The internal energy of a body depends

1) only on the temperature of this body

2) only on the mass of this body

3) only on the state of aggregation of the substance

4) on temperature, body weight and state of aggregation of the substance

Solution.

The internal energy of a body is the sum of the kinetic energy of the thermal motion of its atoms and molecules and the potential energy of their interaction with each other. The internal energy of a body increases when heated, since with increasing temperature the kinetic energy of molecules also increases. However, the internal energy of a body depends not only on its temperature, the forces acting on it and the degree of fragmentation. During melting, solidification, condensation and evaporation, that is, when the state of aggregation of a body changes, the potential bond energy between its atoms and molecules also changes, which means its internal energy also changes. It is obvious that the internal energy of a body must be proportional to its volume (and therefore mass) and equal to the sum of the kinetic and potential energy of all the molecules and atoms that make up this body. Thus, internal energy depends on temperature, body mass, and state of aggregation.

Answer: 4

Source: State Academy of Physics. Main wave. Option 1313.

An example of a phenomenon in which mechanical energy is converted into internal energy is

1) boiling water on a gas burner

2) glow of the filament of an electric light bulb

3) heating a metal wire in a fire flame

4) damping of oscillations of a thread pendulum in air

Solution.

The internal energy of a body is the sum of the kinetic energy of the thermal motion of its atoms and molecules and the potential energy of their interaction with each other.

Boiling water on a gas burner is an example of the conversion of the energy of a chemical reaction (gas combustion) into the internal energy of water.

The glow of a light bulb's filament serves as an example of the conversion of electrical energy into radiation energy.

Heating a metal wire in the flame of a fire serves as an example of the conversion of the energy of a chemical reaction (fuel combustion) into the internal energy of the wire.

The damping of the oscillations of a thread pendulum in the air serves as an example of the transformation of the mechanical energy of the pendulum's movement into the internal energy of the pendulum.

The correct answer is indicated under number 4.

Answer: 4

Source: State Academy of Physics. Main wave. Option 1326.

1) the average distance between alcohol molecules increases

2) the volume of each alcohol molecule decreases

3) the volume of each alcohol molecule increases

Alcohol

Solution.

Temperature characterizes the average speed of movement of the molecules of a substance. Accordingly, as the temperature decreases, the molecules, moving on average more slowly, are on average at a smaller distance from each other.

The correct answer is indicated under number 4.

Answer: 4

Source: State Academy of Physics. Main wave. Far East. Option 1327.

When heating a column of alcohol in a thermometer

1) the average distance between alcohol molecules decreases

2) the average distance between alcohol molecules increases

3) the volume of alcohol molecules increases

4) the volume of alcohol molecules decreases

Solution.

Temperature characterizes the average speed of movement of the molecules of a substance. Accordingly, as the temperature increases, the molecules, moving on average faster, are on average at a greater distance from each other.

The correct answer is indicated under number 2.

Answer: 2

Source: State Academy of Physics. Main wave. Far East. Option 1328.

From the proposed pairs of substances, choose the one in which the diffusion rate at the same temperature is the smallest.

3) ether vapor and air

Solution.

The rate of diffusion is determined by temperature, the state of aggregation of a substance and the size of the molecules of which this substance consists. Diffusion in solids occurs more slowly than in liquids or gases.

The correct answer is indicated under number 4.

Answer: 4

Source: State Academy of Physics. Main wave. Far East. Option 1329.

When heating a gas in a hermetically sealed vessel of constant volume

1) the average distance between molecules increases

3) the average distance between molecules decreases

Solution.

When a gas is heated in a hermetically sealed vessel of constant volume, the molecules begin to move faster, i.e., the average modulus of the speed of molecular movement increases. The average distance between molecules does not increase, since the vessel has a constant volume. Such a process is called isochoric (from other Greek iso - constant, horos - place).

The correct answer is indicated under number 4.

Answer: 4

Source: State Academy of Physics. Main wave. Option 1331.

When cooling a gas in a hermetically sealed vessel of constant volume

1) the average distance between molecules decreases

2) the average distance between molecules increases

3) the average modulus of the speed of movement of molecules decreases

4) the average modulus of the speed of movement of molecules increases

Solution.

When a gas is cooled in a hermetically sealed vessel of constant volume, the molecules begin to move more slowly, i.e., the average modulus of the speed of movement of the molecules decreases. The average distance between molecules does not decrease, since the vessel has a constant volume. Such a process is called isochoric (from other Greek iso - constant, horos - place).

The correct answer is indicated under number 3.

Answer: 3

Source: State Academy of Physics. Main wave. Option 1332.

Which type(s) of heat transfer occurs without transfer of matter?

1) radiation and thermal conductivity

2) radiation and convection

3) only thermal conductivity

4) convection only

Solution.

Without transfer of matter, thermal conductivity and radiation occur.

The correct answer is indicated under number 1.

Answer: 1

Source: State Academy of Physics. Main wave. Option 1333.

After steam at a temperature of 120 °C is introduced into water at room temperature, the internal energy

1) both steam and water decreased

2) both steam and water increased

3) steam decreased and water increased

4) steam increased and water decreased

Solution.

Internal energy is proportional to the temperature of the body and the potential energy of interaction between the molecules of the body. After hot steam was introduced into cold water, the temperature of the steam decreased and the temperature of the water increased. Thus, the internal energy of steam decreased, and water increased.

The correct answer is indicated under number 3.

Answer: 3

A. Convection.

B. Thermal conductivity.

The correct answer is

2) neither A nor B

3) only A

4) only B

Solution.

Thermal conduction occurs without transfer of matter.

The correct answer is indicated under number 4.

Answer: 4

In the absence of heat transfer, the volume of gas increased. At the same time

1) the gas temperature decreased, but the internal energy did not change

2) the gas temperature has not changed, but the internal energy has increased

3) the temperature and internal energy of the gas decreased

4) the temperature and internal energy of the gas increased

Solution.

In an adiabatic process, as the volume increases, the temperature decreases. Internal energy is proportional to the temperature of the body and the potential energy of interaction between the molecules of the body. Consequently, the temperature and internal energy of the gas decreased.

The correct answer is indicated under number 3.

Answer: 3

What state of aggregation is a substance in if it has its own shape and volume?

1) only in solid

2) only in liquid

3) only in gaseous

4) in solid or liquid

Solution.

In the solid state, a substance has shape and volume, in the liquid state - only volume, in the gaseous state - neither shape nor volume.

The correct answer is indicated under number 1.

Answer: 1

2) the average modulus of the speed of movement of molecules decreases

4) the average distance between molecules decreases

Solution.

In an isochoric process, when the gas is cooled, the temperature will decrease, i.e., the average modulus of the speed of movement of the molecules will decrease.

The correct answer is indicated under number 2.

Answer: 2

The figure shows a graph of the temperature of a substance t from the amount of heat received Q during the heating process. Initially, the substance was in a solid state. What state of aggregation corresponds to point A on the graph?

1) solid state

2) liquid state

3) gaseous state

4) partly solid, partly liquid

Solution.

Since the substance was initially in a solid state and point A is at the beginning of the horizontal section corresponding to the melting of the substance, point A corresponds to the solid state of the substance.

The correct answer is indicated under number 1.

Answer: 1

The four spoons are made of different materials: aluminum, wood, plastic and glass. A spoon made of

1) aluminum

3) plastics

Solution.

A spoon made of aluminum has the greatest thermal conductivity, since aluminum is a metal. The high thermal conductivity of metals is due to the presence of free electrons.

The correct answer is indicated under number 1.

Answer: 1

From the proposed pairs of substances, choose the one in which the diffusion rate at the same temperature will be the highest.

1) solution of copper sulfate and water

2) a grain of potassium permanganate (potassium permanganate) and water

3) ether vapor and air

4) lead and copper plates

Solution.

At the same temperature, the rate of diffusion will be greatest for ether and air vapors, since diffusion in gaseous substances proceeds faster than in liquid or solid substances.

The correct answer is indicated under number 3.

Answer: 3

When cooling a gas in a closed vessel

1) the average modulus of the speed of movement of molecules increases

2) the average modulus of the speed of movement of molecules decreases

3) the average distance between molecules increases

4) the average distance between molecules decreases

Solution.

When a gas is cooled in a closed vessel, the temperature of the gas decreases, therefore, the average modulus of the speed of movement of molecules decreases.

The correct answer is indicated under number 2.

Answer: 2

The figure shows a graph of water temperature versus time. Which section(s) of the graph relate(s) to the water cooling process?

1) only HEDGEHOG

2) only GD

3) GD And HEDGEHOG

4) GD, DE And HEDGEHOG

Solution.

The boiling point of water is 100 °C. Consequently, the sections correspond to the liquid state of water AB And HEDGEHOG. Cooling water corresponds to the area HEDGEHOG.

The correct answer is indicated under number 1.

Alexey Borzykh 07.06.2016 14:22

The task, in my opinion, is incorrect. What is meant by water: the chemical element H20 in all its states of aggregation or H20 exclusively in the liquid state?

1) If H2O is understood in all states, then the correct answer is 4, not 1.

2) If only the liquid state is understood, then the following is incorrect: in the first sentence of the problem it is said that the figure shows a graph of the temperature of water; this is not so, since in the same figure there is not only water, but also steam.

What type of heat transfer occurs without transfer of matter?

A. Radiation.

B. Convection.

The correct answer is

1) only A

2) only B

4) neither A nor B

Solution.

Radiation occurs without transfer of matter.

The correct answer is indicated under number 1.

Answer: 1

Substance in gaseous state

1) has its own shape and its own volume

2) has its own volume, but does not have its own shape

3) has neither its own shape nor its own volume

4) has its own shape, but does not have its own volume

Solution.

Gas occupies all the space given to it, no matter what shape it may be. Consequently, it has neither its own shape nor its own volume.

The correct answer is indicated under number 3.

Answer: 3

When cooling a column of alcohol in a thermometer

1) the volume of alcohol molecules decreases

2) the volume of alcohol molecules increases

3) the average distance between alcohol molecules decreases

4) the average distance between alcohol molecules increases

Solution.

Alcohol is a liquid, and liquids have the property of changing their occupied volumes when the temperature changes. As the temperature decreases, the average distance between alcohol molecules will decrease, since the kinetic energy of the alcohol molecules will decrease.

The correct answer is indicated under number 3.

Answer: 3

After the hot part is immersed in cold water, the internal energy

1) both parts and water will increase

2) both parts and water will decrease

3) the details will decrease, and the water will increase

4) the details will increase, and the water will decrease

Solution.

The internal energy of a body is the total kinetic energy of movement of the molecules of the body and the potential energy of their interaction. A hot part in cold water will cool, and the water will warm up. The kinetic energy of molecules depends on temperature, so the energy of the part will decrease, while the energy of the water will increase.

The correct answer is indicated under number 3.

Answer: 3

A tourist lit a fire at a rest stop in calm weather. Being at some distance from the fire, the tourist feels the warmth. In what way does the process of transferring heat from the fire to the tourist take place?

1) by thermal conduction

2) by convection

3) by radiation

4) by thermal conduction and convection

Solution.

Air is a poor conductor of heat, so heat is not transferred through heat transfer in this case. The phenomenon of convection is that warmer layers of air rise higher and colder layers fall down. If there is no wind, then warm air masses do not reach the tourist, but rise upward. Therefore, heat transfer is mainly carried out by radiation.

The correct answer is indicated under number 3.

Answer: 3

What energy changes occur in a piece of ice when it melts?

1) the kinetic energy of a piece of ice increases

2) the internal energy of a piece of ice decreases

3) the internal energy of a piece of ice increases

4) the internal energy of the water that makes up the piece of ice increases

Solution.

The internal energy of a body is the total kinetic energy of movement of the molecules of the body and the potential energy of their interaction. When ice melts, it turns into water, and the potential energy of interaction between water molecules increases, therefore increasing the internal energy of the water that makes up a piece of ice.

The correct answer is indicated under number 4.

Answer: 4

t two kilograms of some liquid from the amount of heat imparted to it Q.

1) 1600 J/(kg °C)

2) 3200 J/(kg °C)

3) 1562.5 J/(kg °C)

4) 800 J/(kg °C)

Solution.

The correct answer is indicated under number 1.

Answer: 1

The figure shows a graph of temperature dependence t four kilograms of some liquid from the amount of heat imparted to it Q.

What is the specific heat capacity of this liquid?

1) 1600 J/(kg °C)

2) 3200 J/(kg °C)

3) 1562.5 J/(kg °C)

4) 800 J/(kg °C)

Solution.

Specific heat capacity is a value characterizing the amount of heat required to heat a body weighing 1 kg by 1 degree. Having determined from the graph the amount of heat spent on heating in Joules from 20 °C to 40 °C, we find:

The correct answer is indicated under number 4.

Answer: 4

The ice began to heat up, causing it to turn into a liquid state. Liquid water molecules

1) are on average closer to each other than in the solid state

2) are on average at the same distances from each other as in the solid state

4) can be either closer to each other or further from each other, compared to the solid state

Solution.

The crystalline structure of ice means that its density is less than that of water, which means that when it melts, the volume of water will decrease. Consequently, water molecules in the liquid state are, on average, closer to each other than in the solid state.

The correct answer is indicated under number 1.

Note.

This structural feature of ice is due to the complex nature of the exchange interaction between water molecules. In addition to the constantly present interaction forces: the forces of repulsion and attraction between molecules that act at different distances, there are also hydrogen bonds that change the energetically stable position of the molecules.

Answer: 1

Aluminum and steel spoons of the same mass, at room temperature, were lowered into a large tank of boiling water. After thermal equilibrium has been established, the amount of heat received by the steel spoon from the water is

1) less heat received by an aluminum spoon

2) more heat received by the aluminum spoon

3) equal to the amount of heat received by the aluminum spoon

4) can be either more or less than the amount of heat received by the aluminum spoon

Solution.

After thermal equilibrium is established, the temperatures of the spoons will be the same, which means the temperature increase Δt will also be the same. The amount of heat received Q is defined as the product of body mass, specific heat capacity of the substance and temperature increment:

Quantities m And Δt are the same for both substances, so the lower the heat capacity of the substance, the less heat the corresponding spoon will receive.

Let's compare the heat capacities using tabular data for steel and aluminum, respectively:

Because a steel spoon will receive less heat from the water than an aluminum spoon.

The correct answer is indicated under number 1.

Answer: 1

An open vessel is filled with water. Which figure correctly shows the direction of convection flows with the given heating scheme?

Solution.

Convection currents are flows of warm matter. With this heating scheme, convection currents will be directed upward and along the perimeter of the rectangle.

The correct answer is indicated under number 1.

Answer: 1

Source: Demo version of GIA-2014 in physics.

Brass and lead balls with equal masses and equal temperatures, higher than the temperature of the water, were immersed in identical vessels with equal masses of water at the same temperature. It is known that after thermal equilibrium was established, the temperature of water in a vessel with a brass ball increased more than in a vessel with a lead ball. Which metal - brass or lead - has a higher specific heat? Which of the balls transferred more heat to the water and the vessel?

1) the specific heat of brass is greater, the brass ball transferred more heat to the water and the vessel

2) the specific heat capacity of brass is greater, the brass ball transferred less heat to the water and the vessel

3) the specific heat of lead is greater, the lead ball transferred more heat to the water and the vessel

4) the specific heat capacity of lead is greater, the lead ball transferred less heat to the water and the vessel

Solution.

Let us determine the heat that the lead and brass ball transferred to the water and the vessel through the change in water temperature.

From the condition we know that , and the other parameters of the systems are equal, which means: . From this inequality we can conclude that the brass ball transferred more heat to the water and the vessel than the lead ball.

Since we are considering changes in the temperatures of the balls, here . This means that the specific heat capacity of brass is greater than that of lead.

The correct answer is indicated under number 1.

Answer: 1

Copper and nickel balls with equal masses and equal temperatures, higher than the temperature of the water, were immersed in identical vessels with equal masses of water at the same temperature. It is known that after thermal equilibrium was established, the temperature of water in a vessel with a nickel ball increased more than in a vessel with a copper ball. Which metal - copper or nickel - has a higher specific heat? Which of the balls transferred more heat to the water and the vessel?

1) the specific heat capacity of copper is greater, the copper ball transferred more heat to the water and the vessel

2) the specific heat capacity of copper is greater, the copper ball transferred less heat to the water and the vessel

3) the specific heat of nickel is greater, the nickel ball transferred more heat to the water and the vessel

4) the specific heat capacity of nickel is greater, the nickel ball transferred less heat to the water and the vessel

Solution.

Let us determine the heat that the copper or nickel balls transferred to the water and the vessel through a change in the temperature of the water.

where is the final temperature of water with a copper ball, is the final temperature of water with a nickel ball, is the initial temperature of water.

From the condition we know that and the other parameters of the systems are equal, which means: From this inequality we can conclude that the nickel ball transferred more heat to the water and the vessel than the copper ball.

Let's create similar equations for changing the temperatures of the balls and express their specific heat capacities.

where is the initial temperature of the balls.

Since we are considering the change in the temperatures of the balls, here it means that the specific heat capacity of nickel is greater.

Physics. A new complete guide for preparing for the OGE. Purysheva N.S.

2nd ed., revised. and additional - M.: 2016 - 288 p.

This reference book contains all the theoretical material on the physics course necessary to pass the main state exam in 9th grade. It includes all elements of content, verified by test materials, and helps to generalize and systematize the knowledge and skills of the basic school course. Theoretical material is presented in a concise, accessible form. Each section is accompanied by examples of test tasks. Practical tasks correspond to the OGE format. Answers to the tests are provided at the end of the manual. The manual is addressed to schoolchildren and teachers.

Format: pdf

Size: 6.9 MB

Watch, download:drive.google

CONTENT
Preface 5
MECHANICAL PHENOMENA
Mechanical movement. Trajectory. Path.
Move 7
Uniform linear motion 15
Speed. Acceleration. Uniformly accelerated linear motion 21
Free Fall 31
Uniform movement of a body in a circle 36
Weight. Substance density 40
Strength. Addition of forces 44
Newton's Laws 49
Friction force 55
Elastic force. Body weight 60
The law of universal gravitation. Gravity 66
Body impulse. Law of conservation of momentum 71
Mechanical work. Power 76
Potential and kinetic energy. Law of conservation of mechanical energy 82
Simple mechanisms. Efficiency of simple mechanisms 88
Pressure. Atmospheric pressure. Pascal's law. Archimedes' Law 94
Mechanical vibrations and waves 105
THERMAL PHENOMENA
Structure of matter. Models of the structure of gas, liquid and solid 116
Thermal movement of atoms and molecules. Relationship between the temperature of a substance and the speed of chaotic movement of particles. Brownian motion. Diffusion.
Thermal equilibrium 125
Internal energy. Work and heat transfer as ways to change internal energy 133
Types of heat transfer: thermal conductivity, convection, radiation 138
Amount of heat. Specific heat capacity 146
Law of conservation of energy in thermal processes.
Energy conversion in heat engines 153
Evaporation and condensation. Boiling liquid 161
Melting and crystallization 169
ELECTROMAGNETIC PHENOMENA
Electrification of bodies. Two types of electric charges. Interaction of electric charges. Law of conservation of electric charge 176
Electric field. The effect of an electric field on electric charges. Conductors and dielectrics 182
Constant electric current. Current strength. Voltage. Electrical resistance. Ohm's law for a site
electrical circuit 188
Series and parallel connections of conductors 200
Work and power of electric current. Joule-Lenz Law 206
Oersted's experience. Magnetic field of current. Interaction of magnets. The effect of a magnetic field on a conductor carrying a current 210
Electromagnetic induction. Faraday's experiments.
Electromagnetic oscillations and waves 220
Law of rectilinear propagation of light. Law
reflections of light. Flat mirror. Refraction of light 229
Dispersion of light Lens. Focal length of the lens.
The eye as an optical system. Optical instruments 234
QUANTUM PHENOMENA
Radioactivity. Alpha, beta, gamma radiation.
Rutherford's experiments. Planetary model of the atom 241
Composition of the atomic nucleus. Nuclear reactions 246
References 252
An example of a variant of control and measuring materials OGE (GIA) 255
Replies 268

The reference book contains all the theoretical material for the basic school physics course and is intended to prepare 9th grade students for the main state exam (OGE).
The content of the main sections of the reference book - “Mechanical Phenomena”, “Thermal Phenomena”, “Electromagnetic Phenomena”, “Quantum Phenomena” - corresponds to the modern codifier of content elements on the subject, on the basis of which the control and measuring materials (CMMs) of the OGE are compiled.
The theoretical material is presented in a concise and accessible form. The clarity of presentation and clarity of the educational material will allow you to effectively prepare for the exam.
The practical part of the reference book includes sample test tasks, which both in form and content fully correspond to the real options offered at the main state exam in physics.

GIA - 2013 Physics (thermal phenomena) Prepared by physics teacher MAOU Secondary School No. 12, Gelendzhik Petrosyan O.R.

Correct answer: 3

Correct answer: 2

Correct answer: 2

Correct answer: 231

Correct answer: 4 Thermal equilibrium. Internal energy. Work and heat transfer.

8.Correct answer 3 9.Correct answer 2

Correct answer: 122

Correct answer: 3

Correct answer: 1 Amount of heat. Specific heat.

4. Answer: 31.5 5. Answer: 52.44

6. Answer: 2.5 7. Answer: 2400

8. Answer:21 9. Answer:2

The figure shows the heating curve of a crystalline substance of mass m at a constant power of heat transfer to it. Match sections of curves and formulas to calculate the amount of heat supplied to a substance in a section (c – specific heat capacity, – specific heat of fusion, r – specific heat of vaporization). Answer 132 Melting and crystallization. Evaporation and condensation. Boiling liquid. Air humidity.

Answer: 118 Answer: 1360

11. Answer: 5150 J. The amount of heat expended is the sum of the amount of heat required for heating to the melting temperature and the amount of heat expended on melting half the mass of the original lead 12. Answer: 38000 J. The amount of heat expended is the sum of the amount of heat required for melting the initial mass of ice and the amount of heat spent on heating the entire mass of water from 0 to 100C. 13. Answer: ≈2.4 MJ. The amount of heat spent on heating consists of the amount of heat required to heat water from 20 to 100C, the amount of heat spent on heating aluminum of a given mass from 20 to 100C. In addition, we must take into account that more heat will be needed, because not all of it is used to heat the water.

Law of conservation of energy Correct answer 2

Correct answer: 213

Correct answer 4

Correct answer 3

Correct answer 2

Useful tips You will be given 3 hours (180 minutes) to complete the exam paper in physics. The work consists of 3 parts, including 27 tasks. Part 1 contains 19 tasks (1 - 19). For each of the first 18 tasks there are four possible answers, of which only one is correct. For these Part 1 tasks, circle the number of the selected answer in the exam paper. If you circled the wrong number, cross out the circled number and then circle the new answer number. The answer to task 19 of part 1 is written down on a separate sheet. Part 2 contains 4 short answer tasks (20 - 23). When completing tasks in Part 2, the answer is written down in the exam paper in the space provided. If you write down an incorrect answer, cross it out and write a new one next to it. Part 3 contains 4 tasks (24 - 27), to which you should give a detailed answer. Answers to tasks in Part 3 are written down on a separate sheet. Task 24 is experimental and requires the use of laboratory equipment to complete it. When making calculations, it is allowed to use a non-programmable calculator. When completing assignments, you are allowed to use a draft. Please note that entries in the draft will not be taken into account when grading the work. We advise you to complete the tasks in the order in which they are given. To save time, skip a task that you cannot complete immediately and move on to the next one. If you have time left after completing all the work, you can return to the missed tasks.

The main changes in the State Academic Examination 2013 in physics are as follows: The total number of tasks has been increased to 27. The maximum primary score is 40 points. A multiple-choice task has been added - on thermal phenomena. A task with a short answer has been added - on understanding and analyzing experimental data. A task with a detailed answer has been added - to apply information from the text of physical content

The maximum score is 40 points. Below is a scale for converting the primary score for completing the examination work into a mark on a five-point scale. The minimum GIA score in physics for admission to specialized classes is 30 points. 2 3 4 5 0 - 8 9 - 18 19 – 29 30 – 40 Conversion of primary points into the State Examination Mark in Physics

The most popular reference book for preparing for the Unified State Exam. The new reference book contains all the theoretical material for the physics course necessary to pass the main state exam in 9th grade. It includes all elements of content, verified by test materials, and helps to generalize and systematize the knowledge and skills of the basic school course. The theoretical material is presented in a concise and accessible form. Each section is accompanied by examples of test tasks. Practical tasks correspond to the OGE format. Answers to the tests are provided at the end of the manual. The manual is addressed to schoolchildren, applicants and teachers.

MECHANICAL PHENOMENA.
Mechanical movement. Trajectory. Path. Moving.
Mechanical motion is the change in the position of a body in space relative to other bodies over time. There are different types of mechanical movement.

If all points of the body move equally and any straight line drawn in the body remains parallel to itself during its movement, then such a movement is called translational.
The points of a rotating wheel describe circles relative to the axis of this wheel. The wheel as a whole and all its points perform rotational motion.
If a body, for example a ball suspended on a thread, deviates from a vertical position in one direction or the other, then its motion is oscillatory.

The definition of the concept of mechanical motion includes the words “relative to other bodies.” They mean that a given body can be at rest relative to some bodies and move relative to other bodies. Thus, a passenger sitting on a bus moving relative to buildings also moves relative to them, but is at rest relative to the bus. A raft floating along a river is stationary relative to the water, but moves relative to the shore. Thus, when speaking about the mechanical movement of a body, it is necessary to indicate the body relative to which this body is moving or at rest. Such a body is called a reference body. In the above example with a moving bus, a house, or a tree, or a pillar near a bus stop can be chosen as a reference body.

Content
Preface
MECHANICAL PHENOMENA
Mechanical movement. Trajectory. Path. Moving
Uniform linear movement
Speed. Acceleration. Uniformly accelerated linear motion
Free fall
Uniform movement of a body in a circle
Weight. Density of matter
Strength. Addition of forces
Newton's laws
Friction force
Elastic force. Body weight
The law of universal gravitation. Gravity
Body impulse. Law of conservation of momentum
Mechanical work. Power
Potential and kinetic energy. Law of conservation of mechanical energy
Simple mechanisms. Efficiency of simple mechanisms
Pressure. Atmospheric pressure. Pascal's law. Archimedes' Law
Mechanical vibrations and waves
THERMAL PHENOMENA
Structure of matter. Models of the structure of gas, liquid and solid
Thermal movement of atoms and molecules. Relationship between the temperature of a substance and the speed of chaotic movement of particles. Brownian motion. Diffusion. Thermal equilibrium
Internal energy. Work and heat transfer as ways to change internal energy
Types of heat transfer: thermal conductivity, convection, radiation
Amount of heat. Specific heat
Law of conservation of energy in thermal processes. Energy conversion in heat engines
Evaporation and condensation. Boiling liquid
Melting and crystallization
ELECTROMAGNETIC PHENOMENA
Electrification of bodies. Two types of electric charges. Interaction of electric charges. Law of conservation of electric charge
Electric field. The effect of an electric field on electric charges. Conductors and dielectrics
Constant electric current. Current strength. Voltage. Electrical resistance. Ohm's law for a section of an electrical circuit
Series and parallel connections of conductors
Work and power of electric current. Joule-Lenz law
Oersted's experience. Magnetic field of current. Interaction of magnets. The effect of a magnetic field on a current-carrying conductor
Electromagnetic induction. Faraday's experiments. Electromagnetic oscillations and waves
Law of rectilinear propagation of light. Law of light reflection. Flat mirror. Refraction of light
Dispersion of light Lens. Focal length of the lens. The eye as an optical system. Optical instruments
QUANTUM PHENOMENA
Radioactivity. Alpha, beta, gamma radiation. Rutherford's experiments. Planetary model of the atom
Composition of the atomic nucleus. Nuclear reactions
Reference materials
An example of a variant of control and measuring materials OGE (GIL)
Answers.

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