What is the name of the birch forest in Altai. Ribbon forest of the Altai region

Forest fund Altai Territory occupies a total area of ​​436.4 thousand hectares or 26% of the total area of ​​the region, of which 3,827.9 thousand hectares are forest lands. Covered forest area is 3561.5 thousand hectares or 81.6% of the total area forests(according to forest fund records as of 01/01/98). Forest cover territories Altai Territory is 21.1%.

Forest cover varies by region from 54.6% to 1 percent or less. Highest percentage forest cover in the Zarinsky district - 54.6%, in the Talmensky district - 52.9%, in the Troitsky district - 45.4%. Less than one percent forest cover in Tabunsky, Slavgorodsky, Pospelikhinsky districts.

The total wood reserve is 395 million m 3, the share of burnt areas of the total area forests- 0.141%, share of fellings from the total area forests - 1,08%.

Forests unevenly distributed. They are mainly located in the northeast and east Altai Territory. On the sands and sandy soils in the floodplain of the river Unique rivers stretch across the Ob River and along river beds for hundreds of kilometers. band burs. Significant areas of mountains and foothills are occupied by taiga massifs.

Forests 1 groups occupy 2918.9 thousand hectares. Forests 2 groups occupy 818 thousand hectares. Forests 3 groups occupy an area of ​​625.6 thousand hectares.

According to natural and forestry conditions, role and significance in forests The State Fund has allocated 4 forestry areas:

• Tape-hog - ribbon forests, All forests classified as “particularly valuable forest areas”, total area- 1123.5 thousand hectares, incl. covered forest area - 880.1 thousand hectares;
• Priobsky - assigned forests Priobye: total area 837.7 thousand hectares, incl. covered forest area - 661.1 thousand hectares;
• Salairsky - assigned forests Salair black taiga, total area forests 583.3 thousand hectares, incl. covered forest- 515.6 thousand hectares;
• Predgorny - foothills forests Altai, total area forests 836.3 thousand hectares, incl. covered forest 646.6 thousand hectares.

The predominant breeds in forests of the Altai region are coniferous - 54% (including cedar - 1.9%), small-leaved - 46%. Middle age forests State Forest Fund - 66 years, incl. coniferous - 80 years and deciduous - 48 years. The timber reserve of the entire forest fund is 494.85 million m3, incl. State Forest Fund - 400.08 million m3.

The average annual growth reaches 6.5 million m 3, of which coniferous trees account for 3.5 million m 3 and deciduous trees - 3 million m 3.

The estimated cutting area for the main use is 2040 thousand m 3, incl. for coniferous farming - 331 thousand m3.

The intensity of forest use decreases annually, so in 1994 - 900 thousand m 3, in 1995 - 800 thousand m 3, in 1996 - 500 thousand m 3, in 1997 - 331.3 thousand m 3.

Forests of the Altai Territory divided by fire hazard classes into 5 classes. TO forests Class 1 and 2 natural fire hazards mainly include band burs(middle class 1.8) and Priobsky forests(middle class 2.6), in which concentrated large number coniferous plantations of dry types forests, young coniferous trees and forest crops.

As a result of intensive use forests, especially in the Ob massifs, the area of ​​young coniferous forests has decreased, the area of ​​mature and overmature plantings has increased, and the dangerous phenomenon of replacing coniferous trees with less valuable deciduous trees has emerged.

The nature of the region fascinates with its beauty, attracting tourists from all over the world.

Let's understand the concept of "Altai"

Geographically, Altai is large area in the very center of Asia. It is located on the territory of 4 states at once (Russia, China, Kazakhstan and Mongolia). The generally accepted name is Altai Territory. The nature of the region is very diverse, containing such climatic zones as taiga, forest, forest-steppe, steppe and mountains.

From the point of view administrative division in the vastness of our country, this territory is divided into 2 constituent entities of the Russian Federation - the Altai Republic with its capital in the city of Gorno-Altaisk and the Altai Territory, whose capital is the city of Barnaul.

Thus, the concept of Altai Territory can designate both an administrative unit of the state and a special natural zone on the planet. This article will focus specifically on the natural area.

Altai region

The nature of the region is very diverse. The terrain is divided into:

• Plains located in its western and central parts, occupying the outskirts of the West Siberian Plateau.
• Mountains occupying the north, east and south of the region. The nature of Altai is incredibly beautiful. Russia is a country on whose territory most of the hills are located. The peaks of the mountains along their entire length range in height from 500 to 4500 m.

On the flat part there is forest-steppe and steppe. Coniferous and deciduous forests rustle in the mountain valleys and plateaus.

Many rivers flow throughout the region, most of which are not navigable, but are decorated with picturesque waterfalls. The main water arteries are the Katun (688 km long) and Biya (280 km long) rivers, from which the mighty Ob River originates. Water resources are also represented by numerous lakes, about 20 thousand in total. The most significant are Teletskoye - a huge reservoir of fresh water, mountain lake Aya, and the sacred reservoir Dzhulukul.

Altai Mountains - complex system ridges, dotted with caves, gorges and cliffs with hanging glaciers. The highest part of the Altai Mountains is the peak 4506 m.

Flora and fauna

The Altai region and the nature of the region amaze with the diversity of its fauna. The territory is inhabited by squirrels, chipmunks, sables, otters, wolverines, foxes, wolves, musk deer, deer, goats, hori, manul cat, even reindeer and antelope. In total there are more than 100 species of mammals and reptiles, many of which are protected and listed in the Red Book. More than 260 species of birds live in these parts: tundra partridge, golden eagle, hawk, owl and eagle owl, lark, wheatear and others.

The fauna is represented by such tree species as larch, spruce, pine, fir, birch, aspen, poplar and others. The pearl of the region is cedar.

Valuable medicinal plants are common in the steppe zone, such as marin root, valerian, moralium, adonis vernalis, Kuril tea, golden root, ginseng, sea buckthorn, horse sorrel, and edelweiss.

Sights of Altai

They abound in picturesque places, many of which are unique in nature. Here are the only ribbon forests in the world - unique natural monuments of the Altai Territory.

In the Altai Territory, 33 nature reserves and sanctuaries have been created, which occupy 5% of the territory of the region. They were created to protect unique amazing landscapes and unique biological complexes in which rare animals live and unique plants grow. Many territories have a pristine appearance and are untouched by civilization.

The most beautiful and interesting places Altai Territory has been declared a UNESCO heritage site. Among them is the Altaisky Nature Reserve with Lake Teletskoye, natural park on the slope of Mount Belukha and General area protected zone - 1.64 million hectares.

Altai caves - another amazing creation of nature

Among the most significant:

Geophysical is one of the the most beautiful caves Altai region. It is 500 m long and goes 130 m deep into the rock. The “Royal Grotto” with 4-meter stalactites and stalagmites is especially impressive.
. Denisova Cave is one of the most interesting from a scientific point of view. Archaeological excavations have been going on here for a long time. 20 cultural layers have already been studied, the oldest of which is about 300 thousand years old.
. Ecological - the cave has the deepest shaft in Siberia - 340 m, the length of the cave is more than 2 km.
. Tavdinskaya - for unusual beauty Through corridors and arches, the cave is named a natural monument of republican significance.
. Altai - goes 240 m deep, its length is about 2.5 km. It is interesting because in the depths of the cave, speleologists discovered a lake with unique calcite flowers and cave pearls.

The project “Ribbon pine forests of Altai - a unique natural heritage of Russia”, supported by the Russian Geographical Society, is nearing completion. His goal was to preserve natural complexes Altai ribbon pine forests, their landscape and biological diversity. Currently, the processing of the rich factual material collected during the expeditions is being completed, but it is already possible to summarize the preliminary results of the project.

Seen from space

If you look at the satellite image of the south Western Siberia, the eye is involuntarily drawn to several dark green stripes of forest parallel to each other, sharply contrasting with the surrounding agricultural landscapes. Upon closer examination, you can see that there are four such stripes in total: the two largest ones stretch from the Ob valley, merging near the border with Kazakhstan into a single massif, which continues southwest to the Irtysh. Two smaller ribbons, also starting off the banks of the Ob, end in the vastness of the Kulunda Plain. Two more sections of pine forest are very small, traditionally called selections, more like not ribbons, but like emerald islands, lost in a sea of ​​endless fields.

For the Altai Territory, strip burs are one of the main brands, an object that can be seen from space, as they say, " naked eye"The secret of the unusual linear arrangement of these forests is that they occupy the bottoms of narrow and long hollows of ancient drainage with thick sand deposits, according to the most common version, left by water flows of glacial eras. Experts are still arguing about the age and origin of pine forest sands and the hogs themselves, however, remains indisputable the fact that the tape hogs are unique not only on the scale of Siberia, but throughout Russia.

Bors are of great socio-economic importance for the western part of the Altai Territory. They serve as the main source of wood for residents steppe zone; have a softening effect on the climate of the surrounding areas (near the ribbon forests there is approximately 50 mm more precipitation than in treeless areas), and are a traditional place for recreation, picking berries and mushrooms.

Due to the contrasting combination of natural conditions, within the intrazonal belt forests there are adjacent natural complexes that are very different from each other. Steppe areas with feather grass and xerophytic herbs are sometimes located near a sphagnum bog, and a couple of kilometers from a shady green moss forest there may be a sun-dried salt marsh.

In secluded places far from settlements, in the shade of centuries-old pines, you can find a whole bouquet of northern orchids - from the inconspicuous at first glance nest flowers and lady's slippers to the spectacular lady's slippers. The role of ribbon pine forests is significant in preserving the populations of such globally rare animal species included in various red books as the imperial eagle, greater spotted eagle, white-tailed eagle, eagle owl, black stork, and other vulnerable bird species.

Need a special approach

Unfortunately, the high economic development of strip forests has led to the fact that many valuable natural complexes and populations of rare species of animals and plants are under threat of extinction, despite formal protection.

The first specially protected natural areas (reserves of regional significance) were created in ribbon forests back in the 60-70s of the last century. At that time, paramount importance was given to the reproduction of hunting and commercial animal species; later, pine forest reserves received the status of complex (landscape) ones. However, until now, the main type of economic activity - logging - was carried out in forest reserves in the same mode and with the same intensity as in all other areas of the forest that do not have the status of specially protected natural areas. This could not but affect the condition of the protected objects.

Thus, until quite recently, the southern part of the Kulundinsky ribbon forest (Zavyalovsky reserve) was the only territory in the world where the nesting group of the Greater Spotted Eagle was preserved in numbers larger than that in all of foreign Europe, and eagles nested here with a density maximum for the species - 1-1. 5 km between neighboring nests. Currently, more than half of the spotted eagle's habitats have been destroyed. Therefore, the preservation of the remaining valuable areas is of particular importance. It is obvious that reserves, or even just their individual parts (where habitats of rare species still remain), require a special approach.

Thanks to grant support from the Russian Geographical Society, this year a large-scale survey of the territories of regional reserves located in ribbon forests was carried out. The main idea was to identify areas with the maximum density of “Red Data Books” for their subsequent allocation into specially protected zones of nature reserves and specially protected forest areas.

Employees of the Altai branch of the Russian Geographical Society (including member of the Permanent Environmental Commission of the Russian Geographical Society - Doctor of Geographical Sciences Dmitry Chernykh), the Institute of Water and environmental problems SB RAS, Tigirek Nature Reserve, Altai State University, students, volunteers (including schoolchildren - participants in the “Adopt a Reserve” program implemented by the Geblerov Ecological Society and the Tigirek Nature Reserve).

On the territory of the Kasmalinsky reserve, more than 270 growing points of 13 species of plants and fungi included in the Red Books of Russia and the Altai Territory were discovered (feather feather grass, captillaria capulata, three-incised lady's sage, orchis capulata, lady's slipper, large-flowered and drip, Sparassis curly and other rare and endangered species). Within the same reserve, occupied nesting areas of the Imperial Eagle, Greater Spotted Eagle and Eagle Owl were found.

To date, a scientific justification for changing the regime of protection and environmental management has already been prepared for the Kasmaly Nature Reserve, in particular, the allocation of a special protection zone where key habitats of rare species and reference areas of natural complexes of the Kasmaly ribbon forest will be preserved.

In the Kulundinsky reserve, more than fifty growing points of five plant species listed in the Red Books of Russia and the Altai Territory have been identified. Complexes of sphagnum bogs, rare for belt forests, were noted. Of significant value are the tracts of old-growth pine forests located along the edges of the forest near the fairly extensive steppe areas preserved in this part of the region. It is precisely such places, due to the ecotone effect, that are strips of concentration of biological diversity, including serving as refuges for rare and endangered species of plants and animals.

Mamontovsky and Kornilovsky nature reserves, thanks to the combination of large lakes and forest complexes, are extremely important for preserving the habitats of rare and endangered species of large feathered predators. Here are the nesting areas of such species included in the Red Books of Russia and the Altai Territory as the white-tailed eagle, golden eagle, imperial eagle, greater spotted eagle, eagle owl, great gray owl, as well as such a rare forest bird as the black stork. Undisturbed areas of old-growth pine forests on the border with wetlands are subject to special protection here. In the crowns of the largest patriarchal pines rare birds They build their massive nests, and in lakes and swamps they get food to feed their chicks.

In general, as a result of the project, a database was created on the distribution of rare species of plants and animals in the belt forests of the region; The most environmentally valuable areas have been identified within the above-mentioned reserves. Currently, justifications and proposals for improving the protection regimes of pine forest reserves are being finalized.

It should be noted that the authorized government body - the Main Department of Natural Resources and Ecology of the Altai Territory - supported the initiative of the environmental community to strengthen the protection of pine forest ecosystems. Currently, documentation is being prepared to change the regime of the Kasmalinsky reserve in terms of limiting forest felling. In addition, this year three new natural monuments have been created within the Barnaul ribbon forest; projects for the creation of two more monuments have received a positive conclusion from the state environmental assessment.

The results of the project "Ribbon pine forests of Altai - a unique natural heritage of Russia" will be in demand in real environmental practice and will serve sustainable conservation strip burs in all their diversity.

The material was prepared by the head of the project “Ribbon pine forests of Altai - a unique natural heritage of Russia” Lyudmila Nekhorosheva.

The division of forests into three groups provides for differences in the types and volumes of forest use. In the forests of the first group, reforestation cuttings can be carried out in order to obtain mature wood while maintaining the water protection, protective and other properties of the forests and to improve the forest environment. In the reserves and other forests included in the first group, only maintenance felling and sanitary felling are allowed.

In the forests of the second group, final felling can be carried out, i.e., timber harvesting is allowed in forests with mature and overmature stands, subject to the restoration of valuable species to preserve the protective and water conservation properties of the forest.

In the forests of the third group, final felling is concentrated, subject to effective and rational exploitation of the forest. All methods and types of felling, depending on forest groups and protection categories, are provided for by the Fundamentals of Forestry Legislation of the Russian Federation.

Depending on the predominant direction of use, forests can be divided into protective (first group and other protective plantings), raw materials (exploitation of the second and third groups) and hunting (reserve and others not used for raw materials and natural protective purposes).

The quality of forests is largely determined by their natural composition. Forests with a predominance of coniferous species have the greatest economic value. They are more durable than hardwoods, produce high quality wood, and are generally more environmentally friendly. High-quality composition forests in Russia is very high. Up to 80% are non-coniferous species and only 20% are deciduous. In the European part of the country, the share of coniferous species in the forest fund is significantly lower (63.5%) than in the Asian part (up to 74.2%).

In the total reserves of coniferous wood in the country, larch occupies 42%, pine - 23.5, spruce - 18.8, cedar - 11.4%. The distribution area of ​​larch is from the Urals to the Pacific coast. In Siberia and Far East The main reserves of pine and cedar are concentrated, while spruce and deciduous forests are concentrated in the European part of the country.

The total estimated cutting area, i.e., the number of mature and overmature forests intended for felling, is about 1.4 billion m3 in Russia. In areas with a high population density, the estimated logging area has been fully developed, and in some places it has been exceeded, while 90% of the entire rated logging area is used extremely poorly, since the vast majority of forests are located in hard-to-reach areas, far from communication routes.

The total annual increase in wood in Russian forests is 830 million m3, of which approximately 600 million m3 is in coniferous forests. The average annual increase in wood stock per 1 hectare in the European part of Russia ranges from 1 m3 in the north to 4 m3 in the middle zone. In the Asian part it ranges from 2 m3 in the south to 0.5 m3 in the north, which is explained by severe climatic conditions, high age of plantings and the consequences of forest fires (high fire danger due to weather conditions develops primarily in the Irkutsk region, the Republic of Sakha and the Krasnoyarsk Territory).

Since the forest is a system of interconnected external environment components: wood and non-wood raw materials plant origin, animal resources and multifaceted beneficial functions - and the effect of use individual components manifests itself differently in various fields national economy, then economic assessment forests should be presented as the sum of the effects from the use of all types of forest resources and utilities over an unlimited period of use. Methods for assessing all types of forest resources and forest benefits have not been sufficiently developed, therefore, in a simplified way, the economic assessment of a forest is expressed through one of its resources - wood.

Forest resources act not only as a source of raw materials, but also as a factor in providing the necessary constant environment for society.

2. 2. The importance of the forest industry in the national economy of the Altai Territory

Altai Territory is occupied by southern part Western Siberia and includes four natural areas: steppe, forest-steppe, low-mountain taiga of Salair and mountain taiga of Altai. About 28% of the area of ​​the Altai Territory is occupied by forest ecosystems, which are highly diverse in species composition, productivity, structure, and age structure.

The importance of forests can hardly be overestimated, and the main thing is to stabilize the gas composition of the planet’s atmosphere, which ensures the normal course of all life processes in the animal world and humans. Forests serve as a source of wood and non-wood resources, the special value of which lies in their renewability. The role of forests in preventing water and wind soil erosion, in regulating the climate and water balance of the territory is invaluable.

Satisfy growing needs from year to year forest resources only possible by increasing productivity forest ecosystems, and this is the main problem solved by forestry.

All forestry activities are aimed at solving three main tasks: protecting forests from fires and harmful insects; reproduction and use of forests.

In the forestry sector, the formation of the main component of wood takes many decades, however, even in the period between the “harvesting of the main harvest,” people have long imagined the forest as a testing ground for the variety of annual human economic activities in the forest.

Altai, like many regions of Western Siberia, owes much to the development of many industries, including forestry, logging and wood processing, to Peter the Great's reforms and Demidov's pioneers. The mineral deposits and forest wealth of Altai gave impetus to the development of mining and copper smelting.

The Altai forest faithfully served post-revolutionary Russia; suffice it to say that the thousand-kilometer Tursib was built on Altai sleepers.

During the Great Patriotic War and in the post-war years wood Altai forests and its processed products were used to restore many dozens of plants and factories evacuated from the west, and to develop the industrial production potential of the region and the Central Asian republics.

Having become a separate industry in the post-war years, forestry went through a difficult path of development and forestry enterprises became centers of forest culture.

The forest fund of the Altai Territory occupies a total area of ​​436.4 thousand hectares or 26% of the total area of ​​the region, of which 3,827.9 thousand hectares are forest lands. The forested area is 3561.5 thousand hectares or 81.6% of the total forest area (according to forest fund records as of 01/01/98). The forest cover of the Altai Territory is 21.1%.

Forest cover varies across regions from 54.6% to 1 percent or less. The highest percentage of forest cover is in the Zarinsky district - 54.6%, in the Talmensky district - 52.9%, in the Troitsky district - 45.4%. Less than one percent forest cover in Tabunsky, Slavgorodsky, Pospelikhinsky districts.

The total wood reserve is 395 million m3, the share of burned areas from the total forest area is 0.141%, the share of fellings from the total forest area is 1.08%.

Forests are unevenly distributed. They are mainly located in the northeast and east of the Altai Territory. On sands and sandy soils in the floodplain of the river. On the Ob River and along river beds, unique ribbon forests stretch for hundreds of kilometers. Significant areas of mountains and foothills are occupied by taiga massifs.

Forests of group 1 occupy 2918.9 thousand hectares. Forests of group 2 occupy 818 thousand hectares. Group 3 forests occupy an area of ​​625.6 thousand hectares.

Based on natural and forestry conditions, role and significance in the State Fund forests, 4 forestry areas have been identified:

Ribbon-pine forests - forests of ribbon pine forests, all forests are classified as “especially valuable forest areas”, the total area is 1123.5 thousand hectares, including the forested area - 880.1 thousand hectares;

Priobsky - includes the forests of the Ob region: total area 837.7 thousand hectares, including forested area - 661.1 thousand hectares;

Salairsky - includes the forests of the Salair black taiga, the total forest area is 583.3 thousand hectares, including forested - 515.6 thousand hectares;

Predgorny - foothill forests of Altai, the total forest area is 836.3 thousand hectares, including 646.6 thousand hectares covered with forest.

The predominant species in the forests of the Altai Territory are coniferous - 54% (including cedar - 1.9%), small-leaved - 46% (see Appendix No. 2). The average age of the State Forest Fund forests is 66 years, including coniferous ones - 80 years and deciduous ones - 48 years. The timber reserve of the entire forest fund is 494.85 million m3, including the State Forest Fund - 400.08 million m3.

The average annual growth reaches 6.5 million m3, of which coniferous trees account for 3.5 million m3 and deciduous trees - 3 million m3 (see Appendix No. 2).

The estimated cutting area for the main use is 2040 thousand m3, including for coniferous farming - 331 thousand m3.

The intensity of forest use decreases annually, so in 1994 thousand. m3, in 1995 gty. m3, in 1996 gty. m3, in 1997, 3 thousand m3.

The forests of the Altai Territory are divided into 5 classes according to fire hazard classes. Forests of the 1st and 2nd classes of natural fire danger include mainly ribbon forests (average class 1.8) and Priobsky forests (average class 2.6), which contain a large number of coniferous plantations of dry forest types, coniferous young trees and forest crops.

As a result of intensive exploitation of forests, especially the Ob massifs, the area of ​​young coniferous forests has decreased, the area of ​​mature and overmature plantations has increased, and a dangerous phenomenon has emerged of the replacement of coniferous trees with less valuable deciduous trees. In close connection with it, standard house-building, the production of furniture, matches, plywood, fiberboard and particle boards, etc., were widely developed.

First of all, the forest provides commercial timber. The economic importance of wood is very great, but to the greatest extent it is used and used in construction, industry and transport, in agriculture and public utilities. The wood is easy to process, has a low specific gravity, is quite durable, and its chemical composition makes it possible to obtain wide range useful products.

But at the same time, the forest is a source of many products for various purposes. These non-wood products of plant and animal origin serve to meet the multifaceted needs of the population. Forests have a great potential for food and feed resources, the most valuable of which are reserves of various varieties of nuts. The forest produces mushrooms, berries, birch and maple sap, and medicinal plants. These resources can be harvested in significant volumes, although the unevenness of their territorial concentration and large fluctuations in yield from year to year affect the degree of their economic use. In addition, the forest is a habitat for numerous animals of commercial importance.

The beneficial functions of forests are very diverse. Water protection and soil protection occupy a significant place among them. The forest regulates spring floods, the water regime of rivers and soils. It has a positive effect on river, lake and groundwater, improving their quality, purifying various harmful substances. Changing the microclimate in fields protected by forest belts contributes to higher (15-25% higher) yields

The use of forests for social needs - recreation and human health, and improvement of their habitat is becoming increasingly important. The recreational properties of the forest are very diverse. Forest produces oxygen and absorbs carbon dioxide: 1 hectare pine forest at the age of 20 years absorbs 9.34 t carbon dioxide and provides 7.25 tons of oxygen. The forest absorbs noise: crowns deciduous trees reflect and dissipate up to 70% of sound energy. The forest humidifies the air and weakens the wind, neutralizing the effects of harmful industrial emissions. It produces phytoncides that kill pathogenic bacteria and has a beneficial effect on the human nervous system.

CHAPTER 3. Structure of the timber industry complex and the importance of the forest sector in the economy of the Altai Territory

3.1. Structure of the timber industry complex of the Altai Territory

Industries related to the procurement, processing and processing of wood raw materials are combined into a group with common name- forestry industry, also called the forestry complex

The timber industry is the oldest in Russia and the Altai Territory. It includes about 20 industries, sub-sectors and productions. The most significant are the logging, woodworking, pulp and paper and wood chemical industries.

The importance of the timber industry in the economy of the Altai Territory is determined by significant timber reserves, but forests are distributed unevenly and by the fact that at present there is practically no sector of the national economy where timber or its derivatives are used. If at the beginning of the twentieth century. 2-2.5 thousand types of products were made from wood, then in beginning of XXI V. The industry's products include over 20 thousand different products.

The following sectors are distinguished in the structure of the timber industry complex:

· logging, sawmill - main sawmill areas: Kamen-on-Obi - Kamensky timber processing plant, Topchikhinsky district;

· furniture production - Barnaul, Biysk, Rubtsovsk, Novoaltaisk, Zarinsk, Slavgorod;

· standard housing construction – Topchikhinsky district, Kulundinsky and Mikhailovsky districts;

· Pulp and paper industry – Blagoveshchenka;

· chemical-mechanical processing of wood – Shipunovsky district.

Sawmill industry located mainly in the main logging areas and at the junctions of transport highways, at the intersection railways and floating waterways. The largest sawmills are located in Barnaul.

Furniture production concentrated mainly in the largest cities of the Altai Territory, influenced by the consumer factor.

Standard house construction located in the Topchikhinsky district, Kulundinsky and Mikhailovsky districts.

The most important branch of chemical wood processing is pulp and paper industry. Various types of paper can be produced from sulfite pulp with the addition of wood pulp. Various types of paper are produced (for banknotes, capacitor, cable, insulating, photo-semiconductor, paper for transmitting images at a distance and recording electrical impulses, anti-corrosion, etc.) Some types of paper are used to produce yarn for making twine, twine, coarse fabrics, burlap, also paper for wrapping and bitumen pipes. Technical grades of paper and cardboard are widely used for the production of corrugated cardboard, book bindings, in the automotive and electrical industries, radio engineering, as electrical, thermal, sound insulating and waterproof material, for filtering diesel fuel and purifying air from harmful impurities, for insulating power cables as gaskets between machine parts, in the construction industry for the production of dry plaster, roofing materials (tar paper, roofing felt), etc. When highly porous paper is processed with a concentrated solution of zinc chloride, fiber is obtained from which suitcases, containers for liquids, helmets for miners, etc. Sawmilling and mechanical wood processing waste, as well as lower-quality small-leaved wood, are widely used as raw materials for pulp and paper production.

Pulp production requires large amounts of heat, electricity and water. Therefore, when locating pulp and paper enterprises, not only the raw material factor, but also the water factor and the proximity of the energy supply source are taken into account. According to the scale of production and economic importance second place among the forest chemical industries, after the pulp and paper industry, it belongs hydrolysis industry. In hydrolysis production, ethyl alcohol, protein yeast, glucose, furfural, carbon dioxide, lignin, sulfite alcohol stillage concentrates, thermal insulation and construction boards, and others are produced from non-edible plant raw materials. chemical products. Hydrolysis plants use sawdust and other sawmill and woodworking waste and crushed wood chips as raw materials.

Chemical-mechanical processing of wood includes the production of plywood, particle boards and fibreboards. Wood from the least scarce deciduous species - birch, alder, linden - is processed into plywood. Several types of plywood are produced in Russia; glued, facing, thermal, fire-resistant, colored, furniture, decorative, etc. There is a plywood production plant in Barnaul.

The role of the raw material factor in the location of forest industry sectors increases with integrated use wood, on the basis of which a combination of production arises. In many forest areas of the Altai Territory, large timber processing complexes have emerged and are developing. They represent a combination of logging and many wood industries, interconnected by the deep, comprehensive use of raw materials.

3.2. Forest sector in the economy of the Altai Territory

The timber industry has always been one of the important sectors of the economy and determined the development of the socio-economic component of the regions, increasing the foreign exchange reserves of the state through the export of wood.

The forestry sector plays a significant role in the economy of the region and is of great importance for the socio-economic development of more than 50 administrative districts, and also ensures the development of close cooperation between Altai and the countries of the Asian region and neighboring regions of the Russian Federation.

Modern forestry management should ensure comprehensive and rational use resources and beneficial properties of forests, carrying out measures for the protection and protection of forests, their reproduction, preserving biodiversity and increasing the sustainability of forest ecosystems.

The use of forests for timber harvesting by Union organizations is currently not being carried out effectively enough. The free reserve of wood for harvesting is about 0.9 million m3 and is represented mainly by deciduous wood.

In 2007, the development of the estimated volumes for all types of felling was 83%. At the same time, coniferous wood was harvested, which led to the accumulation of mature and overmature deciduous wood, and this, in turn, can lead to negative environmental consequences.

The main reason for the low level of development of the estimated cutting area for deciduous trees is the lack of production deep processing low-grade wood. Existing production capacities for processing wood raw materials are fully loaded and there are no reserves for mechanical processing of wood. The lack of chemical-mechanical processing capacity does not allow the full use of the estimated logging area for soft-leaved species and logging waste from logging in coniferous plantations in the amount of 1.8 million m3.

Forest losses from forest fires, pests, industrial emissions and illegal logging remain high. Over the past 10 years, forestry workers of the Altai Territory have created forest plantations on an area of ​​57.1 thousand hectares and taken measures to promote natural forest regeneration on an area of ​​12.1 thousand hectares. At the same time, as a result of insufficient funding for reforestation activities in areas affected by large forest fires in the years, 42.5 thousand hectares of burned areas remain treeless areas, and artificial reforestation is carried out mainly through own funds forestry organizations, which does not allow increasing the annual volume of planting forest crops, as a result of which the restoration of burnt areas stretches out for many years.

The strategic goal of forestry development is to create conditions that ensure sustainable forest management, adherence to the principles of continuous, multi-purpose, rational and sustainable use of forest resources with modern high-quality reproduction of forests and the preservation of their ecological functions and biological diversity.

To achieve the strategic goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

· ensuring rational use and reproduction of forests;

· creation of new directions in the use of wood raw materials based on advanced technological solutions;

· formation of growth points in various areas of activity of the forestry complex;

· designation of the goals of long-term environmental and economic development of the forestry complex;

· identification of the main factors and limitations for the development of all types of forestry activities in the long term;

· increasing the intensity of forestry, taking into account environmental and economic factors;

· increasing the competitiveness of goods from woodworking organizations in the region with their further promotion to foreign markets;

· development of a program for restoring the production of consumer goods, including souvenirs, children's toys and wood chemical products.

The prospect for a qualitative improvement in the condition of forests should be deep chemical-mechanical processing of soft-leaved wood (birch, aspen).

The development strategy for wood processing in the forestry industry consists of a transition to an innovative type of production development, in the structure of which the leading role is given to high-tech products. Innovative activity associated with the development of new technologies and markets, updating the product range, and increasing the use of raw materials will dramatically expand the range and quality of goods.

In conclusion, we note that, despite favorable conditions for the development of the timber industry, the production and trade of timber leaves much to be desired due to a lack of funds. Reforms in the forest sector of the Altai Territory economy cannot be successfully carried out if they take place separately in forestry and in the timber industry complex. It is all the more important to have a common understanding that attempts to pull the logging industry out of the crisis based on increasing export potential cannot be successful due to the current situation on world markets. Everything depends on the actions of the Russian Government in relation to the forest sector as a whole, and not in parts; today a systemic solution to the issue is required

CHAPTER 4. Problems and prospects for the development of the forestry complex of the Altai Territory

4.1. Problems of the forest sector of the Altai Territory

There is such a concept in ecology - slightly disturbed forest areas. It stands for this: large tracts of forests, swamps, and copses that have experienced minimal impact from civilization. These territories could well be the pride of the Altai Territory. Valuable highly productive (capable of reproducing) forest species and many rare species flora and fauna.

One of the most pronounced negative consequences timber industry activity in the Priobsky forests of the Altai Territory is a change in their composition. After clear cuttings of the 60-80s, there was a reduction in the area of ​​coniferous trees and an increase in the area of ​​birch and aspen forests. During the logging process, coniferous undergrowth was completely destroyed or it was absent from the parent stands. In addition, large forest fires contributed to the change in species composition, after which the burnt areas were quickly populated by soft-leaved species. As a result, deciduous forest stands appeared in place of coniferous trees. This is clearly seen in the example of the Upper Ob region. If in the 50s of the last century the share of coniferous species here amounted to over 70 percent of the total composition of plantings, then by the year 2000, about 30% of coniferous plantings remained.

This change in species led to a sharp reduction in the estimated logging area for coniferous farming.

Reforestation measures carried out to prevent the change of species, namely the production of traditional pine plantings, did not justify themselves due to insufficiently high standards of production, insufficient care and damage by wild animals - in particular, moose. Under such conditions, plantings eventually turn into low-value deciduous stands.

IN recent years In the forestry sector of the region, chemicals are used to combat unwanted vegetation. But since the process is expensive, it is difficult to apply despite the effectiveness of this event. For further work In this direction, financial resources are needed: on average, per hectare costs range from 6 to 8 thousand rubles.

2. In accordance with Article 62 of the Forest Code, on leased forest lands, reforestation is carried out at the expense of the tenant. What to do with the restoration of forest areas formed earlier (before transfer to lease), as a result of natural disasters (forest fires, windfalls), and economic activities. The tenant's funds are not enough; federal support is needed.

It is necessary to introduce direct norms into Article 19 of the LC, providing for the conclusion of contracts for the implementation of measures for the protection, protection and reproduction of forests in accordance with forest legislation (through forestry competitions), as well as requirements for the qualifications of participants in forest auctions (legal and individuals who have some experience in carrying out the above work).

In addition, the contract is expected to be completed within one year, and reforestation activities cannot be carried out in such a period. short term. It is necessary to provide for a longer period for carrying out these activities so that the forest user has the opportunity and time to grow planting material, create forest crops, carry out maintenance, and transfer to a forested area. Throughout the contract, the contractor must be responsible for the quality of the work performed.

4. It is necessary to provide for the introduction of technical acceptance and inventory of forest crops. In addition, in order to monitor those performing reforestation work, it is necessary to develop instructions for all types of reforestation activities.

With the disappearance of forests, the habitat of many animals is reduced. Forests cut off roads, there are too many settlements, people, whom wild animals are afraid of. Entire species are falling out of the thousand-year balance of nature near Moscow. Without old forests, with snags, hollow, rotten trees and dead wood, a wide variety of animals and plants cannot exist. For example, some species have disappeared bats. Degradation nature is coming subtle, but true."

4.2. Protection of the forest complex of the Altai Territory

Protection of forest resources is a system of scientifically based, biological, forestry, administrative, legal and other measures aimed at conservation, rational use and reproduction of forests to enhance their environmental, economic and other useful natural properties. [ 1]

Speaking about forests, it is impossible to overestimate their role and importance in the life of the biosphere and humanity inhabiting our planet. Forests perform very important functions that allow humanity to live and develop.

Forests play an extremely important role in the life of humanity, and their significance for the entire living world is great.[ 1 ]

However, the forest has many enemies. The most dangerous of them are forest fires, insect pests and fungal diseases. They contribute to the depletion of resources and often cause the death of forests.[ 1 ]

According to the Forest Code of the Russian Federation, Russian forest legislation is aimed at ensuring rational and non-exhaustive use of forests, protection and reproduction of forest ecosystems, increasing environmental and resource potential forests, meeting society's needs for forest resources based on scientifically based multi-purpose forest management.

Forestry activities and use of the forest fund must be carried out using methods that do not harm the environment, natural resources and human health.

Forestry management must ensure:

Preservation and enhancement of the environment-forming, protective, sanitary-hygienic, health-improving and other useful natural properties of forests in the interests of human health;

Multi-purpose, continuous, non-exhaustive use of the forest fund to meet the needs of society and individual citizens for timber and other forest resources;

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Altai is an amazing, unique place. Fauna similar to this one is not found anywhere else on our planet. But at the same time, in Altai you can find plants growing in the European part of Russia and even in the territory of the former USSR, including Kazakhstan. This incredible diversity is explained by the peculiarities of climate, terrain and geological development of the region.

Altai is a land of forests. Rarely anywhere in the world are unique ribbon pine forests found - tree-like formations stretching in a strip along rivers along ancient mineral deposits. Such forest belts form a unique microclimate in their surroundings and are natural protectors of the soil from weathering.

Altai ribbon pine forests

Ribbon pine forests date back to ancient times, when the sea splashed over the Western European plain. The internal currents of this sea, which extended to the Aral Basin, deposited sand in certain directions. On these ancient alluvial deposits, pine trees began to grow, forming beautiful ribbon forests today.

The longest of all Altai strip forests is the Barnaul pine forest, stretching for more than 500 kilometers from the Ob to the Irtysh. It is not so wide - about ten kilometers. However, in some places the ribbon pine forests merge with each other, and then their width becomes comparable to their length - about 50-100 kilometers.

The 18th century became a sad page in history for ribbon pine forests. In Altai at a fast pace The silver industry developed, requiring huge amounts of coal fuel for its needs. Beautiful cedars, pines and firs were ruthlessly cut down at the roots. About compliance with any elementary rules forestry was not even mentioned.

Later, terrible fires caused serious damage to the belt burs. Many hectares of forests were destroyed. And only by the beginning of the 50s of the last century, a decision was made to restore the belt pine forests of Kazakhstan and Altai at the highest level. After this, the forests began to gradually recover, and by 2013 their area exceeded 700 thousand hectares.

Types of Altai trees

The climate and geology of the area significantly change the types of forests in different regions of Altai. Experts distinguish three types forest plantations: ribbon forests, Priob forests and Salair ridge.

The Altai foothills are a real storehouse of valuable wood. Forests formed by cedars and fir trees and many birch groves grow here in abundance. The most common pine tree in these areas of Altai forms the black taiga. In such forests, fruit and berry bushes such as currants, raspberries, blackberries and rowan are often found. Altai forests are not only the “lungs” of our country, but also a storehouse of medicinal plants.

One of the most common wood species in Altai is larch. Its wood is very light and durable. In addition, larch does not lose its unique properties even after prolonged exposure to moisture, which only increases the value of the tree.

That is why larch is the most popular building material in Altai. This wood is used to make residential buildings, telegraph poles, and railroad sleepers; build bridge supports, piers and dams. All these structures will serve their owners for a long time, since larch wood is characterized by increased wear resistance.

In addition, larch forests are an ideal place for walking. In their appearance they resemble parks - just as bright and spacious. Walking through such a forest is a pleasure!

Another remarkable tree of the Altai forests is the famous cedar. Altai cedar pine mainly grows at the foot of the mountains, forming powerful forests with a dense crown of dark green color. But single representatives of the species are found in larch and fir forests.

Cedar wood is of particular value for local handicrafts. Craftsmen make handmade items, jewelry and amulets from it, so valued by travelers and tourists. Cedar furniture is no less popular. This material is beautiful, light and durable.

Deciduous tree species in Altai are represented by species such as aspen, poplar and birch. They mainly grow in the lowlands and valleys of the region. Such forests are rich in shrubs. Blackberries, raspberries, and currants are often found.

Altai cedar

Cedar is rightfully considered the king of trees in Altai. Since ancient times, our ancestors understood everything beneficial properties this tree.

Cedars secrete a fragrant resin that repels tree pests. Therefore, furniture was often made from cedars: chests, benches, cabinets. Moth larvae die in cedar furniture. Scientists have proven that substances released by cedar wood destroy pathogenic microbes. That is why in a house with furniture made from Altai cedar, residents will get sick much less often.

Cedar wood is an ideal building material. In terms of strength, it is not inferior to structures made of steel, and in many other properties it is much superior to the latter. For example, cedar has excellent thermal insulation and is also resistant to large temperature changes and prolonged exposure to moisture. Unlike metals, wood is not susceptible to corrosion. We can say that cedar wood is an excellent building material given to us by nature itself. The main thing is to use this gift correctly and rationally and not to cut down the amazing Altai forests at the roots and haphazardly.

Another amazing property of cedar is the ease of wood processing. Wood can be cut, planed and sanded even by hand, not to mention power tools. At the same time, cedar does not lose its strength, and its surface acquires a glossy shine. Such construction qualities, coupled with the beauty of the wood, rightfully make cedar a royal tree.

Scientists have discovered the secret of these amazing qualities. When examining a cut of a tree under a microscope, it turned out that cedar wood is formed by a huge number of tiny tubes filled with air. The capillary structure of wood provides it with more than ten times better thermal insulation properties than stone or concrete. Moreover, it is this structure that determines the resistance of cedar to excessive drying or waterlogging. Cedar wood does not crack and is not susceptible to harmful insects. Heat treatment in special ovens prepares cedars for further use as an excellent building material.

Cedar wood is rich in natural phytoncides, which have the pleasant property of disinfecting and healing the air. Cedar forests- a real natural healing center. After drying trees in ovens, many beneficial properties are lost, but what remains has a powerful healing effect.

Altai cedar in construction

Homes and furniture made from cedar or finished with cedar wood are valued for more than just their aesthetic appeal. The light aroma released by the tree calms and relieves stress, relieves headaches and migraines. And the air in the room, as scientists note, becomes almost sterile. Pathogenic microbes quickly die from substances released by cedar wood. The likelihood of airborne disease in a cedar house is reduced to almost zero. It has been noticed that residents of such houses get sick less often and live longer.

And living in a house made of cedar is a pleasure. It will always be warm here due to the excellent insulating qualities of wood, and it will also be very cozy. Cedar is an amazingly beautiful wood, and proper processing only emphasizes the natural beauty of the material. The strength of cedar wood will allow more than one generation of a family to live in such a house. Who wouldn’t want to have such a family nest, where “even the walls help”?

Cedar wood is no less popular in the construction of baths and saunas. Cedars are not as resinous as pine or spruce trees. Therefore, cedar baths, saunas, steam rooms and phyto-barrels have become quite widespread.

In Altai you can often find hives made of cedar wood. It has been noted that bees populate such “dwellings” better and produce more honey.

The disinfecting properties of cedar wood allow it to be successfully used for making dishes. It is especially good to store milk in cedar products - it does not sour longer and remains fresh.

In addition to all of the above, cedar has amazing resonant properties. This allows the use of wood as a material for manufacturing musical instruments- guitars, violins, cellos and many others.

Forest conservation

Unlike many other natural resources, forests are a renewable species. The constant use and deforestation of forests requires measures to preserve them and reproduce their volume. Such measures include:

• Use of modern technologies and equipment;
• Preventing the felling of rare and valuable tree species;
• State and environmental control;
• Ensuring the constant reproducibility of forests;
• Mass agitation and educational activities in favor of forest conservation.

Rational and caring attitude towards natural resources will allow us to use forests for our own needs and preserve the “lungs of our planet” without harming all the inhabitants of the Earth.