What biocenoses can a person create? Stability and development of biocenoses

This work was written by Alexander Pushkin in 1827. Two years earlier in Russian Empire An uprising took place, which was called the Decembrist uprising. It took place in St. Petersburg, where the rebel nobles and military wanted the abolition of serfdom, the abolition of autocracy and other rights and freedoms. It ended with hundreds killed, and many more were arrested and exiled to Siberia.

Alexander Pushkin, already before these events, was in some sense opposed to the authorities and was constantly in conflict with them. He was exiled twice for his views before 1825. Among the rebels there were many friends of Pushkin and many of them were sent to hard labor in Siberia.

The poet himself fully supported the ideas of the Decembrists. He did not take part in the uprising only due to an unfortunate combination of circumstances due to which he was absent from St. Petersburg at that time. But we clearly see, including from the poems, that the poet supported the ideas of his comrades and was very sorry that he himself could not help them.

This poem clearly shows this. In the first quatrain, the author calls on his comrades to behave proudly and show patience, because high aspirations and work cannot be forgotten. In this poem we see Pushkin’s idealism, and even optimism despite the sad situation that has developed. The poet contrasted misfortune with hope, which hides in a dark dungeon. He calls them sisters and this, in my opinion, is a very beautiful deep comparison and unity, we even trace some kind of dualism. The poet is firmly convinced that victory is still in the future, that the ideas of his comrades will definitely win. In the next quatrain, Pushkin wants to show the convicts that they are not alone. He wants to show that he personally supports them and their ideas.

Pushkin believed that their feat would be remembered for centuries. In the last quatrain he writes that the shackles will fall and freedom will come. Probably by this he means that the system of power, the autocracy in the Russian Empire will be changed, which is shameful serfdom will be abolished and all people will have more freedom. This, of course, happened, but not immediately. The Decembrists themselves never saw freedom. A quarter of a century after the uprising, an amnesty was declared for the Decembrists, but only for a very few. And even those who were lucky enough to receive this amnesty returned home as very old men, stripped of all their titles. They were lonely and unwanted and were unlikely to die a happy death.

This poem by Pushkin was not published during his lifetime. But we know for sure that the poet sent it to his comrades and they received it, because Pushkin received a response to the letter.

Analysis of the poem In the depths of the Siberian ores by Pushkin

A.S. Pushkin wrote the poem “In the depths of Siberian ores” in 1827. The basis of the lyrical work included real events 1825. It was this year that became tragic for the author, since after the unsuccessful Decembrist uprising, many of A.S.’s friends. Pushkin was sent to hard labor in Siberia. None of them let the poet in on their affairs, because they knew that Alexander was always in conflict with his superiors and because of this had already ended up in exile twice.

During the Decembrist uprising, the poet was in exile in Mikhailovskoye. But his soul and heart were always close to his comrades. In order to somehow support friends, A.S. Pushkin wrote a friendly message to poetic form“In the depths of the Siberian ores...” and passed it on through the wife of one of the Decembrists, A.G. Muravyova, who, like many wives of convicts, followed her husband, leaving behind all the wealth she had acquired over the years. The poet understood that this big risk for him. However, this did not stop him. A.S. Pushkin encourages his friends, gives them hope for a speedy amnesty. But, unfortunately, not all prisoners will live to see this day. Indeed, convicts will be released only after 28 years. They will return home old, useless, lonely, having achieved nothing in life.

As it became known later, the Decembrists received the message, and this was one of the happy moments of their captive life.

A.S. Pushkin believes that after many centuries no one will forget about the heroism of the Decembrists.

The genre of the poem is a friendly message. The poetic meter is iambic tetrameter. Pushkin uses a variety of means of artistic expression: comparisons, epithets, metaphors and methods of alliteration and assonance.

Thus, the main idea of ​​the poem is to show strong in spirit a person who is able to fight for his ideas to the last and ultimately turn them into reality.

Analysis of the poem In the depths of Siberian ores according to plan

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The poem “In the depths of the Siberian ores...”, the analysis of which is presented in this article, is addressed to those friends who were like-minded people of the lyrical hero, “burning” with the desire to free the homeland from the “yoke of the fatal power.” The message “To Chaadaev” (1818), which contained these images, becomes a reminiscent background for it.

The temporal distance that arises when comparing two messages is important for identifying constancy in attitude towards friends and loyalty to the ideals of youth. A new aspect is the desire to sum up the activities of a generation, to fit modern, pressing events into history, showing the significance of the contribution of like-minded people to the development of civilization. They are the “brothers” of all freedom fighters, it fell to their lot to take the “sword” from their predecessors (images from the last stanza of the message “In the depths of the Siberian ores...”) in order to engage in a duel with those who doom people to the fate of slaves, dragging out their lives in “chains”, imprisoned in “dungeons” (ibid.).

Like the earlier poem, the message to the friends in the “convict holes” behind the “gloomy gates” is written in iambic tetrameter. Behind the image of real bondage, a generalized meaning shines through. It becomes the price for “thought-high aspiration,” the specific manifestations of which can be restored by listening to frank confessions the lyrical hero of Pushkin’s freedom-loving poetry. He is animated by Enlightenment ideals, agreeing that freedom is the natural right of everyone, which the law is called upon to observe. His trampling by those in power is perceived by him as a personal insult.

Pushkin’s innovation is the palpability in the transfer of the disastrous circumstances in which the heirs of Radishchev’s “avenger” found themselves (stanzas 13, 16). As in Radishchev’s ode, in the message “In the depths of the Siberian ores...” by Pushkin, life-affirming pathos prevails, intransigence to vice and evil, rebellion, readiness to give all strength and life itself for the onset of the desired time are exalted. The lyrical hero strives to confirm like-minded people in the belief that it will come, and nothing from the moral and effective manifestations of their worldview will be in vain:

Your sorrowful work will not be wasted

And I think about high aspiration.

…

The desired time will come!

…

The heavy shackles will fall,

The dungeons will collapse...

However, the entrance to the kingdom of freedom is an abstract image, “the brothers... will give up the sword,” returning it to those who first raised arms against the authorities, in the imagination, virtually (the word “virtually” existed in antiquity, coming from the Latin “possible , appearing under certain conditions"). In reality, the new “Avengers” (an image from Radishchev’s ode) in Siberia, in penal servitude, in a “dark dungeon”, are immersed in difficult, sorrowful experiences. “Barriers” are built in front of them, preventing them from having access to expressions of affection and aesthetic pleasure. The free voice of the poet can break through obstacles, and in it the prisoners should hear confirmation of their rightness, recognition of the high meaning of their suffering. It can convey “love and friendship,” awaken good spirits, and recall the hopes of youth:

Unluckily faithful sister,

Hope in a dark dungeon,

Will awaken vigor and fun...

…

Love and friendship up to you

They will reach through the dark gates,

Like in your convict holes

My free voice comes through.

Friends are together again, a common sense of the world remains the most important factor, allowing you not to feel lonely. However, the fate of the lyrical hero’s like-minded people turned out to be different from his free future, they suffered for their beliefs, are experiencing a “misfortune” that united them (for the lyrical hero, who does not separate himself from like-minded people, it is important to emphasize that no one has the right to add his name to the brotherhood of martyrs - “Your sorrowful work will not be wasted...”, “your convict holes”, “... and freedom / Will receive you joyfully at the entrance...”). In action they proved the power of the spirit, overcoming weaknesses and conquering fate. There is only one step left to a wonderful future, their victory is undoubted: “the shackles... will fall,” “the prisons will collapse,” you just need to maintain “proud patience.” But human life is short, and not everyone will be able to enter the kingdom of freedom.

A tragic reflection also falls on their predecessors; all fighters against bondage are heroes who consciously chose a sorrowful fate. A tragic hero is a special concept, a term that emphasizes that the main thing in the character’s fate is not the position of a victim of circumstances, but a volitional effort aimed at fighting them, although he knows about their strength, that it exceeds human capabilities. Entering into a hopeless conflict with fate, the hero demonstrates the exclusivity of nature. In Pushkin’s poem “In the depths of the Siberian ores...”, which we are analyzing, the participants in political disturbances are characterized as tragic heroes. Unlike romantic works, maximalism, the “high aspiration of thought” of each of them does not turn him into a lonely dreamer or rebel. This is a common mood for all “brothers”, shared by like-minded people in the past, present and future, it becomes the basis for creating an image that continues Radishchev’s idea of ​​​​the unity of the “military... battle”, rising to fight “vice, lies and slander” ( stanza 16 in his ode “Liberty”).

In the message “In the depths of the Siberian ores...” by Pushkin, the signs of the “desired time” are described in general terms, as the absence of violence and bondage. The specifics are brought in by echoes of other works—the ode “Liberty” by Radishchev and the freedom-loving lyrics of the author himself. They evoke associations (from the Latin “connection”, a connection between images, concepts, qualities that arise under certain conditions, in art at the will of the author), contribute to the emergence of allusions (from the Latin “to hint”, a correlation with known literary, historical, mythological phenomenon), reminiscences (from the Latin “vague memory”, an echo of the image of another author, causing comparison). The autoreminiscent background of the 1827 message is a poem written almost ten years earlier - “To Chaadaev” (1818).

The lyrical hero of the message “To Chaadaev” also addresses like-minded friends, affirming the need for faith in the future triumph of beautiful ideals. But in the early poem many aspects are concretized: the generation of “lovers” of freedom perceives social injustice so keenly that it evokes the need for revenge for desecrated ideals; In addition, for him, love for his homeland has eclipsed all human affections, he hears only her “calling,” striving to free her from the “yoke of fatal power”; finally, the young rebels find joy and pleasure only in struggle, the soul of each of them impatiently longs for a clash, languishes in anticipation of victory, which is seen as a “sweet date” with a dream come true. The message “To Chaadaev” also clarifies the question of what reward fighters against autocracy expect for their renunciation of personal aspirations: the “minute of freedom” in itself will become a “sacred”, intimate experience, and in addition, they will remain in the memory of posterity forever, so how exactly the honor belongs to them (“As long as hearts are alive for honor...” - “To Chaadaev”) of the destruction of the stronghold of autocracy, on the ruins of which their names will be marked.

The connection between the two messages is revealed not only at the content level (similarity in issues, appeal to representatives of the same generation, similarity of motives of selfless service and the joy of struggle), but also in connection with phonic (sound) correspondences. This poetic feature gives the similarity the character of an organic, immediate, inner closeness. The impression is achieved using identical assonances. In the message “To Chaadaev” the main sound repetition was the sound “a” (the rhymes of both the first three quatrains and the five-line finale are built on it): glory, deception, fun, fog, desire, calling, hopes, dates; she, snug, names. In the poem “In the depths of the Siberian ores...” it is heard in the second and third stanzas: sister, it’s time, before you, voice. Assonance highlights words that are significant in creating an emotional mood.

However, the appeal to the Decembrists is imbued not only with a joyful thirst for struggle, but also with a sorrowful experience. Therefore, the sound repetition of “a” is combined with another assonance. Gloomy emotions are conveyed by the sound “u” (rud, labor - first stanza). However, it also has another meaning, since from the convict dungeons a breakthrough is made to unearthly happiness, which brings faith in the realization of a wonderful goal (in the message of 1827, in response to the “beautiful impulses” of youth, which the lyrical hero devotes to the liberation of his homeland - “To Chaadaev ”, becomes a joyful meeting of the victors: freedom will “joyfully receive” its defenders at the entrance to the kingdom they have won for it).

Listening carefully to the sound of the poem “In the depths of the Siberian ores...”, you will notice that the dynamics of the lyrical hero’s feelings are manifested at the phonic level: from grief to confidence in the rightness of the cause to which he and his friends gave their youth. In the second and third stanzas of the message “In the depths of the Siberian ores...” the stressed “u” emphasizes those words where the meaning is faith in the future (wake up, friendship, they will reach). In the fourth quatrain, words with assonance starting with “u” stand out in the reader’s mind, due to the fact that they form a surrounding rhyme. This is not accidental, since they are important, fully expressing the historical optimism of the lyrical hero (they will fall, they will give up). They are complemented by one more word, where the sound “u” is located in an intonationally significant position - it ends the ascending intonation before the conclusion (collapse). Unlike the poem “To Chaadaev,” which ends with an exclamation (“they will write our names!”), in the message “In the depths of the Siberian ores...” the last line, which also has the meaning of the desired outcome, is emotionally neutral, with a period at the end (“And brothers will give you the sword."). The lyrical hero’s excitement ends with a statement, which is conveyed by a word with assonance starting with “y”, sounding in the last male rhyme. It unexpectedly becomes an expression not of gloomy feelings, but of “cheerfulness and fun” from the anticipation of the “desired time.” Thus, at the phonic level, it becomes possible to capture a thought that seems premature and unjustifiably optimistic in the sorrowful reality: the Decembrists will go down in history not as criminals doomed to end their lives in prison, but as heroes whose meaning of existence is to break through struggle and disasters to victory and fortunately. The day will come when the shackles of captivity fall, even if these are not real chains, not a tangible message of liberation for those in Siberian prisons, but for those whose thoughts have always had “high aspirations”, this day will bring the fulfillment of their cherished dream:

The heavy shackles will fall,

The dungeons will collapse and there will be freedom

You will be greeted joyfully at the entrance,

And the brothers will give you the sword.

The last line of the message is evidence of the restoration of historical justice: for posterity, the battle for freedom will be perceived as a single process. The sword will sparkle for a long time in the hands of those who cannot come to terms with the power of vice and evil, but the “Star of Captivating Happiness” (“To Chaadaev”) will rise, the “chosen” day will come (an image from Radishchev’s ode “Liberty”), and weapons will return to the first avengers. This is the historical mission of an extraordinary generation, from which emerged fighters for the honor of the motherland and freedom of the world (“I want to sing freedom to the world...” - Pushkin. “Liberty”).

The poem “In the depths of the Siberian ores” by A.S. Pushkin was published in 1827. This poetic work is an act of high civil courage of a person, a poet.

“In the depths of the Siberian ores” is Pushkin’s sincere, passionate message to the Decembrists serving exile. In it, the author expressed hope for a speedy amnesty for the Decembrists, which actually took place only in 1855.

The poem appeared on a wave of enthusiasm, which was caused by the decisive act and feat of a considerable part of the wives of the Decembrists. They neglected everything - position in the world, wealth, nobility, and followed their husbands into exile.

Pushkin was especially touched by his farewell meeting with Maria Raevskaya, whom he once loved. Now she was among the first to leave, as the wife of S.G. Volkonsky. Volkonsky's punishment was measured at twenty years of hard labor.

The poem “In the Depths of Siberian Ores” is dominated by a civic theme, the theme of loyalty to the ideals of youth. The goal that the poet set for himself was to strengthen and raise the spirit of not only two former graduates of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum - Pushchin and Kuchelbecker, but the entire composition of the Decembrists, doomed to hard work “in the hard labor holes” of the Transbaikal Nerchi mines, to instill in them hope for the best. The belief that everything bad will end soon - this is what determines the emotionally rich tone of the work.

The Decembrist uprising failed. But given the balance of power in society that existed at that point in time, it could not help but end in failure.

But the Decembrists could not help but speak out. Their liberation thoughts were too strong, their civic-patriotic feelings were high. And although the Decembrists did not achieve a positive result, everything that happened was not in vain.

After suppression December uprising, Pushkin was returned by Nicholas I from exile. They had a long and lengthy conversation face to face. Nikolai assured the poet that he sincerely wanted to use his power for the good and prosperity of the people and asked Alexander Sergeevich to help him with his creativity in this. Pushkin, of course, listened to the opinion of the tsar, but did not abandon his previous convictions. Just as he did not renounce his Decembrist friends. After the conversation, exposing himself even more to danger, he sent them heartfelt, hopeful poems to them in Siberia. The poet hoped that his personal efforts in promoting the speedy release of people languishing in exile would be successful.

The genre of the work “In the depths of Siberian ores” is a civil and friendly message. The message is one of Pushkin’s favorite genres.

Means of poetic expression used
“Shackles, dungeons, dungeons, gates, convict holes” - terminology associated with the uprising and its consequences.

Epithets used in the work are “mournful work”, “proud patience”, “gloomy shutters”, “free voice”.

A comparison that takes place in the poem “In the depths of the Siberian ores”:

"Like in your convict holes
My free voice is being heard.”

To give the poem greater richness, firmness and determination, Pushkin uses the method of alliteration (alliteration with “R”).

"In the depths of Siberian ores,
Be patient and proud.
Your sorrowful work will not be wasted
And I have high aspirations.”

The poem “In the depths of the Siberian ores” is written in iambic tetrameter.

Question 1. What signs can you offer to characterize the biogeocenosis?
Characteristics of biogeocenosis:
1) species composition;
2) population density;
3) the intensity of the impact of abiotic and biotic factors.

Question 2. How does the interaction of abiotic environmental factors affect the life activity of organisms?
In relation to environmental factors, species are distinguished between heat-loving and cold-resistant, moisture- and dry-loving, adapted to high and low salinity of water. Deviation of the intensity of one factor from the optimal value can narrow the limits of endurance to another.
Liebig's rule
A factor that is in deficiency or excess compared to optimal value, is called limiting because it makes it impossible for a species to thrive under given conditions.
For example, low humidity makes equatorial deserts sparsely populated, although other factors (illumination, temperature, presence of microelements) show satisfactory indicators.

Question 3. What is it? negative impact ionizing radiation on living organisms?
The most destructive effect of ionizing radiation is on more highly developed and complex organisms, and humans are especially sensitive to the effects. Large doses received by the body during short time(minutes, hours), are called acute as opposed to chronic doses that the body could withstand throughout life cycle. Any excess of radiation levels in the environment above the background, or even a naturally high background, can increase the mutation rate. U higher plants sensitivity to ionizing radiation directly proportional to the size of the cell nucleus. Animals do not have such a simple dependence; for them highest value has sensitivity of certain organs and systems. Thus, mammals are sensitive even to low doses due to the fact that bone marrow and intestinal epithelium are easily damaged by irradiation. Radioactive substances can accumulate in soil, water, air and in the bodies of living organisms themselves. Transmitted and accumulated during transmission food chain.

Question 4. What is the significance of its species diversity for the sustainability of a biocenosis?
The richer the species composition of the biocenosis, the more stable the community as a whole.

Question 5. What is the ecological pyramid and what are the directions of selection at each stage?
Ecological pyramid rule
The mass of each subsequent link in the trophic chain progressively decreases.
This happens because in each link of the food chain, with each transfer of energy, 80-90% of it is lost, dissipated in the form of heat. On average, 1 thousand kg of green plants produces 100 kg of the body of herbivores. Predators can only absorb 10 kg of their body from this amount of food. Accordingly, the number of animals at each subsequent stage of the pyramid is smaller. Graphically, this rule is reflected in ecological pyramids. There are pyramids of numbers, reflecting the number of individuals at each stage of the food chain, pyramids of biomass, reflecting the amount synthesized at each level organic matter, and energy pyramids showing the amount of energy in food at each level.
Question 6. What are the reasons for the change in biocenoses?
In nature, less stable biogeocenoses are replaced over time by more stable ones. Their change is determined by three factors:
1) an orderly process of community development - the establishment of static relationships between species in it;
2) changes in climatic conditions;
3) change environment under the influence of the life activity of the organisms that make up the community.



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