luzhkov Jew Lazar Perelman (better known as Eliezer Ben-Yehuda, Hebrew אֱלִיעֶזֶר בֶּן־יְהוּדָה). In 1885, Hebrew was recognized as the only language of instruction for certain subjects at the Bible and Works School in Jerusalem. In 1904, the Hilfsverein Mutual Aid Union of German Jews was founded. Jerusalem's first teacher's seminary for Hebrew teachers. Hebrewization of first and last names was widely practiced. All Moses became Moshe, Solomon became Shlomo. Hebrew was not just intensively promoted. The propaganda was reinforced by the fact that from 1923 to 1936, the so-called language defense units of Gdut Meginei Khasafa (גדוד מגיני השפה) were snooping around British-mandated Palestine, beating the faces of everyone who spoke not Hebrew, but Yiddish. Particularly persistent muzzles were beaten to death. Borrowing words is not allowed in Hebrew. Even the computer in it is not קאמפיוטער, but מחשב, the umbrella is not שירעם (from the German der Schirm), but מטריה, and the midwife is not אַבסטאַטרישאַן, but מְיַלֶ דֶת – almost like a Ukrainian navel cutter.

P.S. from Mastodon. Someone “P.S.V. commentator”, a Ukrainian fascist, a Kontovite, was offended by me because yesterday I published in Comte a humoresque “A hare went out for a walk...”, in which N. Khrushchev, in his desire to get rid of the difficulties of Russian grammar by eliminating it, is compared with one of the inventors of the Ukrainian language P. Kulesh (he created the illiterate “Kuleshovka” as one of the original written versions of ukromova). I was rightfully offended. The creation of ukromov is a serious collective work that ended in success. Svidomo should be proud of this kind of work.