Andean Pact (Andean Community).

We considered the northern and western parts of South America as part of two tourist mesoregions, which are parts of the South American macroregion. The tourist mesoregion of the North of South America includes five countries and territories (French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, and Colombia), the Andean tourist mesoregion includes three states (Ecuador, Peru, etc.). The name of the Andes Mountains has two versions of origin: from the Inca word anta (“copper”), or in the Quechua language from the word anti (“east”), which supposedly indicated the position of the mountains relative to the ancient capital of the Incas, the city of Cusco. Both tourist mesoregions are characterized by natural diversity and unique cultural heritage(especially Andean countries).

The cultural specificity of most countries of the northern and western parts South America is defined by the Catholic religion. The exceptions are Guyana and Suriname, whose cultural identity is associated with the coexistence of two religions: Christian (mainly Protestant) and Hindu. In territories remote from the coasts of the Pacific and Atlantic oceans, adherents of local traditional beliefs have been preserved.

The indigenous peoples of the north and west of South America belong to four Indian families: Equatorial-Tucano (Arawak, Tupi, Tucano, etc.), Andean (Quechua, Aymara, Araucan, etc.), and Pan-Caribbean (Carib, Pano, etc.) and chibcha-paes (miskito, paes, etc.). The predominant populations are Spanish-speaking peoples (Venezuelans, Colombians, Ecuadorians, Peruvians and Bolivians) and French-speaking Guianans belonging to the Romanesque group of the Indo-European family. Suriname and Guyana are home to Dutch and English languages Surinamese and Guyanese (Germanic group of the Indo-European family), as well as those who arrived from Hindustani (Indo-Aryan group of the Indo-European family).

Northern South America

In the past Guiana was a general name for three contiguous territories, possessions, and in northeastern South America. After the formation of the states of Guyana in 1966 and Suriname in 1975, this name began to refer only to the overseas department of France - French Guiana (86.5 thousand sq. km, 220 thousand people in 2008). Usually the name Guiana is derived from guai ("river") and is explained as "a land of abundant waters, big water, many waters."

Former British possession British Guiana took the name Cooperative Republic of Guyana in 1966 (215 thousand sq. km, 770 thousand people in 2008). The former possession of the Netherlands, Dutch Guiana, was declared independent in 1975 and took the name Republic of Suriname (163.8 thousand sq. km, 476 thousand people in 2008). The river where the capital of the state stands is named after Suriname. The name of the river is associated with the name of the Surima tribe.

Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela occupies an area of ​​912 thousand square meters. km, the population in 2008 was 26.4 million people. The name Venezuela means "little Venice". In 1499, during one of the sea expeditions, the Spaniards discovered an Indian settlement built on stilts on the shore of the bay. This reminded them of Venice, and they gave the bay the name Venezuela. In 1830, the same name was adopted by an independent republic that separated from Gran Colombia.

Territory of modern Republic of Colombia(1 million 142 thousand sq. km, 45.0 million people in 2008) was conquered by the Spaniards at the beginning of the 16th century. and was named New Granada (after the name of the province in the south). After the collapse of the Spanish colonies in 1819, along with other territories, it became part of the Federative Republic of Colombia, named after Christopher Columbus. With the collapse of the federation, the Republic of New Granada was formed, which in 1886 received the name Republic of Colombia.

Republic of Ecuador occupies an area of ​​272 thousand square meters. km, the population in 2008 was 13.9 million people. In 1830, the department of Quito, which separated from the Republic of Gran Colombia, was proclaimed an independent state with the name Ecuador (Spanish for “equator”), because. The country's territory is located on both sides of the equator.

Republic of Peru occupies an area of ​​1 million 285 thousand square meters. km, the population in 2008 was 29.2 million people. It is most likely that the name of the state comes from the Viru (Piru) River flowing in the north of the country. The form of Peru received official recognition in 1543, when the Viceroyalty of Peru was created, and in 1821 it was formed independent state with the same name.

Republic of Bolivia(1 million 98.6 thousand sq. km, 9.2 million people in 2008) received its name in honor of Simon Bolivar (1783-1830) - commander and statesman, one of the leaders of the war for the independence of the Spanish colonies in America (1810-1826). Until 1825 it was a Spanish colony of Upper (Mountain) Peru.

In total, within two tourist mesoregions on the list World Heritage UNESCO includes 31 sites, of which 20 are cultural monuments.

Andes - the longest (9000 km)and one of the highest mountain systems The land bordering the whole of South America from the north and west.They stretch across the territories of seven South American countries - Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile and Argentina.However, the mountains complicate interstate economic ties and communication between Andean peoples.

Andes are a major interoceanic watershedRivers of the basin flow east of the Andes Atlantic Ocean (The Amazon itself originates in the Andesand many of her major tributaries, as well as tributaries of the Orinoco, Paraguay, Parana, Magdalena River and rivers of Patagonia), to the west - the rivers of the basin Pacific Ocean (mostly short).

Andes serve as the most important in South America a climatic barrier that isolates the territories to the west of the Main Cordillera from the influence of the Atlantic Ocean, and to the east from the influence of the Pacific Ocean. The mountains lie at 5 climatic zones(equatorial,sub equatorial , T tropical, With ubtropical and moderate) and are distinguished (especially in the central part) by sharp contrasts in the moisture content of the eastern (leeward) and western (windward) slopes.

One of the most significantAndes economic sectors - mining industry. Deposits of copper (in Chile), iron (in Bolivia), gold (in Colombia, etc.), emeralds (in Colombia), tungsten, tin, silver, oil (in marginal troughs and intermountain depressions of Argentina, Bolivia, Venezuela, Peru) are being developed etc.).

Also p

azvito agriculture specializing in growing coffee (in Colombia (up to 13% of the world collection), Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru), bananas (in Colombia, Ecuador), potatoes, barley . In the Caribbean Andes - cultivation cotton, tobacco, sisal . IN equatorial belt at medium altitudes they cultivate tobacco, coffee, corn ; at high altitudes (up to 3800 m) corn is grown, wheat , potatoes, and also plant quinoa , which is the most important part of the local diet Indian population. On the well-moistened slopes of the Eastern Cordillera (within Central Andes) are grownsugar cane, cocoa, coffee and tropical fruits. Many crops cultivated in Chile , brought from Europe - this olives, grapes, citrus fruits trees; There is wheat and corn in the fields. Due to the significant steepness of the slopes, crop production is carried out on terraces.

The main direction of livestock farming is sheep breeding (in the highlands of Peru, Patagonia, Tierra del Fuego, etc.). In the mountain punas, the Indian population (Quechua) raises llamas. Fishing is developed on large lakes (especially Lake Titicaca).

HOMEWORK: preparation for testing.

Test on the topic “Natural Resources”.

GOALS:

A) systematization of students’ knowledge on the topic,

B) identifying gaps in the topic “Natural Resources”.

1. The distribution of natural resources on the planet is explained:

A) differences in climate processes and different conditions formation of minerals in different geological eras,

B) differences in tectonic processes,

C) differences in tectonic, climatic processes and different conditions for the formation of minerals in different geological eras.

2. Andean countries are allocated large resources:

A) oil and gas,

B) copper and polymetallic ores,

B) manganese and phosphorites.

3. Which group of countries, which has almost all known resources, is incorrectly named:

A) Russia, USA, India, China, Australia,

B) Russia, USA, Brazil, China, Argentina,

B) Russia, USA, Brazil, China, Australia.

4. The most common non-ferrous metal in earth's crust is:

B) aluminum,

5. Which group of countries has the largest reserves? copper ores:

A) Zambia, Zaire, Chile, Canada, USA,

B) Zambia, Zaire, Chile, Russia, India, USA,

B) Zambia, Zaire, Chile, Australia, China, USA.

6. The structure of the land fund is dominated by:

A) unproductive and unused lands,

B) forests and shrubs,

IN) settlements, industry and transport,

D) meadows and pastures,

D) cultivated lands (arable land, gardens, plantations).

7. The population of which region is provided with regular water supply by only 10%:

A) Europe,

B) Australia,

D) Africa.

8. Countries with leading positions in the world in timber reserves:

A) Russia, Canada, USA, Brazil.

B) Russia, Canada, Brazil, China,

B) Russia, Canada, USA, Congo.

9. Aquaculture is:

A) artificial cultivation aquatic organisms in maritime and fresh water,

B) artificial breeding of aquatic organisms in sea water.

10. In which option are the number of operating oil and gas wells arranged in descending order:

A) Gulf of Mexico, North Sea, Persian Gulf, Gulf of Guinea,

B) Persian Gulf, Gulf of Mexico, North Sea, Gulf of Guinea,

B) Persian Gulf, North Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Gulf of Guinea,

D) Gulf of Mexico, Persian Gulf, North Sea, Gulf of Guinea.

11. Which countries have been most successful in the development of solar power plants:

A) USA and Japan,

B) France and Germany,

B) Japan and France,

D) France and the USA.

12. “Dirty” industries include:

A) chemical, petrochemical, metallurgical and pulp and paper industries, thermal energy,

B) chemical, petrochemical, metallurgical, pulp and paper, hydropower and thermal energy,

B) chemical, petrochemical, metallurgical, pulp and paper industries, nuclear and hydropower.

13. Complete the definitions:

A) Ecumene is...

B) Recreational farming is...

C) Forest cover is...

D) natural resource assessment is...

D) economic assessment resources are...

E) environmental resource assessment is...

KEY: 1-c, 2-b, 3-b, 4-b, 5-a, 6-a, b, 7-d, 8-a, 9-a, 10-a, 11-d, 12-a.

Population size and its reproduction.

A) teach students to characterize population dynamics globe twentieth century, to reveal the essence of demographic policy and demographic transition,

B) help students analyze uncontrolled population growth or decline using the example of individual regions or countries.

LECTURE PLAN:

1. Dynamics of the Earth's population.

2. Population reproduction.

3. Average duration life.

4. Demographic policy.

Andean community - history of creation. The Andean Community (group, pact; "Andean Group" or "Andean Common Market") was created on May 26, 1965, based on the Cartagena Agreement, consisting of Bolivia, Colombia, Peru, Chile (withdrew from the group in 1976) and Ecuador. Since 1973, Venezuela has become a member of this organization.

What is the Andean Community? The Andean group covers an area of ​​4.8 million square meters. km with a population of 111 million people; its total gross product is $268 billion. The highest body is the Cartagena Agreement Commission, consisting of ambassadors of the listed countries with a one-year term of office, after which the commission moves to the next alphabetical state included in the pact. The representative of that country is its president. The Commission usually holds at least three sessions a year, at which it determines the main areas of cooperation and approves programs for coordinating customs policy and economic development.

Council of Foreign Ministers - body political cooperation- coordinates the performance of the Andean group on the world stage. The Andean Parliament, consisting of members of the legislative assemblies of the member countries, serves as an advisory body. Controversial issues are resolved by the Andean Court. To develop recommendations for specific issues councils have been created: planning, currency, financial, tax and others.

The Cartagena Agreement provides for the creation of a common market, harmonization of economic policies in relation to foreign capital, through joint development programming manufacturing industries and infrastructure, mobilization of internal and external financial resources, provision of special benefits to the less developed members of the union - Bolivia and Ecuador.

Goals of the Andean Community- promoting the development of participating countries through their integration and socio-economic cooperation; acceleration economic growth and ensuring employment; creation of a Latin American common market. The main directions of the Andean group boil down to:

Development of a unified economic policy, coordination of ongoing projects;

Harmonization of legislation: monitoring the application of legal norms adopted within the Andean group and their unified interpretation;

Establishing close mutual ties between the regions and the bodies of the Andean Group through auxiliary bodies - the Union of Private Entrepreneurs and the Andean Institute of Labor.

Within the framework of the Andean group, the following were created:

The Andean Development Corporation (ADC), formed in 1968, acts as a development bank, as an investment bank and as an economic and financial assistance agency;

Andean Reserve Fund (ARF) - manages part of the foreign exchange reserves of member countries to maintain balances of payments and harmonize financial and monetary policies;

Association of Telecommunications Commissions - used to deepen cooperation and promote the development of telecommunications services in the region.

In 1990 it was adopted "Andean Strategy", which formulated three main goals: the development of the Andean economic space; deepening international relations of the countries of the Andean group; contribution to unity Latin America. The "Peace Act", adopted in the same year, put forward as the most important tasks: deepening the integration process Andean countries; implementation of its individual stages (free trade zone, customs union), as well as other measures necessary for the creation of the Andean common market.

The Andean Pact gained particular fame in the history of integration of developing countries - an attempt to immediately limit the influence of foreign monopolies on the scale of an entire group. This action began to be carried out in the first years of the existence of the union, when Chile set the tone in it (the period of the government National Unity), Bolivia and Peru. The main measure in this direction was the introduction of the “General regime in relation to foreign capital, brands, patents, licenses" designed to establish control over the activities of TNCs. These measures stimulated the transformation of foreign enterprises created after 1974 into national or mixed enterprises. When establishing such an enterprise, at least 15% of the shares must be transferred to the state in whose territory it is located.

An important provision of the general regime was the introduction of restrictions on profits exported by foreign companies. No more than 14% of the registered amount of direct investment was allowed to be transported abroad each year. At the same time, the areas of application of foreign capital were limited: it was not allowed in insurance, domestic trade, transport, mass media. Since 1976, many countries of the group have been entitled to a relaxation of some provisions of the general regime under the Lima Protocol.

Economic potential of the Andean Pact in 1999

countries	territory, million sq. km	population, million people	GDP, billion dollars	exports, billion dollars	imports, billion dollars
Total	4,8	111,0	268,0	44,4	38,3
Bolivia	1,1	8,1	8,3	1,0	1,8
Venezuela	1,0	23,7	102,2	19,9	14,8
Colombia	1,1	41,5	86,6	11,6	10,6
Peru	1,3	25,2	51,9	6,1	8,1
Ecuador	0,3	12,4	19,0	5,8	3,0

ANDEAN COUNTRIES
(Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Chile)

Brief characteristics of the countries of the subregion. Specialization of the region: mining and processing of minerals: oil, gas, copper, tin, iron, polymetals, saltpeter, precious stones, including diamonds; fishing; crop growing - coffee, bananas, sugar cane, flowers.

Venezuela

In 1499, a Spanish expedition discovered an Indian village built on stilts in the Gulf of Maracaibo. This reminded the Spaniards of the famous Italian city, from which the name of the country came - Venezuela, i.e. "little Venice" (capital - Caracas). The country has the largest waterfall in the world on a tributary of the river. Caroni (bass. Orinoco) - Angel.

Oil - 12 reserves in the region, of which 45 reserves are in the Maracaibo basin (developed since the 20s of the twentieth century, within its boundaries there is a unique Bolivar field). High sulfur content. One of the world's largest oil terminals.

Heavy oil - "asphalt belt" lower reaches of the river. Orinoco. Not developed due to lack of technology.

Guayana is the largest of the new industrial areas of new development in Venezuela, the largest industrial area of ​​integrated development: electric power (Guri - hydroelectric power station and the largest reservoir in Latin America on the Caroni River), black and non-ferrous metallurgy(iron ore deposit Serra - Bolivar; bauxite). Venezuela ranks first in Latin America in the smelting and export of primary aluminum, and in the future, 1st place in the world. Tractor manufacturing and the pulp and paper industry are based in this area. Here is the largest export port of Venezuelan Guayana - Ciudad Guayana.

The capital is Quito.

Main minerals: oil, copper

Main export items: bananas, oil, shrimp, coffee, cocoa, sugar. IN recent years along with the Netherlands and Kenya, it is the largest supplier of flowers to the world market, including Russia.

Colombia

The capital is Santa Fe de Bogota.

Copper, emeralds (1st place in the world for precious stones).

Main crops: coffee (Arabica), bananas, cocoa.

La Paz (translated as "peace") is the de facto capital of this highland state. Sucre - the official capital is named after one of the heroes of the liberation struggle against the Spanish colonialists and the first president of this state.

Main natural wealth Bolivia - tin. Llallagua and Potosi are one of the largest deposits of tin ore in the world (silver mines previously existed in Potosi). There are deposits of iron ore.

The population is dominated by Indians. Bolivia is one of the highest altitude countries in the world, where more than half the population lives on the Altiplano plateau, located at an altitude of 3300-3800 m, and La Paz is the highest millionaire city that arose at such an altitude.

The capital is Lima (translated from the Quechua Indian means “navel”). This city was at the center of the Inca Empire and was the capital and residence of the Great Inca. It was revered as the “city of the Sun” and was along with Tenochtitlan largest city pre-Columbian America.

Deposits of copper, polymetals, silver, noble and rare metals, precious stones; oil and gas; cotton growing.

Leader in world fisheries.

Official languages ​​- Spanish and Quechua - ancient language Incas.

The capital is Santiago.

Copper - 23 reserves in Latin America, the copper content in the ore is 1.6%, which is higher than in other deposits, and also contains molybdenum; Chuquicamata - largest deposit copper-molybdenum ores, on the basis of which there is a large industrial region of Chile.

The world's largest saltpeter deposit is located in Chile.