Child prodigies in Russia: examples. Famous child prodigies

Children who demonstrate their abilities before others are called child prodigies. unique abilities. Such talent can be both innate, when a child is born talented, and acquired, when the child’s talent is developed and stimulated by his parents and relatives.

There are situations when one of the relatives begins to intensively train the child, mainly in the industry where his abilities are manifested. Previously, such a teacher was often the father, but today this role is played by mothers.

Among the children who showed their specific abilities early on are:

• Nika Turbina- a girl poetess who wrote her first book, “Draft,” at the age of 9. The book was translated into 12 languages ​​and had a circulation of 30,000 copies.
• Andrey Khlopin- at the age of 10, he told how silver clouds are formed. For this he was included in the Guinness Book of Records.
• Afanasy Prokhorov- at the age of 12, he is an amazing artist, dancer, musician and singer. Repeatedly took first place at various events.
• Dasha Baldenkova- at the age of 18, he already works in a scientific and educational laboratory at the center of applied nanoelectronics. She was the main winner among schoolchildren in Intel ISEF.
• Michaela Fudolig— entered university at age 11 and graduated at 16, becoming a professor at the same university.
• Akrit Yasval— At the age of 7 years, he performed his first operation. At the age of 12 he entered medical university and graduated at the age of 17 with a Master's degree in medical sciences.
• Taylor Wilson- at 10 summer age the boy designed nuclear bomb, at the age of 14 he had already created the “fusor”. IN this moment is working on a mini-power plant project that is capable of generating 50 MW of electricity.
• Cameron Thompson- a genius in the field of mathematics. I discovered my talent for mathematics in the 1st grade. At the age of 12 he entered university and soon received a degree in mathematics.
• Jacob Barnett- mathematician and physicist. At the age of 10 he entered Indiana University. Currently working in the direction of quantum physics. He says he can disprove the theory of relativity.
• Mark Tian Boedihardjo- At just 9 years old he entered the University of Hong Kong. He currently holds a BA in Mathematical Sciences and an MA in Philosophy.
• Priyanshi Somani- known for her ability to carry out complex calculations in her head. Holds the world record for retrieving square roots in the mind.
• Akim Kamara- an amazing boy who plays the violin. With this musical instrument he met at the age of 2. From that moment on, he does not part with her.
• Ethan Bortnick— At the age of 3 he began playing the harpsichord. At the age of five he already knew how to compose music. He holds the record as the youngest solo performer.
• Tanish Matthew Abraham— showed his extraordinary abilities at 4 months of age. He looked through the books and could answer any question from it. At the age of 4 he became a member of Mensa.

Where do children come from who show their talents without any influence from loved ones?

This is a case where genetics and environment. If a child is endowed with a unique talent, then he will be more interested in solving examples or problems, reading encyclopedias and scientific publications. Well, if the talent for fine arts, then he will distinguish and perceive colors and paints better than others, and this will be more interesting to him than to others. And when such a child is given a real opportunity to do what he has an inclination for, he will happily improve his talent and will not even have to force him to do this. Such passion is the first sign of talent and, a necessary condition in order to achieve something new.

Over the years, child prodigies tend to lose their talent.

You can name many smart children who, having unique abilities in childhood, mature age didn't become anything. Because it is necessary to develop the child’s abilities. Not developed abilities Over time they may fade away once and for all. And in order for this not to happen, you need to create something new, and not focus on small childhood achievements; only then can you become outstanding. But in life it is completely different? To meager achievements small child attract enormous attention, thereby convincing him of his superiority over others. And then even a small failure for a child will become a big problem, which can affect the mental state.

As soon as the child understands this, he becomes distant, he may begin a so-called crisis of giftedness, from which it is not easy to get out. But if such a crisis can be overcome, then the person becomes a great scientist in his field. In general, for prodigies on the middle path of development, it is almost impossible for them to either have success or tragedy. And all those sad stories of child prodigies who failed, perhaps because the person could not get out of the crisis.

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Gifted children are amazing. At a tender age, they achieve successes that many adults have never even dreamed of. And yet, genius is not necessarily a blessing, and this, unfortunately, is confirmed by the life stories of some young talents.

Today website will tell about 10 child prodigies with very different destinies. And at the end, we have prepared for you a question to which we ourselves do not yet have an answer.

1. Harp Karim

This girl from Pakistan at the age of 5 asked her parents to buy her a computer. She really wanted to figure out how it worked, she loved installing new programs and making presentations. At the age of 9, Arfa became a Microsoft Certified Application Developer. Bill Gates invited her to the company headquarters, and upon returning from the USA to Pakistan, the girl represented her country at international forums.

Nadya Rusheva was an amazingly talented artist. She created illustrations for the works of classics, folk tales and ancient Greek myths. Nadya has never used an eraser. She said that all the images are born in her head, and then appear on paper, like watermarks, and they just need to be outlined with something.

The young artist died at the age of 17 due to a ruptured congenital aneurysm of a cerebral vessel. She left behind about 12 thousand drawings.

4. Akrit Yasval

At age 2, Jacob Barnett was diagnosed with autism. At school, the boy attended a correctional class, but soon his mother noticed that the simplified program irritated her son. The boy was transferred to home schooling, and then he and his mother began going to university lectures on physics and astronomy, and the exact sciences fascinated him.

Barnett studied the school mathematics course in 2 weeks, and at the age of 10 the boy entered the university. At the age of 13, he developed his own theory of relativity and received many rave reviews from his colleagues. Now he is a respected astrophysicist.

7. Polina Osetinskaya

Polina - pianist, daughter Soviet writer and director Oleg Osetinsky. He raised the girl using his own methods, and by the age of 8 she could already play 30 hours of music by heart. The father insisted that his daughter had no talent, and all her achievements were the result of a special education method.

At the age of 13, Polina Osetinskaya left home. It turned out that the father was cruel to the girl, and she could no longer tolerate his bullying. Now Polina is active in concert activities, and her colleagues say that over the years she has only developed her talent.

8. Gregory Smith

More than one generation of scientists has been struggling with the mystery of genius. Some believe that the whole point is in the characteristics of genes and the structure of the brain. Others believe that talent manifests itself only in the presence of a rare disease. “Genius is 99 percent hard work and one percent imagination,” said Thomas Edison. And the Soviet geneticist Vladimir Efroimson has a different point of view: “The study of biographies and pathographies of geniuses of all times and peoples leads to an inexorable conclusion: geniuses are born.” But no one can yet say which of this is true...

Child prodigies, as a rule, demonstrate their abilities already in early age. These abilities can relate to any intellectual field of activity: mathematics, physics, music, encyclopedic knowledge, and so on. Already at an early age they can go to college, graduate and defend a dissertation, while their peers are still in school; gifted children with musical abilities write operas; with aptitude for chess, they become champions.

Contrary to popular belief that child prodigies do not produce anything special, they often keep their genius to themselves even in adulthood...

Maria Agnesi

Maria Agnesi was born in Milan in 1718, this was precisely the time when women were not very favored in scientific circles. But she was different: she spoke several languages ​​as a child and gave scientific speeches to her father's friends.

By the time of her death at the age of 80, Agnes had received the title of professor. Not bad for the 18th century.

Carl Friedrich Gauss

In 1777 (the time of Gauss's birth), mathematics was not the same as we know it today. It didn’t take Gauss long to start redoing everything, and it all started at the age of three, when he began to do some mathematical calculations, later, at primary school, he easily and quickly added more than 100 numbers in his head.

Gauss continued to study mathematics and made important contributions to the development of algebra and number theory. He also wrote several papers on magnetism, which is why you often see his name on a magnet: Gauss is the unit used to measure magnetic field.

Paul Erdős

Do you know how many seconds you have lived? Three-year-old Paul Erdős could easily give you the answer to this question. As a child living in Hungary in the 1920s, he amazed everyone with his amazing ability.

When Paul crossed the 20-year mark, his skills in mathematics could only be envied; by this age, he received a doctorate in this science. He was also quite eccentric, developing his own unique set of vocabulary and making sure that he lived his life out of suitcases.

By the end of his life, Erdős was one of the most influential and knowledgeable mathematicians of all time, publishing more than a thousand papers, many of them over the age of 70, proving that starting early does not mean finishing the race quickly.

William Rowan Hamilton

How many teenagers are there in modern world speak 10 languages? Hamilton knew 14. He was born in 1805 in Dublin, and by the age of 16 he was already studying higher mathematics.

He spent most of his life studying optics, but his most important and influential work was his work on algebra and the quaternion, a number system that was created to become today the most important basis computer graphics, quantum physics and vector algebra. No wonder the Irish are still so proud of him.

Kim Un Young

With an IQ of around 210, Kim Un Young began studying university programs at the age of 3, around the time the vast majority of us were playing with the magnetic alphabet.

Korean Kim strutted his stuff on Japanese television in the late 1960s, solving complex equations, writing poetry and speaking a variety of languages, helping him earn a doctorate. He did all this at an age when ordinary children had not yet finished high school. Since then, however, he has calmed down and lived a normal life in his homeland, where he still teaches at a college.

Jean Piaget

For someone who would study the cognitive development of children, Jean certainly had an unusual childhood. Swiss by birth, Piaget published his first scientific work in 1906, when he was 10 years old.

Piaget watched children as they grew up from babies to adults, he studied how they learned about the world and developed. His findings changed society's view of children and childhood, showing how important this period of a human being's life is.

John von Neumann

When a 6-year-old child can divide 6-digit numbers in his head, one cannot help but say that he is a genius. Hungarian by age 8, John could memorize entire pages of telephone books. However, by the age of 50, he was no less surprising.

Von Neumann, in the company of the world's leading physicists, confronted the mysteries of quantum mechanics, and also with economists connected human behavior with game theory.

He then became a key person involved in the development of atomic and hydrogen bombs, moreover, was the very first and most influential computer designer.

Ekrit Jasvel

Not many 7-year-olds have surgery, or at least want to. Surely, many here will wonder what the adult doctors were thinking if they allowed this? But Indian-born Ekrit, now a university student as a teenager, was always a little different.

He is not a doctor, but his parents say he has always had a passion for anatomy and science. From the age of 5, the boy enthusiastically read Shakespeare. Today, Ekrit talks about that. that he would focus all his efforts on finding a cure for cancer. Well, he has a lot of time ahead to achieve his goal.

William James Sidis

William Born April 1, 1898 in New York. At the age of 18 months, he was reading the New York Times. At the age of 6, William consciously became an atheist. Before his eighth birthday, he wrote four books. He was a mathematical genius who entered Harvard at age 11 and became a professor before he was 20.

W. J. Sidis is considered by some biographers to be the most gifted person on the ground. Here are the biographical moments that gave rise to this opinion:

• William learned to write by the end of his first year.


• In his fourth year of life, he read Homer in the original.


• At the age of six he studied Aristotelian logic.


• Between the ages of 4 and 8 he wrote 4 books, including one monograph on anatomy.


• At the age of seven he passed the Harvard Medical School exam in anatomy.


• By the age of 8, William knew 8 languages ​​- English, Latin, Greek, Russian, Hebrew, French, German and one more, which he invented himself.


• In his adult life, William was fluent in 40 languages, and, according to some authors, this number reached 200.


• At the age of 11, Sidis entered Harvard University and soon lectured at the Harvard Mathematical Club.


• He graduated from Harvard with honors at age 16.

His IQ was estimated to be between 250 and 300 (the highest recorded IQ in history).
Unfortunately, Sidis was perhaps the classic example of a maladjusted child prodigy who was "put into the limelight" by overzealous parents.

After a socialist anti-war rally in 1919, he was imprisoned. There Sidis gave up his old life, renouncing his academic career and taking up a regular working profession, while grieving over the lost love of his life.

He died in 1944 at the age of 46. Perhaps he was the most smart person on the ground.

Blaise Pascal

Blaise Pascal only lived to be 39 years old, however, this Frenchman, born in the 17th century, made the most of these 4 decades of his life, since he had an “early start”. At the age of 12, he began solving complex geometric problems and proving theorems.

By the age of 16, he had created his theorem and was in the circle of prominent French mathematicians. He even invented the first mechanical calculator at the age of 19, called a pascaline.

By the time of his death, Pascal had moved beyond mathematics to become a philosopher, theologian and writer. Among his most famous philosophical concepts is Pascal's Wager. This is an argument that says you can either believe in God or not believe in him, since believing in him carries no potential risk or great reward. Very pragmatic.

Mozart and others

Music is one of the areas where geniuses can manifest themselves at a very early age and long years to delight listeners with your composing or performing art. Most famous example here is the fate of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.

At the age of three he performed his first own concert. Even then, Wolfgang memorized pieces he had heard only once, note to note. At the age of six, together with his sister, he went on a long tour of Europe, where he made a splash in every city with his talent.

Further creative destiny Mozart is known for a huge number of brilliant works that have forever entered the world treasury of culture.

The nature of Mozart's genius defies description. He himself said this:
"When I'm in good mood— in a carriage, on a walk after a pleasant dinner, or at night when I have insomnia, sometimes a stream of thoughts and melodies hits me, that’s all.

Where and how - I don’t know: those melodies that are pleasant to me, I remember and hum them to myself - at least that’s what those around me say. Then I continue to develop these themes, making them more defined, more specific, so that over time they become almost complete in my head.”

History knows many other musical prodigies. Chopin made his public debut at the age of eight. Weber was appointed conductor of the Breslau opera orchestra at age 17. Strauss and Haydn started composing music at the age of six.

Sergei Sergeevich Prokofiev was a typical child prodigy - at the age of 6 he composed small piano pieces, at 9 - a children's opera, at the age of 13 he entered the conservatory.

Unfamiliar general public and name Tom Blind, the son of a black slave. But at the age of five, a boy could play two different compositions on the piano with both hands at the same time, while whistling a third melody...

Ampere power

Mathematics is the second area after music where a child can express himself with early childhood. Few people know that the great French physicist and mathematician Andre Marie Ampere was also a child prodigy. In addition to his amazing abilities in mathematics, he was distinguished by an extraordinary passion for reading. At seven or eight years old, he literally devoured huge volumes, preferring thick encyclopedias. Surprisingly, many years later Ampere could repeat almost word for word everything he read in childhood.

But his main passion was mathematics. At the age of 11, Andre independently dealt with complex problems in famous work Joseph Lagrange "Analytical Mechanics".

And Ampere's genius did not disappear over the years. He revolutionized mathematics, discovered the fundamental laws of electrodynamics, and wrote significant works on chemistry, the theory of poetry, and psychology.

Another famous mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss, also demonstrated his remarkable abilities very early. Already at the age of two, he, having made calculations in his head, eliminated the mistake of his father, who incorrectly calculated the salaries of several workers.

And at school, Karl was exempted from attending mathematics lessons, since the teacher admitted that the eight-year-old boy knew much more than himself.

At the age of 14, Gauss was invited to the court of Prince Brunswick, who admired the young mathematician’s amazing memory and his ability to instantly perform complex calculations in his head.

Mathematician Evariste Galois at the age of 16, in two days, he mastered the book “Principles of Geometry,” designed for two years of systematic study. Also, in two days he studied the monograph “Solving Numerical Equations.” And at the age of 17 he created a theory that had significant influence for all mathematics of the 20th century...

Many of our country's geniuses of mathematics and physics were also child prodigies. Laureate Nobel Prize Lev Landau became a university student at age 13. A mathematician Sergey Mergelyan at the age of 15 I have already passed all school curriculum, immediately entered the university, graduating at the age of 19. At 20, he had already defended his Ph.D. thesis, for which he was immediately awarded a doctorate. And at the age of 28, Mergelyan became an academician!

Engineer prodigy

But sometimes the amazing abilities of math prodigies suddenly disappear for unknown reasons. Young American Zera Colburn at the age of six he was already performing in front of the public, impressing them with his skills. The boy spent seconds thinking and solving complex problems. It should be noted that many adults would not immediately overcome such tasks even in writing, for example: “What is Square root out of 106,929? or “Squaring 999,999.”

But a few years later, the young genius lost his phenomenal abilities, and had difficulty solving even the most complex problems, and not at all mentally. It remains a mystery to science - where did his amazing talent go, and most importantly, where did he get it from... The Englishman had similar abilities George Bidder. Already at the age of four, he amazed those around him by performing complex calculations in his mind.

For example, when asked, “How long will it take to fill a 1 cubic mile tank at a rate of 120 gallons per minute?” two minutes later the answer was given: 14,300 years 285 days 12 hours and 46 minutes. Interestingly, when solving the problem, the boy took everything into account leap years for this period!

Fortunately, unlike Colburn, Bidder did not lose his abilities over time. But he did not turn into a great mathematician, since he applied his talent in another area - he became the most famous engineer in England and a very wealthy man.

Talking baby

Prodigies can appear not only in the fields of music and mathematics. Sometimes their skills are simply shocking to adults.

So, at the beginning of the last century, a boy was born in Poland, who, a few hours after birth... spoke. At one year old he could already read the Bible, and at two years old he could recite it. John Stuart Mill, a famous philosopher and economist of the 19th century, was already reading books written in Greek at the age of three.

Englishman Thomas MacAulay at the age of seven he wrote works on general history. His compatriot Basie Ashford at nine she wrote the novel “The Young Guest,” which was immediately recognized as a genius.

Hindu Ganesh Sittampalam At the age of seven he entered the university, where he was considered the most capable student!

In conclusion, most child prodigies grow up to cope with difficult life challenges and become famous. In the USA, they conducted an analysis and found that out of 282 American child prodigies, 105 achieved success in the very area in which their gift was manifested from early childhood.

Research by French scientists has proven that out of 287 great personalities, 230 are already in early years discovered remarkable abilities and talents.

So the myth that child prodigies achieve nothing in adulthood has now been practically debunked...

in India - his IQ is 146 points. The boy was interested in medicine from early childhood, having an excellent understanding of anatomy from the age of five. He performed his first operation at the age of seven, restoring the mobility of the fingers of a neighbor girl - she could not unclench her fist after a severe burn, and her parents did not have enough money for a real doctor. IN adolescence Akrit entered the medical university, becoming the youngest student in its history. Now the brilliant Indian is about 20 years old, and he is directing his efforts to finding a cure for cancer.

Akrit Yaswal: Child Surgeon

2. Pablo Picasso: draw before you speak.

The most famous artist of the last century, the founder of Cubism, Pablo Picasso began drawing almost in infancy, even before he learned to speak. Already at the age of 12 he was considered an accomplished master with an individual style. He passed the art school exams in one day, while other applicants needed a month to complete this work. The young Picasso's first exhibition took place when he was 16 years old, and by the age of 20 he had already gained worldwide fame. During his life he created more than 20 thousand works. His paintings are valued at tens of millions of dollars each. But for all his achievements in the artistic field, Pablo for a long time experienced difficulties with learning: literacy and numeracy were not easy for such a creative person.

Picasso

3. Okita Souji: The invincible child.

Okita Soji lived in 19th century Japan and was not distinguished by great intelligence or creativity. His genius lay elsewhere - by the age of 12, he had become an invincible fencer, having perfectly mastered several types of bladed weapons. He was officially recognized as a martial arts master at the age of 18. This legendary young man is one of the founders military police Shinsengumi, the stories of which Japanese cinema and comic book creators still pay attention to.

Okita

4. Kim Ung Yong: Genius from Korea

Korean Kim Ung Yong, born in 1962, is listed in the Guinness Book of Records as the smartest person alive - his IQ is 210 points. At the age of three he entered the university at the physics department and graduated at six. When he was seven years old, he was invited to America to work for NASA. By the age of 15, the young man received a doctorate from the University of Colorado. At 16 he returned to South Korea, where he defended another doctoral dissertation related to civil engineering and construction. After this, he refused the offer of cooperation with best university country, preferring to work at a university in a small town, where he still works.

Kim Yong

5. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart: four-year-old pianist

One of the greatest composers in history was immersed in music from early childhood. By the age of four, he had mastered the piano perfectly. At five he wrote musical plays, and at eight he created his first symphony. He claimed that the melodies came to him on their own; they just needed to be refined a little.

Mozart

6. Gregory Smith: the youngest politician.

Gregory Smith, unlike most child prodigies, has no problems communicating with anyone. Having entered university at the age of 10 to study the exact sciences, Gregory organized an international movement aimed at achieving understanding among children around the world. As its head, he talked with Mikhail Gorbachev and Bill Clinton, and also gave a speech at a UN council meeting. From the age of 12, he was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize four times. Now the young man is 23 years old, and his career is clearly just beginning.

7. William James Sidis: The greatest genius in history.

He is considered the smartest person who has ever lived on our planet. His level of intellectual development is estimated at approximately 250-300 points (despite the fact that the maximum value that can be scored on modern tests is 180 points). William was born in the USA in 1898 into a family of Jewish emigrants from Ukraine. Learned to read at one and a half years old, mastered seven by eight foreign languages(more precisely, six - he invented the seventh himself) and wrote four books. At seven he took the exams for Harvard Medical School, but due to his age he was accepted there only four years later, after numerous demands from his father. Sidis received his professorship before his twentieth birthday. In his life he mastered more than forty languages ​​and wrote a number of outstanding works on mathematics and cosmology.

But genius weighed on him. William led a reclusive life, avoided communication with the opposite sex and the press, worked in ordinary positions, changing jobs as soon as people around him began to suspect his abilities.

Or prodigies(from German Wunderkind, literally - a wonderful child) - children who are recognized by the educational system as exceeding the level intellectual development other children their age. Child prodigies tend to show their abilities at an early age.

Below is list of child prodigies, that is, people who, as a rule, before the age of 15 have demonstrated abilities comparable to the abilities of highly qualified adult specialists in relevant fields.

Mathematics and Science

George Bidder. Already at the age of 4, he amazed those around him by performing complex calculations in his mind. For example, for the following problem: “How long will it take to fill a tank with a capacity of 1 cubic meter?” a mile at 120 gallons per minute?” two minutes later the answer was given: 14,300 years 285 days 12 hours and 46 minutes. Interestingly, when solving it, the boy took into account all the leap years for this period! Fortunately, over the years, Bidder has not lost his abilities. But he did not turn into a great mathematician, since he applied his talent in another area - he became the most famous engineer in England and a very wealthy man. And his abilities helped him instantly carry out the most complex engineering calculations.

Andrey Alexandrov, born in 2000 in Moscow, at the age of two discovered the simplest way to build magic squares odd order.

Miguel Mantilla, born in Mexico, at the age of two could answer the question: “What year was it if February 4 fell on a Friday?” The answer was given in less than 10 seconds.

George Watson, born in Buxted in 1785, was considered almost a complete idiot in everything except counting and memorization. Although he could neither read nor write, he could perform the most complex mathematical calculations in his head and could answer without hesitation any questions about what day of the week it was at this or that time. historical event. If it happened that this historical date fell on the years of his life, he could still say where he was at that time and what the weather was like then. He could also describe and name all the churches and taverns in every village and town in the neighboring county.

Gregory Smith, born in 1990, learned to read at the age of two and entered university at age 10. The boy not only studies exact sciences, but also travels the world as an activist for the protection of children's rights. Gregory is the founder of International Youth Advocates, which works to promote understanding among children around the world. The gifted boy was honored with a conversation with Bill Clinton and Mikhail Gorbachev, and also made a speech from the podium at one of the UN meetings. For his work, he was nominated four times for the Nobel Prize, although he never received it. From latest achievements it can be called getting a driver's license

Medicine

Akrit Yasval, was born in 1993 in India, where he is called the smartest, as his IQ reaches 146. Akrit attracted public attention in 2000, when he accidentally performed his first “surgical” operation. He was seven years old, his patient, a neighbor girl, was eight. Due to the burn, the girl could not unclench her fist, and Akrit, without special medical skills, was able to necessary actions and restored mobility to the fingers of his eight-year-old patient. After this incident, the boy went to study as a doctor at Chandigarh College and is now the youngest student among all in Indian universities.

Art

She is a celebrity among certain circles of connoisseurs of abstract painting; she began to “create” her works when she was not yet two years old. One day, the director of the Brunswick Street Gallery in Melbourne, Mark Jamieson, at a meeting with one of the photographers, saw photographs of works by an author unknown to him, and agreed to include them in the program of the annual exhibition. Booklets were printed, advertisements were given in specialized magazines, and only after that he learned that the author of the paintings was the photographer’s daughter, two-year-old Aelita. It was decided not to change the exhibition program, and Aelita’s paintings were released.

Music

Cleopatra Stratan, was born in October 2002 in Chisinau in the family of singer Pavel Stratan. The girl is the youngest performer to achieve commercial success after the release of the album La virsta de trei ani (“At the age of 3”). In its more than at a young age she has experience performing for two hours in front of a large audience in a concert hall, gets paid for it, and received an MTV award as the youngest performer.

Literature

art

Notes

Literature

• Hollingworth, Leta S.(1975). Children Above 180 IQ: Standford-Binet Origin and Development. New York: Arno Press. ISBN 0-405-06467-5..
• Radford, John(1990). Child Prodigies and Exceptional Early Achievers. New York: Free Press. ISBN 0-02-925635-6..
• Winner, Ellen(1996). Gifted Children: Myths and Realities. New York: Basic Books.