Poisonous mushrooms often cause serious illness, especially among children .

Pale grebe . This mushroom grows in the forest zone, especially in the southern part, and is found on the edges, clearings and in other places where edible mushrooms grow. The fruiting season is from June to October. It looks like an old champignon, sometimes like a russula. The pulp is white, without any special taste or smell. Pale toadstool is the most dangerous and poisonous mushroom; even a quarter of the cap is enough to be fatal.

ATTENTION! It is practically impossible to escape if you eat a mushroom.

False chanterelle . It grows next to real chanterelles and differs in shape: large, thick, tuberous, swollen at the base, with a red mesh pattern, the lower end of the leg near the ground is thickly brick-like, the top of the leg is orange. The flesh is white, first turns red when broken, then turns blue, and tastes sweet.

The mushroom is very poisonous.

Red fly agaric. Fly agaric is growing

in coniferous, mixed and birch forests, from July to October. This one really beautiful mushroom can be distinguished from everyone else by its bright red hat with white flakes scattered across it - warts. The plates are white, the stalk is white, tuberous at the base.

The mushroom is extremely poisonous, causing suffocation, convulsions, fainting and often leading to death.

Gall mushroom. He grows up at the same time as whites and others noble mushrooms in dry pine and spruce forests. The pulp is strong, white, bitter. IN at a young age very similar to white, can only be distinguished by a pinkish tubular layer. Some specimens have a light gray cap and resemble boletus mushrooms; they can be distinguished by their tubular layer. The mushroom is inedible, there may not be any fatal poisoning from it, but when it gets into the basket it transfers its bitterness, after which the entire harvest can be thrown away.

Satanic mushroom. It is rarely found in deciduous forests, middle zone Russia, often grows in more southern regions. The cap is up to 8 cm in diameter, grayish or greenish, rainy weather mucous The tubular layer is red. The leg is large, thick, tuberous, swollen at the base, with a red mesh pattern, the lower end of the leg near the ground is densely brick-like, the top of the leg is orange. The flesh is white, first turns red when broken, then turns blue, and tastes sweet. The mushroom is very poisonous.

In the middle of summer, long-awaited mushrooms appear in the forest. Many people go to the forest, and no one is left without mushrooms. Simultaneously with the appearance of the first mushrooms in products mass media There are alarming reports about people poisoned by mushrooms. Why is this happening? And what is a mushroom? What mushrooms can you pick? And how to pick mushrooms correctly?

We became interested and during the summer holidays we began to search for answers to these questions.

Purpose of the work: find out what mushrooms can be collected in a basket.

Tasks:

find out and analyze data in the literature on the research topic:

variety of mushrooms;

structural features and vital functions of cap mushrooms;

mushrooms from the Red Book;

reveal features of poisonous mushrooms, their difference from edible ones;

draw up and distribute rules for picking mushrooms, having studied the commandments of a mushroom picker;

teach a lesson "World of Mushrooms" in 2 classes of MBOU "Secondary School No. 58" ;

grow mushrooms artificially using mushroom growing technology;

prepare mushrooms for the winter.

Object of study: kingdom of mushrooms.

Subject of study: cap mushrooms.

Research hypothesis: we assume that people get poisoned by mushrooms due to not knowing the distinguishing characteristics of edible from inedible mushrooms.

Research methods:

theoretical: study and analysis different sources information;

practical: illustration, drawing up a lesson script, experiment, observation, analysis of research results, generalizations and conclusions.

Theoretical part

1. Variety of mushrooms

Fungi are one of the largest and most diverse groups of living organisms. By modern estimates on Earth there are from 100 to 250 thousand, and according to some estimates up to 1.5 million species of mushrooms.

Previously, mushrooms were considered plants. But now scientists distinguish them into a special kingdom of living nature. And they are very, very different. For example, the mold that covers the crust of bread is a fungus. The tinder fungus, which grows on a tree trunk, is also a representative of the mushroom kingdom. Large group mushrooms are called cap mushrooms. Cap mushrooms It is very important to recognize correctly. After all, we collect them in the forest. And not all of our finds are suitable for food.

The structure of cap mushrooms

The above-ground part of the mushroom consists of a fruiting body - cap and legs, the underground part of the mycelium.

Mushrooms in which the underside of the cap is in the form of a continuous layer with holes are called tubular, and in the form of a series of plates - lamellar (Appendix No. 1).

Mushrooms are living organisms that do not produce flowers or seeds and reproduce by spores. The main function of fungi is the formation of numerous embryos called spores, which serve to preserve the further spread of fungi in nature. A spore is the germ of a plant organism, used for reproduction and survival in unfavorable conditions.

The spores ripen on the underside of the cap. Each mushroom produces a huge number of spores, tens and even hundreds of millions. Individually, the spores are very small and not visible to the naked eye, so they can be detected as white plaque under the cap of a mature mushroom. They fall down under their own weight. Due to their microscopic size, spores are easily picked up by air currents and transported by air currents over long distances of several thousand kilometers.

Under the ground from the legs stretch into different sides thin, white threads are the mycelium, the underground part of the mushroom. The mycelium has a large surface. Through it, water and nutrients are absorbed from the soil.

Mushroom habitats

The “world of mushrooms” is widespread everywhere. However, this does not mean that edible cap mushrooms can grow everywhere. They grow in certain places where the soil is rich in humus and well warmed by the sun.

The best places may be forest edges and clearings, forest roads and paths, country roads, ditches, small hills and especially their slopes open to the sun's rays.

The most mushroom time is from mid-August to mid-September. The favorable air temperature in the forest for abundant fruiting of mushrooms is from +1˚ to + 22˚С, humidity – 70-85%. But in autumn, mushrooms also grow at lower temperatures. Excessive humidity and drought are harmful to mushrooms. After ripening, the mushrooms quickly rot.

Surprisingly, mushrooms grow in the forest in winter. Winter mushrooms grow mainly on tree trunks and also on stumps. They are easy to collect, since the lack of foliage on the trees allows you to see the mushrooms from afar. Types of mushrooms such as oyster mushrooms, winter honey fungus and sulphurous honey fungus can be collected throughout the winter.

Nutrition of cap mushrooms

Thanks to the nutrients coming from the mycelium, those beautiful creations called mushrooms grow. Mushrooms absorb nutrients from plant or animal residues. Mushrooms are characterized by external digestion; first, enzymes are released into the environment containing food substances, which break down the substances outside the body to a state accessible for absorption by the mycelium. Enzymes are substances for digesting food.

The main food product of mushrooms is carbohydrates, which they use to build the body and as a source of energy. Nitrogen compounds are important nutrients for fungi. Also necessary source nutrients are potassium, magnesium, iron, zinc and others. For normal functioning, mushrooms need vitamins and growth substances.

Many fungi come into contact with the roots of tree species, receiving organic substances from them. Plants, in turn, with the help of the fungus, obtain water and nutrients from the soil.

Mushrooms usually grow in a certain combination of tree species:

porcini mushroom is friends with birch, pine, spruce, oak;

The aspen tree is always friends with the aspen;

The birch tree is friends with the birch tree;

saffron milk cap is friends with pine and spruce.

Mushroom Parade

Edible mushrooms– these are those mushrooms that require pre-processing (boil, fry) before eating.

Inedible mushrooms- these are those mushrooms that cannot be used for food even after pre-treatment; they do not contain toxic substances, but have bad smell, has an acrid or bitter taste and may cause digestive upset.

Poisonous mushrooms– these are the mushrooms that contain toxic substances; eating these mushrooms is life-threatening! (Appendix No. 2)

Tricky mushrooms

Inedible mushrooms are able to cleverly disguise themselves as their edible comrades. Inedible mushrooms have an external similarity to edible ones; such mushrooms are called doubles. Mushroom twins, although externally similar, have at least one distinctive feature. When collecting mushrooms, you need to be extremely careful about which mushrooms to collect in the basket and which to leave in the forest! (Appendix No. 3)

Eating inedible mushrooms can cause poisoning.

Signs of poisoning: weakness, abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, chills or fever, convulsions, fainting, blue lips, tip of the nose, fingers,

diarrhea.

If these signs appear, it is urgent to tell an adult and call a doctor immediately. Before the doctor arrives you need to:

drink as much water as possible (3-4 liters) to induce vomiting,

crush 10-20 tablets of activated carbon, stir in half a glass of water and drink,

after this you can drink warm milk or sweet tea.

1. Mushroom picker's commandments

When going into the forest, prepare: take a hard container (a basket or basket is most convenient), a knife, pick up a small stick; It is advisable to bring sandwiches and water with you.

Collect mushrooms in the forest that are familiar to you.

Do not even take good mushrooms near large highways, factories, and wastewater treatment plants: the fruiting bodies may contain significant concentrations of heavy metal salts.

When harvesting, it is better to “twist” the fruiting bodies by carefully rotating them in opposite directions or cutting them off with a knife.

Picking mushrooms special attention Be careful not to break off the leg and preserve its lower part.

There is no need to eat old, overripe, fruiting bodies with signs of decomposition or spoilage, even porcini mushrooms.

Upon returning home, sort them out as quickly and thoroughly as possible, sort them, remove the lower part of the stem; dubious and flabby specimens should be discarded.

1. Red Book

Despite the abundance of mushrooms, there are endangered and rare species that are subject to protection and are listed in the Red Book. There are several reasons for the reduction of fungal flora:

construction of areas with new buildings;

cutting down trees and shrubs on forest edges;

destruction of grass cover;

soil compaction poses a danger to the mycelium;

increased air pollution.

By examining these reasons for the disappearance of mushrooms, we can conclude that the extinction of mushrooms is not associated with the collection of mushrooms in large quantities, but solely with human activity, which leads to a reduction in the living space of mushrooms.

These mushrooms should not be touched. It is better to photograph them in their natural habitat (Appendix No. 4).

Methods for storing mushrooms

Mushrooms are a perishable product and cannot be stored in fresh for a long time. Therefore, these forest gifts must be processed on the day of collection. Mushrooms must be cleared of debris, washed, cut off the stems and cut out damaged areas. You can prepare a variety of dishes from mushrooms and prepare mushrooms for the winter.

The main ways to preserve mushroom gifts are: drying, freezing, salting, pickling, canning in hermetically sealed containers.

Drying - one of the most accessible and simple ways mushroom processing. Mushrooms are dried in the sun or at a temperature of 40-50˚C for 2-4 hours, and then the temperature is increased to 60-70˚C and dried for 8-12 hours. Store in closed glass jars at a temperature of + 8 + 10˚С.

Salting – a common method of harvesting mushrooms. The mushrooms are boiled, cooled, then placed in a container, alternating a 6-8 centimeter layer of mushrooms and salt until the container is full. Store at a temperature not higher than +6 +8˚С.

Pickling - boil the mushrooms, put them in jars and pour them with spicy brine, and immediately roll them up. Store in a cool, dark place at a temperature no higher than +6 +8˚С.

Freezing – a universal method of storing mushrooms. This method appeared relatively recently with the advent of modern freezers. The mushrooms are boiled, cooled, then frozen at 30˚C. Store at -18˚C.

Practical part

1. Illustrating the rules of mushroom picking

When picking mushrooms, it is very important to remember simple rules. Observing them will be good for both people and nature. Having studied the commandments of a mushroom picker, we illustrated the rules in the form of symbols to make it easier to remember.

Writing a note in the NGG “Mushroom - a miracle of nature”

Target: informing the urban community about the rules for collecting mushrooms. (Appendix No. 5)

Compiling a booklet “Attention – mushrooms!”

Target: informing the urban community about the rules for collecting mushrooms, first aid for mushroom poisoning, methods of harvesting mushrooms (Appendix No. 6)

Drawing up a script and conducting a lesson on the topic “The World of Mushrooms”

Tasks:

Introduce students with: structural features and vital activity of cap mushrooms; variety of mushrooms; rules for collecting mushrooms, preserving mycelium, having studied the commandments of a mushroom picker; technology for their cultivation.

Expand: features of inedible mushrooms, their difference from edible ones; measures to prevent poisoning by them.

Teach: provide first aid for mushroom poisoning; bring up careful attitude To surrounding nature; mushrooms as an independent kingdom that plays an important role in nature. (Appendix No. 7)

Harvesting mushrooms for future use

Many people like to pick mushrooms. The activity is fun, healthy, and the end result is very tasty. Mushrooms contain a lot nutrients and vitamins (Appendix No. 8)

Growing mushrooms artificially

No.	Date	Growing stages
	04.06.2012	The long-awaited summer has arrived! What does this wonderful time give us? The long-awaited vacation, during which we go to the dacha or to a country camp with friends, go to the forest to pick mushrooms and berries. In a word, we rejoice summer days and enjoy the gifts that nature gives us. In the middle of summer, long-awaited mushrooms appear in the forest. Many people go to the forest, and no one is left without mushrooms. But it turns out that mushrooms can be grown artificially, so we decided to check it out.
	16.06.2012	We purchased mushroom mycelium on wood sticks “Oyster mushroom carotid” and honey fungus “Foliota Nemeko” in a specialized store for gardeners.
	20.06.2012	From the prepared firewood, we took 2 hardwood logs without signs of rot, cut down for at least 1 month. We had at our disposal birch logs with a diameter of about 30 centimeters, about 50 centimeters long, with bark and without branches.
	23.06.2012-25.06.2012	Before use, soak the wood for 3 days.
	25.06.2012- 28.06.2012	The wood soaked in water was placed in a heated room for 2 days to remove excess water.
	28.06.2012	Holes with a diameter of 8 millimeters and a length of 4 centimeters were drilled in the prepared logs in a checkerboard pattern at a distance of about 10 centimeters.
	28.06.2012	Wearing sterile gloves into the prepared holes, we inserted the wood sticks all the way.
	28.06.2012

Mushrooms in fairy tales, stories, pictures, videos and tasks for children

Mushrooms in fairy tales, stories, pictures, educational videos and tasks for children. Materials for activities and games with children on the topic “Mushrooms”.

Children about mushrooms. Mushrooms in fairy tales, stories, pictures, videos and tasks for children

How interesting is it to tell children about mushrooms? Fairy tales, stories and tasks about mushrooms from this article will help you, from which children will learn:

• where do mushrooms grow and what is their “address”, that it’s so coniferous, mixed and deciduous forest,
• names of mushrooms and where they came from why are mushrooms called that?
• what parts do mushrooms consist of? and the purpose of each part (the structure of mushrooms), what are “ambiguous words” (hat, stem),
• why are mushrooms needed? and who they are friends with,
• signs and sayings about mushrooms,
• how new mushrooms appear in the forest and how they live,
• are there any harmful mushrooms: poisonous and edible mushrooms.

In this article you will find:

• presentation for children with tasks in pictures on the topic “Mushrooms” for free download,
• educational stories for children about mushrooms in pictures and questions for classes with preschoolers,
• original stories about mushrooms with sample questions for discussing them with children,
• signs about mushrooms.

Story 1. Where mushrooms grow: find out the “mushroom address”

What mushrooms do you know? With your child, list all the mushrooms known to the baby: boletus, milk mushrooms, russula, boletus (ceps), boletus, boletus, milk mushroom. boletus, chanterelles, saffron milk caps.

If the child finds it difficult, then show him pictures of mushrooms and name them with him. The pictures from the article will help you

But mushrooms not only have a name like ours, they also have something very interesting!

We live in cities and houses and we have address. Ask your child what city he lives in and what his address is? Why do you need to know your address by heart?

If you received parcels or parcels, letters, then show them where the address is written. Why did they write the address on them?

It turns out that mushrooms also have... their own address! The mushroom can always be found at this address. But this one "mushroom address" Not everyone knows, but only the most - the most attentive people to nature.

Now we will try to guess this address!

Talk to your children about what Each mushroom “loves” its own tree and its own forest and lives only at its own address.

• For example, what can we find under a pine tree? Of course oily or porcini mushrooms - boletus mushrooms.- Boletus is the king among all mushrooms. Their legs are thick - like a potato. The cap is brown, the flesh is white, strong, tasty. Porcini mushrooms - boletus mushrooms - are dried, boiled, and fried. The address of these mushrooms is “pine forest.” You can find them there.
• And under the birch tree, on the lawns and in the mown clearings - boletus mushrooms Boletus mushrooms usually do not grow alone. Next to one there is always another growing.
• Under the aspens - boletus.
• They live and grow on stumps honey mushrooms
• There are a lot of pine and spruce forests oily with shiny hats.
• Where do mushrooms live? chanterelles- friendly sisters who always grow up next to each other as families? In mixed forests.
• Saffron milk caps They love coniferous forests - spruce and pine forests.

HELPFUL HINT: Explain to your child what:

• "deciduous forest"(birches, aspens, oaks and other trees with leaves grow in it),
• "coniferous forest"(this is a forest in which pine and spruce trees grow) and
• « mixed forest» (both deciduous and coniferous trees grow in it).

Ask your child if he can guess why the forest is called “mixed”? (Because different trees - coniferous and deciduous - are “mixed and mixed” in it, growing together next to each other).

• When driving past forests by car, bus, train, or train, try with your child to determine what kind of forest it is and what mushrooms can be found in it.
• Look at the pictures for this article and find deciduous forest, coniferous forest, mixed forest in the photographs.

And if the forest is too dark, dense like a thicket, or, on the contrary, too sparse, then, alas, we most likely will not find mushrooms in it:(. Therefore, when you see a forest, first look at it, think about what kind of mushrooms you can find in it . And look 🙂 - I wish you mushroom luck!

Interesting information about the “address” of mushrooms: By autumn, the mushrooms slightly change their “address”, that is, they move. True, they are moving very close to a warmer place. If earlier in the summer in July - early August they huddled close to the trees and often grew on the cooler northern side, but now they can be found in an open clearing, path, and near clearings. Where it's warm and sunny.

INTERESTING IDEA: writing a letter to... mushrooms!

If your baby loves fairy tales and believes in them, then you can write a letter to the forest with him... to a few mushrooms. On the envelope we write “the address of the mushrooms” and their “name”. For example: “Mixed forest near the village of Zaborye. A large clearing next to a hollow. To the family of foxes from Pasha." And be sure to write the child’s address, first and last name. And in the letter we send the mushroom our forest drawings and tell them what we already know about the life of mushrooms, we wish them growth, warm rains and everything that the child wants to wish.

Helpful tip:

• When writing the address, be sure to take into account where it grows this type mushrooms Otherwise, the letter “will not arrive.” At the same time, you will repeat with your child where which mushrooms like to grow.
• You can write a letter to a specific mushroom that you saw on a walk in the forest with your child. Or make a whole series of letters (five letters) - send each mushroom a picture with its image (“portrait of a mushroom”) and a small “message” that you write together with the child (you write it down, the child dictates. If the child finds it difficult, then suggest an idea. ask a question or start a phrase, and the child will finish it).

This is important:

Your child will definitely want to receive an answer from the mushroom to his letter. Take care of the “mushroom answer” in advance - send your child in an envelope a few days later a leaf from the forest, a pebble, a photo or sticker with a picture of a forest, or a printed coloring book “Mushrooms” (you can find it in our VKontakte group “Child development from birth to school” ). Be sure to write addresses and names correctly on the envelope.

Children love these “correspondences” and learn a lot about nature from them. And they learn with pleasure and interest, even excitement! With the help of such correspondence at the end of summer - early autumn, your child will learn much more about nature than from simple reading encyclopedias.

Story 2. Why are mushrooms called that? Where did their names come from?

The names of mushrooms are very interesting. These names were not invented just like that. These words can tell us a lot. Look at the different mushrooms in the pictures with your child and guess why they are called that.

Do not tell your child the correct answer right away! It is more important not to learn “how to do it right” and remember it, but to learn to think, compare, guess, reason, imagine. Therefore, first speculate, and only then tell us where the name of the mushroom actually came from.

• For example, everyone knows the mushroom boletus . It is enough to listen to this word to understand where to look for the mushroom - under a birch tree, in birch groves, in the forests in which birch trees grow. The boletus even looks like a birch tree - it has a tall white leg with a dark pattern of scales. That's why it's called that. This is a friend of the birch.
• Where should you look? boletus? Under what tree? Of course, under the aspen tree. It’s not for nothing that he is an “aspen boletus.” I also call this mushroom: “Redhead” - can you guess why? Because his hat is red. It’s like the “red head” - so they called it “red head”. And it is similar to aspen in that the aspen leaves are red and orange, like the cap of an aspen boletus. You won’t immediately notice it in the fallen leaves of a similar color!
• Why was the mushroom called that? saffron milk cap?Red color! The mushroom is really bright red - both the cap and the stem. Rizhik grows in coniferous forest, where there are almost no grasses and where it is immediately noticeable by its red color. So people called him very affectionately - “Ryzhik”. Who else is called “redhead”? (little fox, red dog, red kitten)
• Mushroom - raincoat special, without a cap and without a stem. If you step on it, the peel will burst and dark smoke will come out. That’s why this mushroom is also called “grandfather’s smoke.”
• Milk mushrooms They always grow together, side by side - like a “pile”. What is a pile? This means that the mushrooms grow very, very close to each other in a large family. There are always a lot of them nearby. Try making a pile of stones or things with your child. Then put things far apart from each other - it's no longer a pile. And make a pile again. This is how milk mushrooms grow side by side - in a pile. There is even such a word in the Russian language: “huddled together,” that is, they stood very, very close to each other. Milk mushrooms love mixed forest and birch trees.
• And what a strange name this is - “ honey mushrooms". What did it come from? From the word “stump”, “near the stump”. Honey mushrooms love to grow on stumps and on dried, fallen trees. This is how brave the honey fungus grew up in the forest fairy tale of Eduard Shim!

E. Shim " Brave honey fungus"

There were a lot of mushrooms in the fall. Yes, what great fellows - one is more beautiful than the other!

Grandfathers stand under the dark fir trees. They wear white caftans and rich hats on their heads: yellow velvet below, brown velvet above. What a sight for sore eyes!

The boletus fathers stand under the light aspen trees. Everyone is wearing shaggy gray jackets and red hats on their heads. Also a beauty!

Brother boletus grows under the tall pines. They are wearing yellow shirts and oilcloth caps on their heads. Good too!

Under the alder bushes, the Russula sisters perform round dances. Each sister is wearing a linen sundress and has a colored scarf tied around her head. Not bad either!

And suddenly another mushroom mushroom grew near the fallen birch tree. Yes, so invisible, so unsightly! The orphan has nothing: no caftan, no shirt, no cap. He stands barefoot on the ground, and his head is uncovered - his blond curls curl into little ringlets. Other mushrooms saw him and, well, laugh: “Look, how unkempt!” But where did you come out into the white light? Not a single mushroom picker will take you, no one will bow to you! Honey fungus shook his curls and answered:

If he doesn’t bow today, I’ll wait. Maybe someday I’ll come in handy.

But no, mushroom pickers don’t notice it. They walk among the dark fir trees, collecting boletus mushrooms. And it gets colder in the forest. The leaves on the birch trees turned yellow, on the rowan trees they turned red, on the aspen trees they became covered with spots. At night, chilly dew falls on the moss.

And from this chilly dew the grandfather boletus came down. There is not a single one left, everyone is gone. It’s also chilly for the honey mushroom to stand in the lowlands. But even though his leg is thin, it is light - he took it and moved higher, onto birch roots. And again the mushroom pickers are waiting.

And mushroom pickers walk in the copses, collecting boletus fathers. They still don’t look at Openka.

It became even colder in the forest. A strong wind whistled, tore off all the leaves from the trees, and the bare branches swayed. It rains from morning until evening, and there is nowhere to hide from them.

And from these evil rains the boletus fathers came away. All disappeared, not a single one remained.

The honey mushroom is also flooded with rain, but although it is puny, it is nimble. He took it and jumped onto a birch stump. No rain will flood it here. But mushroom pickers still don’t notice Openok. They walk in the bare forest, collect butter brothers and russula sisters, and put them in boxes. Is Openka really going to disappear for nothing, for nothing?

It became completely cold in the forest. Muddy clouds moved in, it became dark all around, and snow pellets began to fall from the sky. And from this snow pellets came the boletus brothers and russula sisters. Not a single cap is visible, not a single handkerchief flashes.

The groats also fall out on Openka's uncovered head and get stuck in his curls. But the cunning Honeypaw did not make a mistake here either: he took it and jumped into the birch hollow. He sits under a reliable roof, slowly peeking out: are the mushroom pickers coming? And the mushroom pickers are right there. They wander through the forest with empty boxes, but they cannot find a single fungus. They saw Openka and were so happy: “Oh, my dear!” - They say. - Oh, you are brave! He was not afraid of rain or snow, he was waiting for us. Thank you for helping in the most inclement time! And they bowed low and low to Openko.

Ask a child, does he bow to those mushrooms that he finds in the forest? Does the forest thank you for its gifts - mushrooms and berries?

Every time we go into the forest, we greet it and always thank it for all our finds! This is a culture of attitude towards nature, which is laid down from the first years of life. And how a child will grow up - whether he will perceive the forest as something wild and unfamiliar and therefore begin to litter and destroy it, or whether he will perceive the forest as a friend and helper - depends, among other things, on this culture. Fairy tales about mushrooms also foster respect for nature, understanding and admiration for it!

Now let’s continue to learn the secrets of the names of mushrooms and guess where they came from.

Oil canso called because of its oily cap. The hat of the oil can seems to be greased with oil and glistens in the sun.

Borovik it was named so from the word “pine forest” because it grows in pine and spruce forests. A These mushrooms are called porcini, because their flesh is white and does not darken when cooked and dried, it always remains white. Most likely, the child will not guess, because... I've never cooked mushrooms. Therefore, if you cook them, show him the pulp of the porcini mushroom. Or show him dried porcini mushrooms so that he can be convinced that this is really the case.

Chanterelles Their bright orange color resembles a fox, which is why they are called that. Both their hat and leg are bright red. And they always grow up as friendly families.
Mokhoviki grow among soft moss. Their caps stick out from the moss, are clearly visible, and easy to collect. There is even a saying: “Every moss-fly is used to living in moss.”

Russula- mushrooms with colorful caps. They were called that because they do not need to be boiled for pickling. Russulas have caps different colors- red, purple, yellowish-brown, depending on the conditions where the mushroom grew. That’s why they were also called “goryanki” (from the word “burn”) and even... talkers! But why they were called “talkers” we can only guess!

Volnushki so called because they have wavy circles on their caps. You probably thought so? Maybe it's true. But according to the etymological dictionary, the reason for this name of the mushroom is completely different! The name of the mushroom actually comes from the word “wave”. Only in ancient times did this word mean “wool”. The volnushki have a fleecy cap that looks like a little wool. So they called this hat “woolen”, and the mushroom - “volnushka”.

Story 3. What are mushrooms made of?

When we pick and eat mushrooms, we think that it is the mushroom itself. In fact, this is not true at all! It's just fruiting body mushroom. And the main part of the mushroom is the mycelium!

Mycelium consists of white thin threads that penetrate the entire top layer of soil. Small nodules form on these threads. These nodules grow, crawl out of the ground and... turn into the mushrooms we know and love!

The mycelium can live and produce mushrooms for many, many years if it is not damaged by humans. The mycelium dries out and dies from sun rays, if it is not protected and damaged by a person. Therefore, when we collect mushrooms, we need to protect the mycelium: carefully take the mushroom, and lightly cover the free space in the ground with moss or foliage to preserve the mycelium. And so that later a new mushroom will grow in the same place.

The mycelium is very, very large and takes up many meters around the small fungus. Children can compare the size of the mycelium with the size of the playground in the yard! Therefore, in fact, a mushroom is a very, very large creature! It is larger in size and weight than... an elephant!

Your children will learn about this from the wonderful TV show “Shishkin Forest. Natural history. Mushrooms" - my favorite educational program for preschoolers on the TV channel "My Joy". Watch this video with your children and discuss what surprising things you learned about the life of mushrooms from this video. Tell these amazing facts friends and acquaintances, relatives of the child - surprise them too!

3.1. Children about mushrooms: educational video

Lesson about mushrooms at Shishkina School for kids

We talked to you about the mycelium, which is located underground. What does the fruiting body of the mushroom that we collect in the forest consist of? The mushroom always has hat And leg. (Note: this amount of knowledge about the parts of a mushroom is quite enough for a preschooler. There is no need to explain to the child what lamellae, mycelium, etc. are. We give kids only the knowledge that they can apply in their lives)

Look at the pictures caps of different mushrooms. How different they are! And the surfaces are different in nature (oily, fleecy, smooth, rough), and in color, and in shape. What and who else has hats? (A grandmother or mother may have a hat on her head. Men used to wear hats on their heads, and now you can still see a man wearing a hat on the street). There is even such a riddle: “Four brothers stand under one hat” - this is a riddle about the table! And there’s also a hat on the... nail!

Ask your child to find all the hats in the picture below (don't forget the nail heads, man's hat, woman's hat and mushroom caps). Count how many hats you and your child found in the picture. Name it correctly - for example, “five hats” or “three hats” (agreeing the numeral with the noun).

An interesting idea for a game-activity: Make a mushroom cap from multi-colored plasticine. Based on the shape of the cap and its color, you will need to guess what kind of mushroom it is. First, you ask such riddles to your child and comment on your actions. Then the child sculpts it himself, imitating you, and asks you a riddle - he sculpts the cap of some kind of mushroom, and you guess what it is.

The easiest way to start is with simple contrasting mushroom caps. For example, ask a child a question - what kind of mushroom lost its cap - a fly agaric, a fly agaric or a boletus? What kind of hat did I make? The child compares the sculpted hat with the hat in the picture with mushrooms above and answers by guessing, explaining his opinion (why he decided that it was the cap of a mushroom or another mushroom).

Now let's look at mushroom stem! Not only mushrooms have legs, but also many objects around us. Together with the child, find what has a leg (a table, chair, cabinet, the child also has two legs, etc.) Which interesting word- “leg”. Let's play with him!

3.2. Speech game with the ambiguous word “leg”

About this ambiguous word- “leg” - I came up with my own little poem for educational purposes speech classes with children. This poem is a game with words that introduces the child to the phenomenon of polysemy of words:

About legs

“I have two legs.

They run fast.

Legs jump and jump,

They run and kick a ball.

Stools have legs,

By the beds and banquettes,

By the sofas and wardrobes,

At chests of drawers and tables.

Why do they need legs?

Then I thought a little...

But the answer is about these legs

I’ll keep it a secret from everyone!” (A. Valasina)

Poem assignments:

• Invite your child to guess the boy's secret. Ask: “Have you guessed why legs are needed for a table, cabinet, or sofa? What happens if one leg of a chair breaks? Will we be able to use it? Why?
• Is it convenient to use a table that has at least one broken leg? Why?
• So, why do we need furniture legs? So we figured out the secret, but we won’t tell it to anyone either. Fine? :).
• And insects also have legs! Which ones? Name it! (spider, grasshopper, etc.)
• This is such an unusual word - “leg”. One word can mean so much!

Such tasks teach the child to listen to words and develop a sense of language.

Story 4. Why are mushrooms needed? Who are mushrooms friends with?

Ask your child who and why mushrooms are useful. Yes. they are useful and necessary for people, animals, birds, and plants that grow next to them in the forest:

— Mushrooms are collected and eaten by people. We salt them, marinate them, cook mushroom soup from them, make mushroom caviar, bake pies with mushrooms and make many other things from them delicious dishes.

—Animals also eat mushrooms. They feed on them in the summer and collect them and store them for the winter. Even mushrooms that are poisonous to humans can be beneficial to animals! For example, fly agaric is eaten by squirrels, slugs, and magpies. And a moose can swallow a whole fly agaric, and more than one! This is how he heals himself. For him, fly agaric is medicine.

- And also - mycelium is needed for life forest trees, shrubs, herbs and flowers. Mushrooms are true friends of trees! The mycelium grows together with the thin roots of the tree in the ground. As a result, the mushrooms receive the nutrition and beneficial substances they need from the trees, and the trees also receive useful substances from the mushrooms for their nutrition. Thanks to mushrooms, trees better absorb everything useful from their “food” and grow faster. This is how mushrooms and trees help each other throughout their lives! They best friends and they can’t live without each other!

For example, fly agaric helps pine, spruce, birch and other trees grow, and it also decorates the forest!

Mushrooms help process the remains of plants in the forest: they destroy stumps, fallen tree trunks, and fallen branches. These are the forest orderlies who clean it.

Story 5. How do new mushrooms appear in the forest?

New mushrooms grow from the mycelium. But mushrooms have another secret to growth. As the mushroom grows, it produces spores.

Controversy- these are very, very small particles like dust - specks of dust. The wind carries them very, very far. There they fall to the ground, germinate and give rise to a new mycelium, and new mushrooms will soon appear from it.

This is how interesting it is said in fairy tale - forest dialogue Eduard Shim "Mushroom Smoke":

My fathers, there is a fire!! My fathers, we are burning!.. From somewhere terrible smoke is pouring out!

Vaughn, from mushrooms. That's all.

Ay, that's right! Smoke poured out of the bubble mushrooms! What is going on, my dears?!

Nothing. The moose galloped. I trampled the puffball mushrooms.

Why are they smoking?!

Ugh! Yes because they are ripe! It's not smoke pouring out, it's mushroom spores, mushroom seeds, flying in the wind!

Well, then go away, the smoke is thicker, there will be more mushrooms!

Story 6. How long do mushrooms live?

The life of a mushroom is very, very short! The mushroom is young for five days, on the sixth day the mushroom is usually fully ripe, and on the seventh day it is already... old:(. That’s how short their life is!

To make the child aware of this time period, show him Monday on the calendar. This is the day the mushroom appeared. Remember what you did with your child on Monday. Think about what you did on other days of the week and on Saturday. And at this time the mushroom is already fully ripe - in these few days it has already become quite an adult! Remember what you did on Sunday. How little time has passed! And the mushroom became an old man in just a week!

Story 7. Are there harmful mushrooms?

There are edible mushrooms, and there are poisonous ones. Therefore, in the forest, children must always ask adults if they can pick up a mushroom found in the forest or in the park. If you don’t know the mushroom, then it’s better to leave it in the forest and not take it.

How to tell children about poisonous mushrooms? It is very clearly explained to kids what poisonous mushrooms are and what they are like in the Shishkina School program on the topic “Poisonous Mushrooms.” Watch it with the kids.

Poisonous mushrooms: video for children

In this video, a child will see poisonous mushrooms: he will find out what they are pale grebe, fly agaric, real and false chanterelles(learns how to distinguish an edible chanterelle mushroom from a poisonous mushroom), what types there are false honey mushrooms and what is their difference from real mushrooms. And also learns the rules of the mushroom picker.

Story 8. What are “deciduous mushrooms” and why are they called that?

Why are mushrooms called “deciduous” mushrooms? “Leaf-fallen” - from the word “leaf-fallen”. What is “leaf fall”? Yes, leaves are falling = leaf fall. This means that such mushrooms grow during leaf fall. This happens in October. These are boletus mushrooms, aspen mushrooms, saffron milk caps, milk mushrooms, boletuses and others.

Brainstorm with your child where you should look for mushrooms in the fall during leaf fall - in dark, cold forests in the shade or in the sun? Yes, you need to look for them where it’s warm, where the sun is warm. They hide under fallen leaves. You won't find them in a cold forest.

Educational fairy tales and stories about mushrooms for children

We all know that boletus grows under birch trees, and boletus grows under aspens. Why? From N. Pavlova's fairy tale, children learn why each mushroom has its own plants - friends and its own “mushroom address” in the forest.

N. Pavlova's fairy tales are amazing. She's talking about the profession of a doctor biological sciences and knows the life of plants and animals very well. And her second profession is a children's writer. Therefore, her fairy tales are interesting, very educational, and beloved by children!

N. Pavlova “Two tales about mushrooms”

A little girl went into the forest to pick mushrooms. I went up to the edge and let's show off:

You, Les, better not hide mushrooms from me! I'll still fill my cart full. I know everything, all your secrets!

Don't boast! - the forest made a noise. - Don't brag! Where is everyone?

“But you’ll see,” the girl said and went to look for mushrooms.

In the fine grass, between the birch trees, boletus mushrooms grew: gray, soft caps, stems with black shag.

In a young aspen grove gathered thick, strong little aspen boletuses in tightly pulled orange caps.

And in the twilight, under the fir trees, among the rotten pine needles, the girl found short saffron milk caps: red, greenish, striped, and in the middle of the cap there was a dimple, as if an animal had pressed it with its paw.

The girl picked up a basket full of mushrooms, and even with the top on! She came out to the edge and said:

Do you see, Les, how many different mushrooms I picked? This means I understand where to look for them. It was not for nothing that she boasted that I knew all your secrets.

Where is everyone? - Les made a noise. - I have more secrets than leaves on the trees. What do you know? You don’t even know why boletus grows only under birches, boletuses - under aspens, saffron milk caps - under fir trees and pine trees.

“Here comes the house,” the girl answered. But she said it just like that, out of stubbornness.

“You don’t know this, you don’t know,” Les made a noise, “telling this will be a fairy tale!”

“I know what a fairy tale,” the girl stubbornly said. - Wait a little, I’ll remember it and tell you myself.

She sat on a stump, thought, and then began to tell.

There used to be a time when mushrooms did not stand in one place, but ran throughout the forest, danced, stood upside down, and played mischief. Previously, everyone in the forest knew how to dance. Only Bear couldn't do it. And he was the most important boss.

Once in the forest they celebrated the birthday of a hundred-year-old tree. Everyone danced, and the Bear - the one in charge - sat like a tree stump. He felt offended and decided to learn to dance. He chose a clearing for himself and began to exercise there. But he, of course, did not want to be seen, he was embarrassed, and therefore gave the order:

No one should ever appear in my clearing.

And mushrooms loved this clearing very much. And they did not obey the order. They waylaid him when the Bear lay down to rest, left Toadstool to guard him, and they ran off to the clearing to play.

The bear woke up, saw Toadstool in front of his nose and shouted:

Why are you hanging around here?

And she answers:

All the mushrooms ran away to your clearing, and they left me on guard.

The bear roared, jumped up, slammed Toadstool and rushed into the clearing.

And the mushrooms played magic wand there. They hid somewhere. The mushroom with a red cap hid under the Aspen, the red-haired one hid under the Christmas tree, and the long-legged one with black shags hid under the Birch.

And the Bear will jump out and scream - Roar! Gotcha, mushrooms! Gotcha!

Out of fear, the mushrooms all grew into place.

Here Birch lowered her leaves and covered her fungus with them. The aspen dropped a round leaf directly onto the cap of its mushroom. And the tree scooped up dry needles with its paw towards Ryzhik.

Bear looked for mushrooms, but didn’t find any.

Since then, those mushrooms that were hiding under the trees have been growing, each under their own tree. They remember how it saved him. And now these mushrooms are called Boletus and Boletus. And Ryzhik remained Ryzhik, because he was red. That's the whole fairy tale!

You came up with this! - Les made a noise. - It’s a good fairy tale, but there’s not a bit of truth in it. And listen to my true story.

Once upon a time there were roots of the forest underground. Not alone - they lived in families: Birch - near Birch, Aspen - near Aspen, Spruce - near the Christmas tree.

And lo and behold, out of nowhere, homeless Roots appeared nearby. Marvelous Roots! The thinnest web is thinner. They rummage through rotten leaves and forest waste, and whatever edible they find there, they eat and put aside for storage.

And the Birch Roots stretched out nearby, looking and envying.

We, they say, cannot get anything out of the decay, out of the rot. And Marvelous Roots responded: “You envy us, but they themselves have more good than ours.”

And they guessed right! For nothing that a cobweb is a cobweb. The Birch Roots received great help from their own Birch Leaves. The leaves sent food down the trunk from top to bottom. And what they used to prepare this food from, you have to ask them themselves. Divo-Koreshki is rich in one thing. Birch Roots - to others.

And they decided to be friends.

The Marvelous Roots clung to the Berezovs and entwined them around them. And the Birch Roots do not remain in debt: whatever they get, they share with their comrades.

Since then they have lived inseparably. It’s good for both. Miracle Roots is growing wider and wider, all reserves are being accumulated. And Birch grows and gets stronger.

Summer is in the middle, Birch Roots boast:

Our Birch's earrings are ruffled and the seeds are flying!

And Miracle Roots answer:

That's how! Seeds! So it’s time for us to get down to business.

No sooner said than done: the little nodules jumped up on the Divo-Roots. At first they are small. But how they began to grow! The Birch Roots didn’t even have time to say anything, but they had already broken through the ground. And they turned around in freedom, under Berezka, like young mushrooms. Legs with black shag. The hats are brown. And from under the caps mushroom seeds and spores fall out. The wind mixed them with birch seeds and scattered them throughout the forest.

This is how the mushroom became related to Birch. And since then he has been inseparable from her. For this they call him Boletus.

That's my whole fairy tale! It's about Boletus, but it's also about Ryzhik and Boletus. Only Ryzhik took a fancy to two trees: the Christmas tree and the Pine.

“This is not a funny fairy tale, but a very amazing one,” said the girl. - Just think, some kind of baby fungus - and suddenly it feeds the giant tree!

A. Lopatina's story - for younger schoolchildren. Can mushrooms really be grown in the garden? Should I give up wild mushrooms? Why have many beneficial mushrooms now become harmful? These questions are discussed in the story by the grandfather with his granddaughters.

A. Lopatina. Introduction to mushrooms

At the beginning of July it rained for a whole week. Anyuta and Mashenka became depressed. They missed the forest. Grandmother let them go for a walk in the yard, but as soon as the girls got wet, she immediately called them home.

Porfiry the cat said when the girls called him for a walk:

What's the point of getting wet in the rain? I’d rather sit at home and write a fairy tale.

“I also think that a soft sofa is a more suitable place for cats than damp grass,” Andreika chimed in.

Grandfather, returning from the forest in a wet raincoat, laughing, said:

The July rains nourish the earth and help it grow crops. Don’t worry, we’ll go to the forest to pick mushrooms soon.

Alice, shaking herself so that wet dust flew in all directions, said:

The russula have already started to climb, and in the aspen forest two small boletuses with red caps popped up, but I left them, let them grow up.

Anyuta and Mashenka were looking forward to their grandfather taking them mushroom picking. Especially after he once brought a whole basket of young mushrooms. Taking out the strong mushrooms with gray legs and smooth brown caps from the basket, he said to the girls:

Come on, guess the riddle: In the grove near the birch tree we met namesakes.

“I know,” Anyuta exclaimed, “these are boletus mushrooms, they grow under birch trees, and aspen boletuses grow under aspen trees.” They look like boletus mushrooms, but their caps are red. There are also boletus mushrooms, they grow in forests, and multi-colored russula grow everywhere.

Yes, you know our mushroom literacy! - Grandfather was surprised and, taking out a whole heap of yellow-red lamellar mushrooms from the basket, said:

Since all the mushrooms are familiar to you, help me find the right word: Golden... Very friendly sisters, They wear red berets, They bring autumn to the forest in the summer.

The girls were silent in embarrassment.

This poem is about foxes: they grow up huge family and in the grass it’s like autumn leaves turn golden,” explained the all-knowing Porfiry.

Anyuta said offendedly:

Grandfather, we only studied some mushrooms at school. The teacher told us that many mushrooms are poisonous and should not be eaten. She also said that now even good mushrooms can be poisoned, and it is better not to pick them at all.

The teacher correctly told you that you cannot eat poisonous mushrooms and that now many good mushrooms are becoming harmful to humans. Factories emit all sorts of waste into the atmosphere, so various harmful substances settle in forests, especially near large cities, and mushrooms absorb them. But good mushrooms many! You just need to make friends with them, then they themselves will run out to meet you when you come to the forest.

Oh, what a wonderful fungus, strong, plump, in a velvet light brown cap! - Mashenka exclaimed, sticking her nose into the basket.

This, Mashenka, the white one jumped out ahead of time. They usually appear in July. They say about him: A strong little boletus came out, and everyone who sees it will bow down.

Grandfather, why is a boletus called white if it has a brown cap? - Mashenka asked.

Its flesh is white, tasty and fragrant. In boletuses, for example, the flesh turns blue if you cut it, but in white ones the flesh does not darken either when cutting, or when boiling, or when drying. This mushroom has long been considered by people as one of the most nutritious. I have a professor friend who studies mushrooms. So he told me that in boletus mushrooms scientists have found the twenty most important amino acids for humans, as well as many vitamins and minerals. It’s not for nothing that these mushrooms are called forest meat, because they contain even more proteins than meat.

“Grandfather, the teacher told us that in the future people will grow all the mushrooms in their gardens and buy them in the store,” said Anyuta, and Mishenka added:

Mom bought us mushrooms at the store - white champignons and gray oyster mushrooms, very tasty. Oyster mushrooms have caps that look like ears, and they grow together as if they were one mushroom.

Your teacher is right, but only forest mushrooms give to people healing properties forests and its best scents. A person cannot grow many mushrooms in his garden: they cannot live without trees and forests. The mycelium with the trees, like inseparable brothers, intertwined their roots and feed each other. And there aren’t many poisonous mushrooms, people just don’t know much about mushrooms. Every mushroom is useful in some way. However, if you go into the forest, the mushrooms themselves will tell you everything about themselves.

I really love the story “Fly Agaric”. How vividly and expressively this mushroom is described in it: it is compared to a gnome in a red cap and lace pantaloons! And it is said that even a mushroom that is poisonous to humans is useful to the inhabitants of the forest as a medicine!

N. Sladkov fly agaric

The handsome fly agaric looks kinder than Little Red Riding Hood and is more harmless ladybug. He also looks like a cheerful gnome in a red beaded cap and lace pantaloons: he’s about to move, bow to the waist and say something good. And in fact, although it is poisonous and inedible, it is not entirely bad: many forest inhabitants even eat it and do not get sick. Moose sometimes chew, magpies peck, even squirrels, which is why they know about mushrooms, and even those sometimes dry fly agaric mushrooms for the winter. In small proportions, fly agaric, like snake venom, does not poison, but heals. And the animals and birds know this. Now you know too. But never - never! - do not try to treat yourself with fly agaric. A fly agaric is still a fly agaric - it can kill you!

After reading the story, look again at the picture of the fly agaric (you will find it in the set of pictures about mushrooms at the link above) and discuss with your child:
- How is a fly agaric similar to a gnome? where is his red riding hood? Why is the cap in the story called “beaded”? (decorated with white beads - show the child large white beads and find the beads on the fly agaric's cap) And where are the fly agaric's white panties - pantaloons with lace?
- How is fly agaric useful?
— is it possible for people to pick fly agaric? Why?

And another story about mushrooms - fly agaric mushrooms by N. Sladkov “Round Dance of Mushrooms”. Read a fragment of the story to your child and discuss with him:

- What do fly agaric mushrooms look like? what does their leg look like? their hat?
- how to “stand with your arms akimbo” (show this pose),
- What are the fly agarics waiting for?
— how do fly agarics dance on their white legs? (come up with several movements together to a dance or round dance melody)
- Do they dance quickly?
- “White legs will flash” - what does this mean? When they say this: “only the heels began to sparkle,” “only the legs began to sparkle”? Has it ever happened to you that you moved so fast that only your legs flashed? When? Share your life stories too.

N. Sladkov. Round dance of mushrooms

The mushroom picker does not take fly agarics, but he is happy with fly agarics: if fly agarics go, so will white ones. And fly agarics are a delight to the eye, even though they are inedible and poisonous. They stand akimbo on white legs, in lace pantaloons, in red clown hats - if you don’t want to, you’ll fall in love with them. And if you come across a fly agaric round dance, it’s time to be dumbfounded: a dozen red fellows stood in a circle and prepared to dance!
Now - one, two! - someone will clap their hands and - three, four! - the round dance will begin! Faster and faster - like a colorful festive carousel. White legs flash and dry leaves rustle. You stand and wait.
And the fly agarics stand and wait. They are waiting for you to finally figure it out and leave. So that you can start your mushroom dance without interference or prying eyes. Stomping the white mushroom legs, waving the red mushroom caps. Just like in the old days..."

In the next fairy tale, kids will get acquainted with an interesting mushroom that grows on stumps and trees - honey fungus.

V. Zotov. Honey fungus Autumn

“Mommy, look, the mushrooms don’t have enough soil,” the Little Fox was surprised. - They even climbed trees!
“You still don’t know much,” the Fox smiled. - Autumn honey fungus often grows on tree trunks. Sometimes in the fall, yellow-brown caps, which are the size of a small saucer, hang in clusters so high that they cannot be reached.
“And that family over there sat right on a rotten stump.” - The kid pointed to a stump near the tree. - Mom, are all these mushrooms edible?
— Of course, Autumn Honey fungus is very tasty. No one passes by him. Everyone puts it in the basket, everyone wants to try this mushroom. And to distinguish it from the poisonous false foam, you need to look at the plates from below. In edible honey mushrooms they are always light - white, cream or yellowish.

Signs and sayings about mushrooms

• Late mushroom - late snow.
• Where one oiler was born, others fled side by side.
• The panicles of oats have ripened - honey mushrooms have grown in the forest.
• If there are few mushrooms produced, then the winter will be snowy and harsh.
• Those who love to bow to the earth will not be left without mushrooms.
• Those who get up early put mushrooms in the car.
• When it rains in the evening, expect mushrooms in the morning.
• When it’s hot and damp, mushrooms gather under the trees; when it’s damp and damp, they scatter into the clearings.
• Rain in the evening - expect mushrooms in the morning.
• How many rains - so many milk mushrooms.
• If there is a steamy fog over the forest, go mushroom hunting.
• Heavy dew - to fertility, and frequent fogs - to the harvest of mushrooms.
• If there are waves in the forest, then expect the milk mushrooms to appear soon.
• If the rye starts to sprout, white ones with boletus mushrooms also begin to appear.
• Where there is a red fly agaric, there is a white mushroom sitting nearby.
• If the night at Christmas is starry, the same is true for Epiphany, then in the summer there will be a lot of berries and mushrooms.

How to use the materials from this article in classes with children:

Dear site readers! The materials in this article are intended for a whole series of conversations and games about mushrooms. You cannot give your child all the tasks on this page in one day. Take your time, let him play and enjoy learning about the natural world!

It may take you a whole week to remember the names of mushrooms, their characteristics, their “mushroom addresses,” write letters and receive “answers” ​​from mushrooms. This is fine! Go from the interests of the child and his characteristics and preferences.

Remember that the main thing is not the amount of knowledge, but the child’s activity, the development of his ability to answer questions, reason, invent, prove his opinion, compare, and draw independent conclusions.

An example of an individual approach to applying the materials in this article to a family

A 5-year-old child really doesn’t like sculpting or plasticine. But he loves riddles.

What to do: Such a child does not need to make a riddle - a modeling with mushroom caps, given above. We need to do this task differently. Take pictures of mushrooms (you can print them from the “Native Path” website using the link below), cover the stem of the mushroom in the picture with your palm or a sheet of paper. Only the cap will be visible. After that, ask them to guess by the cap what kind of mushroom it is.

It is better if you have separate pictures, since children very quickly remember the location of the pictures in the book and no longer analyze the image, but answer mechanically, from memory. If you constantly change the pictures and their location in this task, then the child will have to think, compare and draw an independent conclusion.

If a child likes to draw, then perhaps he will not want to make a mushroom cap, but draw it. Then, while drawing, we will discuss both the size of the hat and its shape (where it is convex, where it is concave, whether it is smooth or rough, extended upward like a clown’s cap or flat or curved down) and how best to depict it in the drawing, what color it is.

Listen to your heart and watch your baby - children themselves tell us what is interesting to them and what is not yet, and then it is better to hold off on this material for now. And introduce the child to him in a year, when he grows up.

The article provides materials and tasks for different ages children and different levels of development, so that every parent and teacher can choose what is right for their children/child.

More games, exercises, pictures, riddles on the topic “Mushrooms” for children

You will find more materials for games and activities with children on the topic “Mushrooms” in the articles on the site:

Presentation with tasks on the topic “Mushrooms” for children from this article for download

You can download all pictures from this article in good resolution and quality for demonstration in presentations and printing:

• - see here
• - or in our VKontakte group “Child development from birth to school” (see the “Documents” section on the right under the community videos, the presentation file is called “Theme mushrooms”: tema-gribi)

I wish you all success! I will be glad to see you in the section of the site, in which you will find a lot of surprising things. interesting games, educational fairy tales in pictures and fascinating videos about the world around us for children.

See you again!

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Mushrooms in history

Among the cap mushrooms there are both edible and poisonous species.

Numerous cases of mushroom poisoning can be found in the records of ancient Roman and Greek historians.

Example 1

Titled persons also became “mushroom” victims. The wife of the Roman Emperor Claudius Agrippina knew a lot about mushrooms. After a quarrel with her husband, she poisoned him. The cause of death of Pope Clement VII and French King Charles VI was also poisoning from poisonous mushrooms.

Ancient tribes knew about the hallucinogenic properties of some types of mushrooms. People got relaxation. By eating them, people felt relaxed, but often died from an overdose. Ancient shamans used mushrooms to enter a trance.

Scandinavian Vikings used some types of fly agarics as doping before battle.

Edible cap mushrooms

On given time More than $4,000 species of cap mushrooms have been studied, but only a few hundred are considered edible.

The concepts of “edible” and “poisonous” mushrooms can be considered quite arbitrary. Because the same type of mushroom is considered edible by residents of one area, and inedible in another.

People have long been ambivalent about the nutritional properties of mushrooms. Some were inclined to exaggerate their nutritional value for humans, considering them much healthier than other products, while others considered them harmful, arguing that the chitin contained in mushrooms is poorly absorbed and causes difficulty in the digestion process. Modern research showed that mushrooms contain proteins, fats, carbohydrates, mineral salts and vitamins that are necessary for humans. Water makes up about $90\%$ of the fresh mass of the mushroom, proteins - up to $5\%$, carbohydrates - up to $3\%$, fats - up to $0.8\%$ Mushroom proteins differ high quality and thanks to the amino acids they contain, they are well absorbed by the body. Mushrooms are not inferior to many fruits and vegetables in terms of mineral salt content. They have the same amount of calcium and phosphorus as fish. If the mushroom is brightly colored, this is a sure sign large quantity vitamin A (chanterelles, saffron milk caps).

According to nutritional value and taste qualities Edible mushrooms are divided into four categories:

1. porcini mushrooms, saffron milk caps, real milk mushrooms;
2. champignons, boletuses, boletuses, boletus, boletus;
3. chanterelles, autumn honey mushrooms, moss mushrooms, morels;
4. Russula, oyster mushrooms, summer mushrooms, umbrella mushrooms.

Note 1

Of course, this is a conditional division. Mushroom pickers have different tastes and different peoples have different tastes. If in Russia milk mushrooms are considered a valuable mushroom, then in Western Europe it is considered inedible. Some people collect dung beetles and umbrella mushrooms, but for other people they are inedible.

Mushrooms that are used for food are divided into unconditionally and conditionally edible.

Unconditionally edible include: porcini mushrooms, boletuses, boletuses, boletus, saffron milk caps, champignons, chanterelles, honey mushrooms, etc. To use these mushrooms for food before cooking no additional or pre-processing is required.

The most valuable and high-quality mushrooms are considered porcini mushroom, or boletus (Boletus edulis). It is called white because its flesh is not darker when broken and cooked, after drying. Its convex cap can reach up to $25 cm in diameter, and the color varies from dark brown to whitish (depending on the type of forest where the mushroom grows). This fungus can form mycorrhiza with $5 - $10 tree species (oak, birch, spruce).

Note 2

The porcini mushroom has twins - oak mushroom and gall mushroom.

Butterwort (Suillus)- representatives of tubular basidiomycetes. The skin of the cap in most species is slimy and easily removed. The tubular spore-bearing layer is covered from below with a thin film (veil). As the mushroom matures, this covering is destroyed and remains only in the form of a filmy ring on the mushroom’s stem. Boletus grows in mixed and pine forests large families throughout almost the entire summer. The fungus forms mycorrhiza. Distributed in Eurasia, Australia, America.

Note 3

In some countries, honey fungus is considered inedible.

Russula (Russula) found in forests throughout mushroom season. Judging by the name, they can be consumed raw (many people believe this). All of them are edible, but some types (with red or purple caps) have a bitter taste and require a long boil. They form mycorrhizae with coniferous and deciduous trees.

Conditionally edible mushrooms include those that are necessary before cooking. long time boil and remove the decoction (russula, pigs, strings, morels, volushki, etc.). or soak in running water with periodic changes (milk mushrooms). If you prepare conditionally edible mushrooms incorrectly, food poisoning may occur when you use them for food.

Poisonous mushrooms

There are many mushrooms that are suspected of being toxic or poisonous. The fruiting bodies of these mushrooms contain toxins that can cause poisoning. Most do not cause very serious illness, but some can lead to severe poisoning, even death.

Several dozen poisonous mushrooms are known. Particularly dangerous are the toadstool (similar to a champignon), some fly agarics, false honey mushrooms and chanterelles.

1. They cause mild poisoning associated with gastrointestinal disorders: yellow fly agaric, yellow-skinned champignon, gray-pink milkweed, uncooked bitter types of russula, volushki. The first signs of poisoning appear within $0.5 - $2 hours: dizziness, nausea, diarrhea, vomiting. It is necessary to rinse the stomach and take a sedative.
2. Mushrooms containing the alkaloid muscarine, mycoatropine, ibotenic acid, muscimol. Quite soon after eating mushrooms, the face begins to turn red, salivation and sweating increase, the heartbeat increases, shortness of breath appears, vision deteriorates, hallucinations, attacks of unmotivated crying or laughter may occur: red and panther fly agaric, red and whitened talker, fibers. Urgent medical attention is required.
3. The most dangerous (contain poisonous cyclopeptides - phallotoxins). The first signs of poisoning appear after at least $12$ hours, or even within two days. A person does not suspect poisoning, but irreversible changes already occur in the body, the liver and kidneys are affected, and death occurs: toadstool, white and poisonous fly agaric. Treatment must be started immediately, then the victim can still be helped. However, it is not always possible to accurately determine the signs of poisoning.

Pale grebe (Amanita phalloides)- the most poisonous mushroom. Death from poisoning with toadstool occurs in more than $50\%$ of cases. Its poison is not destroyed by boiling and drying. The mushroom has a flat-convex cap with a diameter of $5 - 10 cm, whitish or greenish in color, silky. Occasionally there may be white flakes on it. The spore-bearing plates are always pure white and free. The white pulp has no particular odor. Characteristic sign- tuberous expansion at the bottom of the stalk. The Leg also has a ring and a cup at the base of the coverlet. This mushroom is confused with champignon or green russula.

Almost all species are poisonous fly agarics (Amanita). Signs by which you can distinguish fly agarics from other mushrooms:

• the cap is covered with dirty white single or numerous flakes,
• within the middle of the leg there is a filmy white or slightly yellowish ring,
• on the lower thickened end of the leg there are ring-shaped rows of warts or ridges - the remains of a bedspread,
• cap plates white and do not change with age.

Deadly poisonous fly agaric viper. It has a green or white cap without scales, and the stump in the lower part is thickened and shrouded in a free sheath. Poisoning by fly agarics is observed less frequently because they are clearly visible and clearly distinguishable from edible ones.

Note 4

The fly agaric got its name from the use of its infusion to fight insects.

Help with mushroom poisoning

In case of mushroom poisoning, you must urgently call an ambulance medical care. Medical workers intensively rinse the stomach using activated charcoal and give laxatives and other medications.

When using mushrooms for food, you must carefully examine each mushroom, discarding any suspicious ones. Mushroom proteins decompose very quickly with the formation of poisonous nitrogenous bases, so you can be poisoned by non-poisonous, but stale mushrooms. The most dangerous mushrooms are those that have lain in a warm room for more than a day. It is not recommended to eat very wormy and old mushrooms. Fungi are able to absorb environment toxic substances, heavy metals, so it is dangerous to collect mushrooms near the highway, in areas that have been processed chemicals(pesticides).

Note 5

Since there are no common signs for all poisonous mushrooms and each species has its own characteristics, when collecting them you must follow the main rule: if you are not completely sure that the mushroom is edible, it is better not to take it.