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“Surrounded by people, he is alone with himself, solving some mathematical, philosophical, moral or global problem and, reflecting, thinks most deeply about the fate of each specific, individual person.” L. Chukovskaya Andrey Dmitrievich Sakharov

Childhood and youth Born on May 21, 1921 in Moscow. Father - Dmitry Ivanovich Sakharov, is a teacher of physics at the Pedagogical Institute. Lenin. Mother - Ekaterina Alekseevna Sakharova - the daughter of a hereditary military man. My maternal grandmother Zinaida Evgrafovna Sofiano is from the family of Belgorod nobles Mukhanov. He spent his childhood and early youth in Moscow. Primary education Sakharov got home. I went to school from the seventh grade.

Years of study 1938 Upon graduation high school Sakharov entered the physics department of Moscow University. 1941 tried to enroll in military academy, but was not accepted due to health reasons. In 1941 he was evacuated to Ashgabat. In 1942 he graduated from the university with honors.

First research In 1942, it was placed at the disposal of the People's Commissar of Armaments and sent to a cartridge factory in Ulyanovsk. In the same year, he made an invention to control armor-piercing cores and made a number of other proposals. From 1943 to 1944 he made several on his own scientific works and sent them to the Physics Institute. Lebedeva. At the beginning of 1945, he was enrolled in graduate school at the institute. In 1947 he defended his Ph.D. thesis.

Contribution to science In 1948 - 1968 he was enrolled in a special group, worked in the field of development thermo nuclear weapons. Contributed to the conclusion of the Moscow Test Ban Treaty in three areas. 1953 Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences. At the age of 32, he was elected a full member of the USSR Academy of Sciences. One of the creators hydrogen bomb(1953) in the USSR. Works have been written on magnetic hydrodynamics, plasma physics, controlled thermonuclear fusion, elementary particles, astrophysics, gravity.

Social activism in the 1950s actively advocated for an end to nuclear weapons testing. 1960s one of the leaders of the human rights movement in the USSR. 1970 became one of the three founding members of the Moscow Human Rights Committee (together with Andrei Tverdokhlebov and Valery Chalidze). In 1974, he held a press conference at which he announced the Day of Political Prisoners in the USSR. 1975 Sakharov was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. In September 1977, he sent a letter to the organizing committee on the problem of the death penalty, in which he advocated its abolition in the USSR and throughout the world. In December 1979 and January 1980 he made a number of statements against the introduction Soviet troops to Afghanistan.

Publications In 1968, he wrote the brochure “Reflections on Progress, Peaceful Coexistence and Intellectual Freedom,” which was published in many countries. In 1971, he addressed the Soviet government with a “Memoir”. In 1975 he wrote the book “About the Country and the World.”

Exile to Gorky On January 22, 1980, he was exiled to the city of Gorky without trial, by decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR he was deprived of the title of Hero of Socialist Labor three times and by decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR - the title of laureate of the Stalin (1953) and Lenin (1956) prizes. In Gorky, Sakharov carried out the three longest hunger strikes: 1981, a seventeen-day hunger strike (together with Elena Bonner) - for the right to visit her husband abroad for the Sakharovs’ daughter-in-law, whom the KGB held in Moscow as a hostage; in May 1984 - 26 days - in protest against the criminal prosecution of E. Bonner. In April-October 1985 - 178 days - for the right of E. Bonner to travel abroad for heart surgery. Sakharov was forcibly hospitalized and force-fed. He was released from Gorky exile only with the beginning of perestroika, in December 1986 - after almost seven years of imprisonment.

Andrey Dmitrievich Sakharov - Russian physicist And public figure, Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1953). One of the creators of the hydrogen bomb. Proceedings on magnetic hydrodynamics, plasma physics, controlled thermonuclear fusion and gravity. Sakharov predicted the proton decay mission and the emergence of the Internet. Laureate Nobel Prize (1975)

In the 1980s, Andrei Sakharov published more than 15 scientific papers: on the baryon asymmetry of the Universe with the prediction of proton decay (according to Sakharov, this is his best theoretical work, which influenced the formation of scientific opinion in the next decade), on cosmological models of the Universe, on the connection of gravity with quantum fluctuations of the vacuum, mass formulas for mesons and baryons, etc.

Born on May 21, 1921 in Moscow. He spent his childhood in a large, crowded Moscow apartment, “imbued with a traditional family spirit.” For the first five years he studied at home. This contributed to the formation of independence and the ability to work, but led to unsociability, from which he suffered almost all his life.

In 1938, Sakharov entered the physics department of Moscow State University. After the start of the war, he and the university were evacuated to Ashgabat; seriously engaged in the study of quantum mechanics and the theory of relativity. In 1942 he graduated from Moscow State University, where he was considered the best student ever to study at Moscow State University.

In 1947 he defended his Ph.D. thesis. In 1948, he was enrolled in a special group and until 1968 he worked in the field of development of thermonuclear weapons, participated in the design and development of the first Soviet hydrogen bomb according to a scheme called the “Sakharov puff”. Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences (1953). In the same year, at the age of 32, he was elected a full member of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

The successful test of a hydrogen bomb in November 1955 was overshadowed by the death of a girl, 2 soldiers, and serious injuries to many people located far from the test site. This circumstance, as well as the mass resettlement of residents from the test site in 1953, forced Sakharov to seriously think about the tragic consequences atomic explosions, about the possible release of this terrible power out of control.

Realizing many factors, Sakharov stopped working in the direction of quantum physics. In February 1987, Andrei Dmitrievich spoke at the international forum “For a nuclear-free world, for the survival of mankind” with proposals for arms reduction. In 1988, he was elected honorary chairman of the Memorial Society.

Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov () Scientist, public and political figure, dissident and human rights activist, creator of the Soviet hydrogen bomb and winner of the highest Soviet awards, Nobel Peace Prize laureate and disenfranchised exile, People's Deputy and author of the draft Constitution. Of course, he was a phenomenon on a global scale.

Modest and friendly. A man who did not like to wear new things, washed dishes, gave his wife flowers and vases, amazingly knew and loved Pushkin and Blok. A world-famous scientist, who is responsible not only for the invention of the hydrogen bomb, but also for developments in the future use of thermonuclear energy for peaceful purposes, important work about the development of the Universe, work on elementary particle physics. Public and politician, the conscience of the nation, an intellectual and moral leader, one of those who sought to link together technological progress and the priority of the value of human life.

How can we touch his Destiny? How to understand his uncompromising, direct, fearless character? Sakharov left a huge mark on science, history, and the stories and memoirs of his contemporaries. Memoirs and articles by Andrei Dmitrievich have been written, and his works have been published. Let's try to walk his path with him. Perhaps his personality will become clearer and closer to us...

Andrei Dmitrievich's mother Ekaterina Alekseevna Sakharova (ur. Sofiano) He knew his family history well, which he later described in his Memoirs. Andrei Dmitrievich's mother Ekaterina Alekseevna Sakharova (ur. Sofiano) is the daughter of a nobleman and hereditary military man Alexei Semenovich Sofiano, who retired in 1917 with the rank of lieutenant general. My maternal grandmother, Zinaida Evgrafovna, came from an old noble family of the Mukhanovs. Three generations of ancestors on my father's side were clergy, and only grandfather Ivan Nikolaevich Sakharov broke tradition and became a lawyer. He was one of the compilers of the collection of articles “Against the Death Penalty” (1905). Andrei Dmitrievich read this book as a child, not yet knowing that years later he himself would fight for the abolition of the death penalty. Andrei Dmitrievich's father, Dmitry Ivanovich Sakharov, was a physics teacher at pedagogical institutes, a methodologist, the author of many textbooks and a popularizer of physics.

The childhood years of A.D. Sakharov The atmosphere that reigned in the house played a large role in the formation of the young man. "My childhood was spent in great communal apartment, where, however, most of the rooms were occupied by the families of our relatives and only a part by strangers. The house retained a great traditional spirit strong family- constant active diligence and respect for work skills, mutual family support, love of literature and science” (from “Memoirs” of A.D. Sakharov). The experiments shown by his father were perceived by 12-year-old Andrei as a dazzling miracle. My favorite reading in those years was science fiction and popular science books, and later, at the age of 14, “completely scientific” books from my father’s library Family holidays on family birthdays, summer trips to the dacha, games of Indians and Cossack robbers, books by Pushkin, Dumas, Jules Verne, Andersen, Mine Reed with an indispensable discussion of what they read - this is how Andrei Dmitrievich remembered his childhood years. Young Sakharov entered school immediately in the 7th grade. Before this, learning took place at home. In 1938, Sakharov became a student at the Faculty of Physics at Moscow State University. The faculty was chosen largely under the influence of my father. In 1942, Andrei Sakharov graduated with honors from Moscow State University. He was awarded the qualification of a scientist in the field of physics, a university and technical college teacher, and the title of high school teacher. The young physicist was offered to continue his studies in graduate school. Sakharov refused. He considered it impossible for himself to continue his studies during the war, when he could be doing something useful for the country.

The beginning of his career At the plant in Ulyanovsk, he met his future wife Claudia Alekseevna Vikhireva. “We lived together for 26 years until Klava’s death on March 8, 1969. We had three children eldest daughter Tanya..., daughter Lyuba..., son Dmitry... There were periods of happiness in our lives, sometimes for whole years, and I am very grateful to Klava for them,” Andrei Dmitrievich wrote years later. In 1942, Andrei Sakharov went on assignment to a military plant in Ulyanovsk, where he works as an engineer-inventor. During these years, he created and improved several devices, among which was a device for monitoring the quality of armor-piercing cores.

Igor Evgenievich Tamm In 1945, Sakharov became a correspondence graduate student at the Physics Institute. Lebedev Academy of Sciences of the USSR (FIAN). Great influence on A.D. Sakharov was provided with his scientific supervisor by the outstanding scientist Igor Evgenievich Tamm. For Sakharov, not only scientific talents were important, but also Tamm’s human qualities: honesty, the conviction “that the most important thing is to build, to do something useful,” the ability to admit mistakes, his attention to people and willingness to help. Scientific supervisor of A.D. Sakharova, scientist Igor Evgenievich Tamm. Founder and permanent head of the Theoretical Department of the Lebedev Physical Institute (1934 – 1971), corresponding member. USSR Academy of Sciences (1933), academician (1953), Nobel Prize laureate (1958).

1948, August. A. Sakharov makes an alternative proposal for the design of a hydrogen bomb (“puff”). Soon after the war, FIAN was involved in work on the Soviet nuclear project. 1948, June. A. Sakharov was included in I.E. Tamm’s special theoretical group at the Lebedev Physical Institute to check and refine the calculations of the resulting design diagram (“pipe”) of the future hydrogen bomb. Working in a group, Andrei Dmitrievich proposed a new unexpected design idea, which was called the “Sakharov puff pastry”. V.L. Ginzburg, deputy I.E.Tamma, Dr. physical mat. sciences, prof. Gorky University A.D. Sakharov, Jr. scientific FIAN employee, Ph.D. physical mat. Sci. OK. 1947

Creation of the hydrogen bomb In August 1953, the first successful test Soviet thermonuclear bomb “Sakharov puff”. From that moment on, Sakharov became part of the scientific and technical elite of the USSR. Three times (in 1954, 1956 and 1962) he was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor, became a laureate of the Stalin (1953) and Lenin (1956) prizes, and was awarded the Order of Lenin (1954). In October 1953, he was elected a full member of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Later he would write about that time: “I could not help but realize what terrible, inhuman things we were doing. But the war that has just ended is also an inhuman thing. I was not a soldier in that war, but I felt like a soldier in this scientific and technical war...” A.D. Sakharov

I.V. Kurchatov and A.D. Sakharov at the “forester’s hut” (Kurchatov’s house on the territory of the Institute of Atomic Energy), 1958 Participation in the development of thermonuclear weapons and their testing for Andrei Dmitrievich was accompanied by an increasingly acute awareness of the moral problems generated by this. “Since the late 50s, I began to actively advocate for stopping or limiting nuclear weapons testing. In 1961, in connection with this, I had a conflict with Khrushchev, in 1962 - with the Minister of Medium Engineering Slavsky,” Sakharov recalled.

“... The only specificity in the moral aspect of this problem is the complete impunity of the crime, since in each specific case of a person’s death it cannot be proven that the cause lies in radiation, and also due to the complete defenselessness of descendants in relation to our actions” A. D. Sakharov In 1958 in scientific and popular science articles about radioactive hazard nuclear tests A.D. Sakharov cited his calculations: the explosion of one megaton of thermonuclear charge would kill 6,600 people over 8,000 years.

Signing of the Moscow Treaty Banning Nuclear Tests In the fall of 1962, despite Sakharov’s protests and his efforts to prevent this, the USSR tested two powerful thermonuclear devices of similar design solely for reasons of interdepartmental competition. In his memoirs, Andrei Dmitrievich wrote about this: “A terrible crime was committed, and I could not prevent it... I decided that from now on I would mainly focus my efforts on implementing... the plan to stop testing in three environments.” In 1963, the USSR and the USA signed the Moscow Treaty banning nuclear tests in three environments, and weapons testing was transferred underground. Later, England and France joined the treaty. Sakharov was proud of his involvement in the development of this treaty.

Manuscript of a letter sent to N.S. Khrushchev explaining his position on issues modern biology. Aug “Already at the end of the 50s and especially in the 60s, everything bigger place Social issues began to occupy my world. They forced speeches and actions, pushing into the background many other things, and to some extent science.” A.D. Sakharov

The first journalistic work of A. D. Sakharov. April - June Reflections on progress, peaceful coexistence and intellectual freedom One of key works Sakharov: “Reflections on progress, peaceful coexistence and intellectual freedom.” The article was written in 1968. In it he considered global problems threatening the destruction of humanity. The work formulates the thesis “about the rapprochement of the socialist and capitalist systems, accompanied by democratization, demilitarization, social and scientific and technical progress as the only alternative to the destruction of humanity." Within 2 years it was published in 17 languages ​​with a total circulation of 18 million copies. A discussion erupted around it and the issues raised in it. MANUSCRIPT LAST PAGE

At the courthouse in Lyublino, where the trial of Yuri Orlov is underway. May 1978 Sakharov repeatedly wrote letters against the arbitrariness of the authorities, and initiated the collection of signatures for collective documents, for example, under a letter calling for the adoption of a law on the abolition of the death penalty, which in 1972 was sent to the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. Andrei Sakharov's open letters and speeches in defense of A. Solzhenitsyn, A. Marchenko, S. Kallistratova and many other people who were persecuted by the state required considerable civil courage.

The diploma of the Nobel Peace Prize laureate for 1975 was received by E. G. Bonner in Oslo on December 10, however world community highly appreciates Sakharov's merits. In 1975, Sakharov was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for “...an uncompromising struggle against abuse of power in all its manifestations...”. His Nobel lecture was read in Oslo by E.G. Bonner, since Andrei Dmitrievich did not have the right to travel outside the country. “Sakharov fought uncompromisingly and effectively not only against abuse of power in all its manifestations and violation of human dignity, but with equal energy he defended the ideal of a state based on the principle of justice for all. Sakharov convincingly expressed the idea that only the inviolability of human rights can serve as the foundation for a genuine and durable system international cooperation..." Excerpt from the decision of the Nobel Committee of the Norwegian Parliament

Resolution of the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee “On measures to suppress the hostile activities of A. Sakharov.” January 3 In January 1980, Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov opposed the introduction of Soviet troops into Afghanistan. In response, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR adopted the “Decree on the deprivation of A.D. Sakharov.” state awards USSR" and "On administrative eviction from Moscow." Sakharov is sent to Gorky where he is accommodated in an apartment equipped with everything necessary to spy on him. Sakharov received no response to applications demanding that he be given the opportunity to defend himself in court. The USSR Academy of Sciences did not dare to seriously come out in defense of Sakharov. In exile, Andrei Dmitrievich continues his social activities and writes several scientific articles, among them “Cosmological models with the turn of the arrow of time” (1980).

Walking on the balcony during a hunger strike. Bitter. Between 23 Nov. and 4 Dec. Isolated from the world, deprived of the opportunity to fully participate in scientific and public life Sakharov faces unprecedented pressure on his family. The most pressing issue for him in the first years of exile was the case of his daughter-in-law Liza Alekseeva, whom the authorities denied the right to go to her husband abroad. Having failed to obtain permission to leave through official means, on November 22, 1981, Andrei Dmitrievich and Elena Georgievna went on a hunger strike. Thanks to this, Liza Alekseeva received permission to leave the USSR. In addition to this hunger strike, there were others. Sakharov went on hunger strike for 178 days with short breaks in 1985, seeking permission for his wife to travel abroad for heart surgery and to meet with relatives. He was forcibly placed in a hospital, artificially fed through a tube, and “treated” with unknown drugs.

On the day of return from exile. Moscow. Yaroslavsky railway station. Morning. Dec 23 In 1985, the situation in the country changed. Secretary General The Central Committee of the CPSU was elected by M. S. Gorbachev, who began the policy of “perestroika” in the country. In 1986, Sakharov twice appealed to Gorbachev to release prisoners of conscience and end his own isolation. At the end of 1986, the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee decided to return Sakharov from exile, and on December 23, after seven years of isolation, A.D. Sakharov and E.G. Bonner returned to Moscow. The last three years of Sakharov's life were extremely tense. For many people he became informal leader democratic movement in the USSR. And in the eyes of the KGB, a “generator of opposition ideas.”

At the Forum “For a Nuclear-Free World, for the Survival of Humanity.” Moscow Feb In February 1987, Sakharov took part in the Moscow Forum “For a nuclear-free world, for the survival of humanity.” In December 1987, he became chairman of the commission of the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences on cosmomicrophysics. In June 1988, he spoke at the first sanctioned meeting of the Memorial Society, of which he was elected honorary chairman. In October 1988, Sakharov became a member of the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In November-December 1988, A.D. Sakharov’s first trip abroad took place. And in December, during the crisis in Nagorno-Karabakh and the earthquake in Armenia, he traveled to Azerbaijan, Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh.

On the rostrum of the First Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR In April 1989, Sakharov was elected as a deputy of the First Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR, and received active participation in the work of the congress and the Interregional Deputy Group, of which he became co-chairman. This was true democratic opposition to the composition of the congress. Sakharov put forward a draft Decree on Power, which abolished Article 6 of the USSR Constitution on the leading role of the CPSU. In November 1989, as a member of the Constitutional Commission of the Congress, People's Deputy Sakharov presented his draft Constitution of the Union of Soviet Republics of Europe and Asia. His project turned out to be the only one submitted to the chairman of the commission, Gorbachev. In December, Sakharov participated in the work of the Second Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR. On December 14, 1989, after a busy day at work, Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov died. Thousands of people came to say goodbye to one of the greatest scientists and people in the history of the 20th century.

“Andrei Dmitrievich was, of course, first and foremost a theoretical physicist. What was characteristic of him, however, was that often, having put forward some physical idea, he immediately began to draw sketches of experimental or even industrial installations for its implementation and make quantitative estimates of possible results. Andrei Dmitrievich’s thinking was concrete and imaginative, even in the most abstract questions of theoretical physics.” L. V. Keldysh, physicist, academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences “My brief communication with Sakharov confirmed me in the idea that he was an optimist... In the conditions in which Sakharov lived, enormous spiritual strength was needed to maintain optimism. Sakharov had it. He did a lot to resolve the conflict between East and West, and we will remember him with gratitude.” E. Teller, American physicist, “father” of the hydrogen bomb. "A. D. knew how to feel other people's pain own skin. It was this sharp talent, sharp and high, that forced him to never be indifferent.” S. A. Kovalev, human rights activist.

Team 4
1.Fedosova Victoria
2.Abramova Victoria
3. Lugovsky Maxim
4. Khriptukov Nikolay
5. Muscatin Alexey
6. Fadeev Danila
7. Vitukhin Nikita
8. Alifatov Dmitry
9. Artem Krugman
10. Guskova Alina
11.Geraskin Vitaly
12.Botadeeva Natalya
13. Novikov Maxim
14. Evdokushina Daria
15. Gavrilov Daniil
16. Chadakin Kirill

Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov, May 21, 1921 – December 14, 1989. Soviet physicist,
Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences, one of the creators of the Soviet hydrogen bomb, three times Hero
Socialist Labor, laureate of the Lenin and Stalin Prizes. People's Deputy
USSR. Nobel Peace Prize laureate (1975).
Childhood most
influences in an incomprehensible way
for the rest of our lives.
The future scientist was born in Moscow
May 21, 1921 His father was Sakharov
Dmitry Ivanovich, physicist. First
Andrei Dmitrievich studied for five years
Houses. Then followed 5 years of study
at school, where Sakharov is under
the leadership of his father seriously
studied physics, spent
many experiences.
And fell in love with physics completely
life.

Andrei Dmitrievich entered Moscow State University in 1938
Faculty of Physics. After the start of the Second
World War Sakharov together with the university
went on evacuation to Turkmenistan (Ashgabat).
Andrey
Dmitrievich
got carried away
theory
relativity and quantum mechanics. In 1942
he graduated from Moscow State University with honors. At Sakharov University
was considered the best student among all who ever studied at this faculty. But in graduate school
refused to stay. A. D. Sakharov, becoming a specialist
in the field of defense metallurgy, was
sent to the military plant in Kovrov, and then
Ulyanovsk. Living conditions were very difficult and
work, however, it was during these years that Andrey
Dmitrievich made his first invention. He
proposed a device that made it possible to control
hardening of armor-piercing cores.

Many of Andrei Dmitrievich’s works are classified.
In 1947, he completed his Ph.D. thesis “On the Theory
nuclear transitions of the O→O type" at the Physics Institute named after. P.N.
Lebedeva. Scientific supervisor, theorist Professor I.E. Tamm.
After the Second World War, two young scientists who were so
far from each other, settled on one problem. Why?
Gradually, nuclear spectroscopy was created. The process
construction continues today, although mainly for more
heavy and complex nuclei, as well as for highly excited states
light nuclei. However, by the end of the 30s, two unusual ones were known
case:
a)RaC'. This is the designation for the 214Po state with an excitation energy of 1.415
MeV. This designation arose due to the fact that this condition
forms a noticeable fraction of the radiation emitted from RaC, as in those days
designated 214Bi. However, γ-rays with energy corresponding to this
electron internal conversion (1.415 MeV) was not detected.
b)16O* (6.049 MeV). This condition was studied in the reaction
19
20
16
P+ F → Ne* →(α+ O,
( α+16O *.
Both of these states lead to nuclear transitions with a clearly defined
electromagnetic nature, but without γ-radiation.

Sakharov's dissertation follows several directions related to
these two transitions, i.e. with a transition for RaC", where the charge Z is large, and
energy A is relatively small, and with a transition for 16O*, where Z is small and A is large.
The purpose of the work of Sakharov A.D. was to make sure that it was possible to quantify
understand all aspects of experimental data in the language of the established
theory, exclude the possibility of viewing any indications of its
inadequacy and provide some guidance where possible
look for other examples of 0 → * 0 transitions and how to best recognize them.
The first direction concerned the nuclear aspect of transitions. Here Sakharov had in
mind the case of 16O. He begins somewhat unexpectedly.
Realizing that
all the light nuclei that interest him (a, 16O, 20Ne) have N= Z= A/2, he raises
question about the possibility of a new quantum number t associated with the operation T
rearrangement of neutrons with protons. For the eigenvalue t he introduced
called "isotopic parity". He didn't connect her to the charger
independence of nuclear forces. This is the first illustration of it
an unusual mind and great confidence in himself and in the power of the logic of physics. This
was an extremely great achievement for the young researcher! -
four years ahead in such a central field as nuclear physics.

Sakharov was not satisfied with the ideal case of charge symmetry, so
how he understood that in the presence of a Coulomb potential in the proton-proton interaction of a state with a certain isotopic
parity can be mixed to such an extent that the concept itself
becomes useless. Therefore, he moves on to assess impurities,
which can be generated by the Coulomb interaction.
The processes studied in his dissertation have two aspects: nuclear and
electrodynamic. Nuclear models are needed to calculate their speeds.
No explanation, although his steps are justified by my above
in brief remarks, he used the Coulomb potential to
calculating the matrix element that relates the charge of a nucleon to
transition electron density. He emphasized that the process depends
only on the electron density inside the nucleus.
He then calculated velocities using Dirac plane waves to
exiting electron and positron, which is a good approximation
for 16O, where Z is small and useful for orientation.
The next step was to include the effect of the Coulomb field of the nucleus on
distribution over the expansion angle b between e+ and e".

Sakharov's dissertation is completely unusual. She shows it
fundamental awareness of the importance of the principles of symmetry and selection rules.
He proposed a new selection rule, based on “isotopic parity” (the same as
charge parity) as a consequence of the charge symmetry of nuclear forces along
at least four years earlier than it was noticed in other places.
He owned modern approach when indicating how to use
experimental data to discard possible extrapolations
established theory. For example, using experimental data, he
in several ways eliminated the deviation from Coulomb’s law for small (in
nuclear scale) distances, and ruled out the possibility that 16O(6.049)
may have quantum numbers J = 0~.
He was unusually intimately familiar with the methods of quantum mechanics for the case
three-particle states (e+ + e- + atomic nucleus), showing perfect
mastery of the details of practical calculations for the process of emission of two particles.
He managed to come up with approximations that made it possible to obtain completely
reliable estimates, an example of which is the consideration of the Coulomb
interactions e+e e- in pairwise conversion. As a young researcher, he
back in 1947 I was able to see “remote” possibilities such as direct
positronium emission.

And in conclusion - again about the science that A.D. Sakharov was
infinitely devoted. In August 1989, four months before his
death, he concluded his memoirs with these words:
“Of course, finishing work on a book creates a feeling
milestone, result. “Why is this incomprehensible sadness secretly disturbing me?”
(A.S. Pushkin). And at the same time - a feeling of a powerful flow
life that began before us and will continue after
us... This is a miracle of science. Although I don’t believe in the possibility of a quick
creation (or creation at all?) of a comprehensive theory, but I
I see gigantic, fantastic achievements throughout
even just my life and I expect that this flow will not dry up, but,
on the contrary, it will expand and branch..."
"Thousands of years ago, human tribes underwent severe selection
on survival; and in this struggle it was important not only the ability
wield a baton, but also the ability to reason, to preserve
traditions, the ability for altruistic mutual assistance of members
tribe. Today, all of humanity as a whole holds a similar
exam. In infinite space there must exist many
civilizations, including more intelligent ones, more “successful” than
our. I also defend the cosmological hypothesis, according to
in which the cosmological development of the Universe is repeated in
its basic features an infinite number of times. At the same time, others
civilizations, including more “successful” ones, must exist
an infinite number of times on "previous" and "successive" to our
the world on the pages of the book of the Universe. But all this should not detract from our
sacred aspiration precisely in this world, where we, like a flash in
darkness, emerged for an instant from black nothingness
unconscious
existence
matter,
implement
demands of Reason and create a life worthy of ourselves and vaguely
the Goal we guess.”
(A.D. Sakharov, Nobel lecture)

At the funeral of A.D. Sakharov academician
Dmitry Likhachev said: “He was
a real prophet. Prophet in the ancient
in the original sense of the word, that is
Human,
calling
their
contemporaries
To
moral
renewal for the future. And, like everyone
prophet, he was not understood and was expelled from
of his people."