Where did the trees disappear 200 years ago? Exposing alternative history - why there are no old trees in the forests

In Russia, the Council for the Preservation of the Natural Heritage of the Nation in the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation opened the program “Trees - Monuments of Living Nature”. Enthusiasts all over the country search with fire during the day for trees two hundred years old and older. Trees that are two hundred years old are unique! So far, about 200 of all breeds and varieties have been discovered throughout the country. Moreover, most of the trees found have nothing to do with the forest, like this 360-year-old pine. This is determined not only by its modern proud loneliness, but also by the shape of the crown.

Thanks to this program, we are able to fairly objectively assess the age of our forests.
Here are two examples of applications from the Kurgan region.

This is, at the moment, oldest tree in the Kurgan region, whose age is set by experts at 189 years, is slightly short of 200 years. Pine grows in Ozerninsko Bor near the Sosnovaya Roshcha sanatorium. And the forest itself, naturally, is much younger: the Patrirah pine grew alone for many years, which can be seen from the shape of the tree’s crown.
Another application was received from the Kurgan region, claiming a pine tree over 200 years old:

This tree ended up on the territory of the arboretum - it was preserved along with some other local species that grew on this territory before the establishment of the arboretum. The arboretum was founded when a tree nursery was organized for the Forestry School, created in 1893. A forestry school and a forest nursery were necessary to train forestry specialists who were to carry out work on forest allotment and assessment during the construction of the Kurgan section of the Trans-Siberian railway at the end of the 19th century.
Note: the forest school and tree nursery were founded about 120 years ago and their purpose was to evaluate forest lands that already existed by that time.
These two trees grow in the Kurgan region, this is the south Western Siberia- borders on the Chelyabinsk, Tyumen, Omsk regions, and in the south - on Kazakhstan.
Let us pay attention: both trees began their life not in the forest, but in an open field - this is evidenced by the shape of their crown and the presence of branches extending almost from the very base. Pines growing in the forest are a bare, straight whip, “without a hitch,” with a panicle on the top, like this group of pines on the left side of the photo:

Here it is, straight as a string, without knots, the trunk of a pine tree that grew next to other pines:

Yes, these pines grew in the middle of the forest, which was here until the early 60s of the last century, before a sand quarry was organized here, from which sand was washed with a dredge onto the highway under construction, which is now called “Baikal”. This place is located a kilometer from the northern outskirts of Kurgan.
Now let’s make a foray into the Kurgan forest and look at the “structure” of a typical West Siberian forest on the ground. Let's move a kilometer away from the lake into the thick of the "ancient" forest.
In the forest you constantly come across trees like this pine in the center:

This is not a withered tree, its crown is full of life:

This is an old tree that began its life in an open field, then other pines began to grow around and the branches from below began to dry; the same tree is visible on the left in the background of the frame.

The girth of the trunk at the chest level of an adult is 230 centimeters, i.e. trunk diameter is about 75 centimeters. For a pine tree, this is a significant size, so with a trunk thickness of 92 cm, experts established the age of the tree in the next photo at 426 years

But in the Kurgan region, perhaps more favorable conditions for pine trees - pine from the Ozerninsky forest, which was discussed above, has a trunk thickness of 110 centimeters and is only 189 years old. I also found several freshly cut stumps with a diameter of about 70 cm and counted 130 annual rings. Those. The pines from which the forest came are about 130-150 years old.
If things continue to be the same as they have been for the last 150 years - the forests will grow and gain strength - then it is not difficult to predict how the children from these photographs will see this forest in 50-60 years, when they bring their grandchildren to these, for example, pine trees (fragment the photo above is of a pine tree by the lake).

You understand: pine trees at 200 years old will cease to be rare, in the Kurgan region alone there will be countless of them, pine trees over 150 years old, grown in the middle of the forest, with a trunk as straight as a telegraph pole without knots, will grow everywhere, but now there are none of them at all, that is, no at all.
Of the entire mass of pine monuments, I found only one that grew in the forest, in the Khanty-Mansiysk Okrug:

Considering the harsh climate of those places (equated to the regions of the Far North), with a trunk thickness of 66 cm, it is fair to consider this tree to be much older than 200 years. At the same time, the applicants noted that this pine is a rarity for local forests. And in the local forests, with an area of at least 54 thousand hectares, there is nothing like that! There are forests, but the forest in which this pine was born has disappeared somewhere - after all, it grew and stretched among pines that were even older. But there are none.
And this is what will prevent those pines that grow, at least in the Kurgan forests, from continuing their lives - pines live and for 400 years, as we have seen, we have ideal conditions for them. Pine trees are very resistant to diseases, and with age, resistance only increases, fires are not terrible for pine trees - there is nothing to burn down there, pine trees can easily tolerate ground fires, but high fires are still very rare. And, again, mature pines are more resistant to fires, so fires destroy, first of all, young trees.
After the above, will anyone argue with the statement that we had no forests at all 150 years ago? There was a desert, like the Sahara - bare sand:

This is a firebreak. What we see: the forest stands on bare sand, covered only with pine needles with cones and a thin layer of humus - just a few centimeters. All our pine forests, and, as far as I know, in the Tyumen region, stand on such bare sand. This is hundreds of thousands of hectares of forest, if not millions - if this is so, then the Sahara is resting! And all this was literally some hundred and fifty years ago!
The sand is dazzlingly white, without any impurities at all!
And meet similar sands, it seems, is possible not only in the Western Siberian Lowland. For example, there is something similar in Transbaikalia - there is a small area there, only five by ten kilometers, that still stands in “undeveloped” taiga, and the locals consider it a “Miracle of Nature.”

And it was given the status of a geological reserve. We have this “miracle” - well, there are heaps, only this forest in which we spent an excursion measures 50 by 60 kilometers, and no one sees any miracles and no one organizes nature reserves - as if this is how it should be...
By the way, the fact that Transbaikalia was a complete desert in the 19th century was documented by photographers of that time; I have already posted what those places looked like before the construction of the Circum-Baikal Railway. Here, for example:

A similar picture can be seen in other Siberian places, for example, a view in the “dead taiga” during the construction of the road to Tomsk:

All of the above convincingly proves: about 150-200 years ago there were practically no forests in Russia. The question arises: were there forests in Russia before? Were! It’s just that, for one reason or another, they ended up buried in the “cultural layer”, like the first floors of the St. Petersburg Hermitage, the first floors in many Russian cities.
I have already written here several times about this very “cultural layer”, but I can’t resist once again publishing a photo that recently spread around the Internet:

It seems that in Kazan the “cultural layer” from the first floor, which was considered a “basement” for many years, was stupidly removed with a bulldozer, without resorting to the services of archaeologists.
But bog oak, and even more so, is mined without notifying any “scientists” - “historians” and other archaeologists. Yes, such a business still exists - the extraction of fossil oak:

But the next photo was taken in central Russia- here the river washes away the bank and centuries-old oak trees, uprooted at one time, appear:

The author of the photo writes that the oak trees look perfect - smooth, slender, which indicates that they grew in the forest. And the age, given the thickness (the cover set for the scale is 11 cm), is much older than 200 years.
And again, as Newton said, I am not inventing hypotheses: let the “historians” explain why trees older than 150 years are found in large numbers only under the “cultural layer”.

http://rosdrevo.ru/ - All-Russian program "Trees - monuments of living nature"

Http://www.clumba.su/mne-ponyatna-tvoya-vekovaya-pechal/ - I understand your age-old sadness...

Http://sibved.livejournal.com/153207.html - Overgrowing Russia

Http://www.clumba.su/kulturnye-sloi-evrazii/ - about “cultural layers”

Http://vvdom.livejournal.com/332212.html - "Cultural layers" of St. Petersburg

Http://sibved.livejournal.com/150384.html - Chara desert

Http://humus.livejournal.com/2882049.html - Road construction work. Tomsk region. 1909 Part 1

Http://rosdrevo.ru/index.php?option=com_adsmanager&page=show_ad&adid=77&catid=1&Itemid=85 - pine in the Ozerninsky forest in the Kurgan region

Http://www.bogoak.biz/ - extraction of bog oak

Http://sibved.livejournal.com/167844.html - oaks under clay

Http://sibved.livejournal.com/167844.html?thread=4458660#t4458660 - oak trees in Sharovsky Park

Http://sibved.livejournal.com/159295.html - Krasnoyarsk in the past

Http://sibved.livejournal.com/73000.html - Siberia during development

Http://www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?s=bbcef0f3187e3211e4f2690c6548c4ef&t=1484553 - photo of old Krasnoyarsk

Http://rosdrevo.ru/index.php?option=com_adsmanager&page=show_ad&adid=79&catid=1&Itemid=85 - pine planted in the arboretum at the tree nursery on Prosvet in the Kurgan region

Http://rosdrevo.ru/index.php?option=com_adsmanager&page=show_ad&adid=67&catid=1&Itemid=85 - 400 lazy pine near Tobolsk

Http://rosdrevo.ru/index.php?option=com_adsmanager&page=show_ad&adid=95&catid=1&Itemid=85 - pine from the Buzuluksky Bor national park

Http://gorodskoyportal.ru/peterburg/blog/4346102/ - The oldest tree in St. Petersburg.

Http://sibved.livejournal.com/47355.html - 5000-year-old forest excavated by storms

http://nashaplaneta.su/news/chto_ot_nas_skryvajut_pochemu_derevja_starshe_150_200_let_vstrechajutsja_tolko_pod_kulturnym_sloem/2016-11-27-35423

Videos by a group of history buffs caused a lot of controversy among townspeople and experts. The questions they raise seem to lie on the surface, however, they drive not only ordinary people, but also recognized historians and local historians into a stupor.

What has been wiped off the face of the earth?

One of the most controversial was the series of films “Disappeared Tyumen”. In it, amateur local historians put forward the hypothesis that in the 18th century the regional capital was practically wiped off the face of the earth. In their opinion, then West Siberian Plain It flooded and the city literally disappeared. They cite several facts in support of this. For example, we do not have pine trees older than 150-200 years, and the soil under a small fertile layer contains a lot of sand and clay, which are considered alluvial rocks. It is under them that you can find a city that once disappeared. As further evidence, the researchers cite the fact that in Tyumen there are no houses built before the 18th century.

Recognized researchers have also tried to find answers to these questions. So, Tyumen naturalist Pavel SITNIKOV noted that there are no old houses, since every hundred years the city sinks underground by about half a meter. This happens partly due to weak soils, partly due to dust, including cosmic dust, which settles between houses, but we simply don’t notice it.

Another scientist, but in the field of dendrochronology - Stanislav AREFIEV, professor, doctor biological sciences, Head of the Biodiversity and Dynamics Sector natural complexes Institute for Research on Problems of Northern Development SB RAS, explained that 200-400 years ago trees in the south of the region were aging, as they are now, about twice as fast as in the north.

He confirmed that he had indeed never seen any trees older than 250 years. The oldest pines, about 250 years old - from 1770 - were noted by him in the Tarman swamps, near the village of Karaganda.

According to the scientist, this situation is primarily due to the fact that the regional capital is located near the southern border of the forest zone, where conditions for tree growth are not particularly favorable. The region as a whole is moisture-deficient, and some years and even entire periods over the past 400 years have been very dry.

The consequences of this were Forest fires and invasions of forest pests, as a result of which the forest died over vast areas.

Lost 200 years

And history buffs have found many such “blank spots” in the history of the city. Why, according to them, the entire past of the regional capital is one big mystery. You just have to look a little wider and more carefully...

For example, in our city there are wooden houses with a stone foundation, in which half of the windows stick out from the ground. Why is that? - wonders Dmitry KONOVALOV, head of the creative association "Tur-A". - When you start looking for an answer, you realize that there is no information on this matter anywhere. It is known for sure that they did not sag, because this process would have been uneven.

There is an assumption that a serious cataclysm occurred and a huge part of the house was destroyed. These buildings were simply not restored, but wooden houses were placed on stone foundations.

Another question that has no answer yet is Tyumen’s birthday. The countdown dates back to 1586 - when the city was allegedly founded. But this fact has not been confirmed by anything. In fact, the regional capital was mentioned back in 1375, and on the embankment there is a stele on which this date is indicated. And on the map of Anthony Jackinson (English diplomat and traveler - Ed.) the city was marked as Great Tyumen back in 1542. Where did the two hundred years of difference go? - amateur local historians are perplexed.

All materials and maps that the guys use are from open sources. These are not only books on history, but publications such as “Vestnik Geographical Society», scientific works and even works of art.

Dostoevsky and Karamzin wrote a lot of interesting things about Siberia, including Tyumen. You can find many interesting facts in their works. We also use the works of our local historians. I have deep respect for Alexander Petrushin, but he has been studying the history of Tyumen since the beginning of the 20th century. He has many interesting facts; when researching various topics, we often rely on his works,” says Dmitry.

However, by and large, those who are trying to find answers to the mysteries of Tyumen history have no one to rely on. According to history buffs, the publications of local historians are based on each other’s works and they describe generally known facts.

Are you crazy?

In search of answers to curious, and sometimes “inconvenient” questions for some, members of “Tour-A” were faced with misunderstanding and rejection rather than support. Not everyone found convincing and well-founded arguments, but many were twisted at their temples.

We don’t argue with anyone, we just ask questions to which we ourselves try to find the answer, and they start arguing with us. I also heard that we had gone crazy and were doing nonsense. But all the information that we possess is available to anyone who wants to think and look at the history of the city more broadly than what history textbooks offer, emphasizes Dmitry. - Over time, criticism towards us becomes less and less, and viewers become more and more interested in history. And this is probably the highest rating for us.
Every fact that the guys talk about in their stories is double-checked more than once and undergoes a whole “expertise.” Professional historians advise amateur local historians. But even some of their “blank spots” in the history of Tyumen are confusing.

A common interest united people from completely different professions - builders, lawyers, chemists, physicists, oil workers, military personnel, former employees of internal affairs bodies, etc. According to them, everyone is united by one goal: to preserve their roots and history.

Everyone has long known: without knowing the past, you cannot look into the future. The Internet is full of various historical information. And it is not always clear whether it is true or not. Therefore, in our videos we try to communicate with the viewer, we want to know his opinion about this or that information. We kind of ask questions that are always interesting to get answers to,” says Dmitry Konovalov.

Videos about the mysteries of Tyumen can be found on the official channel of the creative group.

Why are all the trees in Russia very young and in Siberia the average age of trees is only 150 years old? In America there are huge sequoias that are 2000 years old or more. Why such a huge difference? And why do we have coal in Russia and not in America?

Stone forest

Pine lives for 400 years and individual specimens in Siberia reach a little more and die, pines rarely survive longer, because now in Siberia it is very harsh conditions. But in Kemerovo coal is mined in mines. Where did this Coal come from, which warms us, if not from compressed ancient huge trees, which for some reason mysteriously disappeared from us?

How was it formed coal? Not a single academician will answer this question, let alone the Internet. Coal was formed by just a 5-7 meter layer of old tree species, compressed and turned into coal - compressed wood. Some kind of plate fell from above and compressed it, heating them up at the same time. What force lifted hundreds of tons of rocks into the air and covered these trees from above, if you have to go down quite deep into the mine? What is the reason for the emergence of coal? Where have all our redwood trees gone, like in America? They obviously were! Apparently, coal was compressed from these redwood trees. But America has no coal, because there was a more favorable climate and all the Sequoias survived.

Maybe it's because of the Tunguska meteorite? Tunguska meteorite fell on June 30, 1908 in the area of the Podkamennaya Tunguska River, an event called the “Tunguska phenomenon” occurred at 4 o’clock in the morning. But, if the Tunguska meteorite exploded while passing over Europe, then its explosion would be capable of completely destroying a city like St. Petersburg. Thank God that this did not happen, but something happened, because there are no forests in St. Petersburg - young trees are everywhere and the oldest trees were clearly planted deliberately near the Peter and Paul Fortress - 300-year-old oak and linden remained there
and Oranienbaum there are ancient trees left, but all the trees around are relatively young. It’s not for nothing that they say that there was some unthinkable cataclysm in Nature in 1812-1814 and Napoleon lost to the Russians because he froze in Russia.

The tree-ring method is extremely poor at reflecting the effects of all major volcanic eruptions - the eruption of a tropical volcano in what is now Mexico or Ecuador in 1258, the underwater volcano Kuwae in the vicinity of the Pacific islands of Vanuatu in 1458, the mysterious 1809 eruption and explosion of Mount Tambora on the Indonesian island of Sumbawa. in 1815.

What kind of cold snap was there then? In 1812, when Napoleon went to Russia, he was stopped by the Russian Frost, and Hitler was also stopped by the Russian frost. Santa Claus is the bodyguard of the Russians. But I have a question: Where does this frost come from at the right time, in the right place, and where did the permafrost in Siberia come from, when it used to be warm in Russia, Russia is the Motherland of elephants?

Everyone remembers Palms in Astrakhan Streis, Jan Jansen:

17th century engraving from a book by Jan Streis. The atrocities of Stepan Razin's Cossacks in captured Astrakhan.

In St. Petersburg, orange trees grew in Oranienbaum Lomonosov near St. Petersburg - this is the Orange City - On all the ancient engravings of the city there are rows of orange trees, moreover, right in the ground, and not in a greenhouse.

Oranienbaum. Engraving by A.I. Rostovtsev, 1716.

Oranienbaum. Engraving by A.I. Rostovtsev, 1716. Sailboats came straight to the palace, which already stood in 1716. Oraniybaum where oranges used to grow in open ground. #Peter #Lomonosov

Engraving. Grand Palace Oranienbaum. Mid-18th century.

Trees react very sensitively to the slightest changes in climatic conditions - an increase or decrease in temperature, solar radiation energy and other factors. All these events are reflected in the shape and thickness of annual rings - layers of wood in the trunk, which are formed during the growing season. It is believed that dark rings correspond to unfavorable conditions environment, and light ones are favorable. and now, when trees are cut down, the entire core is completely dark - these were not favorable years for tree growth.

Michael Mann from Pennsylvania State University in State College (USA) and his colleagues tested how accurately tree rings reflect the short-term drop in temperature that occurs after severe tropical volcanic eruptions.

To do this, Mann and his colleagues compared graphs of seasonal temperature fluctuations from 1200 to the present day, which were obtained using a “conventional” climate model and a technique that included analysis of tree rings. The traditional model tracks changes in the intensity of solar radiation and fluctuations in the planet's energy balance, which are reflected in increases or decreases in average temperatures.

The second method used as initial data sections of trunks obtained in 60 high-mountain forest areas on the so-called “treeline” - maximum height, on which ordinary trees can grow. Local climatic conditions only minimally satisfy the needs of woody vegetation, and abnormally high or low average annual temperatures reflected well in the rings.

Because of this, chronological errors can accumulate in sections as one moves from relatively modern rings to more ancient ones."

And you know. What I think is that it’s easy in Russia because of the anomalous low temperatures our forest simply has not grown. And the dark cores of the trees are proof of this Glacial period affected our trees.

The truth is somewhere near.

Another notch for memory. Is everything honestly and objectively presented in official history?

Most of our forests are young. They are between a quarter and a third of their lives. Apparently, in the 19th century certain events occurred that led to the almost total destruction of our forests. Our forests keep big secrets...

It is precisely the wary attitude towards Alexei Kungurov’s statements regarding Perm forests and Prosek, at one of his conferences, prompted me to conduct this research. Well, of course! There was a mysterious hint of hundreds of kilometers of clearings in the forests and their age. I personally was hooked by the fact that I walk through the forest quite often and quite far, but I didn’t notice anything unusual.

And this time the amazing feeling was repeated - the more you understand, the more new questions appear. I had to re-read a lot of sources, from materials on forestry of the 19th century to modern “ Instructions for carrying out forest management in the Russian forest fund" This did not add clarity, rather the opposite. But there was confidence that things are dirty here.

First amazing fact, which was confirmed - dimension quarterly network. By definition, a quarterly network is “ A system of forest blocks created on forest lands for the purpose of inventorying the forest fund, organizing and maintaining forestry and forest management».

The quarterly network consists of quarterly clearings. This is a straight strip cleared of trees and shrubs (usually up to 4 m wide), laid in the forest to mark the boundaries of forest blocks. During forest management, quarterly clearings are cut and cleared to a width of 0.5 m, and their expansion to 4 m is carried out in subsequent years by forestry workers.

Fig.2

In the picture you can see what these clearings look like in Udmurtia. The picture was taken from the program " Google Earth» ( see Fig.2). The neighborhoods have rectangular view. For measurement accuracy, a segment of 5 blocks wide is marked. It was 5340 m, which means that the width of 1 block is 1067 meters, or exactly 1 way mile. The quality of the picture leaves much to be desired, but I myself walk along these clearings all the time, and what you see from above I know well from the ground. Until that moment, I was firmly convinced that all these forest roads were the work of Soviet foresters. But why the hell did they need to mark out the neighborhood network? in versts?

I checked. The instructions state that blocks should be 1 by 2 km in size. The error at this distance is allowed no more than 20 meters. But 20 is not 340. However, all forest management documents stipulate that if block network projects already exist, then you should simply link to them. This is understandable; the work of laying clearings is a lot of work to redo.

Fig.3

Today there are already machines for cutting down glades (see. Fig.3), but we should forget about them, since almost the entire forest fund of the European part of Russia, plus part of the forest beyond the Urals, approximately to Tyumen, is divided into a verst block network. There are also kilometer-long ones, of course, because in the last century foresters have also been doing something, but mostly it’s the mile-long one. In particular, in Udmurtia there are no kilometer-long clearings. This means that the design and practical construction of a block network in most of the forest areas of the European part of Russia were completed no later than 1918. It was at this time that the metric system of measures was adopted for mandatory use in Russia, and the mile gave way to the kilometer.

It turns out made with axes and jigsaws, if we, of course, correctly understand historical reality. Considering that the forest area of the European part of Russia is about 200 million hectares, this is titanic work. Calculations show that the total length of the clearings is about 3 million km. For clarity, imagine the first lumberjack, armed with a saw or an ax. In a day he will be able to clear on average no more than 10 meters of clearing. But we must not forget that this work can be carried out mainly in winter time. This means that even 20,000 lumberjacks, working annually, would create our excellent verst block network for at least 80 years.

But there has never been such a number of workers involved in forest management. Based on articles from the 19th century, it is clear that there were always very few forestry specialists, and the funds allocated for these purposes could not cover such expenses. Even if we imagine that for this purpose they drove peasants from surrounding villages to do free work, it is still unclear who did this in sparsely populated areas Perm, Kirov, Vologda regions.

After this fact, it is no longer so surprising that the entire neighborhood network is tilted by about 10 degrees and is not directed towards the geographic North Pole, and, apparently, to magnetic ( The markings were carried out using a compass, not a GPS navigator), which should have been located approximately 1000 kilometers towards Kamchatka at that time. And it’s not so embarrassing that magnetic pole, according to official data from scientists, has never been there from the 17th century to the present day. It’s no longer scary that even today the compass needle points in approximately the same direction in which the quarterly network was made before 1918. All this cannot happen anyway! All logic falls apart.

But in 20 years, a pine seed that accidentally fell to the ground, of which billions are sown annually, grows up to 8 meters in height. Not only are the clearings not overgrown, you won’t even see stumps from periodic clearings. This is all the more striking in comparison with power lines, which special teams Clear away overgrown bushes and trees regularly.

Fig.4

This is what typical clearings in our forests look like. Grass, sometimes there are bushes, but no trees. There are no signs of regular maintenance (see. Fig.4 And Fig.5).

Fig.5

The second big mystery is the age of our forest, or the trees in this forest. In general, let's go in order. First, let's figure out how long a tree lives. Here is the corresponding table.

Name	Height (m)	Lifespan (years)
Homemade plum
Gray alder

Common rowan.
Thuja occidentalis
Black alder
Birch-warty
Smooth elm
Balsam fir
Siberian fir
Common ash.
Apple tree wild
Common pear
Rough elm
Norway spruce	30-35 (60)	300-400 (500)
Common pine.	20-40 (45)	300-400 (600)
Small-leaved linden
Beech
Siberian cedar pine
Prickly spruce
European larch
Siberian larch
Common juniper
common liar
European cedar pine
Yew berry		1000 (2000-4000)
English oak

* In brackets are height and life expectancy in particularly favorable conditions.

IN different sources the numbers are slightly different, but not significantly. Pine and spruce must normal conditions live up to 300...400 years. You begin to understand how absurd everything is only when you compare the diameter of such a tree with what we see in our forests. A 300-year-old spruce should have a trunk with a diameter of about 2 meters. Well, like in a fairy tale. The question arises: Where are all these giants? No matter how much I walk through the forest, I haven’t seen anything thicker than 80 cm. There aren’t many of them. There are individual copies (in Udmurtia - 2 pines) which reach 1.2 m, but their age is also no more than 200 years.

In general, how does the forest live? Why do trees grow or die in it?

It turns out that there is a concept of “natural forest”. This is a forest that lives its own life - it has not been cut down. He has distinguishing feature- low crown density from 10 to 40%. That is, some trees were already old and tall, but some of them fell affected by fungus or died, losing competition with their neighbors for water, soil and light. Large gaps form in the forest canopy. A lot of light begins to get there, which is very important in the forest struggle for existence, and young animals begin to actively grow. Therefore, a natural forest consists of different generations, and crown density is the main indicator of this.

But if the forest was clear-cut, then new trees for a long time grow simultaneously, crown density is high, more than 40%. Several centuries will pass, and if the forest is not touched, then the struggle for a place in the sun will do its job. It will become natural again. Do you want to know how much natural forest there is in our country that is not affected by anything? Please, map of Russian forests (see. Fig.6).

Fig.6

Bright shades indicate forests with a high canopy density, that is, these are not “natural forests.” And these are the majority. The entire European part is indicated by saturated blue. This is as indicated in the table: " Small-leaved and mixed forests. Forests with a predominance of birch, aspen, gray alder, often with an admixture coniferous trees or with individual areas of coniferous forests. Almost all of them are derivative forests, formed on the site of primary forests as a result of logging, clearing, and forest fires».

You don’t have to stop at the mountains and tundra zone, where the rarity of crowns may be due to other reasons. But the plains and middle zone are covered clearly a young forest. How young? Go and check it out. It is unlikely that you will find a tree in the forest that is older than 150 years. Even a standard drill for determining the age of a tree is 36 cm long and is designed for a tree age of 130 years. How does forest science explain this? Here's what they came up with:

« Forest fires are a fairly common phenomenon for most of the taiga zone of European Russia. Moreover: forest fires in the taiga are so common that some researchers consider the taiga as a lot of burnt areas of different ages- more precisely, many forests formed on these burnt areas. Many researchers believe that forest fires are, if not the only, then at least the main natural mechanism of forest renewal, replacing old generations of trees with young ones…»

All this is called " dynamics of random violations" That's where the dog is buried. The forest was burning, and burning almost everywhere. And this, according to experts, is the main reason for the low age of our forests. Not fungus, not bugs, not hurricanes. Our entire taiga is in burnt areas, and after a fire, what remains is the same as after clear cutting. Hence the high crown density throughout almost the entire forest zone. Of course, there are exceptions - truly untouched forests in the Angara region, on Valaam and, probably, somewhere else in the vast expanses of our vast Motherland. There are really fabulously large trees there in their mass. And although these are small islands in the vast sea of taiga, they prove that a forest can be like that.

What is so common about forest fires that over the past 150...200 years they have burned the entire forest area of 700 million hectares? Moreover, according to scientists, in a certain checkerboard order, observing the order, and certainly at different times?

First we need to understand the scale of these events in space and time. The fact that the main age of old trees in the bulk of forests is at least 100 years old suggests that the large-scale burns that so rejuvenated our forests occurred over a period of no more than 100 years. Translating into dates, for the 19th century alone. For this 7 million hectares of forest had to be burned annually.

Even as a result of large-scale forest arson in the summer of 2010, which all experts called catastrophic in volume, burned only 2 million hectares. It turns out nothing" so ordinary"This is not the case. The last justification for such a burned-out past of our forests could be the tradition of slash-and-burn agriculture. But how, in this case, can we explain the state of the forest in places where traditionally agriculture was not developed? In particular, in the Perm region? Moreover, this method of farming involves the labor-intensive cultural use of limited areas of forest, and not at all the unrestrained burning of large tracts in the hot summer season, and with the wind.

Having gone through everything possible options, we can say with confidence that the scientific concept “ dynamics of random violations"nothing in real life is not justified, and is a myth designed to mask the inadequate state of the current forests of Russia, and therefore the events that led to this.

We will have to admit that our forests are either beyond any norm) and constantly burned throughout the 19th century ( which in itself is inexplicable and not recorded anywhere), or burned at the same time as a result of some incident, which the scientific world vehemently denies, having no arguments other than that in official nothing like this is recorded in history.

To all this we can add that the fabulously large trees in the old natural forests obviously they were. It has already been said about the preserved areas of the taiga. It is worth giving an example regarding deciduous forests. The Nizhny Novgorod region and Chuvashia have a very favorable climate for deciduous trees. There are a huge number of oak trees growing there. But, again, you won’t find old copies. The same 150 years, no older.

Older single copies are all the same. At the beginning of the article there is a photograph of the largest oak tree in Belarus. It grows in Belovezhskaya Pushcha (see. Fig.1). Its diameter is about 2 meters, and its age is estimated at 800 years, which, of course, is very arbitrary. Who knows, maybe he somehow survived the fires, this happens. The largest oak tree in Russia is considered to be a specimen growing in the Lipetsk region. According to conventional estimates, he is 430 years old (see. Fig.7).

Fig.7

A special theme is bog oak. This is the one that is extracted mainly from the bottom of rivers. My relatives from Chuvashia told me that they pulled out huge specimens up to 1.5 m in diameter from the bottom. And there were many of them (see Fig.8). This indicates the composition of the former oak forest, the remains of which lie at the bottom. This means that nothing prevents current oak trees from growing to such sizes. Did the “dynamics of random disturbances” in the form of thunderstorms and lightning work in some special way before? No, everything was the same. So it turns out that the current forest simply has not yet reached maturity.

Fig.8

Let's summarize what we learned from this study. There are a lot of contradictions between the reality that we see with our own eyes and the official interpretation of the relatively recent past:

There is a developed neighborhood network over a vast area, which was designed in miles and was laid no later than 1918. The length of the clearings is such that 20,000 lumberjacks, with manual labor, would take 80 years to create it. The clearings are maintained extremely irregularly, if at all, but they do not become overgrown.

On the other hand, according to historians and surviving articles on forestry, there was no funding of comparable scale and the required number of forestry specialists at that time. There was no way to recruit such a number of free work force. There was no mechanization to facilitate this work.

We need to choose: either our eyes deceive us, or the 19th century was not at all what historians tell us. In particular, there could be mechanization commensurate with the tasks described. What interesting purpose could this steam engine from the film " Siberian barber" (cm. Fig.9). Or is Mikhalkov a completely unimaginable dreamer?

Fig.9

There could also have been less labor-intensive, efficient technologies for laying and maintaining clearings, which are lost today ( some distant analogue of herbicides). It is probably stupid to say that Russia has not lost anything since 1917. Finally, it is possible that clearings were not cut, but trees were planted in blocks in areas destroyed by fire. This is not such nonsense compared to what science tells us. Although doubtful, it at least explains a lot.

Our forests are much younger than the natural lifespan of the trees themselves. This is evidenced by the official map of Russian forests and our eyes. The age of the forest is about 150 years, although pine and spruce under normal conditions grow up to 400 years and reach 2 meters in thickness. There are also separate areas of forest with trees of similar age.

According to experts, all our forests are burnt. It is fires, in their opinion, that do not give trees a chance to live to their natural age. Experts do not even allow the thought of the simultaneous destruction of vast expanses of forest, believing that such an event could not go unnoticed. In order to justify this ashes, official science adopted the theory “ dynamics of random violations" This theory suggests that forest fires that destroy ( according to some strange schedule) up to 7 million hectares of forest per year, although in 2010 even 2 million hectares, destroyed as a result of deliberate forest fires, were called a disaster.

We need to choose: either our eyes are deceiving us again, or some grandiose events of the 19th century with particular impudence were not reflected in the official version of our past, as it didn’t fit into it nor Great Tartary, nor the Great Northern Route. Atlantis with a fallen moon and even then they didn’t fit. One-time destruction 200...400 million hectares forests are even easier to imagine and hide than the undying, 100-year-old fire proposed for consideration by science.

So what is the age-old sadness of Belovezhskaya Pushcha about? Is it not about those severe wounds of the earth that the young forest covers? After all, gigantic fires by themselves don't happen...

It was a wary attitude towards Alexei Kungurov’s statements about Perm forests and clearings at one of his conferences that prompted me to conduct this research. Well, of course! There was a mysterious hint of hundreds of kilometers of clearings in the forests and their age. I personally was hooked by the fact that I walk through the forest quite often and quite far, but I didn’t notice anything unusual.

And this time the amazing feeling was repeated - the more you understand, the more new questions appear. I had to re-read a lot of sources, from materials on forestry of the 19th century to the modern “Instructions for carrying out forest management in the forest fund of Russia.” This did not add clarity, rather the opposite. But there was a certainty that something was fishy here.

The first surprising fact that was confirmed is the size of the quarterly network. A quarterly network, by definition, is “a system of forest quarters created on forest fund lands for the purpose of inventorying the forest fund, organizing and maintaining forestry and forest management.”

For example, in the forests of Udmurtia, blocks have a rectangular shape, the width of 1 block is 1067 meters, or exactly 1 mile. Until that moment, I was firmly convinced that all these forest roads were the work of Soviet foresters. But why the hell did they need to mark out the quarterly network in miles?

Today there are already machines for cutting down glades, but we should forget about them, since almost the entire forest fund of the European part of Russia, plus part of the forest beyond the Urals, approximately to Tyumen, is divided into a mile-long block network. There are also kilometer-long ones, of course, because in the last century foresters have also been doing something, but mostly it’s the mile-long one. In particular, in Udmurtia there are no kilometer-long clearings. This means that the design and practical construction of a block network in most of the forested areas of the European part of Russia were made no later than 1918. It was at this time that the metric system of measures was adopted for mandatory use in Russia, and the mile gave way to the kilometer.

It turns out that it was done with axes and jigsaws, if we, of course, correctly understand historical reality. Considering that the forest area of the European part of Russia is about 200 million hectares, this is a titanic task. Calculations show that the total length of the clearings is about 3 million km. For clarity, imagine the first lumberjack, armed with a saw or an ax. In a day he will be able to clear on average no more than 10 meters of clearing. But we must not forget that this work can be carried out mainly in winter. This means that even 20,000 lumberjacks, working annually, would create our excellent verst block network for at least 80 years.

But there has never been such a number of workers involved in forest management. Based on articles from the 19th century, it is clear that there were always very few forestry specialists, and the funds allocated for these purposes could not cover such expenses. Even if we imagine that for this purpose peasants were driven from surrounding villages to do free work, it is still unclear who did this in the sparsely populated areas of the Perm, Kirov, and Vologda regions.

After this fact, it is no longer so surprising that the entire neighborhood network is tilted by about 10 degrees and is directed not to the geographic north pole, but, apparently, to the magnetic one (the markings were carried out using a compass, not a GPS navigator), which should have been during this time. time to be located approximately 1000 kilometers towards Kamchatka. And it’s not so confusing that the magnetic pole, according to official data from scientists, has never been there from the 17th century to the present day. It’s no longer scary that even today the compass needle points in approximately the same direction in which the quarterly network was made before 1918. All this cannot happen anyway! All logic falls apart.

But it is there. And in order to finish off the consciousness clinging to reality, I inform you that all this equipment also needs to be serviced. According to the norms, a complete audit takes place every 20 years. If it passes at all. And during this period of time, the “forest user” must monitor the clearings. Well, if anyone was watching in Soviet times, it’s unlikely that over the past 20 years. But the clearings were not overgrown. There is a windbreak, but there are no trees in the middle of the road. But in 20 years, a pine seed that accidentally fell to the ground, of which billions are sown annually, grows up to 8 meters in height. Not only are the clearings not overgrown, you won’t even see stumps from periodic clearings. This is all the more striking in comparison with power lines, which special teams regularly clear of overgrown bushes and trees.

This is what typical clearings in our forests look like. Grass, sometimes there are bushes, but no trees. There are no signs of regular maintenance.

The second big mystery is the age of our forest, or the trees in this forest. In general, let's go in order.

First, let's figure out how long a tree lives. Here is the corresponding table.

* in brackets - height and life expectancy in particularly favorable conditions.

In different sources, the figures differ slightly, but not significantly. Pine and spruce should live up to 300...400 years under normal conditions. You begin to understand how absurd everything is only when you compare the diameter of such a tree with what we see in our forests. A 300-year-old spruce should have a trunk with a diameter of about 2 meters. Well, like in a fairy tale. The question arises: Where are all these giants? No matter how much I walk through the forest, I haven’t seen anything thicker than 80 cm. There aren’t many of them. There are individual specimens (in Udmurtia - 2 pines) that reach 1.2 m, but their age is also no more than 200 years.

Wheeler Peak (4,011 m above sea level), New Mexico, is home to bristlecone pines, one of the longest-lived trees on Earth. The age of the oldest specimens is estimated at 4,700 years.

In general, how does the forest live? Why do trees grow or die in it?

It turns out that there is a concept of “natural forest”. This is a forest that lives its own life - it has not been cut down. It has a distinctive feature - low crown density from 10 to 40%. That is, some trees were already old and tall, but some of them fell affected by fungus or died, losing competition with their neighbors for water, soil and light. Large gaps form in the forest canopy. A lot of light begins to get there, which is very important in the forest struggle for existence, and young animals begin to actively grow. Therefore, a natural forest consists of different generations, and crown density is the main indicator of this.

But if the forest was clear-cut, then new trees grow simultaneously for a long time, the crown density is high, more than 40%. Several centuries will pass, and if the forest is not touched, then the struggle for a place in the sun will do its job. It will become natural again. Do you want to know how much natural forest there is in our country that is not affected by anything?

Look at the map of Russian forests:

Bright shades indicate forests with a high canopy density, that is, these are not “natural forests.” And these are the majority. The entire European part is indicated in rich blue. This is, as indicated in the table: “Small-leaved and mixed forests. Forests with a predominance of birch, aspen, gray alder, often with an admixture of coniferous trees or with separate areas of coniferous forests. Almost all of them are derivative forests, formed on the site of primary forests as a result of logging, clearing, and forest fires.”

You don’t have to stop at the mountains and tundra zone, where the rarity of crowns may be due to other reasons. But the plains and middle zone are clearly covered with young forest. How young? Go and check it out. It is unlikely that you will find a tree in the forest that is older than 150 years. Even a standard drill for determining the age of a tree is 36 cm long and is designed for a tree age of 130 years. How does forest science explain this? Here's what they came up with:

“Forest fires are a fairly common phenomenon for most of the taiga zone of European Russia. Moreover: forest fires in the taiga are so common that some researchers consider the taiga as many burnt areas of different ages - more precisely, many forests formed on these burnt areas. Many researchers believe that forest fires are, if not the only, then at least the main natural mechanism for forest renewal, replacing old generations of trees with young ones..."

All this is called “dynamics of random violations.” That's where the dog is buried. The forest was burning, and burning almost everywhere. And this, according to experts, is the main reason for the low age of our forests. Not fungus, not bugs, not hurricanes. Our entire taiga is in burnt areas, and after a fire, what remains is the same as after clear cutting. Hence the high crown density throughout almost the entire forest zone. Of course, there are exceptions - truly untouched forests in the Angara region, on Valaam and, probably, somewhere else in the vast expanses of our vast Motherland. There are really fabulously large trees there in their mass. And although these are small islands in the vast sea of taiga, they prove that a forest can be like that.

First we need to understand the scale of these events in space and time. The fact that the main age of old trees in the bulk of forests is at least 100 years old suggests that the large-scale burns that so rejuvenated our forests occurred over a period of no more than 100 years. Translating into dates, for the 19th century alone. To do this, it was necessary to burn 7 million hectares of forest annually.

Even as a result of large-scale forest arson in the summer of 2010, which all experts called catastrophic in volume, only 2 million hectares burned. It turns out there is nothing “so ordinary” about this. The last justification for such a burned-out past of our forests could be the tradition of slash-and-burn agriculture. But how, in this case, can we explain the state of the forest in places where traditionally agriculture was not developed? In particular, in the Perm region? Moreover, this method of farming involves the labor-intensive cultural use of limited areas of forest, and not at all the unrestrained burning of large tracts in the hot summer season, and with the wind.

Having gone through all the possible options, we can say with confidence that the scientific concept of “dynamics of random disturbances” is not substantiated by anything in real life, and is a myth intended to mask the inadequate state of the current forests of Russia, and therefore the events that led to this.

We will have to admit that our forests either burned intensely (beyond any norm) and constantly throughout the 19th century (which in itself is inexplicable and not recorded anywhere), or burned at once as a result of some incident, which is why the scientific world furiously denies having no arguments, except that nothing of the kind is recorded in official history.

To all this we can add that there were clearly fabulously large trees in old natural forests. It has already been said about the preserved areas of the taiga. It is worth giving an example regarding deciduous forests. The Nizhny Novgorod region and Chuvashia have a very favorable climate for deciduous trees. There are a huge number of oak trees growing there. But, again, you won’t find old copies. The same 150 years, no older. Older single copies are all the same. Here is a photo of the largest oak tree in Belarus. It grows in Belovezhskaya Pushcha. Its diameter is about 2 meters, and its age is estimated at 800 years, which, of course, is very arbitrary. Who knows, maybe he somehow survived the fires, this happens. The largest oak tree in Russia is considered to be a specimen growing in the Lipetsk region. According to conventional estimates, he is 430 years old.

A special theme is bog oak. This is the one that is extracted mainly from the bottom of rivers. My relatives from Chuvashia told me that they pulled out huge specimens up to 1.5 m in diameter from the bottom. And there were many of them. This indicates the composition of the former oak forest, the remains of which lie at the bottom. In the Gomel region there is a river Besed, the bottom of which is dotted with bog oak, although now there are only water meadows and fields all around. This means that nothing prevents current oak trees from growing to such sizes. Did the “dynamics of random disturbances” in the form of thunderstorms and lightning work in some special way before? No, everything was the same. So it turns out that the current forest simply has not yet reached maturity.

Let's summarize what we learned from this study. There are a lot of contradictions between the reality that we see with our own eyes and the official interpretation of the relatively recent past:

There is a developed block network over a vast area, which was designed in versts and was laid no later than 1918. The length of the clearings is such that 20,000 lumberjacks, with manual labor, would take 80 years to create it. The clearings are maintained extremely irregularly, if at all, but they do not become overgrown.

On the other hand, according to historians and surviving articles on forestry, there was no funding of comparable scale and the required number of forestry specialists at that time. There was no way to recruit such a quantity of free labor. There was no mechanization to facilitate this work.

We need to choose: either our eyes deceive us, or the 19th century was not at all what historians tell us. In particular, there could be mechanization commensurate with the tasks described.

There could also have been less labor-intensive, effective technologies for laying and maintaining clearings, which have been lost today (some distant analogue of herbicides). It is probably stupid to say that Russia has not lost anything since 1917. Finally, it is possible that clearings were not cut, but trees were planted in blocks in areas destroyed by fire. This is not such nonsense compared to what science tells us. Although doubtful, it at least explains a lot.

According to experts, all our forests are burnt. It is fires, in their opinion, that do not give trees a chance to live to their natural age. Experts do not even allow the thought of the simultaneous destruction of vast expanses of forest, believing that such an event could not go unnoticed. In order to justify this ashes, official science adopted the theory of “dynamics of random disturbances.” This theory proposes that forest fires are considered a common occurrence, destroying (according to some incomprehensible schedule) up to 7 million hectares of forest per year, although in 2010 even 2 million hectares destroyed as a result of deliberate forest fires were called a disaster.

We need to choose: either our eyes are deceiving us again, or some grandiose events of the 19th century with particular impudence were not reflected in the official version of our past, just as neither the Great Tartary nor the Great Northern Route fit into it. Atlantis and the fallen moon didn’t even fit. The simultaneous destruction of 200...400 million hectares of forest is even easier to imagine and hide than the undying, 100-year fire proposed for consideration by science.

So what is the age-old sadness of Belovezhskaya Pushcha about? Is it not about those severe wounds of the earth that the young forest covers? After all, giant fires don’t happen on their own...

basis: article by A. Artemyev

How old are the trees in Russia or where from 200 years

I was just present at Alexei Kungurov’s Internet conference when he first announced this number 200, but the meaning of the statement was that in Russia there are no trees OLDER than 200 years old.

The Internet does not provide the average statistical age of trees growing in Russia, but according to indirect data, the date of 150 years is still the most accurate.

In his article, “In Russia, are there almost no trees older than 200 years?”, to which there are many links on the Internet, the author of the article, Alexey Artemyev, says that the plains and middle zone are covered by “obviously young forest. It is unlikely that you will find a tree in the forest that is older than 150 years. Even a standard drill for determining the age of a tree is 36 cm long and is designed for a tree age of 130 years.”

Average age of trees in Russia

There is an official map of Russian forests, and according to it, the age of the forest is also about 150 years.

From the advertising brochure: “On the border of the Moscow, Kaluga and Tula regions there is the Velegozh Sanatorium (Resort). It is only 114 km from Moscow and 84 km from Tula. The territory of the sanatorium is located in pine forest, on the high bank of the Oka River. Average age trees are 115-120 years old.”

There is such a famous Kazan (Volga region) Federal University.

Here are the graphs from the training manual for the course dendroecology (Methods of tree-ring analysis):

Please note that the starting dates of the charts are 1860.

But here is what is said in the work of A.V. Kuzmina, O.A. Goncharova:

"PABSI KSC RAS, Apatity, RF CLASSIFICATION AND TYPIZATION OF PINE STAND ELEMENTS BASED ON THE ANALYSIS OF THE PROBABILITY DENSITY DISTRIBUTION OF SIZE CLASSES OF RADIAL INCREMENTS

"Forest communities on Kola Peninsula are at the northern limit of distribution. total area taiga zones within the peninsula 98 thousand km2

Research was carried out on the territory Murmansk region near the village of Alakurtti (Kola Peninsula). The region's territory is located between 66o03′ and 69o57′ N latitudes. and 28o25′ and 41o26′ E. Most of the territory is located outside the Arctic Circle.

The purpose of the study is to develop a classification of plants by productivity based on an analysis of the distribution of absolute indicators of annual radial growth.

A compact forest stand consisting of 30 pines with no signs of anthropogenic impact was chosen as a model object.

forest communities on the Kola Peninsula, 150 years old, average age of trees in Russia Using a Pressler drill, core samples were taken from each pine tree, drilling was carried out to the core. The study of cores for the number of annual layers was carried out automated system telemetric analysis of wood cores (Kuzmin A.V. et al., 1989).

The average age of plants in the selected model area: - 146 years.

Based on the similarity of rows, trees are differentiated into groups,

Group B includes 15 trees (50% of total number) — the average age of pines in group B is 150 years.

Group B includes 8 trees (27% of total number) — the average age of pines in group B is 146 years.

Group G includes 4 trees of the 6th, 8th and 9th age classes - the average age of pines in group G is 148 years

In total, each selected group contains plants of almost all age classes. The average age of the intermediate groups B, C and D is close to: 150, 146 and 148 years.”

So, where the forests went 150 years ago is unknown, but it is quite possible that they were destroyed. Probably not only forests. But this will be even worse.

But the entire chronology of Oleg and Alexandra falls exactly on this date of 150 years. For which we are very grateful to them. By the way, Alexey Kungurov presented many photos in his conferences confirming that there were craters all over the planet.

The forest communities of the Kola Peninsula are the most northern in the European part of Russia as they are located on the border of the northern limit of distribution. The entire area of the peninsula is divided into the forest-tundra subzone (46 thousand km2) and the northern taiga subzone (52 thousand km2) (Zaitseva I.V. et al., 2002).

The selected model tree stand is continental forest in nature.

The experimental area is characterized by the following parameters:

Soil moisture is average.
The relief of the area is flat,
Tree composition: 10C.
Forest type: lichen-lingonberry.
Undergrowth: birch, willow.
Undergrowth: spruce in groups rarely, pine in groups abundantly.

The characteristics of the examined Scots pine plants are summarized in Table 1:

The surveyed trees are divided into six age classes (grades 5-9, 12). No plants of the 10th and 11th age classes were found in the surveyed area. The most widespread (9 specimens) is class 9, which includes trees aged 161-180 years. The smallest numbers are 5th and 12th age classes (2 trees each), i.e. The youngest and oldest plants are poorly represented in the surveyed area. The 6th, 7th and 8th age classes contain 5, 6 and 6 trees, respectively. Average age class - 8 ± 0.3.

Previously, it was believed that on the Kola Peninsula, in woody plants, the distribution of timing of the passage of phenological phases is subject to the law of normal distribution. (O.A. Goncharova, A.V. Kuzmin, E.Yu. Poloskova, 2007)

In order to analyze the distribution of probability density values of annual radial increments (ARI) in the studied 30 Scots pine specimens, the empirical RPV of the AGR was checked. The calculated RPV of hydraulic fracturing in most cases does not correspond to the laws of normal distribution. Classes from 5 to 9 contain one tree each, the RPV of which corresponds to normal indicators, in age class 12 such data have not been established.

Analysis of the distribution of GRP values relative to the average values for each individual showed that in most plants, GRP values below prevail average size. In trees 1, 9, 11, 16, the ratio of hydraulic fracturing values below or above the average is approximately the same, with a slight predominance towards lower values. In pine 12, the ratio of hydraulic fracturing values is similar below or above average, approximately the same, but with a slight predominance towards higher values. The dominance of large hydraulic fracturing values has not been established relative to the average value.

The next step was to classify the surveyed set of trees according to productivity based on the distribution of absolute values of annual radial growth. The contingency system of probability density distributions of hydraulic fracturing values was analyzed using the nonparametric Spearman correlation coefficient. Further work took into account only reliable correlation coefficients (G.N. Zaitsev, 1990). Positive conjugate connections were revealed.

The trees are differentiated into groups based on the similarity of the series of probability density distributions based on the number of identified correlations.

Group A includes tree 25, this pine belongs to age class 9, its age is above average, within the boundaries of the age class it is correlated with all trees. This tree has a maximum number of correlations with neighboring plants (27); there is no correlation with plants 2 and 19, which have a minimum of correlations. The specified tree is defined as a standard for the considered set of trees.

Group B includes 15 trees (50% of the total). Representatives of this group have correlation connections from 23 to 26. Group B contains trees of all identified age classes, except for the youngest (class 5). The average age of trees in group B is 150 years. Plants of the 7th and 8th age classes are most fully represented in the category.

8 trees (27% of the total) were separated into group B. Each tree has from 18 to 21 conjugated links. Here, age class 9 (5 trees) is most represented, single specimens are age classes 5, 6, 7 (1 plant each). The average age of trees in group B is 146 years.

Group D includes 4 plants of age classes 6, 8 and 9. Trees in this part of the studied forest stand are characterized by 12-15 conjugated connections. The average age of trees in group G is 148 years.

Instances included in group D are distinguished by a minimum of correlations with other representatives - conjugate connections 7 and 3, respectively, these are trees 2 and 19. These trees are representatives of age classes 5 and 6, that is, the youngest classes.

In total, each selected group includes trees of almost all age classes. The average age of groups B, C and D, which took an intermediate position, is close to: 150, 146 and 148 years. So the age of Russian trees is not 200 years, but much less...

Alexander Galakhov.