Routing Technological map for the installation of couplings for intra-zone optical communication cables

MINISTRY OF COMMUNICATIONS OF THE UNION SSR
CHAPTERS NEW MANAGEMENT
FOR CONSTRUCTION OF COMMUNICATION STRUCTURES

SPECIALIZEDDESIGN AND TECHNOLOGY
BUREAU OF CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT COMMUNICATIONS

TECHN OLOGICAL MAP
FOR INSTALLATION OF INTERNAL CONNECTING COUPLINGS
OPTICAL COMMUNICATION CABLES

Moscow 1987

The maximum weight of 1 km of cable is notmust exceed the values ​​indicated in the table. .

Weight of 1 km cable, kg

nominal calculated

maximum

OZKG-1-4/4

OZKG-1-8/4

Construction d The cable length must be at least 2200 m. It is allowed to supply a cable with a length of at least 1000 m in an amount of no more than 30% of the total length of the delivery lot x) .

X) Until 01.01.88, the construction length is set to at least 1000 m, while it is allowed to deliver cables with a length of at least 500 m and in an amount of 10% of the total length of the batch being delivered.

Optical cable OZKG-1-4/4 (8/4) has the following design: the central profiled element must be made of polyvinyl chloride plastic and reinforced with terlon threads or SVM threads. One optical fiber must be laid in each groove of the profiled element. The profiled element must be wrapped with fluoroplastic or polyethylene terephthalate tape. An inner sheath of polyvinyl chloride plastic compound must be placed over the winding. A layer of 8 - 14 reinforcing elements and four polyethylene-insulated copper conductors with a diameter of (1.2 ± 0.2) mm should be placed on top of the shell. A winding of fluoroplastic or polyethylene terephthalate tape or thread should be applied over the layer of reinforcing elements and copper cores. An outer protective sheath made of polyethylene, with a radial thickness of at least 2.0 mm, must be applied over the winding.

Cable OZKG-1 -4/4 (8/4) is intended for use in zonal communication networks, for installation in cable ducts, pipes, blocks and collectors, soils of all categories, except those subject to permafrost deformations, in water when crossing shallow swamps, non-navigable and non-floating rivers with calm water flow (with mandatory penetration into the bottom) by manual and mechanized methods and for operation at ambient temperatures from minus 40 to plus 55 ° C.

Con The structure of the optical cable OZKG-1 is shown in Fig. .

Number of cycles (pause-heating)

entire welding

initial heating

pauses

subsequent heating

After the place has cooled downAfter cooking (up to approximately 50 - 60 °C), the glass tape is removed.

D Then, 3-4 layers of polyethylene tape and 2-3 layers of glass tape are wound on each extreme joint. The joints are sealed in the same way as the joints of the internal coupling.

	What is controlled	Who controls			Control method	When controlled	What document documents the control results?
		foreman, foreman	foreman	smu
Completeness measuring instruments	availability of instruments				visually	before the beginning installation work
Available e and serviceability of radio stations	corrected Availability of radio stations				Ping	Same	Same
Complete set of installation materials, fixtures and tools	availability of installation materials, fixtures and tools in accordance with table.				visually
Availability technical documentation	Availability of technical documentation in accordance with paragraph. TK				Same
Organi tion of the workplace	workplace equipment
Tightness of the laid cable	absent moisture in the cable					at the beginning of installation work
Cable making	cutting sizes according to paragraphs. - ; -				measurement	at the beginning of installation work	entry in the work log
Splicing of the central profiled element	sooo compliance with the requirements of paragraphs. , ,				visually	during installation work	write down Sue in the production log
Installing the cassette	compliance with the requirements of paragraph. TK				visually	during installation work	Same
Prepared insertion of optical fibers for welding	compliance with the requirements of paragraph. TK				loop oh or through a microscope	during installation	Same
Optical fiber welding	splice attenuation				And measuring the attenuation of the joint from the ends OK	Same	measurement protocol
Laying out optical fibers in a cassette				visually		entry in the work log.
Kach The nature of welding of the internal coupling	hermetically sealed There is an internal polyethylene coupling								visually	during installation
Comprehensive inspection of the installed cable line (section)	fiber attenuation OK; kilometer attenuation of OM in the area				attenuation measurement		entry in the passport for reg. plot

Legend:

*) Local standards and prices No. 89 of the Mezhgorsvyazstroy trust were approved by the chief engineer of the trust, Yu.A. Stukalin. 02/20/1987

. MATERIAL AND TECHNICAL RESOURCES

GOST, TU, drawing

Unit measured

Qty

Rescheduled portable device for splicing optical fibers

KSS-III

EPIRB M2.322.007

PC.

AND DC power supply of at least 5 A, voltage 12 V (battery)

Same

Co. set of radio stations

"Len" type

Same

Automotive pump with drain tank

PC.

Manual hacksaw frame

Same

Hacksaw blade for metal

Kettle for heating the aggregate

drawing made

Metal funnel for filling filler

Thermometer with scale up to 100°C

GOST 2823-60 Purpose

Polyethylene coupling MPS

TU 45-1478-80

PC.

internal coupling for sealing the OV joint

Polyethylene new cone for the MPS coupling

AHP7 .899.010-0 1

Same

dl I connect the coupling to the shell OK

Mu fta polyethylene MPS

TU 45-1478-80

external protective coupling

Polyethylene new cone for the MPS coupling

AHP7.899.010-01

for connecting the coupling to the OK shell

Plasti on cassette

AH P7.844.147

For laying OM after welding

Heat shrinkable tube

TU 6-019-051-492-84

HERE 100/50 100 mm long

for sealing the middle joint of the inner coupling

HERE 100/50 60 mm long

to seal the hole in the coupling after checking for leaks

HERE 80/40 70 mm long

for sealing external couplings and PE cones

HERE 60/30 70 mm long

for sealing the inner coupling and PE cone

HERE 30/15 40 mm long

for sealing the outer polyethylene sheath in the coupling

Sleeve (duralumin GOST 18475-82)

AHP8 .236.055

for splicing center. profiled element

Sevilen tape (115-05-375; 117-6-1750; 118-06-1750)

TU 6-05-1636-81

as a sealant under HERE

or hot melt adhesive GIPC 14-13

TU 6-05-251-99-79

Same

St eco-tape 0.2 mm thick, 30 mm wide

GOST 5937-81 GOST 18300 -72

26,52

Same

Wiping rags

GOST 5354-79

kg

for wiping hands and products

Nylon threads No. 35

for fastening cassettes and bandages

Retainer

AH P8.362.069

PC.

Protective sleeves GZS

AH P4.218.005

PC.

5 (10)

to protect the welding site

Gil PS polyethylene

TU 45-1444-77

PC.

12 (18)

for insulating strands of metal wires

Paste PBK 26M

for tinning steel elements OK

Solder POSS 30-2

for soldering steel elements OK

Ka nifol

for tinning copper conductors OK

Solder POSSu 40-2

for soldering copper conductors OK

Tampa he is calico

for cleaning optical fiber

4

AND measuring instruments _________________________________________________

( the brand of the device is indicated)

What you see above is a submarine communications cable. It has a diameter of 69 millimeters, and it is it that carries 99% of all international communication traffic (i.e. Internet, telephony and other data). It connects all the continents of our planet, with the exception of Antarctica. These amazing fiber optic cables cross all the oceans, and they are hundreds of thousands, and what can I say, millions of kilometers long.

Submarine Cable Network World Map

This is a map of all the submarine cables around the world. Click on the link submarinecablemap.com and you will be taken to interactive map, where you can take a closer look at the cables and find out who owns them.

This is the "CS Cable Innovator", it is specially designed for laying fiber optic cable and is the largest ship of its kind in the world. It was built in 1995 in Finland, it is 145 meters long and 24 meters wide. It is capable of transporting up to 8,500 tons of fiber optic cable.

The ship has 80 cabins, of which 42 are officer cabins, 36 are crew cabins and two luxury cabins. Without maintenance and refueling, it can operate for 42 days, and if it is accompanied by a support ship, then all 60.

Originally, submarine cables were simple point-to-point connections. Nowadays, underwater cables have become more complex and they can split and branch right on the ocean floor.

Since 2012, the provider has successfully demonstrated an underwater data transmission channel with a throughput of 100 Gbit/s. It stretches across the whole Atlantic Ocean and its length is 6000 kilometers. Imagine that three years ago throughput the Atlantic communication channel was 2.5 times smaller and equal to 40 Gbit/s. Now ships like the CS Cable Innovator are constantly working to provide us with fast intercontinental Internet.

Submarine communication cable cross-section

1. Polyethylene
2. Mylar coating
3. Stranded steel wires
4. Aluminum water protection
5. Polycarbonate
6. Copper or aluminum tube
7. Vaseline
8. Optical fibers

This is what it looks like at the bottom. What are environmental consequences laying telecommunications cables on the seabed? How does this affect the ocean floor and the animals that live there? Although literally millions of kilometers of communication cables have been placed on the seabed over the past century, this has not had any impact on the lives of underwater inhabitants. According to a recent study, the cable has only minor impacts on animals living and located within the seabed. In the photo above we see diversity sea ​​life next to a submarine cable that crosses the continental shelf of Half Moon Bay. Here the cable is only 3.2 cm thick.

Many feared that cable TV would overload channels, but in fact it only increased the load by 1 percent. Moreover, cable television, which can travel through underwater fibers, already has a throughput of 1 Terabit, while satellites provide 100 times less. And if you want to buy yourself such an inter-Atlantic cable, it will cost you 200-500 million dollars.

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Now, when going to Amsterdam, you don’t have to worry about how well Australian sites open, because Amsterdam hotels, like any hotel with a free Wi-Fi network, are also connected to this large international network. So feel free to travel to Amsterdam

P.S. My name is Alexander. This is my personal, independent project. I am very glad if you liked the article. Want to help the site? Just look at the advertisement below for what you were recently looking for.

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Is this what you were looking for? Perhaps this is something you couldn’t find for so long?

Regarding Google's laying of its own fiber optic communication cable along the bottom Pacific Ocean, which will connect the company's data centers in Oregon, USA, with Japan. It would seem that this is a huge project worth $300 million and 10,000 km long. However, if you dig a little deeper it becomes clear that this project is outstanding only because it will be made by one media giant for personal use. The entire planet is already tightly entangled in communication cables, and there are many more of them under water than it seems at first glance. Having become interested in this topic, I prepared general educational material for those curious.

Origins of intercontinental communication

The practice of laying cables across the ocean dates back to the 19th century. According to Wikipedia, the first attempts to connect the two continents by wire were made back in 1847. It was not until August 5, 1858, that the UK and the USA were successfully connected by a transatlantic telegraph cable, but the connection was lost already in September. It is assumed that the cause was a violation of the waterproofing of the cable and its subsequent corrosion and breakage. A stable connection between the Old and New Worlds was established only in 1866. In 1870, a cable was laid to India, which made it possible to connect London and Bombay directly. Some of the best minds and industrialists of the time were involved in these projects: William Thomson (the future great Lord Kelvin), Charles Wheatstone, the Siemens brothers. As you can see, almost 150 years ago people were actively creating communication lines stretching thousands of kilometers. And progress, of course, did not stop there. However, telephone communication with America was established only in 1956, and the work lasted almost 10 years. Details of the laying of the first transatlantic telegraph and telephone cable can be read in Arthur C. Clarke's book A Voice Across the Ocean.

Cable device

Of undoubted interest is the direct construction of the cable, which will operate at a depth of 5-8 kilometers inclusive.
It is worth understanding that a deep-sea cable must have the following number of basic characteristics:

• Durability
• Be waterproof (suddenly!)
• Withstand enormous pressure water masses above oneself
• Be strong enough for installation and use
• Cable materials must be selected so that mechanical changes (stretching the cable during operation/laying, for example) do not change its performance characteristics

The working part of the cable we are considering, by and large, does not differ in anything special from conventional optics. The whole point of deep-sea cables is to protect this very working part and maximize its service life, as can be seen from the schematic diagram on the right. Let's look at the purpose of all structural elements in order.

Polyethylene- outer traditional insulating layer of the cable. This material is excellent choice for direct contact with water, as it has the following properties:
Resistant to water, does not react with alkalis of any concentration, with solutions of neutral, acidic and basic salts, organic and inorganic acids, even with concentrated sulfuric acid.

The world's oceans contain, in fact, all the elements of the periodic table, and water is a universal solvent. The use of such a common chemical industry of a material such as polyethylene is logical and justified, since, first of all, engineers needed to eliminate the reaction of the cable and water, thereby avoiding its destruction under the influence environment. Polyethylene was used as an insulating material during the construction of the first intercontinental telephone lines in the mid-20th century.
However, due to its porous structure, polyethylene cannot provide complete waterproofing of the cable, so we move on to the next layer.

Mylar film- synthetic material based on polyethylene terephthalate. Has the following properties:
It has no smell or taste. Transparent, chemically inactive, with high barrier properties (including to many aggressive environments), resistant to tearing (10 times stronger than polyethylene), wear, and impact. Mylar (or Lavsan in the USSR) is widely used in industry, packaging, textiles, and the space industry. They even make tents from it. However, the use of this material limited to multilayer films due to shrinkage during heat sealing.

After the layer of mylar film you can find cable reinforcement of varying power, depending on the declared characteristics of the product and its intended purpose. Basically, a powerful steel braid is used to give the cable sufficient rigidity and strength, as well as to counteract aggressive mechanical influences from the outside. According to some information floating around the Internet, EMR emanating from cables can attract sharks that chew through the cables. Also, at great depths, the cable is simply laid on the bottom, without digging a trench, and fishing vessels can catch it with their gear. To protect against such influences, the cable is reinforced with steel braiding. The steel wire used in the reinforcement is pre-galvanized. Cable reinforcement can occur in several layers. The main concern of the manufacturer during this operation is uniformity of force during winding of the steel wire. With double reinforcement, winding occurs in different directions. If the balance is not maintained during this operation, the cable may spontaneously twist into a spiral, forming loops.

As a result of these measures, the mass of a linear kilometer can reach several tons. “Why not light and strong aluminum?” - many will ask. The whole problem is that aluminum has a persistent oxide film in air, but when in contact with sea ​​water this metal can undergo intense chemical reaction with the displacement of hydrogen ions, which have a detrimental effect on the part of the cable for which everything was started - the optical fiber. That's why they use steel.

Aluminum water barrier, or a layer of aluminum polyethylene is used as another layer of waterproofing and cable shielding. Aluminum polyethylene is a combination of aluminum foil and polyethylene film, connected to each other by an adhesive layer. The sizing can be either one-sided or double-sided. In terms of the entire structure, aluminum-polyethylene looks almost invisible. The thickness of the film may vary from manufacturer to manufacturer, but, for example, for one of the manufacturers in the Russian Federation, the thickness of the final product is 0.15-0.2 mm with one-sided sizing.

Polycarbonate layer again used to strengthen the structure. Lightweight, durable and resistant to pressure and impact, the material is widely used in everyday products such as bicycle and motorcycle helmets, it is also used as a material in the manufacture of lenses, compact discs and lighting products, and the sheet version is used in construction as a light transmitting material. Has a high coefficient of thermal expansion. It was also used in the production of cables.

Copper or aluminum tube is part of the cable core and serves for its shielding. Other copper tubes with optical fiber inside are laid directly into this structure. Depending on the design of the cable, there may be several tubes and they can be intertwined in different ways. Below are four examples of cable core organization:

Laying the optical fiber in copper tubes that are filled with a hydrophobic thixotropic gel, and metal structural elements are used to organize remote power supply to intermediate regenerators - devices that restore the shape of an optical pulse, which, propagating along the fiber, undergoes distortion.

In the context, you get something similar to this:

Cable production

A peculiarity of the production of optical deep-sea cables is that most often it is located near ports, as close as possible to the seashore. One of the main reasons for such placement is that a linear kilometer of cable can reach a mass of several tons, and in order to reduce the required number of splices during installation, the manufacturer strives to make the cable as long as possible. The usual length for such a cable today is considered to be 4 km, which can result in approximately 15 tons of mass. As can be understood from the above, transporting such a deep-sea bay is not the easiest logistics problem for land transport. The usual wooden drums for winding cables cannot withstand the previously described mass and to transport cables on land, for example, it is necessary to lay out the entire construction length in a “figure eight” pattern on paired railway platforms so as not to damage the optical fiber inside the structure.

Cabling

It would seem that having such a powerful-looking product, you can load it onto ships and dump it into the depths of the sea. The reality is a little different. Cable routing is a long and labor-intensive process. The route must, of course, be economically profitable and safe, since the use in various ways cable protection leads to an increase in the cost of the project and increases its payback period. If the cable is laid between different countries, you must obtain permission to use coastal waters country, it is necessary to obtain all necessary permits and licenses to carry out cable-laying work. Afterwards, geological exploration and assessment are carried out seismic activity in the region, volcanism, the likelihood of underwater landslides and others natural disasters in the region where the work will be carried out and, subsequently, the cable will lie. Meteorologists' forecasts also play an important role so that work deadlines are not missed. During geological exploration of the route, it is taken into account wide range parameters: depth, bottom topology, soil density, presence of foreign objects, such as boulders, or sunken ships. Also assessed possible deviation from the original route, i.e. possible cable extension and increased cost and duration of work. Only after all the necessary preparatory work has been carried out can the cable be loaded onto ships and installation begin.

Actually, from the gif the installation process becomes extremely clear.

The laying of a fiber optic cable along the sea/ocean bottom runs continuously from point A to point B. The cable is laid in coils on ships and transported to the place of descent to the bottom. These bays look, for example, like this:

If you think it is too small, then pay attention to this photo:

After the ship goes to sea, only technical side process. A team of layers, using special machines, unwinds the cable at a certain speed and, maintaining the necessary cable tension due to the movement of the ship, moves along a pre-designated route.

It looks like this from the outside:

In case of any problems, breaks, or damage, the cable is provided with special anchors that allow it to be lifted to the surface and the problem section of the line to be repaired.

And, in the end, thanks to all this, we can comfortably and high speed watch photos and videos of cats from all over the world on the Internet.

In the comments to the article about the Google project, the user

What you see above is a submarine communications cable.

It has a diameter of 69 millimeters, and it is it that carries 99% of all international communication traffic (i.e. Internet, telephony and other data). It connects all the continents of our planet, with the exception of Antarctica. These amazing fiber optic cables cross all the oceans, and they are hundreds of thousands, and what can I say, millions of kilometers long.

Submarine Cable Network World Map

This is the “CS Cable Innovator”, it is specifically designed for laying fiber optic cable and is the largest ship of its kind in the world. It was built in 1995 in Finland, it is 145 meters long and 24 meters wide. It is capable of transporting up to 8,500 tons of fiber optic cable. The ship has 80 cabins, of which 42 are officer cabins, 36 are crew cabins and two luxury cabins.
Without maintenance and refueling, it can operate for 42 days, and if it is accompanied by a support ship, then all 60.

Originally, submarine cables were simple point-to-point connections. Nowadays, underwater cables have become more complex and they can split and branch right on the ocean floor.

Since 2012, the provider has successfully demonstrated an underwater data transmission channel with a throughput of 100 Gbit/s. It stretches across the entire Atlantic Ocean and its length is 6000 kilometers. Imagine that three years ago the capacity of the Atlantic communication channel was 2.5 times less and was equal to 40 Gbit/s. Now ships like the CS Cable Innovator are constantly working to provide us with fast intercontinental Internet.

Submarine communication cable cross-section

1. Polyethylene
2. Mylar coating
3. Stranded steel wires
4. Aluminum water protection
5. Polycarbonate
6. Copper or aluminum tube
7. Vaseline
8. Optical fibers

Along the seabed, a fiber optic cable is laid at a time from one shore to the other. In some cases, several ships are required to organize fiber-optic communication lines along the bottom of the sea/ocean, since the required amount of cable may not fit on one ship.

Underwater fiber optic communication lines are divided into repeater (using underwater optical amplifiers) and repeaterless. The first of them are divided into coastal communication lines and main transoceanic (intercontinental) lines. Non-repeater communication lines are divided into coastal communication lines and communication lines between individual points (between the mainland and islands, the mainland and drilling stations, between islands). There are also communication lines using remote optical pumping.

Fiber optic cables for laying along the bottom, as a rule, consist of an optical core, a current-carrying conductor and external protective covers. Cables for repeaterless fiber optic lines have the same structure, but they do not have a current-carrying core.

Special problems of laying fiber optic lines through water obstacles(under) water are associated with the repair of maritime communication lines. After all, lying for a long time on the seabed, the cable becomes virtually invisible. In addition, currents can carry a fiber optic cable away from its original installation site (even many kilometers), and the bottom topography is complex and varied. Damage to the cable can be caused by ship anchors and representatives of marine fauna. It may also be adversely affected by dredging, pipe installation and drilling, as well as by underwater earthquakes and landslides.

This is what it looks like at the bottom. What are the environmental consequences of laying telecommunications cables on the seabed? How does this affect the ocean floor and the animals that live there? Although literally millions of kilometers of communication cables have been placed on the seabed over the past century, this has not had any impact on the lives of underwater inhabitants. According to a recent study, the cable has only minor impacts on animals living and located within the seabed. In the photo above we see a variety of marine life near the undersea cable that crosses the continental shelf of Half Moon Bay.
Here the cable is only 3.2 cm thick.

Many feared that cable TV would overload channels, but in fact it only increased the load by 1 percent. Moreover, cable television, which can travel through underwater fibers, already has a throughput of 1 Terabit, while satellites provide 100 times less. And if you want to buy yourself such an inter-Atlantic cable, it will cost you 200-500 million dollars.

But now I’ll tell you about the first cable across the ocean. Listen here...

The question of how to establish electrical communication across the vast expanses of the Atlantic Ocean separating Europe and America has worried the minds of scientists, technicians and inventors since the early forties. Even in those days, the American inventor of the writing telegraph, Samuel Morse, expressed confidence that it was possible to lay a telegraph “wire along the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean.”

The first idea about underwater telegraphy came from the English physicist Wheatstone, who in 1840 proposed his project of connecting England and France by telegraph communication. His idea was, however, rejected as impracticable. Moreover, at that time they did not yet know how to insulate wires so reliably that they could conduct electricity, being at the bottom of the seas and oceans.

The situation changed after a substance newly discovered in India, gutta-percha, was brought to Europe, and the German inventor Werner Siemens proposed coating wires with it for insulation. Gutta-percha is perfectly suitable for insulating underwater wires, because, oxidizing and drying out in the air, it does not change at all in water and can remain there for an indefinitely long time. Thus, the most important issue of insulating underwater wires was resolved.

On August 23, 1850, a special ship “Goliath” with a towing steamer went to sea to lay the cable.

Their path lay from Dover to the shores of France. The warship Vigdeon was ahead, showing Goliath and the tug along a predetermined path, marked by buoys with flags flying on them.

Everything was going well. A cylinder installed on board the steamship, on which the cable was wound, was evenly unwound, and the wire was immersed in the water. Every 15 minutes, a load of 10 kilograms of 4 lead was hung from the wire so that it sank to the very bottom. On the fourth day, “Goliath” reached the French coast, the cable was brought onto land and connected to a telegraph apparatus. A 100-word telegram of welcome was sent to Dover via submarine cable. The huge crowd that had gathered at the office of the telegraph company in Dover, eagerly awaiting news from France, greeted the birth of submarine telegraphy with great enthusiasm.

Alas, these delights turned out to be premature! The first telegram transmitted via submarine cable from the French coast to Dover was also the last. The cable suddenly stopped working. Only after some time did they find out the reason for such sudden damage. It turned out that some French fisherman, while casting a net, accidentally caught the cable and tore a piece out of it.

But still, despite the first failure, even the most ardent skeptics believed in underwater telegraphy. John Brett organized the second in 1851 Joint-Stock Company to continue the matter. This time, the experience of the first installation was already taken into account, and the new cable was constructed according to a completely different model. This cable was different from the first: it weighed 166 tons, while the weight of the first cable did not exceed 14 tons.

This time the enterprise was a complete success. The special ship laying the cable passed without much difficulty from Dover to Calais, where the end of the cable was connected to a telegraph apparatus installed in a tent right on the coastal cliff.

A year later, on November 1, 1852, direct telegraph communication was established between London and Paris. Soon England was connected by submarine cable to Ireland, Germany, Holland and Belgium. Then the telegraph connected Sweden with Norway, Italy with Sardinia and Corsica. In 1854-1855 a submarine cable was laid across the Mediterranean and Black Sea. Through this cable, the command of the allied forces besieging Sevastopol communicated with their governments.

After the success of these first submarine lines, the question of laying a cable across the Atlantic Ocean to connect America with Europe by telegraph was already practically raised. The energetic American entrepreneur Cyros Field, who formed the Transatlantic Company in 1856, took on this grandiose undertaking.

In particular, the question of whether electric current could travel the huge distance of 4-5 thousand kilometers separating Europe from America was unclear. Telegraph veteran Samuel Morse answered this question in the affirmative. To be more confident, Field turned to the English government with a request to connect all the wires at his disposal into one line and pass current through them. On the night of December 9, 1856, all overhead, underground and underwater wires in England and Ireland were connected into one continuous chain 8 thousand kilometers long. The current easily passed through the huge circuit, and on this side there was no longer any doubt.

Having collected all the necessary preliminary information, Field began manufacturing the cable in February 1857. The cable consisted of a seven-wire copper rope with a gutta-percha sheath. Its veins were lined with tarred hemp, and on the outside the cable was also entwined with 18 cords of 7 iron wires each. In this form, the 4 thousand kilometers long cable weighed three thousand tons. This means that for its transportation by railway a train of 183 freight cars would be needed.

The history of cable laying is replete with a lot of unforeseen circumstances. It broke off several times; the soldered pieces “did not want” to deliver energy to its destination.

The tireless Syroe Field organized a company to once again try to lay a cable across the stubborn ocean. The new cable manufactured by the company consisted of a seven-wire cord insulated with four layers. The outside of the cable was covered with a layer of tarred hemp and wrapped with ten steel wires. A special vessel, the Great Eastern, was adapted for laying the cable - in the past, a well-equipped ocean steamer, which did not cover the costs of passenger traffic and was removed from voyages.

The very next day after sailing from the Great Eastern, electrical engineers discovered that the current had stopped flowing through the cable. The steamer, having performed an extremely difficult and dangerous maneuver, during which the cable almost broke, made a complete turn and began to rewind the cable that had already been lowered to the bottom. Soon, when the cable began to rise out of the water, everyone noticed the cause of the damage: a sharp iron rod had been pierced through the cable, touching the gutta-percha insulation. The cable deteriorated twice more. When they began to lift the cable back from a depth of 4 thousand meters, it broke due to strong tension and sank.

The company produced a new cable, significantly improved compared to the previous one. The Great Eastern was equipped with new cable-laying machines, as well as special devices designed to lift the cable from the bottom. The new expedition set off on July 7, 1866. This time complete success crowned the daring undertaking: Great Eastern achieved American coast, finally laying a telegraph cable across the ocean. This “cable operated almost without interruption for seven years.

The third transatlantic cable was laid by the Anglo-American Telegraph Company in 1873. It connected Petit Minon near Brest in France with Newfoundland. Over the next 11 years, the same company laid four more cables between Valencia and Newfoundland. In 1874, a telegraph line was built connecting Europe with South America.

In 1809, that is, three years after the laying of the submarine cable across the Atlantic Ocean, the construction of another grandiose telegraph enterprise was completed - the Indo-European line. This line connected Calcutta with London by double wire. Its length is 10 thousand kilometers.

Much later than across the Atlantic, a telegraph cable was laid across the entire Great Ocean. So the telegraph network entangled the whole Earth. Thanks to these lines, the World Wide Web - the Internet - operates almost instantly.

In the meantime, I’ll remind you and The original article is on the website InfoGlaz.rf Link to the article from which this copy was made -

Interesting facts about how the continents of our planet are connected,
how a cable is laid along the ocean floor, and, most importantly, how it was created world wide web- Internet.

1
What you see above is a submarine communications cable.
It has a diameter of 69 millimeters, and it is it that carries 99% of all international communication traffic (i.e. Internet, telephony and other data). It connects all the continents of our planet, with the exception of Antarctica. These amazing fiber optic cables cross all the oceans, and they are hundreds of thousands, and what can I say, millions of kilometers long.

Submarine Cable Network World Map

This is the "CS Cable Innovator", it is specially designed for laying fiber optic cable and is the largest ship of its kind in the world. It was built in 1995 in Finland, it is 145 meters long and 24 meters wide. It is capable of transporting up to 8,500 tons of fiber optic cable. The ship has 80 cabins, of which 42 are officer cabins, 36 are crew cabins and two luxury cabins. Without maintenance and refueling, it can operate for 42 days, and if it is accompanied by a support ship, then all 60.

Originally, submarine cables were simple point-to-point connections. Nowadays, underwater cables have become more complex and they can split and branch right on the ocean floor.

Since 2012, the provider has successfully demonstrated an underwater data transmission channel with a throughput of 100 Gbit/s. It stretches across the entire Atlantic Ocean and its length is 6000 kilometers. Imagine that three years ago the capacity of the inter-Atlantic communication channel was 2.5 times less and was equal to 40 Gbit/s. Now ships like the CS Cable Innovator are constantly working to provide us with fast intercontinental Internet.

Submarine communication cable cross-section

1. Polyethylene
2. Mylar coating
3. Stranded steel wires
4. Aluminum water protection
5. Polycarbonate
6. Copper or aluminum tube
7. Vaseline
8. Optical fibers

This is what it looks like at the bottom. What are the environmental consequences of laying telecommunications cables on the seabed? How does this affect the ocean floor and the animals that live there? Although literally millions of kilometers of communication cables have been placed on the seabed over the past century, this has not had any impact on the lives of underwater inhabitants. According to a recent study, the cable has only minor impacts on animals living and located within the seabed. In the photo above we see a variety of marine life next to an undersea cable that crosses the continental shelf of Half Moon Bay. The cable is only 3.2 cm thick.