Types of ecological relationships. Types of relationships between organisms What is a habitat...

Question 1. Define the main forms of interactions between living organisms.
1. Symbiosis (cohabitation)- a form of relationship in which both partners or one of them benefit from the interaction without causing harm to the other.
2. Antibiosis- a form of relationship in which both interacting populations (or one of them) experience a negative impact.
3. Neutrality- a form of relationship in which organisms living in the same territory do not exert direct influence on top of each other. Place them into simple connections.

Question 2. What forms of symbiosis do you know and what are their features?
There are several forms of symbiotic relationships, characterized by varying degrees of dependence of the partners.
1. Mutualism- a form of mutually beneficial cohabitation, when the presence of a partner is a prerequisite for the existence of each of them. For example, termites and flagellated protozoa that live in their intestines. Termites cannot themselves digest the cellulose they feed on, but flagellates receive nutrition, protection and a favorable microclimate; lichens, which represent the inseparable cohabitation of a fungus and an algae, when the presence of a partner becomes a condition of life for each of them. The hyphae of the fungus, entwining the cells and filaments of the algae, receive substances synthesized by the algae. Algae extract water and minerals from the fungal hyphae. IN free state lichen fungi are not found and are able to form a symbiotic organism only with a certain type of algae.
Higher plants also enter into mutually beneficial relationships with fungi. Many grasses and trees develop normally only when soil fungi colonize their roots. The so-called mycorrhiza is formed: root hairs on the roots of plants do not develop, and the mycelium of the fungus penetrates into the root. Plants get water and mineral salts from the fungus, and the fungus, in turn, gets carbohydrates and other organic matter.
2. Cooperation- mutually beneficial coexistence of representatives of different species, which is, however, mandatory. For example, hermit crab and sea anemone soft coral.
3. Commensalism(companionship) - a relationship in which one species benefits, but the other is indifferent. For example, jackals and hyenas, eating leftover food in large predators- lions; fish pilots.

Question 3. What is the evolutionary significance of symbiosis?
Symbiotic relationships allow organisms to most fully and effectively master their habitat; they are the most important components of natural selection involved in the process of divergence of species.

This term has other meanings, see Competition. Competition in biology, any antagonistic relationship associated with the struggle for existence, for dominance, for food, space and other resources between organisms or species ... Wikipedia

- (from the Latin mensa meal) a type of interspecific relationship in which one species, called amensal, undergoes inhibition of growth and development, and the second, called an inhibitor, is not subject to such tests. Antibiosis and... ... Wikipedia

- (from Lat. com “with”, “together” and mensa “table”, “meal”; literally “at the table”, “at the same table”; formerly meal) a way of coexistence (symbiosis) of two different types living organisms in which one population benefits... Wikipedia

- (from other Greek ἀντι against, βίος life) antagonistic relationships between species, when one organism limits the capabilities of another, the impossibility of coexistence of organisms, for example due to intoxication by some organisms (antibiotics, ... ... Wikipedia

This term has other meanings, see Symbiosis (meanings). Clown fish and sea ​​anemone organisms coexisting in mutualistic symbiosis ... Wikipedia

- (Late Lat. organismus from Late Lat. organizo I arrange, I give a slender appearance, from other Greek. ὄργανον weapon) living body, which has a set of properties that distinguish it from inanimate matter. As a separate individual organism... ... Wikipedia

The request "Predator" is redirected here; see also other meanings. The request "Predators" redirects here; see also other meanings... Wikipedia

Between two ants of the species Oecophylla longinoda. Thailand. Trophallaxis ... Wikipedia

Co-evolution biological species, interacting in the ecosystem. Changes affecting any characteristics of individuals of one species lead to changes in another or other species. The concept of coevolution was first introduced by N.V. Timofeev Resovsky... ... Wikipedia

This article or section contains a list of sources or external references, but the sources of individual statements remain unclear due to the lack of footnotes... Wikipedia

Books

• Semiotic theory of biological life, N. A. Zarenkov. Is it possible to understand what life is by limiting ourselves to the study of the flesh of organisms - signs of life: molecules, chromosomes, cells, tissues and organs? This book substantiates the negative answer to...

Over the entire history of its existence, humans have domesticated about 40 species of animals. Having provided them with food and given them shelter from enemies, he received in return food, clothing, means of transportation, and labor.

However, even before the appearance of man on Earth, animals united among themselves in “friendly” unions. Ants and termites surpassed everyone in this regard: they “domesticated” about 2,000 species of living creatures! To live together, most often two or three species usually unite, but they provide each other with such important “services” that sometimes they lose the opportunity to exist separately.

TEMPORARY BUT IMPORTANT COOPERATION

Everyone knows that wolves hunt moose in packs, and dolphins hunt for fish in herds. Such mutual assistance is natural for animals of the same species. But sometimes “outsiders” join together to hunt. This happens, for example, in the steppes Central Asia, where the corsac fox and a small ferret-like animal live.

Both of them are interested in a large gerbil, which is quite difficult to catch: the fox is too fat to fit into the rodent's hole, and the bandage, which can do this, cannot catch the animal at the exit of the hole: while it makes its way underground, the gerbil goes through the emergency passages.

But when two hunters cooperate, they are invariably accompanied by luck: the bandage drives the gerbils to the surface, and the fox is on duty outside, at the exit of the hole, preventing the animal from leaving. As a result, the loot goes to whoever gets to it first. Sometimes it's a fox, sometimes it's a bandage. It happens that they run from hole to hole until they are both satiated. And a few days later they wait for each other in their hunting area and begin a new roundup.

ONE-SIDED BENEFIT

Sometimes only one party benefits from cohabitation. Such relationships can be considered “free-for-all.” An example here is the union of the coot (a waterfowl the size of a duck) and the carp, whose schools follow the birds.

The reason for this “friendship” is obvious: when diving for algae, their main food, coots stir up silt, in which many small organisms that are tasty for fish are hidden. This is what attracts carp, who want to make money without making any effort.

Small animals often feed on leftover food for more than strong beast or birds, turning into their companions. Polar bears, for example, are accompanied in difficult times winter time arctic foxes and white gulls.

Gray partridges do not fly far from hares, who are better at shoveling snow. Hyenas and jackals strive to be closer to the king of beasts, the lion. There is no benefit or harm to the prey animal from such a “union,” but the “freeloaders” are extremely interested in it.

ENEMIES CAN BECOME DEFENDERS

A person visiting the tundra for the first time will probably be surprised to see geese and a peregrine falcon (classic models of “predator” and “prey”!) nesting in the same territory. It's like meeting a hare fearlessly walking near a wolf's den.

The answer to such good neighborliness is that the peregrine falcon never hunts near its nest: its hunting and nesting areas do not coincide. In addition, he hunts only in the air, which geese are well aware of.

They even developed the habit of taking off and landing away from their nests and reaching them by land. Proximity to the falcon gives the geese considerable advantages: by protecting its offspring from uninvited guests, it involuntarily becomes a formidable protector of the goose family. Whether the peregrine falcon receives any benefits from such “cohabitation” is still unknown.

MUTUAL SERVICES

Impressed by his trip to Ceylon, Ivan Bunin wrote the following lines at the beginning of the last century:

Lagoon near Ranna
-like a sapphire.
There are red roses all around
flamingo,
Dozing in the puddles
buffalos. on them
The herons stand and turn white,
and with a buzz
The flies are sparkling...

They not only feed, but also reproduce on their body in unimaginable quantities. From the fur of some livestock you can sometimes comb out so many insects, their larvae and testicles that it is enough for a whole collection. But animals themselves, especially large ones, are not able to get rid of the “evil spirits”. Swimming doesn't help here, and they don't know how to rob each other like monkeys. And how many insects can you pull out with the help of a zebra’s hoof or a hippopotamus’ “suitcase” mouth?

Herons with an elephant and on a hippopotamus

Birds provide one more service to their charges: they alert them to danger. Seeing an enemy on the horizon, they take off and, screaming loudly, begin to circle above their “masters,” giving them a chance to escape. Such alliances are vitally beneficial to both parties.

COMMONWEALTH OF AQUATIC LIFE

Among the sea inhabitants there are real lovebirds, unable to exist without each other. A classic example of such a pair is the hermit crab and Adamsia sea anemone.

Cancer, having settled in the shell of a mollusk, immediately begins to take care of its protection. He is looking for sea anemone the right size, separates it from the substrate, carefully carries it in a claw to its house and sits it there.

At the same time, the sea anemone, which burns everyone who comes close to it with its poisonous tentacles, does not offer the slightest resistance to cancer! It’s as if she knows that in the new place she will be much more satisfying: small pieces of prey that slipped out of the crayfish’s mouth will end up in her mouth. In addition, by “riding” the hermit crab, she will be able to move around, which means she can more quickly renew the water in her womb, which is vital for her. Cancer will now be protected from predators who want to profit from it.

So they live together until their death. If you remove an anemone from a crayfish's house, he will immediately put it back. If you remove the crayfish itself from the shell, the sea anemone will soon die, no matter how well it is fed.

BOUND BY ONE CHAIN

The mystery of such “gravity” has not been fully solved, but it is certainly known that it is based on “benefit”: it is easier for animals of different species to preserve their lives by uniting in a kind of “commonwealth”. Just like people.

In nature, everything is interconnected, and not a single link of the biological system can be touched without serious consequences. I would like to hope that by mastering natural resources, people will take this into account.

Nature is beautiful and diverse. Existing on the same planet, plants and animals were forced to learn to coexist with each other. The relationship between organisms is complex, but interesting topic, which will help you better understand the world around you.

Types of relationships

There are different types of relationships with each other. But scientists divide them into three large groups.

The first group combines all those types of relationships between organisms that can be called positive, the result of which helps two organisms to exist without contradictions.

The second group includes those types of relationships that are called negative. As a result of the interaction of two organisms, only one benefits, while the other is oppressed. Sometimes the latter may even die as a result of such relationships. This group also includes such interaction of organisms that negatively affects both the first and second individuals.

The third group is considered the smallest. This group includes relationships between organisms that bring neither benefit nor harm to both parties.

Positive types of relationships between organisms

In order to exist in the world, you need to find allies and helpers. This is exactly what many plants and animals do throughout their lives. evolutionary development. The result is connections where both parties benefit from the relationship. Or those relationships that are beneficial only to one party, and they do not harm the other.

Positive relationships, also called symbiosis, come in many forms. Currently, cooperation, mutualism and commensalism are distinguished.

Cooperation

Cooperation is a relationship between living organisms where both parties benefit. Most often this benefit comes from obtaining food. But sometimes one of the parties receives from the other not only food, but also protection. Such relationships between organisms are very interesting. Examples can be seen in the animal kingdom in different parts planets.

One of them is the cooperation of hermit crab and sea anemone. Thanks to the sea anemone, the crayfish finds a home and protection from other inhabitants of the aquatic space. Without the hermit crab, the sea anemone cannot move. But cancer allows you to expand your search radius for food. In addition, what the sea anemone does not eat will go to the bottom and go to the crayfish. This means that both parties benefit from this relationship.

Another example was the relationship between rhinoceroses and cowbirds. Such relationships between organisms allow one of the parties to find food. Cowbirds eat insects, which live in abundance on the huge rhinoceros. Rhinos also benefit from neighbors. Thanks to these birds he can lead healthy life and don't worry about insects.

Commensalism

Commensalism is those relationships between organisms in ecosystems when one of the organisms benefits, and the second does not experience inconvenience from these relationships, but does not benefit either. This type of relationship is also called freeloading.

Sharks are creepy sea ​​predators. But for sticky fish they become a chance to survive and protect themselves from others aquatic predators, which are weak compared to sharks. Sticky fish benefit from sharks. But they themselves do not bring them any benefit. At the same time, there is no harm. For the shark, such relationships go unnoticed.

In rodent burrows you can find not only babies, but also a huge number of different insects. The hole created by the animal becomes their home. It is here that they find not only shelter, but also protection from those animals that love to feast on them. In a rodent burrow, the insect is not afraid of this. Moreover, here they can find enough food to lead a life without troubles. Rodents do not experience any difficulties from these types of relationships.

Negative types of relationships between organisms

Existing together on the planet, animals can not only help each other, but also cause harm. It is not easy to learn these relationships between organisms. The table will help schoolchildren and students.

Predation

Anyone can tell you what predation is without preparation. This is the relationship between organisms when one side benefits and the other suffers. In order to better understand who eats whom, you can compile And then it is easy to find out that many herbivores become food for other animals. At the same time, predators can also be someone's food.

Despite the fact that hedgehogs are often depicted in pictures with apples and mushrooms, they are predators. Hedgehogs feed on small rodents. But they also cannot feel safe. They can be eaten by foxes. In addition, foxes, like wolves, feed on hares.

Despite the bloodthirsty predators hunting for weaker animals day and night, competition is considered the most cruel type of relationship between organisms. After all, these include the struggle for a place in the sun among representatives of the same species. And each species has its own means of obtaining the required amount of food or better housing.

Stronger and more agile animals win the fight. Strong wolves get good prey, while others are left either to feed on other, less nourishing animals, or to die of hunger. A similar struggle is waged between plants to get as much moisture or sunlight as possible.

Neutral relationship

There are also types of relationships between organisms when both parties receive neither benefit nor harm. Despite the fact that they live in the same territory, they have absolutely nothing in common. If one of the parties to this relationship disappears from the face of the planet, then the other party will not be directly affected.

So, in warm countries different herbivores feed on the leaves of the same tree. Giraffes eat the leaves that are on top. They are the most juicy and delicious. And other herbivores are forced to feed on the remains growing below. Giraffes do not bother them and do not take away their food. After all, low animals will not be able to reach the leaves that tall animals eat. And it makes no sense for tall people to bend over and take food from others.

There are different forms of relationships between organisms. And learning them all is not so easy. But it is important to remember that everything in nature is interconnected. Most often, animals and plants influence each other positively or negatively, less often they do not influence each other at all. But even if they are not directly related, this does not mean that the disappearance of one cannot lead to the death of the other. The relationship between organisms is an important part of the surrounding world.

Species of any organisms living in the same territory and in contact with each other enter into different relationships among themselves. View position at different forms relationship is indicated conventional signs. The minus sign (?) indicates an unfavorable effect (individuals of the species are oppressed). A plus sign (+) indicates a beneficial effect (individuals of the species benefit). The zero sign (0) indicates that the relationship is indifferent (no influence).

Biotic connections? relationship between various organisms. They can be direct (direct impact) and indirect (mediated). Direct connections occur through the direct influence of one organism on another. Indirect connections are manifested through influence on external environment or another type.

Thus, all biotic connections can be divided into 6 groups:

1 Neutralism - populations do not influence each other (00);

2a. Protocooperation - populations have mutually beneficial relationships (++) (Interaction with each other is beneficial for both populations, but is not necessary);

2c. Mutualism - populations have mutually beneficial relationships (++) (Obligatory interaction, beneficial for both populations);

3. Competition - relationships are harmful to both species (? ?);

5. Commensalism - one species benefits, the other does not experience harm (+0);

6. Ammensalism - one species is oppressed, the other does not benefit (? 0);

Types of interactions

In nature, cohabitation of two or more species is often found, which in some cases becomes necessary for both partners. Such cohabitation is called a symbiotic relationship between organisms (from the combination of sym? together, bio? life) or symbiosis. The term “symbiosis” is a general one; it denotes cohabitation, a prerequisite for which is living together, a certain degree of cohabitation of organisms.

A classic example of symbiosis are lichens, which are close mutually beneficial cohabitation mushrooms and algae.

A typical symbiosis is the relationship between termites and single-celled organisms living in their intestines? Flagellates. These protozoa produce an enzyme that breaks down fiber into sugar. Termites do not have own enzymes to digest cellulose and without symbionts would die. Flagellates are found in the intestines favorable conditions that contribute to their survival. Wide famous example symbiosis? cohabitation of green plants (primarily trees) and mushrooms.

A close, mutually beneficial relationship in which the presence of each of the two partner species becomes mandatory is called mutualism (++). Such are, for example, the relationships between highly specialized plants for pollination (figs, figs, datura, orchids) with the insect species that pollinate them.

A symbiotic relationship in which one species receives some advantage without bringing any harm or benefit to the other is called commensalism (+0). The manifestations of commensalism are varied, so a number of variants are distinguished.

Freeloading? consumption of the owner's food scraps. This is, for example, the relationship between lions and hyenas picking up the remains of half-eaten food, or sharks with sticky fish. Companionship? consumption different substances or parts of the same food. Example? relationship between various types soil saprophytic bacteria that process various organic substances from rotted plant residues, and higher plants, which consume the resulting mineral salts. Tenancy? the use by some species of others (their bodies, their homes) as a shelter or home. Is this type of relationship widespread in plants? An example is lianas and epiphytes (orchids, lichens, mosses) that settle directly on the trunks and branches of trees.

In nature, there are also such forms of relationships between species when coexistence is not obligatory for them. These relationships are not symbiotic, although they play an important role in the existence of organisms. An example of mutually beneficial relationships is protocooperation (literally: primary cooperation) (++), which includes the dispersal of seeds of some forest plants by ants or the pollination of various meadow plants by bees.

If two or more species use similar environmental resources and live together, competition (? ?), or a struggle for the possession of the necessary resource, may arise between them. Competition occurs where environmental resources are scarce, and rivalry inevitably occurs between species. Each species experiences oppression, which negatively affects the growth and survival of organisms and the size of their populations.

Competition is extremely widespread in nature. For example, plants compete for light, moisture, nutrients soil and, therefore, for the expansion of their territory. Animals fight for food resources and for shelters (if they are in short supply), that is, ultimately, also for territory. Competitive struggle weakens in areas with sparse populations represented by a small number of species: for example, in arctic or desert areas there is almost no competition between plants for light

Predation (+ ?) ? this type of relationship between organisms in which representatives of one species kill and eat representatives of another. Predation? one of the forms of food relations.

If the two species do not affect each other, then this? neutralism (00). In nature, true neutralism is very rare, since indirect interactions are possible between all species, the effect of which we do not see due to the incompleteness of our knowledge.

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