What did Copernicus say? Nicolaus Copernicus and his heliocentric system

(1473-1543) Polish astronomer

Nicolaus Copernicus was born in the Polish city of Toruń into the family of a merchant who came from Germany. He was orphaned at an early age and raised in the house of his uncle, the famous Polish humanist Bishop Lukasz Wachenrode. In 1490, he graduated from the University of Krakow and became a canon of the cathedral in Frombork, a fishing town at the mouth of the Vistula. He remained in this position (with interruptions) until the end of his life.

In 1496, Copernicus went on a long journey to Italy. He first studied at the University of Bologna, where he became a Master of Arts, and also studied canon law. It was in Bologna that he developed an interest in astronomy, which determined his scientific destiny.

Then he's on short time returns to Poland, but soon goes back to Italy, where he studies medicine at the University of Padua and receives a doctorate in theology from the University of Ferrara. Nicolaus Copernicus returned to his homeland in 1503 in full educated person. He settled first in the city of Lidzbark, where he served as a secretary and doctor for his uncle, and after his death he moved to Frombork, where he lived until the end of his life.

Nicolaus Copernicus was an amazingly versatile scientist. Simultaneously with his studies in astronomy, he was engaged in translations of the works of Byzantine authors, as well as medicine, earning a reputation as an excellent doctor. Copernicus treated the poor for free: day and night he was ready to rush to the aid of the sick. In addition, he participated in the management of the region and was in charge of its financial and economic affairs. But most of all he was interested in astronomy, which he presented somewhat differently than was customary.

By that time, the system of the world structure proposed by the ancient Greek scientist Claudius Ptolemy had existed for almost one and a half millennia. It consisted in the fact that the Earth rests motionless in the center of the Universe, and the Sun and other planets revolve around it. Ptolemy's theory did not explain many phenomena well known to astronomers, in particular the loop-like movement of planets across the visible sky. Nevertheless, its provisions were considered unshakable, since they were in good agreement with the teachings of the Catholic Church.

Long before Copernicus, the ancient Greek scientist Aristarchus argued that the Earth moves around the Sun. But he could not yet experimentally confirm his teaching.

Watching the movement celestial bodies, Nicolaus Copernicus concluded that Ptolemy's theory was incorrect. After thirty years of hard work, long observations and complex mathematical calculations, he convincingly proved that the Earth is only one of the planets and that all planets revolve around the Sun. True, Copernicus still believed that the stars are motionless and are located on the surface of a huge sphere, at a great distance from the Earth. This was due to the fact that at that time there were no such powerful telescopes with which one could observe the sky and stars.

Having discovered that the Earth and the planets are satellites of the Sun, Nicolaus Copernicus was able to explain the apparent movement of the Sun across the sky, the strange entanglement in the movement of some planets, as well as the apparent rotation firmament. He believed that we perceive the movement of celestial bodies in the same way as the movement of various objects on Earth when we ourselves are in motion. When we are sailing in a boat on the surface of a river, it seems that the boat and we are motionless in it, and the banks are floating in the opposite direction. In the same way, to an observer on Earth, it seems that the Earth is motionless, and the Sun is moving around it. In fact, it is the Earth that moves around the Sun and makes a full revolution in its orbit during the year.

Sometime between 1510 and 1514 Nicolaus Copernicus wrote short message, in which he first informed scientists about his discovery. It created the impression of a bomb exploding and became the cause of misfortune not only for its author, but also for his followers. To accept such a theory meant destroying the authority of the church, since this concept refuted the theory of the divine origin of the Universe.

Copernicus's theory was fully expounded in his work “On Conversions.” celestial spheres" The author did not live to see this book spread throughout the world. He was dying when friends brought him the first copy of his book, printed in one of the Nuremberg printing houses. His book aroused interest among progressive-minded scientists.

Church leaders did not immediately understand the blow to religion that Copernicus’ book dealt. For some time his work was freely distributed among scientists. Only when Nicolaus Copernicus had followers was his teaching declared heresy, and the book included in the “Index of Prohibited Books.” Only in 1835 did the Pope exclude the book of Copernicus from this index and thereby, as it were, acknowledge the existence of his teaching in the eyes of the church.

In 1600, the Italian scientist Giordano Bruno was burned at the stake for promoting the views of Copernicus. But this could not stop the development of science.

Soon after the death of Nicolaus Copernicus, the Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei established that the Sun also rotates around its axis, which confirmed the correctness of the Polish scientist’s conclusions.

It is obvious that the patterns discovered by Copernicus contributed to further development astronomy, in which more and more new discoveries are still being made.

Nicolaus Copernicus is a very versatile and talented person. He is a famous Polish astronomer, mathematician, as well as economist and canon. But Nikolai’s greatest fame came from his discovery of the heliocentric system of the world, which became the impetus for the first revolution in science.

Biography of Nicolaus Copernicus

Nicholas was born on February 19, in 1473 in a cute town called Torun. In the family of merchants, in addition to Nikolai, there were three more children, one boy and two girls, one named Katarzyna and the other Barbara. The father of the family was called Nikolai like his son, and the mother like her daughter was Barbara. At the age of ten, Nicholas had to endure the bitterness of loss; in 1483, his father passed away. The Copernicus family is left without the main breadwinner in the house. But he undertakes to take them under his wing brother Barbara Copernicus, that is, Nikolai's uncle, his name was Lucas Wachenrode. As a person, Lucas was very strict and demanding, so the children missed their father all the time. But thanks to the good financial situation of Lucas Wachenrode, the children could receive a decent education. Their uncle was concerned about the future of his nephews, and he tried to give each of them a good push in life. One sister of Nicolaus Copernicus, Katarzyna, happily married a merchant whose name was Gertner, he was from Krakow. And Nicholas’s other sister, Barbara, made the difficult decision to enter a monastery of the Benedictine Order. Two brothers Andrzej and Nikolai studied arithmetic, Latin and music at school in Chelmno, in order to later receive higher education. When Nicholas was eighteen years old, his uncle Lukas Wachenrode became Bishop of Warmia. Financial situation Lucas has improved even more and now has a lot of influence.

Education

Lucas Wachenrode's goal was to provide higher education to his beloved nephews. And he achieved it; already in 1491 he sent them to the city of Krakow. Nicolaus Copernicus liked to study, and he studied medicine, theology and mathematics with great desire, but most of all he liked the subject of astronomy. Then, four years later, Lucas tried to send his nephews to the Warmia land, he wanted them to take the post of canons in the Warmia Chapter. But Lucas’s plan cannot be realized. Therefore, he agrees that the two brothers Andrzej and Nikolai go to Bologna. There the brothers began to study further at the University of Bologna. Since Lucas still wanted to place at least one Nicholas in the Warmian Chapter, he advised him to study canon law. Nicholas diligently studied law, ancient languages ​​and also theology. And in his free time, from teaching basic subjects, Nikolai devoted his time to studying astronomy. Largely due to the efforts of Uncle Lucas, in Poland Nicolaus Copernicus was made a canon in absentia in the diocese of Warmia. Then, for an unknown reason, in 1500, Nikolai abandoned his studies, without receiving a diploma or any title, and simply left for Rome. Then he stayed in his homeland for a short time and went to study medicine at the University of Padua. And already in 1503, Nicolaus Copernicus completed his studies and received the long-awaited diploma, and he was also given the degree of Doctor of Canon Law. But even after graduation, Nikolai did not want to return and, having asked permission from his uncle Lucas, continued to study medicine in Padua for three years. Three years later, Nicolaus Copernicus finishes his studies, and he needed to stay in Rome for another year in order to complete his internship in medicine.

Life path of Nicolaus Copernicus

But when the time came for practice in 1506, Nicholas learned that his uncle Lucas was very ill. After this news, Nikolai immediately leaves Rome for his homeland. After his return, from 1506 to 1512, Nicholas stayed at the bishops' castle in Heilsberg. There he is actively involved in astronomy, and also teaches in the city of Krakow. But besides this, he is also a doctor and a secretary. His uncle Lucas also appoints Nikolai as his confidant. In the winter of 1512, Nicholas again went to Krakow; he invited his uncle Lucas Wachenrode to royal wedding Sigismund the Old himself, and he in turn took his nephew Nicholas with him. After this is over important event At the royal court, Lukas Wachenrode left Petrkov to attend a meeting of the Sejm. And Nicolaus Copernicus, in turn, returned to Varimia. Later, Lucas was supposed to go there, but unforeseen circumstances happened.

When he was traveling from Petrkov to Varimia, he became very ill right on the road. The patient's condition was so critical that they could only bring him to the city of Torun. Having learned about what had happened, Nikolai immediately went to his uncle. No matter how many doctors were brought to Lucas Wachenrode, it was not possible to save him, since it was already too late. When Uncle Lucas died, Nicolaus Copernicus was next to his bed. Having taken the body of his deceased uncle to Frombork, Nikolai buried him there as expected. After the death of Lukas Wachenrode, Fabian Luzyanski becomes the Bishop of Warmia. And Nicolaus Copernicus is simply removed from his position as doctor and canon.

Man accepts firm decision about moving to Frombork in order to settle there forever. Copernicus liked this turn in life, because now he had the opportunity and time to practice his favorite astronomy. In this city, Nicolaus Copernicus bought a house for himself in 1510. He divides his house into two zones, a living area and a work area. He was also given a tower in which Nikolai set up a personal observatory. In this place he conducted observation for a long time. It cannot be denied that it was on this tower that Nicolaus Copernicus discovered the heliocentric theory. It is difficult to say exactly when he wrote the book about the rotation of the celestial circles. Nikolai hid the results of his labors from everyone; only those closest to him, as well as relatives, knew about them. Since the great astronomer knew that if the results of the work were published, it would cause a real revolution and completely change the usual perception of the world. Scientists around the world, as well as churches, claimed that the Earth was flat and that it was the center of the Universe. And Nicolaus Copernicus made a real scientific revolution, making the discovery that the Earth is round and it revolves around the sun, which in turn is the center of the universe. When this theory reached people, they did not believe and considered all these stories to be nonsense.

Nicolaus Copernicus shared with his close friends a handwritten note describing his theories about celestial motion. A clear statement about the heliocentric system was published by Nicolaus Copernicus' student Rheticus in 1539. But rumor about new theory about the Earth had already scattered by 1520. But Nikolai did not stop developing his theory and continued to carry out new tables and calculations. A little time passed and Nicolaus Copernicus became known as an outstanding astronomer in Europe. In 1514, Pope Leo the Tenth invited Nicholas to participate in the development of calendar reform. But the astronomer answered Leo the Tenth with a refusal. Nikolai often spent his time on practical exercises. In Poland, he creates a project to introduce a new coinage system. And in the city of Frombork, he built a hydraulic machine, which for a long time supplied water to all houses. Nicolaus Copernicus applied his medical knowledge in 1519, when he fought a terrible plague epidemic. From 1519, for two years, when there was a Polish-Teutonic war in the country, Copernicus became the organizer of the strongest defense of the bishopric from the Teutons. In 1525, when fighting ended, he participated in peace negotiations. These negotiations ended with the creation of the Protestant state of the Duchy of Prussia on the order's land. When Nicolaus Copernicus was fifty-eight years old, in 1531, he slightly pushed his affairs into the background and completely immersed himself in writing his book. But he never left one thing, this medical practice, he did it completely free of charge.

As mentioned earlier, Nicholas had a faithful student Rheticus, who helped in every possible way so that the results of Copernicus’s work were published as soon as possible, but even with his efforts this matter progressed very slowly. The astronomer already began to fear that he would not be able to pass all the obstacles of publication and began to distribute short summaries of his observations, which were called Commentariolus “Small Commentary,” to people who were close to them. Soon, or rather in 1542, a big trouble happened in Nicholas’s life: he became seriously ill, so much so that half of his body became paralyzed. And a year later, Nicolaus Copernicus finally decided to publish the results of his hard and long work. Even then he was very seriously ill. In 1543 he published De Rovolutionibus. On May 24, Nicolaus Copernicus passed away as a result of a stroke; the astronomer was 70 years old at that time. His book forever became a monument to human thoughts. That's when it started scientific revolution in the world. The great astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus was buried near the Frombor Cathedral.

Nicolaus Copernicus was born on February 19, 1473 in the Polish city of Torun, his father was a merchant who came from Germany. The future scientist was orphaned early; he was raised in the house of his uncle, bishop and famous Polish humanist Lukasz Wachenrode.

In 1490, Copernicus graduated from the University of Krakow, after which he became a canon of the cathedral in the fishing town of Frombork. In 1496 he went on a long journey through Italy. Copernicus studied at the universities of Bologna, Ferrara and Padua, studied medicine and church law, and became a Master of Arts. In Bologna, the young scientist became interested in astronomy, which determined his fate.

In 1503, Nicolaus Copernicus returned to his homeland as a fully educated man; he first settled in Lidzbark, where he served as his uncle's secretary. After the death of his uncle, Copernicus moved to Frombork, where he carried out research until the end of his life.

Social activities

Nicolaus Copernicus took an active part in governing the region in which he lived. He was in charge of economic and financial affairs and fought for its independence. Among his contemporaries, Copernicus was known as statesman, a talented doctor and expert in astronomy.

When the Lutheran Council organized a commission to reform the calendar, Copernicus was invited to Rome. The scientist proved the prematureness of such a reform, since at that time the length of the year was not yet known exactly.

Astronomical observations and heliocentric theory

The creation of the heliocentric system was the result of many years of work by Nicolaus Copernicus. For about one and a half millennia, there was a system of world structure proposed by the ancient Greek scientist Claudius Ptolemy. It was believed that the Earth was at the center of the Universe, and the other planets and the Sun revolved around it. This theory could not explain many of the phenomena that astronomers observed, but it agreed well with the teachings of the Catholic Church.

Copernicus observed the movement of celestial bodies and came to the conclusion that the Ptolemaic theory was incorrect. In order to prove that all the planets revolve around the Sun, and the Earth is only one of them, Copernicus carried out complex mathematical calculations and spent more than 30 years of hard work. Although the scientist mistakenly believed that all the stars were stationary and located on the surface of a huge sphere, he was able to explain the apparent movement of the Sun and the rotation of the firmament.

The results of the observations were summarized in the work of Nicolaus Copernicus “On the Revolution of the Celestial Spheres,” published in 1543. In it he developed new philosophical ideas and focused on improving mathematical theory, which described the movement of celestial bodies. The revolutionary nature of the scientist’s views was realized Catholic Church later, when in 1616 his work was included in the Index of Prohibited Books.

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The teachings of Copernicus revolutionized the consciousness of people of the Middle Ages and became the beginning of the formation of a modern worldview. The religious picture of the world that dominated the Middle Ages began to give way to a scientific one. The works of Copernicus gave impetus to the development of astronomy, mathematics, and physics.

Origin

Copernicus's nationality is not precisely determined: some consider him German by his mother's origin, others consider him a Pole by his place of birth. During the life of the scientist, this issue was not fundamental. In writing he used German and the universal language of science of that time was Latin.

Childhood

The small homeland of Copernicus is the small town of Torne, which changed its territorial affiliation, becoming either Prussian or Polish. There were four children in the family; the elder brother became Nikolai’s ally and supported him until the end of his life. The Copernican family was wealthy, the children did not need anything. Another plague epidemic brought misfortune: the head of the family died. A few years later, the mother died. The mother's brother, Uncle Lucas, who later became a bishop, saved the orphans from poverty.

Study and career

Uncle tried to give better education to his nephews. The Copernicus brothers studied at best universities Europe. The path to obtaining an education was long; obtaining a diploma and scientific title at the age of 35–40 was considered the norm. The initial stage in Copernicus's studies was the Jagiellonian University in Krakow, where the future scientist studied art from 1491. After 1496, the brothers studied law at the University of Bologna. During this period, Nikolai became interested in astronomy thanks to his communication with Domenico Maria Novara, who taught this subject.

The result of the first observations was doubt in the dogmas of the generally accepted theory of Ptolemy. During this period of his life, Copernicus became interested in painting; his works have survived to this day, the most famous being a self-portrait, preserved as a copy. From 1502, Copernicus and his brother studied medicine and theology at the University of Padua, graduating four years later. Thanks to such a deep education, Nicolaus Copernicus became a comprehensively educated person with encyclopedic knowledge, and the path to science was open.

Under the influence of his uncle, Nikolai chooses a career as a clergyman, combining it with scientific research. First he became a canon, then he became the bishop's adviser and chancellor. His fate became a reflection of the Middle Ages. So, being the chancellor in the city of Olsztyn, he was appointed responsible for the defense of the city from the Teutons and coped with this task brilliantly. Nicolaus Copernicus practiced medicine a lot. During plague epidemics, he did not turn away from danger, but boldly fulfilled his duty.

Love

Copernicus, as a clergyman, could not start a family. There is information that already in mature age he fell in love with his friend's daughter Anna. The girl lived in his house for some time as a relative and au pair, but they still had to separate.

Scientific achievements

1. Heliocentric system
For more than forty years, Copernicus worked on his main discovery, which immortalized his name in the history of mankind. Using primitive instruments, many of which he made himself, and complex mathematical calculations, Copernicus refuted the teachings of Ptolemy. He proved that the Earth is one of the planets that revolve around the sun. His theory is still far from the modern understanding of the picture of the world, but it was a decisive step forward. Main work“On the Rotation of the Celestial Spheres” was published at the end of the scientist’s life. According to legend, Copernicus saw the first copy of his book before his death. However, real evidence refutes this fact - for several months before his death, the scientist was in a severe coma.

The main provisions of his theory:

• The Earth, like the other planets, moves around the sun.
• The earth rotates around itself, which explains the cycle of day and night.
• Planets move in circular orbits.
• The Earth is the center of gravity of the Moon.
• The sun is motionless.
• The distance between the Earth and the Sun is much less than the distance from the Earth to distant stars.

2. Discoveries in economics. Copernicus proposed a reform of the monetary system and studied the mechanisms of price formation.

3. Discoveries in mechanics. Created unique car, which supplied the entire city with water.

Death

In 1743, after a stroke, Copernicus died surrounded by loved ones. Nowadays, streets, a university, an airport, a crater, and a planet are named after him. Many monuments have been erected. His profile is immortalized on the Polish banknote. On the main square of the Polish city of Torun there is a monument on which is written: “He who stopped the Sun - who moved the Earth.”

The fate of Nicolaus Copernicus is unique for that time, full of dangers. He boldly faced danger and honestly fulfilled his duty. His achievements were important stage development of all humanity.