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COURSE WORK

PROBLEMS OF GLOBALIZATION IN THE SYSTEM OF INTERNATIONAL CULTURAL EXCHANGE

CONTENT:

• INTRODUCTION 3
• Chapter 1.Globalization, intercultural communications and cultural exchange 5
• 1.1.Globalization as a socio-cultural reality 5
• 1.2. The problem of the relationship between value systems 10
• 1.3. Intercultural exchange in international communication flows 15
• Chapter 2. Practice of organizing international cultural exchange 19
• 2.1. Formation of cultural policy in Russia 19
• 2.2.Cultural exchange programs as a mechanism for overcoming contradictions between value systems 24
• CONCLUSION 27
• REFERENCES 29

INTRODUCTION

Cultural exchange between peoples is an integral attribute of the development of human society. Not a single state, even the most politically and economically powerful, is able to satisfy the cultural and aesthetic demands and needs of its citizens without turning to the world cultural heritage, the spiritual heritage of other countries and peoples. At the same time, it should be taken into account that cultural exchange has two interconnected sides: cooperation and competition. Rivalry in the field of cultural relations, despite its veil, manifests itself in an even more acute form than in politics and economics. States and peoples are just as selfish as individuals: it is important for them to preserve and expand the influence, first of all, of their culture, and to use the achievements of other cultures in their own interests. In the history of human civilization there are enough examples of large and small nations passing into the past without overcoming internal and external contradictions. The problems of acculturation, assimilation, and integration acquired particular urgency during the period of globalization, when changes in all spheres of life of human society received a noticeable acceleration.

The problems of finding one’s place in the global cultural space and the formation of nationally oriented approaches in domestic and foreign cultural policy are of particular relevance for Russia, which became an independent state in 1991. The expansion of Russia's openness has led to an increase in its dependence on the cultural and information processes taking place in the world, primarily such as the globalization of cultural development and the cultural industry, the outpacing growth of Anglo-American influence in it; commercialization of the cultural sphere, increasing dependence of culture on large financial investments; the rapprochement of “mass” and “elite” cultures; the development of modern information technologies and global computer networks, the rapid increase in the volume of information and the speed of its transmission; reduction of national specificity in global information and cultural exchange.

All of the above determined purpose of the course work, which consists of studying the problems of globalization in the system of international cultural exchange.

IN work tasks includes:

reveal the phenomenon of globalization as a socio-cultural reality, show its problems and contradictions.

carry out an analysis of the features of modern intercultural exchange and the participation of international organizations and Russian Federation.

The work used publications of domestic (V.V. Natochy, G.G. Pocheptsov, M.R. Radovel, etc.) and foreign authors (J.A. Alonso, A.M. Kacowicz, I. Wallerstein), documents from UNESCO, the Russian Federation, network materials Internet.

Chapter 1.Globalization, intercultural communications and cultural exchange

1.1.Globalization as a socio-cultural reality

Globalization by the beginning of the 21st century. has ceased to be only a subject of theoretical disputes and political discussions, globalization has become a social reality.

In it you can see:

- intensification of cross-border economic, political, social and cultural ties;

- the historical period (or historical era) that began after the end of the Cold War;

- transformation of the world economy, literally directed by the anarchy of financial markets;

- the triumph of the American value system, ensured by the combination of an illiberal economic program with a program of political democratization;

- an orthodox ideology that insists on a completely logical and inevitable culmination of powerful trends in a functioning market;

- technological revolution with numerous social consequences;

The inability of nation states to cope with global problems (demographic, environmental, human rights and nuclear proliferation) requiring global solutions Kacowicz A.M. Regionalization, globalization, and nationalism: Convergent, divergent, or overlapping? // Alternatives. - Delhi; N.Y., 1999. - Vol. 24, N 4. - P. 529. .

From the point of view of the formation of global civilization, experts usually identify four sociocultural megatrends:

Cultural polarization. Foci of possible polarization in the coming century: growing economic and environmental inequality (between peoples and regions, within individual countries), religious and market fundamentalism, claims to racial and ethnic exclusivity, the desire of individual states or military-political blocs to expand the zone of their control in a fragmented world , the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, the struggle for access to scarce natural resources.

Cultural assimilation. It is generally accepted that the last two decades of the last century were marked by the triumph of the ideas of Western liberalism, and F. Fukuyama’s thesis about the “end of history” read: “Westernization” as the consistent subordination - through an ever-expanding system of world markets - to Western values ​​and the Western way of life of all economically active layers of the Earth's population - there is no alternative. The process of establishing universal (“universal human”) norms and rules in international relations is expanding.

Cultural hybridization. This megatrend towards the end of the twentieth century. acquires completely new qualities: the processes of “creolization” of culture, which traditionally led to the formation of new ethnic communities, are complemented by processes of transcultural convergence and the formation of translocal cultures - cultures of the diaspora, rather than traditionally localized cultures striving to gain a national-state identity. Pieterse J.N. Globalization as hybridization // Intern. sociology. - L., 1994. - Vol. 9, N 2. - P. 161-184. The intensification of communications and intercultural interactions, the development of information technologies contribute to the further diversification of the diverse world of human cultures, and not their absorption into some universal chOballroom culture(which we will talk about later). The world is gradually turning into a complex mosaic of translocal cultures interpenetrating each other, which form new cultural regions with a network structure. An example is the new professional worlds that have arisen due to the growth of computer and telecommunications networks.

Cultural isolation. XX century gave numerous examples of isolation and self-isolation of individual countries, regions, political blocs, and resorted to means of political and cultural isolation (“cordons sanitaire”) or cultural self-isolation (“iron curtain”) in order to consolidate social systems against external and internal enemies. The sources of isolationist tendencies in the coming century will be: cultural and religious fundamentalism, environmental, nationalist and racist movements, the rise to power of authoritarian and totalitarian regimes that will resort to measures such as sociocultural autarky, restrictions on information and humanitarian contacts, freedom of movement, tightening censorship, preventive arrests, etc.

The main axes along which the civilizational shift occurs at the end of the 20th - beginning of the 21st centuries. appear as follows:

A) The “culture” axis is a shift from cultural imperialism to cultural pluralism.

B) The “society” axis is a shift from a closed society to an open society.

Schematically, scientists propose to represent the relationship between the axes along which a civilizational shift occurs and the main cultural archetypes that determine the dynamics of globalization processes in the form of a “parallelogram” (Fig. 1). Malinovsky P. Russia in the context of global trends of our time http://www.archipelag.ru/text/566.htm

Culture of consolidation characterized by the dominance of synchronous organizational systems, all changes and functions of which are strictly linked in time.

The culture of consolidation is characterized by an autarkic type of management - either non-productive activity and balancing on the brink of survival, or production associated with the need to replenish diminishing sources of “natural gifts” (picking fruits, hunting, fishing; in more developed economic formations - mining of minerals and other types of raw materials , extensive Agriculture). The main ethical value of this archetype is social justice, the measure of which is determined by authority (religious, spiritual, political), and the basic moral and psychological principle is collectivism.

Fig. 1. Main cultural archetypes in the era of globalization

Competition culture implemented in the forms of random organizational systems that involve contractual relations between interested participants. Such systems are characterized by an entrepreneurial organizational culture, in which forms of organizing joint and individual activities predominate.

The main ethical value of a competitive culture is personal freedom as a guarantee of success, and the basic moral and psychological principle is individualism.

Culture of confrontation characteristic h closed (hierarchical) organizational systems with bureaucratic management forms and a bureaucratic organizational culture, in which forms of organizing joint and consistent activities predominate. Each higher level of the organizational hierarchy is called upon to resolve conflicting relationships that arise at the lower level. Therefore, the area of ​​goal determination inherent in this culture turns out to be the interests of the “top”.

Cooperation culture assumes open organizational systems with democratic management forms. Participatory organizational culture with a predominance of forms of organizing joint creative activities. The area of ​​goal determination is the legitimate interests of the majority of the people with mandatory consideration of the interests of the minority.

Fragmegration- a term meaning a combination of processes of integration and fragmentation, introduced by the American political scientist J. Rosenau. This is the formation and strengthening (integration) of blocs and unions of “national states”.

Localization- the consolidation of ethnic and civilizational formations based on fundamentalist ideologies that pursue a policy of cultural isolation as a surrogate form of social and cultural tolerance makes the formation of a global civilization impossible.

Glocalization- the term was proposed by the head of the Japanese corporation "Sony" Akio Morita) - the combination of processes of modernization of local cultures with the achievements of the emerging global multicultural civilization occurs as a result of cultural hybridization, i.e. constructive cooperation and mutual enrichment of cultures within cultural regions.

Actually globalization can be considered as a mega-trend of cultural assimilation (according to I. Wallerstein, it corresponds to the forecast scenario of a “democratic dictatorship”), which found its expression in the universal neoliberal doctrine.

The greatest challenge today is managing the ideological conflicts that permeate every religion and every culture.

Existing trends predetermine a new quality of intercultural communication (IC), where the framework principles of interaction can be formulated as follows:

1. MC participants should perceive each other as equal parties, freed from any sense of self-superiority.

2. You should listen to each other carefully, carefully understanding the arguments.

3. To deny yourself many things.

4. Always start from scratch, building a new type of relationship between equal parties.

Scientists propose solving the problem of global governance on the basis of a broad program that takes into account the multidimensional nature of globalization, making it possible to distinguish between the spheres of action of effective market mechanisms and the spheres of collective - international - actions aimed at preserving the common human heritage and solving humanitarian issues. Alonso J.A. Globalisation, civil society, and the multilateral system // Development in practice. - Oxford, 2000. - Vol. 10, N 3-4. - P. 357-358.

1.2. The problem of the relationship between value systems

If we look at globalization from the point of view of the problem of the relationship and interaction of value systems, then first of all it should be noted that in the modern world, with its ever-increasing tendencies towards integration and dialogue, the question of a full understanding of each other by people representing different forms is becoming increasingly important. and the content of the culture of thinking, values ​​and behavior. The question of the possibility or impossibility of cross-cultural communication, the problems arising in connection with it, the loss of some meanings and meanings when representatives of different cultures come into contact, should be interpreted as a question of a conflict of identities. In other words, a situation of misunderstanding naturally arises between representatives of different cultures - national, religious, professional or organizational. Yarmakhov B.B. Intercultural communication: the aspect of social identity // Materials of the international scientific and practical conference "Communication: theory and practice in various social contexts" - "Communication Across Differences" - Pyatigorsk: Publishing house - in PSLU, 2002. - p. 183.

The most important condition for intercultural communication of ethnic groups is the characteristics of their value worlds, the relationship between their value systems. At the same time, the global socio-historical circumstances into which certain ethnic subjects are “placed” by the will of fate practically do not depend on them and at the same time significantly determine their relationships. In addition, these relationships can be consciously regulated by people and are associated with their own choice - to live in peace and friendship or in enmity and anger. Radovel M.R. Factors of mutual understanding in intercultural communication // Materials of the international scientific and practical conference "Communication: theory and practice in various social contexts" Communication-2002" ("Communication Across Differences") Part 1 - Pyatigorsk: PSLU Publishing House, 2002. - p. .19.

Scientists rightly believe that in order to overcome conflict and tension between different ethno-national communities great importance has objective and accurate knowledge of the value (cultural) systems of the corresponding communities, the qualitative and quantitative relationship between such systems. Radovel M.R., Tuguz Yu.R. Interethnic relations as a correlation between the value systems of ethnic groups // Value foundations of state power and management in Russia at the turn of the century. Rostov n/d - Pyatigorsk, 2000.

In this regard, the understanding of such entities (or phenomena) as geoculture, global culture, intercultural communications, determining the coordinates of value systems in the modern world.

For example, regarding the term geoculture, then in its first meaning it is a synonym for “cultural imperialism”, the cultural power of the industrialized World North over the economically backward countries of the South. The concept of “geoculture” became widespread in science after the publication of the book “Geopolitics and Geoculture” by the American scientist Immanuel Wallerstein in 1991. “Geoculture,” according to Wallerstein, is the cultural basis of the capitalist world-system that formed at the beginning of the 16th century. and now - after the collapse of the socialist experiment - experiencing the most significant crisis in its history. The basis of geoculture, Wallerstein believes, is made up of three beliefs: (a) that states that are present or future members of the United Nations are politically sovereign and, at least potentially, economically autonomous; (b) that each of these states has in fact only one, at least one predominant and original, national “culture”; (c) that each of these states can, over time, separately “develop” (which in practice apparently means achieving the standard of living of current OECD members). Wallerstein I. Analysis of world systems and the situation in the modern world. Per. from English P.M. Kudyukina. Under the general editorship of Ph.D. watered Sciences B.Yu. Kagarlitsky. St. Petersburg, "University Book", 2001. pp. 208-226.

The “geoculture” of the world-system, the ideological justification of the inescapable inequality between the rich center and the poor periphery in the 20th century. there was liberalism, the general belief that a politically free nation, having chosen the correct (capitalist or socialist) economic course of development, would achieve success and power. Now humanity is experiencing the collapse of former liberal hopes, so in the very near future the “geoculture” of the world system must change significantly.

WITH global culture also not everything is clear. Its possibility and desirability are actively denied. This denial is rooted in many schools of thought - deconstruction, postmodernism, postcolonialism, poststructuralism, cultural studies - although, of course, there are very different approaches within each of these movements. The point of the entire argument is that the assertion of universal truths is, in fact, a “founding narrative” (i.e., a global narrative), which in practice is nothing more than the ideology of the dominant groups in the world system. The various proclaimed universal truths are nothing more than particular ideologies. But this statement does not yet answer the question: Do universal moral norms exist in principle? Is a global culture possible?

Some would like to admit that “universalism is always historically contingent,” without denying that the desire to create an acceptable global culture has always accompanied human history. Moreover, without the requirement of universality, regardless of how it is characterized - as universal correspondence, universal applicability or universal truth - no academic discipline can justify its right to exist Open the Social Sciences: Report of the Gulbenkian Commission on the Reconstruction of the Social Sciences, Stanford: Stanford Univ. Press, 1996, 48, 88.

At the same time, it is obvious that information revolution, changed the traditional balance of power in society, forced people to talk about a single global information community - a society in which, at first glance, there seems to be no place for ethnocultural characteristics, nations and national relations, national traditions, about one thing information space, about a new civilization without national borders. And as if in contrast to the emerging new cultural reality, from the second half of the 20th century in American and then in European science, the growth of the ethnic factor in social processes was recorded. This phenomenon was even called “ethnic revival.” Ethnic values ​​again began to acquire special significance. Year after year, the struggle of ethnic minorities for the expansion of their ethnocultural rights in America and Europe became more active, and in the 1980-90s this process swept over Russia. And such social activity does not always take place in a calm form, sometimes it is expressed in the form of open social conflicts accompanied by a wave of violence.

As a result, a number of contradictions arise between these two trends: Khots A.Yu. Information revolution and ethnic aspects of the culture of modern society // Abstract of thesis. Ph.D. philosopher. Sciences. - Stavropol, 2001.

- the contradiction between modernism and traditionalism;

- the contradiction between “us” and “stranger”, which is especially characteristic in the dialogue of two cultures - European and Asian, more precisely, Western and Eastern;

- the contradiction between global and local forms of culture, which in the light of the “information revolution” takes on a special meaning;

- the contradiction between the technical and humanitarian aspects of culture.

The theoretical aspects of these contradictions are not sufficiently understood, while the very fact of their existence in modern society is no longer denied by anyone. Of particular interest to researchers is the study of the interaction of local and global forms of culture; there is a growing need to predict the further impact of the information revolution on the ethnic components of culture and vice versa.

It is a mistake to think that cultural globalization is only the spread of Western mass culture, in fact, there is interpenetration and competition of cultures. The imposition of Western cultural standards in those nation states where historical and cultural traditions are especially strong leads to an ethnocultural upsurge, which sooner or later will be expressed in the strengthening of nationally colored social ideologies. At the same time, states that have “weak” roots of cultural traditions due to the nature of their history are experiencing the modern crisis of public consciousness much weaker. The interaction of local and global culture ultimately occurs along the path of processing cultural innovations and adapting them “for oneself”, while the threshold for the perception of innovations by the civilizational system is determined by the traditionalism of a given society.

Analyzing this aspect of the problem, it should be noted that the core of each culture has high immunity, resisting the penetration and influence of other cultures; on the contrary, unified norms, standards and rules formed within the framework of Western civilization spread relatively easily on a global scale, which is explained by the fact that generally accepted Western structures, institutions, standards and rules grow on the basis of a historically established sum of technologies, which always presupposes the presence of identical rational mechanisms management, rational activities and rational organizational forms. In cases where we are talking about highly adaptive cultures, for example, Japanese, Korean, and partly Chinese, the process of modernization transformations occurs, as a rule, not only painlessly, but even with a certain acceleration.

The above allows us to conclude that the era of globalization in the cultural aspect carries at least two trends: on the one hand, it is a change in the traditional way of life of a person, on the other hand, it stimulates the adaptive defense mechanisms of culture; this process sometimes becomes acutely conflicting in nature.

1.3. Intercultural exchange in international communication flows

A major role in eliminating the contradictions inherent in the global process of interpenetration of cultures belongs in modern society to the United Nations, which considers cultural and scientific exchange, intercultural communications as important elements in moving towards international peace and development. In addition to your main activity in the field of education, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) focuses on three other areas - science for development; cultural development (heritage and creativity), as well as communication, information and computer science.

The 1970 UNESCO convention prohibits the illegal import, export and transfer of cultural property, and the 1995 convention promotes the return of stolen or illegally exported cultural objects to the country of origin. United Nations: basic facts. Publishing house "Ves Mir", M., 2000.

UNESCO's cultural activities aim to promote the cultural dimensions of development; promoting creation and creativity; preservation of cultural identity and oral traditions; promotion of books and reading.

UNESCO claims to be a world leader in promoting press freedom and the pluralistic and independent nature of the media. In its main program in this area, it seeks to promote the free flow of information and strengthen the communication capabilities of developing countries.

The UNESCO Recommendations on the International Exchange of Cultural Property (Nairobi, 26 November 1976) states that the General Conference of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization recalls that cultural property is the fundamental element of the civilization and culture of peoples. The Recommendations also emphasize that the expansion and strengthening of cultural exchanges, ensuring a more complete mutual acquaintance with achievements in various fields of culture, will contribute to the enrichment of different cultures, while respecting the originality of each of them, as well as the value of the cultures of other peoples, constituting the cultural heritage of all mankind. The mutual exchange of cultural property, once it is provided with legal, scientific and technical conditions that make it possible to prevent illegal trade and damage to these values, is a powerful means of strengthening mutual understanding and mutual respect between peoples.

Moreover, by “international exchange” UNESCO means any transfer of ownership, use or storage of cultural property between states or cultural institutions of different countries - be it in the form of loan, transfer for storage, sale or gift of such property - carried out in the conditions , which can be agreed upon between the interested parties. http://pravo2002.by.ru/intern/09/med01309.html.

The UN and UNESCO constantly emphasize the inequalities of information flows that exist in the modern world. Back in 1957, UNESCO drew the attention of the UN General Assembly to a kind of information hunger based on the discrepancy in exchange between the rich countries of the North and the poor countries of the South. Pocheptsov G.G. Theory of communication - M.: “Refl-book”, K.: “Vakler” - 2001, p.571.

The world receives 80% of its news from London, Paris and New York Ibid. . Industrialized countries have complete control over such areas as scientific and technical information, information related to industrial, commercial, banking, trade operations, information about Natural resources and climate obtained from satellites. Such information is controlled by government agencies and large corporations and does not reach developing countries. In this case we have a one-way street.

This causes some concern to the UN and UNESCO, since the quantitative superiority will certainly turn into a qualitative one. A similar discrepancy is also observed at the level of cultural exchange.

There are also other types of asymmetry that make communication fundamentally unequal. For example, there is a so-called external asymmetry, when transnational companies begin to capture the content of cultural and entertainment programs in developing countries. The incentive to produce home-produced programs, films, and books is gradually disappearing. The result is a monotony of tastes, styles and content of cultural life. Pocheptsov G.G. Communication Theory, p.573.

In general, this is an important issue because the free exchange of information, protected by the international community, is not being realized today. This is a significant problem also because the development of the country and the corresponding communication capabilities are interconnected. Therefore, UNESCO is focusing its efforts on the formation of a new world information and communication order that makes information exchange more equivalent.

Chapter 2. Practice of organizing international
cultural exchange

2.1. Formation of cultural policy in Russia

Cultural policy can be defined as a set of measures taken by various social institutions and aimed at forming a subject of creative activity, defining conditions, boundaries and priorities in the field of creativity, organizing the processes of selection and transmission of created cultural values ​​and benefits and their assimilation by society. Natochy V.V. Cultural policy of Russia: problems and prospects // Abstract of dissertation. Ph.D. watered nauk.-Ufa, 2001.

The subjects of cultural policy include: government bodies, non-state economic and business structures and cultural figures themselves (and the latter play a dual role in cultural policy, being both its subjects and objects). In addition to cultural figures, the objects of cultural policy include the sphere of culture itself and society, considered as a set of consumers of created and distributed cultural values.

In the field of formation of Russia's foreign cultural policy, it should be noted that in the last decade Russia has gained the opportunity to redefine its internal and external cultural policies, develop the legal framework for international cultural interaction, conclude agreements with foreign countries and international organizations, and formulate a mechanism for their implementation. . The country has begun the process of transforming the previous system of international cultural cooperation, which developed under the administrative-command system, into a new democratic system based on universal human values ​​and national interests. The democratization of international relations contributed to the elimination of strict party-state control over the forms and content of international cultural exchanges. The “Iron Curtain”, which for decades had hampered the development of contacts between our society and European and world civilization, was destroyed. Professional and amateur artistic groups and cultural institutions were given the opportunity to independently establish foreign contacts. Gained the right to exist various styles and areas of literature and art, including those that previously did not fit into the framework of official ideology. There has been a noticeable increase in the number of government and public organizations who took part in cultural exchanges. The share of non-state financing of events held outside the country (commercial projects, sponsorship funds, etc.) has increased. The development of foreign relations between creative teams and individual artists on a commercial basis not only helped to increase the international prestige of the country, but also made it possible to earn significant foreign currency funds necessary to strengthen the material base of culture. Political and bureaucratic obstacles in processing travel of Belarusian citizens abroad have been reduced.

Guided by the Concept of Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation Concept of Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation // Independent military review. 2000. No. 25 (July 14-20). and in accordance with Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of March 12, 1996 No. 375 “On the coordinating role of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation in pursuing a unified foreign policy line of the Russian Federation,” the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia carries out a lot of work on the formation of cultural cooperation between Russia and foreign countries.

The core task of Russia's foreign cultural policy is to form and strengthen relations of mutual understanding and trust with foreign countries, develop equal and mutually beneficial partnerships with them, and increase the country's participation in the system of international cultural cooperation. The Russian cultural presence abroad, as well as the foreign cultural presence in Russia, helps to establish for our country a worthy place on the world stage, consistent with its history, geopolitical position, total power and resources.

Cultural exchanges are designed to establish and maintain stable and long-term connections between states, public organizations and people, and contribute to the establishment of interstate interaction in other areas, including in the economic sphere.

International cultural cooperation includes connections in the field of culture and art, science and education, the media, youth exchanges, publishing, museums, libraries and archives, sports and tourism, as well as through public groups and organizations, creative unions and individual groups of citizens .

The basis of ties in the field of culture are artistic and artistic exchanges in their traditional forms of touring and concert activities. The high authority and uniqueness of the domestic performing school, the promotion of new national talents to the world stage ensure a stable international demand for the performances of Russian masters.

In the system of educational exchanges, an important role belongs to the implementation of a retraining program abroad for Russian management personnel represented by managers of real sectors of the economy and civil servants.

Among the regulations aimed at regulating cultural exchange between Russia and foreign countries, an important role is also played by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of January 12, 1995 N 22 “On the main directions of cultural cooperation of the Russian Federation with foreign countries”, which in particular states that cultural cooperation of the Russian Federation with foreign countries is an integral part of Russian state policy in the international arena.

As an example indicating the serious attention of the state to issues of cultural exchange, one can cite the activities of the Russian Center for International Scientific and Cultural Cooperation under the Government of the Russian Federation (ROSZARUBEZHTSENTR). The main task of Roszarubezhtsentr is to promote the establishment and development of information, scientific, technical, business, humanitarian, and cultural ties between Russia and foreign countries through a system of its representative offices and centers of science and culture (RCSC) in 52 countries of the world.

Roszarubezhtsentr has the following main tasks: developing, through Russian centers of science and culture (RCSC) and its representative offices abroad in 68 cities in Europe, America, Asia and Africa, a wide range of international relations of the Russian Federation, as well as promoting the activities of Russian and foreign non-governmental organizations in developing these connections; promoting the formation abroad of a comprehensive and objective understanding of the Russian Federation as a new democratic state, an active partner of foreign countries in interaction in cultural, scientific, humanitarian, information fields and the development of world economic relations.

An important area of ​​activity of Roszarubezhcenter is participation in the implementation of state policy for the development of international scientific and cultural cooperation, familiarizing the foreign public with the history and culture of the peoples of the Russian Federation, its domestic and foreign policy, scientific, cultural, intellectual and economic potential.

In their activities, Roszarubezhcenter promotes the development of contacts through international, regional and national governmental and non-governmental organizations, including with specialized organizations and institutions of the UN, the European Union, UNESCO and other international organizations.

The foreign public is given the opportunity to become acquainted with the achievements of Russia in the field of literature, culture, art, education, science and technology. These same chains are served by the holding of complex events dedicated to the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, individual regions, cities and organizations of Russia, and the development of partnerships between cities and regions of the Russian Federation and other countries.

Despite the state's attention to issues of cultural exchange, in recent years the cultural sphere has been within the strict framework of market relations, which significantly affects its condition. Budget investments in culture have sharply decreased (both in percentage and in absolute terms). Most of the regulations adopted by the authorities regulating relations in this area are not implemented. The financial situation of both the cultural sector in general and creative workers in particular has deteriorated sharply. Increasingly, cultural institutions are forced to replace free forms of work with paid ones. In the process of consuming cultural goods provided to society, domestic forms begin to dominate; As a result, there is a decrease in attendance at public cultural events. Natochy V.V. Cultural policy in conditions of market relations // Eurasian necklace. - Orenburg, 2001. pp. 132-138.

The implementation of the policy announced by the state towards the formation of a multi-channel system of financing culture is carried out poorly in practice due to insufficient legal elaboration, the insignificance of the tax benefits provided for sponsors, and the incomplete formation of the very layer of potential sponsors - private entrepreneurs. The benefits guaranteed by tax legislation are often one-sided, since they mainly concern only state cultural organizations.

A very important feature characteristic of today’s culture of the country is the inculcation in society of the values ​​of Western (primarily American) civilization, which is reflected in a sharp increase in the share of Western mass culture products in the cultural offer. This occurs to the detriment of the introduction into the public consciousness of norms and values ​​traditional for the Russian mentality, and to a decrease in the cultural level of society, especially young people.

2.2.Cultural exchange programs as a mechanism for overcoming contradictions between value systems

Overcoming contradictions between value systems various peoples Specific programs of cultural exchanges between countries are greatly promoted. An example of this is the Cultural Exchange Programs between Russia and the United States of America, among which the following are widely known: The website of the US Embassy in Moscow http://www.usembassy.ru/bilateral/bilateralr.php?record_id=pa_exchanges. :

Fulbright Scholar Exchange Program

Fulbright Master's/PhD Program

Internship for university teachers

Contemporary Issues Program as part of the Freedom Act

Fulbright-Kennan Program for Scholars in the Humanities and Social Sciences

Galina Starovoitova Fellowship Program in Human Rights and Conflict Resolution

“Young Leaders” is a Russian-American program for future leaders of government and public organizations

Freedom Act Program for University Students

“Freedom Act” is an exchange program for schoolchildren (Flex Program).

Freedom Act University Partnership Program

Russian-American Competition for Teachers of English Language and Regional Studies USA

Edmund S. Muskie Fellowship Program and Freedom Act Graduate Fellowship Program

Hubert Humphrey Program

Program “Cooperation of Professional Associations”

Efficient Production Program

Open World Program

SABIT - Special American Business Internship Program

Cochrane Fellows Program

Art programs

Summer institutes and seminars, etc.

For example, the Fulbright Program is open to Russian specialists who want to travel to the United States to lecture or conduct scientific research. Applicants must have a candidate or doctorate degree, scientific publications, and be fluent in English. Grants are provided for a period of three to eight months.

The selection of participants for the program is carried out on the basis of an open competition and includes consideration of a questionnaire, assessment of the scientific project by reviewers, an interview in English and the final screening stage, which is carried out by a commission consisting of Russian and American scientists and specialists.

"Young Leaders" - a Russian-American program for future leaders of government and public organizations provides scholarships to Russian university graduates who have outstanding leadership qualities and intend to work in the government or public sector. The program is directly administered by the International Research and Exchange Council (IREX).

The program provides young leaders from Russia and the United States with the opportunity to undergo training and professional internships in areas significant to the development of democracy in Russian society, as well as in the field of Russian-American historical, political and governmental relations. Russian fellows will study management systems in the public, government or corporate sectors. The program includes a year of study at a university or college at the master's level without obtaining an academic degree. In addition, program participants will be required to engage in community service and undergo a professional internship for a period of four to twelve weeks.

The Freedom Support Act program for university students is intended for first, second and third year students at Russian universities. The program provides scholarships for a one-year internship at an American college or university without obtaining an advanced degree. The program is directly administered by the International Research and Exchange Council (IREX).

Thus, we can talk about serious achievements and good prospects in this area of ​​international cooperation.

CONCLUSION

An analysis of the development of international cultural cooperation shows that certain progress has been achieved in this area compared to previous decades. However, globalization leaves its mark on intercultural communications, expressed in a whole set of serious contradictions, primarily at the value (worldview) level.

The most important feature of development modern society, undoubtedly, is the process of mutual penetration of cultures, which at the end of the 20th - beginning of the 21st century acquired a universal character. Thanks to radio, television, cinema, the Internet and other media, the intervention of American mass culture, as well as authoritative cultural standards of Europe and some Asian regions, began in the cultural space of the whole world.

Despite the cultural transformations taking place in the world, the changes that have taken place in our country can be assessed as generally positive. A transition has taken place from strict ideological control to cooperation based on universal human values, and the right to the existence of various styles and forms of creative expression and self-expression has been recognized.

At the same time, it is obvious that the theoretical support of Russia’s foreign cultural policy noticeably lags behind existing needs. There is no reason to talk about a sufficient analysis of current processes and forecasting of future ones. There are only contours of foreign cultural policy, and not a complete system. The residual principle of financing the cultural sector still applies. However, existing trends generally show positive dynamics, which is greatly facilitated by the active involvement of Russian citizens in international cultural exchange programs. From our point of view, the task of developing, within the framework of the cultural policy of the state, a comprehensive system of value guidelines, norms and attitudes (ideologies), which today are dispersed in various regulations. Its constituent spiritual elements include democratic rights and personal freedoms, eternal, enduring values ​​of interhuman relationships. The goal of creating such an ideology should be to achieve a general consensus based on the views shared by the majority of members of society, which can serve as an effective mechanism for social stabilization and normal development of Russian society.

Regarding the problems of globalization affecting the system of international cultural exchange, the following can be said: the process of interpenetration of cultures is inevitable. In the current difficult conditions of relations between countries with different value systems and levels of social development, it is necessary to develop new principles of international dialogue, when all participants in communication are equal and do not strive for dominance.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

The concept of foreign policy of the Russian Federation // Independent Military Review. 2000. No. 25 (July 14-20).

Wallerstein I. Analysis of world systems and the situation in the modern world. Per. from English P.M. Kudyukina. /Under the general editorship of Ph.D. watered Sciences B.Yu. Kagarlitsky. St. Petersburg, "University Book", 2001. pp. 208-226.

Natochy V.V. Cultural policy of Russia: problems and prospects // Abstract of dissertation. Ph.D. watered nauk.-Ufa, 2001.

Malinovsky P. Russia in the context of global trends of our time http://www.archipelag.ru/text/566.htm.

Natochy V.V. Cultural policy in conditions of market relations // Eurasian necklace. - Orenburg, 2001.

United Nations: basic facts. Publishing house "Ves Mir", M., 2000.

Pocheptsov G.G. Theory of communication - M.: “Refl-book”, K.: “Vakler” - 2001.

Radovel M.R., Tuguz Yu.R. Interethnic relations as a correlation between the value systems of ethnic groups // Value foundations of state power and management of Russia at the turn of the century. Rostov n/d - Pyatigorsk, 2000.

Radovel M.R. Factors of mutual understanding in intercultural communication // Materials of the international scientific and practical conference "Communication: theory and practice in various social contexts" Communication-2002" ("Communication Across Differences") Part 1 - Pyatigorsk: PSLU Publishing House, 2002. - p. .19.

Hots A.Yu. Information revolution and ethnic aspects of the culture of modern society // Abstract of thesis. Ph.D. philosopher. Sciences. - Stavropol, 2001.

Yarmakhov B.B. Intercultural communication: the aspect of social identity // Materials of the international scientific and practical conference "Communication: theory and practice in various social contexts" - "Communication Across Differences" - Pyatigorsk: Publishing house -in PSLU, 2002.

Alonso J.A. Globalisation, civil society, and the multilateral system // Development in practice. - Oxford, 2000. - Vol. 10, N 3-4.

Wallerstein I. Capitalist civilization. - Binghampton (N.Y.), 1992.

Kacowicz A.M. Regionalization, globalization, and nationalism: Convergent, divergent, or overlapping? // Alternatives. - Delhi; N.Y., 1999. - Vol. 24, N 4.

Open the Social Sciences: Report of the Gulbenkian Commission on the Reconstruction of the Social Sciences, Stanford: Stanford Univ. Press, 1996.

Pieterse J.N. Globalization as hybridization // Intern. sociology. - L., 1994. - Vol. 9, N 2.

Website of the US Embassy in Moscow http://www.usembassy.ru/bilateral/bilateralr.php?record_id=pa_exchanges.

http://pravo2002.by.ru/intern/09/med01309.html.

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In everyday life, when we talk about “culture,” we often think about museums, theaters, and books. But culture has scientific significance. Culture is a complex factor in human existence. She has different understandings. Cultural research is one of the most important problems social sciences. It not only has theoretical significance, but also practical significance, which is particularly acute today in the face of globalization.

The word "culture" comes from the Latin word cultur. Thus, at the very beginning, the term “culture” in scientific language was a means by which the idea of ​​culture was expressed as a sphere of development of “humanity”, “human nature”, “the human principle in man” - as opposed to natural, elemental, animal existence .

In China, initially in Yin inscriptions on bones (XIV-XII centuries BC) wen(OD) meant a person with a painted torso, “paint”, “pattern” of Confucius? "Lun Yun": Research, trans. from China, comment. / L. S. Perelomov; Fax, text “Lun Yu” with commentary. Zhu Xi; RAS. Institute Dal. East. M., 1998. P. 148.. The tattoo had a sacred meaning as a way of becoming familiar with the deity, the mysterious forces of nature, and gaining magical power. By the time of Confucius wen is saturated with another meaning: that which is conveyed by writing signs; literature, culture Ibid. P. 149.. As noted by Lun Yu researcher L.S. Perelomov, “wen” in the Confucian tradition is something that a person acquires in the process of learning, and everyone should strive to master the culture of their ancestors. Thus, only a representative of the Middle State could become a carrier of culture in this understanding. When interacting with barbarians, he had to spread the beneficial effects of his own culture and ennoble neighboring peoples. As Confucius believed?, “Where a noble man settles, rude morals must disappear!” Right there. P. 366.. According to the teachings of Confucius, the ancient Chinese should be role models among the barbarians: “Be modest at home, treat business with respect, and be sincere with people. Do not give up all these principles, even when going to the barbarians”; “...Be sincere and truthful in your speeches, honest and respectful in your actions, and even if they send you to the country of barbarians, behave exactly like that” Ibid. P.395, p.412..

The word “culture” first appeared in the work of the famous Roman orator Marcus Tullius Cicero “Tusculan Conversations” and since then has a new meaning - as the cultivation of the mind and soul of a person. Therefore, the meaning of the word “culture” began to mean everything created by man, in contrast to what was created by nature? Thus, the concept of “culture” was contrasted with another Latin concept - “nature”, which means “nature”. Since then, the world of culture has been perceived not as a consequence of the action of natural forces, but as a result of human activity.

In the 18th century, this concept came to Germany, where it soon acquired a new meaning. The word “culture” becomes synonymous with education and enlightenment. The credit for the new meaning of the term “culture” belongs to the German lawyer Samuel Pufendorf, who? in your own? work “On Natural Law” for the first time characterized culture as a set of positive qualities, as a result of its own? human? activities that complement? its external and internal nature. In this meaning, the concept of “culture” is used in all European languages, including Russian. Thus, the term “culture” in scientific language was a means by which the idea of ​​culture as a sphere of development of “humanity”, “humanity” was expressed. nature”, “the human principle in man” - as opposed to natural, elemental, animal existence.

The concept of “culture” entered the vocabulary in the middle of the 19th century. It was first recorded in 1846-1848. in the Pocket Dictionary foreign words» N. Kirillova. In V. Dahl's dictionary this concept is a characteristic? mental and moral development person. Dictionary edited? D. N. Ushakova clarifies the first meaning of the term, maintaining the opposition between culture and nature: “Is culture the totality of human achievements? in the subordination of nature, in technology, education, social order.”

In 1871, the founder of the cultural anthropology E. Tei?lor Guan Shijie. “Intercultural Theory? communications". Beijing, 1995. P. 14 gave a definition of culture. Since then, there has been controversy surrounding this? problems begin, and in our age there are many definitions? culture. As an example, we can cite the formulation of E. Taylor, one of the founders? evolutionism and all? scientific? anthropology: “With ideality? point of view on culture can be viewed as the general improvement of the human race through higher? organization of the individual and the whole society with the purpose of simultaneously promoting the development of morality, strength and happiness of man. Is this a theoretical definition of civilization in no small part? degree corresponds to reality? civilizations, which ones? it appears when comparing the savage state with barbarism and barbarism with the modern? civilization? So, with one? on the other hand, cultural Europeans and North Americans, on the other? - uncultured or uncultured “savages” A. A. Susokolov “culture and exchange”. M. 2006. P.13.

B. Malinowski? laid the foundations for a truly scientific approach to the study of culture.

"A. Culture is essentially instrumental? apparatus, thanks to which a person is able to better cope with the specific problems that he encounters in nature? environment in the process of meeting their needs?.

B. This is a system of objects, activities and installations, each part of which? is a means to an end.

B. This is an integral whole, all parts of which are interconnected.

D. These activities, attitudes and objects, organized around vital tasks, form institutions such as the family, clan, local community, tribe, and also give rise to organized groups united by economic? cooperation?, political?, legal? and educational? activities.

D. With dynamic? point of view, that is, depending on the type of activity, culture can be analytically divided into a number of aspects - such as education, social? control, economics, knowledge system?, beliefs? and morality, as well various ways creative and artistic expression.

Cultural? the process always presupposes the existence of people connected with each other by certain relationships, i.e. organized in a certain way, dealing with artifacts and each other in a certain way using speech or symbolism of some other kind. Artifacts, organized groups and symbolism are three closely related dimensions of the cultural process."

An attempt at a compact presentation of the main results of theoretical discussions? regarding the definition of the essence of culture, undertaken well-known? American? anthropologist J. Murdoch, leader of one of the most significant projects, known in science as “Ethnographic? Atlas" by Murdoch. He identified 7 main parameters of culture as a social phenomenon.

A. Kroeber and K. Kluckhohn proposed their own definition of culture: “Culture consists of expressed and hidden patterns of thinking and behavior, which are a specific, isolating achievement of human communities, embodied in symbols, with the help of which they are perceived and transmitted from person to person and from generation to generation" Grushevitskaya T.G., Popkov V.D., Sadokhin A.P. Fundamentals of intercultural? communications. M., 2002. P.20. .

American cultural anthropologists A. Kroeber and K. Yutakhon divided definitions of culture into six main types: descriptive, historical, normative, psychological, structural and genetic. In addition, do researchers identify these types of definitions? cultures, such as anthropological, value-based, adaptive, functional, semiotic, symbolic, hermeneutic, ideational, didactic, sociological, etc. Grushevitskaya T.G., Popkov V.D., Sadokhin A.P. Fundamentals of intercultural? communications. M., 2002. S. 18..

In our opinion, this definition of culture is successful because, firstly, it contains an indication of the existence of local cultures, and secondly, it emphasizes the connection between culture and culture. and communication?, thirdly, culture is viewed primarily as expressed and hidden patterns of thinking and behavior.

Human, or world, culture consists of many local cultures. One of the first who tried to describe and analyze various local cultures was A. Toinbi. Contemporary intercultural researchers? communications also propose various classifications of local cultures, focusing on the communicative differences that exist within them.

American anthropologist E. Hall distinguishes between high-context and low-context cultures. E. Hall compares cultures depending on their relationship to the context. It defines context as the information surrounding and accompanying an event. The difference between them is manifested in the amount of information that is expressed in a communication message. For example: a high-context culture has many non-linguistic contexts (hierarchy, status, appearance, etc.). And in low-context, most of the information is conveyed through words. The desires and intentions of people do not imply understanding from the communication situation. A comparison of the two types of crops shows that each of them has specific characteristics.

From Hall's point of view, Japan, China, Korea, Saudi Arabia have high-context cultures. These countries are homogeneous in terms of accumulated historical experience. Therefore, due to tradition and development, these cultures do not change.

And in Germany, Canada, and the USA, according to Hall, there is a low-context culture. They have little homogeneity. Most information is contained in words, not in the context of communication. Both spoken and written language conveys great importance in their society.

Hall's theory helps us understand cultural communication patterns.

A.S. Karmin believes that culture is informational? process, which is a special type of information process. Information is necessarily passed on from one generation to another. But each new generation needs to accumulate experience from the very beginning. Therefore, the amount of information does not increase from generation to generation.

With the advent of culture among people? special information appears, then people began to store and transmit information. In culture, information influences the sign system. And in this system, each person usually has his own thoughts and ideas, which differ from person to person. And a person can gain independent existence. Yu. M. Lotman believes that culture is created? humanity has a mechanism? the purpose of generating and storing information Lotman Yu. M. Semiosphere. - St. Petersburg, 2001. - P. 395. . Culture includes signs and sign systems in which this information is reflected and stored. Are they becoming social? information?. Culture forms specifically human, extragenetic? the “mechanism” of its inheritance is social heredity . With the help of culture, something becomes possible in society that is impossible in the animal world - the historical accumulation and multiplication of information.

In short, culture is social information that is preserved and accumulated in society with the help of created by people symbolic means.

The main functions of culture A.S. Karmin., “Culturology” M., 2005, P. 30.:

Information function. This function of culture ensures the process of cultural continuation and various forms of historical progress. Culture is a large information field in society. Culture gives society languages ​​- sign systems. Social memory is a necessary element of culture in which the spiritual achievements of humanity are stored. It contains programs of human behavior that reflect the experience of many generations. Therefore, culture is the information support of society. Of course, society itself also creates its own information support.

Adaptive function- Culture enables a person to adapt human feelings. Because man lacks instincts, his biological organization is not adapted to any form of animal existence. To survive, a person must create a cultural environment for himself. Gradually, a person reduces his dependence on nature and becomes dependent on culture. The development of culture also provides a person with security and comfort. In a word, in order to live well in our world, a person must improve his own nature and inner spiritual life.

Communicative function- Culture constitutes the means of human communication, provides the conditions for human communication, and preserves the result. The condition means that only culture provides various forms and means of communication, for example: sign systems, languages. Through communication, people gain opportunities to create, maintain and develop culture. This is the result. Culture is a field of human communication that unites people?

Integrative function- Culture connects people, social groups, states. And every community has its own culture. Members of the same group have the same set of beliefs, values, and ideals. Therefore, members have a sense of belonging to the same cultural group. Cultural differences interfere with communication and mutual understanding between people. The integrative function of culture is not aimed at erasing cultural differences, but at uniting people? and ultimately to the realization of the unity of all humanity A.S. Karmin., “Culturology” M., 2005, P. 30..

Cultural exchange is a complex philosophical, sociological and cultural problem. At the very beginning of the theory, the problem of cultural exchange is closely connected with the philosophical interpretation of the historical process.

In the process of cultural interrelations, cultural exchange gradually moved from individuality and locality to globality. For a long time, cultural ties were spontaneous. In the 16th century, after the great geographical discoveries and the expansion of the European bourgeoisie, cultural exchange gained more stable character. In the 19th century, international relations in the field of culture became more intense and fruitful. Since then, cultural exchange has occupied an important place in relation to different peoples, social groups and countries.

In this regard, it seems impossible to ignore a unique fact in the history of mankind, which is the influence of Europe on America. But this process later reversed itself when civilized Europe experienced the opposite effect. Without trying to cover the entire range of issues related to this phenomenon, we will only emphasize that this process continued for a long time. The cultural exchange between America and Europe contributed to the enrichment of the cultures not only of these two parts, but also of other areas.

The exchange of cultural values ​​has always occupied a fundamental place in international communication. If in previous eras cultural exchanges and mutual influences were spontaneous in nature, contributed mainly to trade, and were carried out on the initiative of travelers, teachers of wisdom, and sailors, then in modern conditions they are characterized by a high level of consciousness and organization.

Thus, culture is a complex factor of human existence. Many scientists study it. I agree with A.S. Carmin. He believes that culture is informational? process. It is a type of information process. We can say that culture is a field of human communication that unites peoples, social groups, and states. Cultural exchange has always occupied a fundamental place in international communication. In the modern world, in the era of integration and cultural exchange, intercultural communication, which is carried out at different levels, is of great importance.

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Chapter III
Main directions and forms of cultural exchange in intercultural communication

§ 1. International relations in the field of music, theater and cinema

International musical, theatrical and cinematic connections as a form of intercultural communications. International musical, theatrical and cinematic connections in international relations. Basic forms of international musical connections. International music competitions. History of international music competitions. The concept of an international music competition. Typology and classification of international music competitions. The largest international music competitions of our time. International pop song competitions. Eurovision and Grammy. International organizations in the field of music. International music competitions in Russia. Competition named after P.I. Tchaikovsky. International music festivals. Concept, typology and classification of international festivals. History of music festivals. The largest international music festivals of our time. International music festivals in Russia. International theater festivals. History of international theater festivals. Avignon and Edinburgh theater festivals. Film festivals, their history, typology and classification. Venice Film Festival. International film festivals in Russia. Moscow International Film Festival.

One of the original areas of intercultural communication, which has its own specifics, can be called contacts in the field of theater and musical art. These types of creativity have exceptional emotional power, are able to engage a large audience in communication and unite people of different nations, religious affiliations and cultural traditions.

Dialogue in the field of music and theater has been going on for a very long time. The first contacts arose almost immediately after the appearance of these types of artistic and musical activities.

It can be noted that communication in the field of music and, to a large extent, theatrical creativity does not occur at the verbal level. The author's talent and the emotional power of the work make it accessible and understandable to a wide variety of audiences. Communications in this area are carried out through different channels and have different problems and results than in other forms of cultural dialogue.

Of course, thanks to the talent of the authors of musical and dramatic works, peoples representing different cultures are brought together, common problems are identified, and a unique artistic environment is formed, the geography of which is significantly different from the traditional one accepted, for example, in international relations.

The development of theatrical and musical creativity cannot be imagined without intercultural communication, which takes place in the professional environment of authors, performers, and in the audience of spectators. This feature has given rise to many forms of intercultural communications in these types of creativity, which will be discussed in this section.

International theatrical and musical ties have a common nature and a long history. These areas of international cultural exchange have been closely interconnected for a long time, and therefore even today they have a common specific impact on the audience and similar patterns of development. Undoubtedly, the history of theater and music dates back to ancient civilizations and goes back more than one millennium; however, while evolving, they have not lost their significance even today. The development of technical means has significantly increased the audience involved in the process of theatrical and musical exchange, which was facilitated by the emergence of cinema, which since the end of the 19th century has become one of the most widespread areas of international cultural dialogue.

The specificity of this area of ​​international cultural exchange is a large audience and a great emotional impact on listeners and viewers. These types of art have exceptional capabilities in shaping a positive image of a country, people, civilizations and can be a powerful tool in modern international relations. The general nature and patterns of these phenomena are reflected in similar forms of their manifestation in international cultural exchange. The most striking forms in which modern international relations in the field of music, theater and cinema are manifested include: festivals and competitions, joint projects, master classes.

What is the importance of international musical connections in modern cultural exchange?

Due to their nature, they contribute to the formation of a positive image of the state. This has been confirmed in the foreign cultural policies of different countries, which have included musical exchanges among their priorities. The theses of the “Foreign Cultural Policy of Russia”, in particular, also indicate the special role of these areas in developing a positive image of the country abroad 160
Theses “Foreign cultural policy of Russia – year 2000”. – pp. 76–84.

The combination of traditions and innovations contributes to the intensive development of these types of creativity and the constant replenishment of the audience.

They contribute to the activation of international contacts, since musical ties can develop even in conditions of interstate contradictions.

Contribute to the enrichment of national cultures and the preservation of cultural diversity in the world.

International music connections are the oldest form of creative communication between people. Today, connections in the field of music are one of the most widespread and emotionally filled manifestations of cultural exchange between people of all races and nationalities, different professional, religious, age, and social backgrounds. Such active participation in international musical exchange is determined by the very nature of music, which is international in essence.

International relations in the field of music are one of the oldest, traditional areas of cultural exchange, since they are associated with the most ancient forms of human culture. Music, literature, theater originated many thousands of years ago. Thus, during the period of ancient states: the states of Mesopotamia, Ancient Egypt (5th – 4th millennium BC), musical and literary culture were developed. Yours further development they are in Ancient Greece, which is considered the birthplace of theater. It is believed that the first theater appeared in the 6th century. BC e. in Athens, although the prototype of the first theatrical performances can be seen earlier, during the Cretan-Mycenaean civilization (XII-IX centuries BC).

Today international relations can develop in the following forms(they largely overlap with the forms of international theatrical relations):

International music competitions

International music festivals

Touring exchange

Repertory exchange

Joint creative events (joint productions, invitation of a foreign conductor, soloist, etc.).

Among the most important actors:

Creative groups and performers,

Theatres, conservatories, philharmonic societies and other musical institutions

International and national musical organizations and unions.

It should be noted that feature of international musical connections is that they develop more actively at the social, individual, and not at the state level.

One of the most common forms of international musical connections, their integral part is international music competitions. Music, like many aspects of culture, cannot exist in the limited space of any society, people or state. Outstanding musicians rarely sit in one place, traveling around the world with concerts, actively communicating with each other within the framework of various competitive projects, festivals and tours, and joint events. For musicians, world recognition is especially important; it is important to earn a name not only in their own country, but also at the global level. It is for this purpose that there is a system of international music competitions, which, among other things, are also a selection system for performers.

International music competitions also play a significant role in international cultural exchange. They expand opportunities for contacts at the state and non-state level, contribute to the formation of a positive image of the country, and enrich the national culture.

Music competitions have a long history. Thus, even in ancient times, there was a tradition of holding various competitions between performers who were both singers and musicians. These competitions were extremely popular in the Hellenic world, so they attracted musicians from all regions of Ancient Greece. The mythological tradition has preserved many legends about divine singers, about competitions of famous musicians, the gods themselves came to listen to them play. Everyone knows the names of the famous greek heroes Orpheus and Arion, whose magnificent voice and art of playing the cithara were put by the ancient Greeks on a par with military prowess. There are known myths about the musical competitions of the god Apollo with Pan or with the satyr Marsyas, about the rivalry between muses and sirens.

According to ancient tradition, musician competitions were included in the Olympic Games. Since 580 BC. e., the Pythian Games began to be organized in Delphi, dedicated to the patron of the arts Apollo, which were Panhellenic competitions for singers. The emergence of competitions and competitions in the era of antiquity was determined by the ideological foundations and spiritual atmosphere of the time. The tradition of holding the Pythian Games has continued to this day. Since 2003, the Delphic Games began to be held in St. Petersburg among youth (music, theater, dance). IN Ancient Rome the tradition of music competitions continued. The winners here were called laureates, because they were crowned with a laurel wreath as a sign of victory.

In the Middle Ages, musical competitions of mimes and jugglers, troubadours and trouvères, spilmans and minnesingers, who traveled throughout Europe without knowing borders, were popular. The competitive nature itself was lost under the conditions of religious dogma, which contributed to the emergence of new forms of musical exchange, which include musical pilgrimage. It is known that at the courts of the reigning persons and the highest nobility there were groups of musicians. There were the first music schools where young people learned the intricacies of playing various musical instruments. Interest in music has manifested itself across class lines in various strata of society at all times. In the Middle Ages, it was common for traveling actors, including musicians, to travel around Europe in search of income, organizing a kind of tour. Since the music was beyond the limitations of language, it was reproduced by the performer in its original source and did not require translation. This property of universal accessibility in terms of perception by the listener contributed to the popularization of musical works on an international scale. Talented performers were appreciated and invited abroad. Interest in foreign novelties of musical creativity, both among the educated nobility and among representatives of the lower classes, was quite great in all countries, despite religious and ideological differences. In addition, thanks to technological progress, the opportunity arose to create new musical instruments, which made it possible to diversify their sound, give a special coloring and flavor to the musical palette of the work, which as a result had a stronger emotional impact on listeners.

The development of musical forms of presentation of works, as well as the emergence of a wide range of performing instruments, received noticeable development in the 17th - 18th centuries in the countries of Western Europe, which was associated with the rapid economic growth and cultural development in these countries. In modern times, ancient ideals are experiencing a rebirth. The practice of various competitions and competitions is returning, in particular in the field of music. Thus, first of all, competitions in the performing arts began to develop between individual musicians who enjoyed particular fame, or among performers on individual instruments - organ, violin, harpsichord. The 18th-19th centuries were especially rich in events of this kind.

It is known that in the first half of the 18th century, a meeting between two great musicians, G. F. Handel and D. Scarlatti, took place in Rome, and G. F. Handel was recognized as the best at playing the organ, and D. Scarlatti at the harpsichord. In the 18th century, in Dresden, a competition took place between J.S. Bach and the famous organist Louis Marchand, who competed in the art of musical improvisation. In 1781, in Vienna, at the court of Emperor Joseph II, a tournament was organized between V.-A. Mozart and pianist A. Clementi, where both musicians masterfully performed improvisations on the theme of their own compositions, thus representing the Viennese and Italian schools of piano playing. According to contemporaries, the motives performed by A. Clementi were somewhat dry, but Mozart, as a sign of respect for his defeated rival, used them as the basis for the overture to the opera “The Magic Flute”. However, these competitions did not have a regular basis and were unsystematic and spontaneous.

However, music competitions truly acquired an international mass character precisely at the beginning of the 19th century. It is believed that the very first international musical competition took place in 1803 in Paris for the Prize of Rome. In 1844, the first international violin competition was held in Leipzig, in which musicians from Germany, Italy and England took part. Since the 80s, international competitions for young violinists began to be organized in Berlin. Mendelssohn.

Since 1860, national music competitions have been held in Russia. They were organized by the Russian Musical Society together with the St. Petersburg Chamber Music Society, mainly through private donations. Since the 80s and 90s in Russia, international competitions for young performers began to be held. The first such competition of young pianists was organized in St. Petersburg by Anton Rubinstein in 1890 with his own money. It was a competition of pianists and composers, which was held until 1910 at intervals of 5 years in different European capitals.

The tradition of holding international competitions has been preserved and increased in the 20th century. Moreover, if in the XVIII – 19th centuries While international music competitions were an isolated phenomenon, it was in the 20th century that they began to become regular. Nowadays, international competitions occupy an important place in the international musical world and are one of the active forms of international cultural exchange. Today in the world there is a large number of various competitions in the field of classical, pop, folk music.

Turning to the history of international music competitions, we can highlight three main stages formation of a modern system of international music competitions:

Stage I: 20–40s of the XX century – the time of the appearance of the first international music competitions;

Stage II: The 50–60s of the 20th century are the time of the creation of the main international music competitions of our time.

Stage III: since the 90s. XX century, the number and geography of international music competitions increased significantly.

The following definition of an international competition can be proposed. international competition- this is a specific event in one of the cultural sectors, held with the aim of identifying the best achievements in the declared field, with a clearly defined program, international composition of participants and timing.

There is a certain typology of international music competitions.

Types of international music competitions:

– monographic, i.e., dedicated to the performance of works by one composer (for example, the F. Chopin Competition in Warsaw, the W.-A. Mozart Competition in Salzburg, the L.-W. Beethoven Competition in Vienna). Sometimes the competition may be dedicated to the work of two or three composers.

– competitions named after the composer, whose work is given special attention in this competition, i.e. the works of this composer are included in the mandatory program of the competition. Moreover, the program of this competition is not limited to the works of only this composer, but includes musical works by other authors (for example, the P. I. Tchaikovsky competition in Moscow, the N. Paganini competition in Genoa).

– thematic competitions, such as contemporary music competitions (for example, Eurovision), folk music competitions.

– competitions with a mixed program, which include works by various composers, different genres, the program includes competitions in various nominations (for example, the S. Prokofiev competition in St. Petersburg).

Types of international music competitions are very different: competitions between individual performers, choirs, musical groups, conductors, competitions in mastery of one or another type of musical instrument, etc.

Structure of international music competitions usually agreed upon in advance. Traditionally, competitions consist of three to four rounds. The number and size of awards varies. Places are usually calculated on a 25 point system.

Venue for international music competitions - mostly competitions are held in capitals(for example, the P. I. Tchaikovsky Competition in Moscow, the Queen Elizabeth Competition in Brussels, the F. Chopin Competition in Warsaw).

– among other competition centers we can note big cities– cultural centers: Toulouse, Barcelona, ​​Geneva, Liverpool, Poznan.

– often chosen as the venue for the competition the birthplace of the great composer(J.-S. Bach Competition in Leipzig, R. Schumann Competition in Zwickau, N. Paganini Competition in Genoa).

– sometimes the choice of venue for a music competition is international resort or tourist center, where the infrastructure is developed, there are large tourist flows (for example, a folk music competition in the Finnish city of Savonlinna).

- there are also so-called "nomadic" competitions, the location of which is not exactly fixed: they are usually held in different cities and do not have a permanent address (for example, such competitions are organized and conducted by the Federation of Accordion and Bayan, the International Association of Musical Youth, the P. Casals competition belongs to the same group. From the region modern music can be cited as an example of the Eurovision Song Contest, which each time takes place in a new place - in the country that won the previous competition).

Time and timing of international music competitions are different, but usually in such cases the most suitable months for a given climate are selected. It is customary for the same competition to be held at approximately the same time. The duration of international music competitions is from three to four days to two weeks.

Organizers and founders of international music competitions – also very different. These may include institutions, societies, firms, government bodies, and individual musicians. For example, in 1848, the Philips company organized a famous competition in Schevening (Netherlands) as a means of advertising its products.

Conditions for holding international music competitions are very democratic and are established by the organizers. The most common restriction is age: for performers - 35 years, for conductors - 40 years.

International music competitions are held in almost every major country. Hosting an international music competition is considered a prestigious matter. This contributes to the development of tourist and cultural ties, raises the country’s authority, and has a positive effect on its image. Let's look at the most famous international music competitions, grouping them according to regional principles.

Austria- Home of the oldest music competitions in Europe. One of the most famous and large international music competitions held in this country is the V.-A. Vocal Competition. Mozart in Salzburg, organized by the Vienna Academy of Music. This competition was first held in 1956 and annually attracts 64 participants. Competitions are held in three specialties: violin, piano, solo singing. The program includes works by Mozart. The organ competition, held annually in Graz since 1960, is also widely known. No less famous is the competition named after L.V. Beethoven in Vienna.

England. Here you can note the violin competition named after Carl Flesch, the famous English violinist who organized this competition in 1945. This competition is held annually in November for three days. Only performers under 30 years of age can take part in it. As part of the program of this competition, one piece by J.-S. is performed. Bach and other composers. The usual number of participants in the competition is 20–30 people. For a long time, the renowned conductor Yehudi Menuhin was a member of the competition’s organizing committee.

The competition for performing musicians in Liverpool, first held in 1948, is also of interest. The organizers of this competition include the British Council and the BBC. The competition is held in three specialties: piano, conducting and solo singing. The program specifies a strictly defined circle of composers whose musical works are required for performance: I.-S. Bach, J. Haydn, B. Dvorak, W.-A. Mozart, M. Ravel, P. I. Tchaikovsky.

Belgium. The famous competition named after the Belgian Queen Elizabeth, the founder of this competition, has been held here since 1950. The venue is Brussels. The competition is held in three specialties: violin, piano and composition, alternately once a year. The themes of the works performed vary. Among the winners of the Queen Elizabeth Competition are such famous Russian musicians as pianist E. Gilels, violinists D. Oistrakh, Y. Flier, L. Kogan. Also in the Belgian city of Bruges, in the Saint-Souver Cathedral, since 1964, as part of the Flemish music festival, the international competition organists.

Hungary. Many different international music competitions are held here. First of all, let's name the F. Liszt Piano Competition (1933), the B. Bartok Chamber Music Competition, in which pianists and violinists participate (1948), and the Haydn String Quartet Competition (1959). All these competitions take place in Budapest and are among the oldest European music competitions.

Israel. The only international harp competition of its kind has been held in Tel Aviv since 1959. It is held once every three years and has a very large bonus fund.

Italy– a country with rich competitive traditions in the field of music. Since 1959, a violin competition named after N. Paganini has been held annually in Genoa. The Bolzano Piano Competition, named after the famous Italian conductor and composer Ferruccio Buzzoni, is very popular. This competition was first held in 1949 and now annually in August-September it attracts a huge number of classical music fans. The principle of selecting the competition program, which includes F. Buzzoni’s favorite musical works, is also interesting. Let us also note the famous opera festival held in the Arena di Verona amphitheater.

Netherlands. The already mentioned competition of musicians-performers in Schevening, organized in 1948 by Philips, and since 1963 - the competition of contemporary music performers in Utrecht are held here.

Poland. It was here, in Warsaw, that the very first international music competition named after F. Chopin was organized and held in 1927. The initiator of this prestigious competition was Jerzy Zhurawlev, a professor at the Higher School of Music in Warsaw. The number of participants in this competition is 500 people. The program includes the obligatory performance of Chopin's polonaises and mazurkas. In the 60s, D. Kabalevsky was a member of the Organizing Committee of this competition. Also in Poznań there is a competition of composers named after. G. Wieniawski.

Russia. The Tchaikovsky Competition, held in Moscow since 1958, is the most famous in the international musical world. Initially it included only competitions for violinists and pianists. Since 1962, cellist competitions have also been organized, and since 1966, solo singing has been included in the competition program. The range of works performed is wide - Russian and foreign classics.

USA Once every four years they host the Van Cliburn Piano Competition, which takes place in Fort Worth. The competition program includes classical and contemporary music. The prize fund for this competition is high; The average premium is $10,000. Also in the USA, in the city of Kalamazoo, there is a competition for young keyboard performers named after the famous musician and guitarist David Gilmour.

France. One of the most prestigious competitions in the modern musical world is a competition named after famous French performers: pianist Marguerite Long and violinist Jacques Thibault. This competition was first held in 1943, in occupied Paris. The program includes competitions for violinists and pianists. As part of the competition, works by I.-S. Bach, F. Chopin, R. Schumann, as well as works by French composers. The laureates of the competition named after M. Long and J. Thibault are Russian musicians D. Oistrakh, E. Gilels, L. Kogan and others. Since 1954, a vocal competition has been held in Toulouse, and since 1957, a competition for performers of French vocal music in Paris, the program of which includes vocal works by French composers from various eras. Since 1959, French Radio and Television has held a guitar competition.

Czech Republic. The Prague Spring competition, which was first held in 1947 and is now one of the most prestigious international music competitions, is widely known. Its program includes competitions for violinists, pianists, cellists, vocalists, string quartets, as well as performers on wooden and brass instruments. M. Rostropovich has repeatedly become a laureate of the Prague Spring competition.

Now there are more than 30 international music competitions in the world (according to some sources - more than 150), they are held in most European countries, as well as in Canada (Montreal), Uruguay (Montevideo), Brazil (Rio de Janeiro), Japan (Tokyo ), Israel (Tel Aviv), USA (New York).

In addition to numerous international musical competitions in the field of classical music, there are international music competitions in the field of pop and pop music. The most striking example is International music competition Eurovision. Currently, Eurovision is a TV broadcast network managed by the European Broadcasting Union (EBU), which broadcasts news, sports programs, etc.

In 1955, the European Broadcasting Union in Monaco established a special committee under the leadership of Marcel Besançon (Beson), director general of Swiss television, to create a popular song competition. The purpose of this competition is to unite European countries around popular music and promote the cultural unification of Europe in the post-war period. The idea was approved at the EBU assembly in Rome on October 19, 1955. The Italian song competition in San Remo was taken as a model. The competition takes place between countries that are members of the EBU, so among the competitors there are countries that are not part of Europe, for example, Israel.

The first competition took place in the spring 1956 in Lugano (Switzerland)). At that time, 7 countries took part in the competition, among the participants were Belgium, France, Luxembourg, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and West Germany. The first winner was Lis Eisha from Switzerland.

According to the rules, no more than 2 songs could be submitted to the competition, which were selected at the national final with the participation of the public. Since there are quite a lot of EBU member countries, in order to reduce the number of participants, a national qualifying tournament is initially held. Often representatives of other countries competed for the country, for example, in 1988, Canadian Celine Dion competed for Switzerland (she also won), and Belgian Lara Fabian competed for Luxembourg.

Initially, the fate of the winner was decided by a jury, which included 2 representatives from each country. No financial reward was provided to the winner. Currently, the winner of the competition is determined only by audience voting, and you cannot vote for an artist from your own country. Currently, participants over 16 years of age are allowed to participate in the competition.

Funding consisted of contributions from competition participants, as well as expenses of the organizing country. For example, Latvia's expenses in 2003 amounted to $11 million, to which should be added the costs of preparing Riga to receive guests. Now the competition has a pronounced commercial specificity: broadcast on TV, on the Internet, and release of a CD. In 2001, the rules of the competition changed. Only countries that took 1st to 15th places, as well as the “big four”: France, Great Britain, Germany, Spain, who earned the right to “lifetime” participation in the competition, regardless of the results achieved, were allowed to participate.

For many performers, the Eurovision Song Contest was the beginning of their popularity; for example, in 1974, the ABBA ensemble won with the song Waterloo, whose popularity then increased sharply.

Representatives Russia began to participate in the competition in 1994 (Maria Katz under the name Judith - 9th place), then F. Kirkorov (1995, 17th place, Russia’s worst result in the competition), A. Pugacheva (1997, 15th place) took part 1st place), groups Mumiy Troll (2001, 12th place), Prime Minister (2002, 10th place), Tatu (2003, 3rd place), Yulia Savicheva (2004), Natalya Podolskaya (2005), Alsou (2000, 2nd place), Dima Bilan (2006, 2nd place), Serebro group (2007, 3rd place). Russia's real triumph at Eurovision was the victory of Dima Bilan in 2008, with whom the famous figure skater and Olympic champion Evgeni Plushenko performed.

Another example of music competitions is the famous music competition "Grammy" called the "musical Oscars". It does not have international status, but it has an international composition of participants and international fame.

The Grammy competition was established by the American Recording Company Association in 1958. The idea for the competition was born in 1957, when the centenary of the invention of the gramophone by Thomas Edison was celebrated. Hence the prize - a golden figurine depicting a gramophone. The very first competition was opened by Frank Sinatra. Today, the competition is organized annually by the US National Academy of Recording Arts and Technology. The competition features a wide range of nominations for the highest achievements of the previous year. The award is given to musicians, arrangers, composers, producers, sound engineers, etc. There are a total of 108 categories (song of the year, record of the year, album of the year, best new singer, best female singer, etc.) and 30 musical genres (classical, jazz, pop, blues, rap, R&B, country, etc.).

It is not for nothing that the modern world is called international. At the end of the 19th century, a process began that was later called globalization and continues at an ever-accelerating pace to the present day. It is represented by many different phenomena, the main one of which can be called a “dialogue of cultures,” or, more simply, cultural exchange. And indeed, the media, more advanced (compared to the XIX and more early centuries) transport, stable connections between nations - all this makes constant cooperation in all spheres of society inevitable and necessary.

Features of an international society

With the development of television and the Internet, everything that happens in one state almost instantly becomes known to the whole world. This is what became the main reason for globalization. This is the name given to the process of uniting all countries of the world into a single, universal community. And first of all, this is expressed in cultural exchange. It's about, of course, not only about the emergence of “international” languages ​​and international projects related to art (such as Eurovision). The word “culture” here must be understood in a broader sense: as all types and results of human transformative activity. Simply put, this is what we can call everything that was created by people:

• objects of the material world, from sculptures and temples to computers and furniture;
• all ideas and theories formed by the human mind;
• economic systems, financial institutions and modes of commercial activity;
• languages ​​of the world, as the most obvious manifestation of the “soul” of each specific people;
• scientific concepts;
• religions of the world, which have also undergone major changes in the age of globalization;
• and of course, everything that directly relates to art: painting, literature, music.

If you look at the manifestations of culture in the modern world, you can see that almost all of them have some “international” features. This could be a genre popular in all countries (for example, avant-garde or street art), the use of world-famous symbols and archetypes, etc. The only exceptions are works of folk culture. However, this was not always the case.

Cultural exchange: good or bad?

It has long been known that nations that have chosen a policy of self-isolation develop much more slowly than countries that maintain close contacts with their neighbors. This is clearly visible in the examples of medieval China or Japan until the end of the 19th century. On the one hand, these countries have a rich culture of their own and successfully preserve their ancient customs. On the other hand, many historians note that such states inevitably “ossify”, and adherence to traditions is gradually replaced by stagnation. It turns out that the exchange of cultural values ​​is the main development of any civilization? Modern researchers are confident that this is indeed the case. And there are many examples of this in the history of the world.

Dialogue of cultures in primitive society

In ancient times, each tribe lived as a separate group and contacts with “strangers” were random (and, as a rule, extremely aggressive) in nature. Collisions with foreign cultures most often occurred during military raids. Any alien was a priori considered an enemy, and his fate was sad.

The situation began to change when the tribes began to move from gathering and hunting, first to nomadic cattle breeding, and then to agriculture. The emerging surplus of products became the reason for the emergence of trade, and therefore stable ties between neighbors. In subsequent centuries, it was merchants who became not only suppliers of necessary products, but also the main sources of information about what was happening in other lands.

First empires

However, cultural exchange became truly important with the advent of slave-owning civilizations. Ancient Egypt, Sumer, China, Greece - none of these states can be imagined without constant campaigns of conquest. Along with slaves and war trophies, the invaders brought home fragments of a foreign culture: material values, works of art, customs and beliefs. In turn, foreign religions were often implanted in the conquered territories, new traditions appeared, and changes often occurred in the languages ​​of the conquered peoples.

Connections between countries in New and Contemporary times

Development of trade and subsequently great geographical discoveries made the exchange of cultural experience a necessity and an important condition for the prosperity of peoples. Silks, spices, and expensive weapons were brought from the East to Europe. From America - tobacco, corn, potatoes. And along with them - new fashion, habits, features of everyday life.

In English, Dutch, and French paintings of the New Age, you can often see representatives of the noble class smoking a pipe or hookah, playing chess that came from Persia, or reclining in a robe on a Turkish ottoman. Colonies (and therefore the constant export of material assets from conquered countries) became the key to the greatness of the largest empires of the second millennium. A similar situation was observed in our country: Russian nobles wore German dress, spoke French and read Byron in the original. The ability to discuss the latest trends in Parisian fashion or events on the London Stock Exchange was considered an important sign of good upbringing.

The 20th and 21st centuries have changed the situation dramatically. After all, already at the end of the 19th century the telegraph appeared, then the telephone and radio. The times when news from France or Italy arrived in Russia two or three weeks late are over. Now international cultural exchange meant not just the borrowing of individual habits, words or methods of production, but practically the merging of all developed countries in a motley, but having some common features global community.

Dialogue of cultures in the 21st century

It will not be easy for archaeologists of the future who will excavate modern megacities to understand which people belonged to this or that city. Cars from Japan and Germany, shoes from China, watches from Switzerland... This list can be continued endlessly. In any educated family, on the bookshelf, the masterpieces of Russian classics stand side by side with Dickens, Coelho and Murakami; versatile knowledge serves as an indicator of a person’s success and intelligence.

The importance and necessity of exchanging cultural experience between countries has been proven long ago and unconditionally. In fact, such a “dialogue” is the key to the normal existence and constant development of any modern state. Its manifestation can be seen in all areas. The most striking examples of cultural exchange are:

• film festivals (for example, Cannes, Berlin), which present films from a variety of countries;
• various international awards (for example, Nobel, Lasker for achievements in medicine, Asian Shao Prize, etc.).
• award ceremonies in the field of cinema (“Oscar”, “Taffy”, etc.).
• international sporting events that attract fans from all over the world.
• famous festivals such as Oktoberfest, the Indian festival of colors Holi, the famous Brazilian carnivals, the Mexican Day of the Dead and the like.

And, of course, we must not forget that the subjects of world pop culture these days, as a rule, are international. Even a film adaptation of a classic or a work based on a mythological plot often has elements of other cultures. A striking example is the inter-author cycle of “free sequels” of novels about Sherlock Holmes or films of the Marvel film company, in which American culture, borrowings from the Scandinavian epic, echoes of Eastern esoteric practices and much more are closely mixed.

Dialogue of cultures and the Bologna system

The issue of internationalization of education is becoming increasingly pressing. Nowadays, there are many universities whose diploma gives a person the opportunity to be hired not only in his home country, but also abroad. However, not all educational institutions have such high authority. In Russia these days, only a few universities can boast of international recognition:

• Tomsk University;
• St. Petersburg State University;
• Bauman Technical University;
• Tomsk Polytechnic;
• Novosibirsk State University;
• and, of course, Moscow State University, the famous Lomonosovka.

Only they provide truly high-quality education that meets all international standards. In this area, the need to exchange cultural experience forms the basis of economic cooperation between states. By the way, it was precisely in order to internationalize education that Russia switched to the Bologna two-level system.

The continuity of generations

When people talk about cultural exchange, they most often think of international events, world-famous festivals or artist exhibitions. Most respondents can easily name a dozen or two foreign blockbusters or novels by foreign authors. And only a few will remember what forms the basis of our own, sometimes almost forgotten, culture. Now we are talking not only about epics and folk tales(fortunately, they are now quite famous thanks to cartoons about heroes). Spiritual culture is also:

• language - set expressions, dialect words, aphorisms;
• folk arts and crafts (for example, Gorodets painting, Vologda lace, hand-woven belts, which are still woven in some villages);
• riddles and proverbs;
• national dances and songs;
• games (almost everyone probably remembers lapta and tag, but very few are aware of the rules of such children’s entertainment as “siskin”, “pile”, “burners”, “king of the hill” and others).

Sociological surveys show that the youth of our country know much better the complex terms that came to us from the West than outdated Russian words. In some ways, this may be right - keeping up with the times is always important. But then another question arises: isn’t our language gradually being replaced by someone else’s, if now it’s easier for a person to say “monitor” instead of “track”, “weekend” instead of “weekend” and “party” instead of “party”?

But the need to exchange cultural experience between generations forms the basis for the development of any nation. A society that willingly adopts other people's traditions and values ​​and forgets its own is doomed to disappear. Not physically, of course, but culturally. In sociology, this process is called “assimilation” - the absorption of one people by another. It is worth wondering whether our country faces a similar fate?

Introduction 3
1. Intercultural communication 4
1. 1. The concept and essence of intercultural communication 4
communication flows 9
2. Russian policy in the field of culture. Forms of cultural
exchange 11
Conclusion 15
References 16

Introduction
Cultural exchange between peoples is an integral attribute of the development of human society. Not a single state, even the most politically and economically powerful, is able to satisfy the cultural and aesthetic demands and needs of its citizens without turning to the world cultural heritage, the spiritual heritage of other countries and peoples.
Cultural exchanges are designed to establish and maintain stable and long-term connections between states, public organizations and people, and contribute to the establishment of interstate interaction in other areas, including in the economic sphere.
International cultural cooperation includes connections in the field of culture and art, science and education, the media, youth exchanges, publishing, museums, libraries and archives, sports and tourism, as well as through public groups and organizations, creative unions and individual groups of citizens .
The problems of finding one’s place in the global cultural space and the formation of nationally oriented approaches in domestic and foreign cultural policy are currently of particular relevance for Russia.
The expansion of Russia's openness has led to an increase in its dependence on the cultural and information processes taking place in the world, primarily such as the globalization of cultural development and the cultural industry, the commercialization of the cultural sphere, and the increasing dependence of culture on large financial investments; the rapprochement of “mass” and “elite” cultures; the development of modern information technologies and global computer networks, the rapid increase in the volume of information and the speed of its transmission; reduction of national specificity in global information and cultural exchange.
1. Intercultural communication
1. 1. The concept and essence of intercultural communication
In the modern world, any nation is open to the perception of other people’s cultural experience and at the same time is ready to share the products of its own culture with other peoples. This appeal to the cultures of other peoples is called “interaction of cultures” or “intercultural communication”.
The desire to comprehend another culture, as well as the polar desire not to take other cultures into account or to consider them as unworthy, while assessing the bearers of these cultures as second-class people, considering them barbarians, have existed throughout human history. skaya history. In a transformed form, this dilemma persists today - even the very concept of intercultural communication causes a lot of controversy and discussion in the scientific community. Its synonyms are “cross-cultural”, “interethnic” communication, as well as “intercultural interaction”.
We can talk about intercultural communication (interaction) only if people represent different cultures and recognize everything that does not belong to their culture as “alien.”
Participants in intercultural relations do not resort to their own traditions, customs, ideas and ways of behavior, but get acquainted with other people’s rules and norms of everyday communication, while each of them constantly notes for themselves both characteristic and unfamiliar, as identities ¬in, and dissent, both familiar and new in the ideas and feelings of “us” and “strangers”.
The concept of “intercultural communication” was first formulated in the work of G. Treyger and E. Hall “Culture and Communication. Model of Analysis" (1954). By intercultural communication they understood the ideal goal to which a person should strive in his desire to optimally adapt to the world around him. Since then, science has identified the most characteristic features of intercultural communication.
For example, it requires that the sender and recipient of the message belong to different cultures. It also requires the participants in communication to be aware of each other’s cultural differences. In its essence, intercultural communication is always interpersonal communication in a special context, when one participant discovers the cultural difference of another, etc.
Finally, intercultural communication is based on the process of symbolic interaction between individuals and groups whose cultural differences can be recognized. Perceptions and attitudes toward these differences influence the type, form, and outcome of contact. Each participant in cultural contact has his own system of rules that function in such a way that messages sent and received can be encoded and decoded.
Signs of cross-cultural differences can be interpreted as differences in verbal and non-verbal codes in a specific communication context. The interpretation process, in addition to cultural differences, is influenced by the age, gender, profession, and social status of the communicant.
Thus, intercultural communication should be considered as a set of various forms of relationships and communication between individuals and groups belonging to different cultures.
On our planet there are vast territories, structurally and organically united into one social system with its own cultural traditions. For example, we can talk about American culture, Latin American culture, African culture, European culture, Asian culture. Most often, these types of culture are distinguished on a continental basis, and due to their scale they are called macrocultures. It is quite natural that within these macrocultures a significant number of subcultural differences are found, but along with these differences, general similarities are also found that allow us to speak about the presence of such macrocultures, and the population of the corresponding regions to be considered representatives of the same culture. There are global differences between macrocultures. In this case, intercultural communication takes place regardless of the status of its participants, in a horizontal plane.
Whether voluntarily or not, many people are members of certain social groups that have their own cultural characteristics. From a structural point of view, these are microcultures (subcultures) within a macroculture. Each microculture has both similarities and differences with its mother culture, which ensures that their representatives have the same perception of the world. At the same time, maternal culture differs from the microculture of ethnic and religious affiliation, geographical location, economic status, gender and age characteristics, marital status and social status of their members.
Intercultural communication at the micro level. There are several types of it:
interethnic communication is communication between individuals representing different peoples (ethnic groups). Society, as a rule, consists of ethnic groups that create and share their own subcultures. Ethnic groups pass on their cultural heritage from generation to generation, and thanks to this they maintain their identity in the environment of the dominant culture. Coexistence within one society naturally leads to mutual communication between different ethnic groups and the exchange of cultural achievements;
countercultural communication between representatives of the mother culture and those of its elements and groups that do not agree with the dominant values ​​and ideals of the mother culture. Countercultural groups reject the values ​​of the dominant culture and put forward their own norms and rules that contrast them with the values ​​of the majority;
communication among social classes and groups - is based on the differences between social groups and classes of a particular society. Differences between people are determined by their origin, education, profession, social status, etc. The distance between the elite and the majority of the population, between the rich and the poor is often expressed in opposing views, customs, traditions, etc. Despite the fact that all these people belong to the same culture, such differences divide them into subcultures and affect communication between them;
communication between representatives of different demographic groups, religious (for example, between Catholics and Protestants in Northern Ireland), gender and age (between men and women, between representatives of different generations). Communication between people in this case is determined by their belonging to one group or another and, consequently, by the cultural characteristics of this group;
communication between urban and rural residents is based on differences between city and village in the style and pace of life, general level of education, a different type of interpersonal relationships, different “life philosophies” that determine the specifics of this process;
regional communication between residents of different regions (localities), whose behavior in the same situation may differ significantly. For example, residents of the northern American states are put off by the “sweet” style of communication of residents of the southern states, which they consider insincere. And a resident of the southern states perceives the dry style of communication of his northern friend as rudeness;
communication in business culture - arises due to the fact that each organization (firm) has a number of specific customs and rules that form their corporate culture, and when contacting representatives of different enterprises, misunderstandings may arise.
Intercultural communication at the macro level. Openness to external influences and interaction are an important condition for the successful development of any culture.
Modern international documents formulate the principle of equality of cultures, which implies the elimination of any legal restrictions and spiritual suppression of the aspirations of each ethnic or national group (even the smallest) to adhere to its culture and preserve its identity. Of course, the influence of a large people, nation or civilization is incomparably greater than that of small ethnic groups, although the latter also have a cultural impact on their neighbors in their region and contribute to world culture.
Each element of culture - morality, law, philosophy, science, artistic, political, everyday culture - has its own specificity and affects, first of all, the corresponding forms and elements of the culture of another people. Thus, the fiction of the West enriches the creativity of writers from Asia and Africa, but the reverse process is also underway - the best writers of these countries introduce the Western reader to a different vision of the world and man. A similar dialogue is taking place in other spheres of culture.
So, intercultural communication is a complex and contradictory process. In different eras it took place in different ways: it happened that two cultures coexisted peacefully, without infringing on each other’s dignity, but more often intercultural communication took place in the form of sharp confrontation, the subordination of the weak by the strong, depriving them of their cultural identity. The nature of intercultural interaction is especially important these days, when most ethnic groups and their cultures are involved in the communication process.

1.2. Intercultural exchange in international
communication flows
A major role in eliminating the contradictions inherent in the global process of interpenetration of cultures belongs in modern society to the United Nations, which considers cultural and scientific exchange, intercultural communications as important elements in moving towards international cooperation and development in the field of culture. In addition to its main activities in the field of education, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) focuses on three other areas - science for development; cultural development (heritage and creativity), as well as communication, information and computer science.
The 1970 UNESCO convention prohibits the illegal import, export and transfer of cultural property, and the 1995 convention promotes the return of stolen or illegally exported cultural objects to the country of origin.
UNESCO's cultural activities aim to promote the cultural dimensions of development; promoting creation and creativity; preservation of cultural identity and oral traditions; promotion of books and reading.
UNESCO claims to be a world leader in promoting press freedom and the pluralistic and independent nature of the media. In its main program in this area, it seeks to promote the free flow of information and strengthen the communication capabilities of developing countries.
The UNESCO Recommendations on the International Exchange of Cultural Property (Nairobi, 26 November 1976) states that the General Conference of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization recalls that cultural property is the fundamental element of the civilization and culture of peoples.
The Recommendations also emphasize that the expansion and strengthening of cultural exchanges, ensuring a more complete mutual acquaintance with achievements in various fields of culture, will contribute to the enrichment of different cultures, while respecting the originality of each of them, as well as the value of the cultures of other peoples, constituting the cultural heritage of all mankind.
The mutual exchange of cultural property, once it is provided with legal, scientific and technical conditions that make it possible to prevent illegal trade and damage to these values, is a powerful means of strengthening mutual understanding and mutual respect between peoples.
Moreover, by “international exchange” UNESCO means any transfer of ownership, use or storage of cultural property between states or cultural institutions of different countries - be it in the form of loan, transfer for storage, sale or gift of such property - carried out in the conditions , which can be agreed upon between the interested parties.

2. Russian policy in the field of culture. Forms
cultural exchange
Cultural policy can be defined as a set of measures taken by various social institutions and aimed at forming a subject of creative activity, defining conditions, boundaries and priorities in the field of creativity, organizing the processes of selection and transmission of created cultural values ​​and benefits and their assimilation by society.
The subjects of cultural policy include: government bodies, non-state economic and business structures and cultural figures. In addition to cultural figures, the objects of cultural policy include the sphere of culture itself and society, considered as a set of consumers of created and distributed cultural values.
In the field of formation of Russia's foreign cultural policy, it should be noted that in the last decade Russia has gained the opportunity to redefine its internal and external cultural policies, develop the legal framework for international cultural interaction, conclude agreements with foreign countries and international organizations, and formulate a mechanism for their implementation. .
The country has begun the process of transforming the previous system of international cultural cooperation, which developed under the administrative-command system, into a new democratic system based on universal human values ​​and national interests.
The democratization of international relations contributed to the elimination of strict party-state control over the forms and content of international cultural exchanges. The “Iron Curtain”, which for decades had hampered the development of contacts between our society and European and world civilization, was destroyed. Professional and amateur artistic groups and cultural institutions were given the opportunity to independently establish foreign contacts. Various styles and trends in literature and art have gained the right to exist, including those that previously did not fit into the framework of official ideology. The number of government and public organizations taking part in cultural exchanges has increased significantly.
The share of non-state financing of events held outside the country (commercial projects, sponsorship funds, etc.) has increased. The development of foreign relations between creative teams and individual artists on a commercial basis not only contributed to increasing the international prestige of the country, but also made it possible to earn significant foreign currency funds necessary to strengthen the material base of culture.
The basis of ties in the field of culture are artistic and artistic exchanges in their traditional forms of touring and concert activities. The high authority and uniqueness of the domestic performing school, the promotion of new national talents to the world stage ensure a stable international demand for the performances of Russian masters.
The regulations aimed at regulating cultural exchange between Russia and foreign countries state that cultural cooperation of the Russian Federation with foreign countries is an integral part of Russian state policy in the international arena.
As an example of the state’s serious attention to issues of cultural exchange, one can cite the activities of the Russian Center for International Scientific and Cultural Cooperation under the Government of the Russian Federation. Its main task is to promote the establishment and development of information, scientific, technical, business, humanitarian, and cultural ties between Russia and foreign countries through its system of representative offices and centers of science and culture (RCSC) in 52 countries of the world.
It has the following main tasks: developing, through Russian centers of science and culture (RCSC) and its representative offices abroad in 68 cities in Europe, America, Asia and Africa, a wide range of international relations of the Russian Federation, as well as promoting the activities of Russian and foreign non-governmental organizations in developing these connections; promoting the formation abroad of a comprehensive and objective understanding of the Russian Federation as a new democratic state, an active partner of foreign countries in interaction in cultural, scientific, humanitarian, information fields and the development of world economic relations.
An important area of ​​activity of the center is participation in the implementation of state policy for the development of international scientific and cultural cooperation, familiarizing the foreign public with the history and culture of the peoples of the Russian Federation, its domestic and foreign policy, scientific, cultural, intellectual and economic potential.
In its activities, the center promotes the development of contacts through international, regional and national governmental and non-governmental organizations, including with specialized organizations and institutions of the UN, the European Union, UNESCO and other international organizations.
The foreign public is given the opportunity to become acquainted with the achievements of Russia in the field of literature, culture, art, education, science and technology. These same chains are served by the holding of complex events dedicated to the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, individual regions, cities and organizations of Russia, and the development of partnerships between cities and regions of the Russian Federation and other countries.
Despite the state's attention to issues of cultural exchange, in recent years the cultural sphere has been within the strict framework of market relations, which significantly affects its condition. Budget investments in culture have sharply decreased. Most of the regulations adopted by the authorities regulating relations in this area are not implemented. The financial situation of both the cultural sector in general and creative workers in particular has deteriorated sharply. Increasingly, cultural institutions are forced to replace free forms of work with paid ones. In the process of consuming cultural goods provided to society, domestic forms begin to dominate; As a result, there is a decrease in attendance at public cultural events.
The implementation of the policy announced by the state towards the formation of a multi-channel system of financing culture is carried out poorly in practice due to insufficient legal elaboration, the insignificance of the tax benefits provided for sponsors, and the incomplete formation of the very layer of potential sponsors - private entrepreneurs. The benefits guaranteed by tax legislation are often one-sided, since they mainly concern only state cultural organizations.
A very important feature characteristic of today’s culture of the country is the inculcation in society of the values ​​of Western (primarily American) civilization, which is reflected in a sharp increase in the share of Western mass culture products in the cultural offer. This occurs to the detriment of the introduction into the public consciousness of norms and values ​​traditional for the Russian mentality, and to a decrease in the cultural level of society, especially young people.

Conclusion
To summarize, it should be noted that certain progress has been achieved in the field of international cultural cooperation compared to previous decades. However, globalization leaves its mark on intercultural communications, expressed in a whole set of serious contradictions, primarily at the value (worldview) level.
The most important feature of the development of modern society, undoubtedly, is the process of mutual penetration of cultures, which at the end of the 20th - beginning of the 21st centuries acquired a universal character. In the current difficult conditions of relations between countries with different value systems and levels of social development, it is necessary to develop new principles of international dialogue, when all participants in communication are equal and do not strive for dominance. Existing trends generally show positive dynamics, which is greatly facilitated by the active involvement of Russian citizens in international cultural exchange programs.
The core task of Russia's foreign cultural policy is to form and strengthen relations of mutual understanding and trust with foreign countries, develop equal and mutually beneficial partnerships with them, and increase the country's participation in the system of international cultural cooperation. The Russian cultural presence abroad, as well as the foreign cultural presence in Russia, contributes to establishing our country’s worthy place on the world stage.

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