The Dragunov sniper rifle (caliber 7.62 mm) has been in service since 1963, and there are no plans to replace it with something else. Despite the fact that the SVD is already obsolete, it still copes well with its main tasks. However, talk that this rifle should be replaced with a new shooting system is increasingly heard.

The Dragunov rifle is the second most common in the world after clones of the M24 rifles of the American army. The SVD is called legendary - and for good reason, because it is recognized “on the spot”: a unique profile, a characteristic shot sound and excellent technical specifications. The legends about the penetrating power and accuracy of the rifle are innumerable. This rifle has a unique and interesting destiny.

History of SVD

The biography of this rifle starts in the 1950s. It was then that the massive rearmament of the Soviet army took place. The development of a new sniper rifle was entrusted to Evgeny Dragunov, the famous creator of the sports firearms.

During the design of the sniper rifle, Dragunov's design team encountered a lot of difficulties, mostly related to the gaps between the various parts of the rifle. It was necessary to ensure optimal density in order to achieve high accuracy of fire. But large gaps also provide good resistance of the weapon to dirt and other influences. As a result, the designers came to a reasonable compromise.

Design of the rifle ended in 1962. Dragunov’s competition in this work was A. Konstantinov, who was developing his own sniper rifle. They started at the same time and finished almost at the same time. Both models were subjected to various tests, but Dragunov’s weapon won, surpassing Konstantinov’s rifle in both accuracy and shooting accuracy. In 1963, the SVD was put into service.

The tasks assigned to the sniper rifle were quite specific. This is the destruction of sedentary, moving and stationary targets, which may be in unarmored vehicles or partially hidden behind shelters. The self-loading design significantly increased the combat rate of fire of the weapon.

SVD shooting accuracy

The Dragunov sniper rifle has excellent technical characteristics, including very high accuracy for this type of weapon. For the most accurate combat, the optimal barrel rifling pitch is 320 mm. Until the 1970s, the rifle was produced with just such barrels. With the 7N1 sniper cartridge, the accuracy of the battle was 1.04 MOA. This is better than many repeating rifles (a self-loading rifle, all other things being equal, shoots somewhat less accurately than a non-self-loading rifle). For example, the M24 repeating sniper rifle, adopted by the United States, shows an accuracy of 1.18 MOA when using a sniper cartridge.

But with a rifling pitch of 320 mm, it is almost impossible to use cartridges with armor-piercing incendiary bullets - in flight they began to tumble and missed the target. In the 1970s, the rifle was given greater versatility by reducing the rifling pitch to 240 mm. After this, the rifle was able to fire any type of ammunition, but its accuracy characteristics decreased:

• up to 1.24 MOA - shooting with 7N1 cartridge;
• up to 2.21 MOA - when firing the LPS cartridge.

The Dragunov sniper rifle with a sniper cartridge can hit the following targets with the first shot:

• chest figure - 500 m;
• head - 300 m;
• waist figure – 600 m;
• running figure – 800 m.

The PSO-1 sight is designed for shooting up to 1200 meters, but at such a range you can only conduct harassing fire or effectively shoot only at a group target.

TTX rifles

• SVD caliber - 7.62 mm
• Initial speed bullets - 830 m/s
• Weapon length - 1225 mm
• Rate of fire - 30 rounds/min
• Ammunition supply is provided by a box magazine (10 rounds)
• Cartridge - 7.62×54 mm
• Weight with optical sight and charged - 4.55 kg
• Barrel length - 620 mm
• Rifling – 4, right direction
• Sighting range – 1300 m
• Effective range – 1300 m.

Design Features

SVD is a self-loading rifle. Its automation operates on the principle of removing powder gases from the barrel of a weapon when fired, with the channel being locked at 3 lugs by turning the bolt.

The weapon receives ammunition from a detachable box magazine that holds 10 rounds of 7.62x54R rounds.

Firing from the SVD can be carried out:

1. rifle cartridges with ordinary, tracer, and armor-piercing incendiary bullets;
2. sniper cartridges (7N1, 7N14);
3. cartridges with expansion bullets of the JSP and JHP brands.

Quite often the SVD design is compared with the AKM design, but despite the presence of similar elements, the Degtyarev rifle has characteristic features:

• the gas piston is not rigidly connected to the bolt frame, which reduces the total weight of the moving parts of the rifle when firing;
• the barrel bore is locked on three lugs (one of them is the rammer) while turning the bolt;
• the trigger-type SVD trigger mechanism is assembled in one housing;
• The rifle's safety is controlled on the right side of the rifle by a fairly large lever. The fuse blocks the trigger in the on position, including limiting the rearward movement of the bolt frame, which provides protection during transportation from external contamination;
• The rifle's flash hider also serves as a muzzle brake-recoil compensator. The flame arrester has five slotted slots;
• the butt and fore-end of the weapon were made of plastic (previously made of wood);
• A non-adjustable cheek rest is attached to the butt.

Sights

The PSO-1 optical sniper sight was developed specifically for the SVD rifle in 1963. This is the main optical sight of Soviet and Russian sniper weapons.

The design feature of the sight is a fairly successful sighting reticle, which allows the sniper to determine the distance, as well as make the necessary horizontal adjustments during shooting, without rotating the flywheels. This ensures fast aiming and shooting.

The sight is sealed; it is filled with nitrogen, which prevents fogging of the optics during temperature changes. It comes with a carrying bag, filters, case, power adapter, power supply and spare bulbs.

PSO-1 is designed for firing at well-camouflaged and small-sized targets. Installed on a dovetail mount. Illuminated reticle makes it possible to aim at dusk. It is possible to enter aiming angles based on the distance to the target, including lateral corrections (target movement, wind). PSO-1 is designed to fire up to 1300 meters.

In addition to the optical sight, night sights can be installed on the rifle. If the optical sight fails, the shooter can perform the task using standard sighting devices, consisting of an adjustable rear sight and a front sight in the front sight.

Modification of SIDS

In 1991, Izhevsk designers created a modernization of the SVD with a folding stock. SVDS, unlike SVD, has:

1. improved flame arrester and gas outlet unit;
2. shorter barrel;
3. modified optical sight PSO-1M2.

The SVD turned out to be not always convenient when landing troops and when transporting in vehicles due to its large length. As a result, a more compact version of the rifle was developed, which did not lose the main combat qualities of its predecessor. This task was entrusted to the team under the leadership of A.I. Nesterov. As a result, the SVDS stock began to fold onto the right side of the receiver. When folding the stock there is no need to remove the optical (or night) sight. The SVDS rifle is equipped with optical (PSO-1M2) and standard open sights.

Video about the Dragunov rifle

Modification of SVDK

In 2006, the army adopted a large-caliber sniper rifle created bybased on SVDchambered for 9 mm cartridge. The weapon was designed specifically to defeat an enemy who is behind an obstacle, has protective equipment (body armor), and also to defeat light equipment.

The design of the SVDK rifle is further development SVD, however, its main components have been modernized and designed to use a more powerful cartridge:

1. part of the rifle barrel was placed in a special casing;
2. The folding metal stock and pistol grip were borrowed from the SVDS sniper rifle, but the area of ​​the rubber butt plate was noticeably increased due to stronger recoil during shooting.

The SVDK rifle, unlike the SVD, does not provide for the possibility of attaching a bayonet. For better stability when firing a powerful 9-mm cartridge, the weapon is equipped with a bipod. The SVDK, like the SVD rifle, in addition to the special 1P70 Hyperon optical sight, also has an open sight.

Dragunov rifle in action

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The Dragunov sniper rifle has been in service with our country since 1963 and is the second most popular sniper rifle in the world after those created on the basis of the American Remington 700.

Excellent technical characteristics even today, recognizable appearance and the original sound of a shot have made the SVD popular among civilians. It is present in games, books, there are many stories about its accuracy and penetrating power, often with a dose of fiction.

History of creation

In the 50s, the USSR army was being rearmed, which required a modern self-loading sniper rifle that fired single shots.

E. F. Dragunov, working as a senior gunsmith since 1945 and famous for the creation of his sporting firearms, began designing his rifle in 1962. In parallel, the development was led by A. Konstantinov, both designers completed their projects at about the same time, Dragunov’s weapons showed themselves to be more accurate in tests and demonstrated greater accuracy of fire.

In 1963, the rifle, called the SVD, was adopted by the Soviet army.

Peculiarities

The future rifle was supposed to fulfill only certain purposes and versatility was not required from it, but the goals set were not easily achievable. High reliability was required, implying increased clearances between moving parts, while high accuracy implied the most rigid structure possible with minimal clearances.

Also, heavy weapons have better stability and show higher accuracy when shooting, but it was necessary to create a light rifle.

When creating it, Dragunov used a bolt design that he had used in sporting weapons. The barrel bore was closed with a bolt that rotated counterclockwise and had two lugs, plus it used the cartridge rammer as a third one. This scheme of operation increases the area of ​​the lugs without changing the dimensions of the bolt itself, which has a positive effect on the accuracy of fire.

The safety lever not only blocks the trigger, but also locks the bolt frame, preventing it from moving back. The only shooting mode is single. The barrel has a flash suppressor that protects the barrel from contamination and masks shooting at night.

The magazine contains 10 rounds of 7.62x54R caliber; ordinary, tracer, armor-piercing incendiary rifle cartridges, 7N1 and 7N14 sniper cartridges, cartridges with JSP and JHP hollow-point bullets are used.

Technical characteristics, accuracy and accuracy

Thanks to self-loading, produced using the energy of powder gases, the SVD has a good combat rate of fire - up to 30 rounds per minute.

The PSO-1 sight is used, which provides shooting at a range of up to 1300 meters, however, such shooting is not accurate and makes sense only as a distraction or in the presence of group targets.

When adopted into service, the rifling in the barrel was in increments of 320 mm, later the increment was reduced to 240 mm, due to which the dispersion of armor-piercing incendiary bullets decreased, but the dispersion of others increased from 8 to 10 cm when firing at a distance of 100 meters.

It is possible to use a specially designed sniper cartridge, which includes a bullet with a steel core, which increases accuracy by 2.5 times.

According to the standards, the range of a direct shot at a target 30 centimeters high is 350 meters, at a target 50 centimeters high - 430 meters, at a moving target with the speed of a running person 150 centimeters high - 640 meters.

Excellent performance characteristics allow experienced shooters to hit helicopters and airplanes flying at low speed. In 1989, a Cessna A-37B jet attack aircraft was shot down, and RQ-11 Raven reconnaissance drones are also known to be shot down.

SIDS

In 1991, the rifle underwent modernization, receiving a shortened barrel, an improved flash suppressor along with a gas outlet, a butt folding to the right and a new PSO-1M2 sight.

Modernization was caused by the need to reduce the length original weapons, which made it inconvenient to transport it inside military equipment.

SVDK

In 2006, a large-caliber modification 6B9 appeared, designed to destroy targets protected by body armor, inside light equipment or behind cover.

The 9.3 x 64 mm 7N33 cartridge is used, whose bullet has an energy of about 4900 J, which allows it to penetrate 1 centimeter thick armor with an 80% probability at a distance of 100 meters.

Created on the basis of the SVD, however, many components have undergone changes in order to adapt the weapon to the use of a powerful cartridge.

The barrel is partially covered with a perforated steel casing, designed to reduce the load on the forend and bipod. The stock and pistol grip are similar to those used on the SVDS, but the rubber butt plate is significantly enlarged due to the increased recoil when firing. A replaceable flame arrester is installed.

Aiming is done using the 1P70 Hyperon sight; accuracy when shooting at a distance of 300 meters is at the level of 18 centimeters.

SVU

The shortened sniper rifle appeared in the 90s and is used as sniper weapon, used in urban environments. Created on the basis of the SVD, but with a bullpup layout, which provides for the removal of the trigger in front of the magazine and firing mechanism.

There is a silencer on the barrel that reduces the sound of the shot by 10% relative to the SVD and dissipates it so that it is impossible to determine the sniper’s position, and also suppresses the muzzle flash.

It is capable of automatic fire in bursts, but this mode is used only in emergency situations due to high recoil and a low-capacity magazine.

Conclusions

Despite its impressive age, the rifle remains relevant even today. The successful design makes it an ergonomic and balanced weapon, from which targeted shooting It is carried out with convenience, and the rate of fire, reaching 30 rounds per minute, sets it apart from ordinary sniper rifles.

SVD - Dragunov sniper rifle 7.62 mm (GRAU Index - 6B1) - a self-loading sniper rifle, developed in 1957-1963 by a group of designers led by Evgeniy Dragunov and adopted by the Soviet Army on July 3, 1963 along with the PSO-1 optical sight .

SVD sniper rifle - video

Ammunition and equipment

For firing from the SVD, 7.62x54 mm R rifle cartridges with ordinary, tracer and armor-piercing incendiary bullets, 7N1 sniper cartridges, 7N14 armor-piercing sniper cartridges are used; Can also fire JHP and JSP hollow point bullets. Fire from the SVD is carried out in single shots. When firing, cartridges are supplied from a box magazine with a capacity of 10 rounds. A flash suppressor with five longitudinal slots is attached to the muzzle of the barrel, masking the shot and protecting the barrel from contamination. The presence of a gas regulator for changing the recoil speed of moving parts ensures the reliability of the rifle in operation.

A small-scale tactical suppressor-flame arrester, known as TGP-V, developed by NPO Spetsialnaya Tekhnika i Svyaz, was produced in small quantities for the SVD, mounted on top of the standard flame arrester, but its effectiveness was quite controversial.

Operating principle

When fired, part of the powder gases following the bullet rushes through the gas outlet hole in the barrel wall into the gas chamber, presses on the front wall of the gas piston and throws the piston with the pusher, and with them the bolt frame, to the rear position.

When the bolt frame moves back, the bolt opens the barrel, removes the cartridge case from the chamber and throws it out of the receiver, and the bolt frame compresses the return spring and cocks the hammer (puts it on the self-timer).

The bolt frame with the bolt returns to the forward position under the action of the return mechanism, the bolt sends the next cartridge from the magazine into the chamber and closes the bore, and the bolt frame removes the self-timer sear from under the self-timer cocking of the hammer and the hammer is cocked. The bolt is locked by turning it to the left and inserting the bolt lugs into the cutouts of the receiver.

SVD with plastic butt and forend, PSO-1 optical sight

To fire the next shot, you must release the trigger and press it again. After releasing the trigger, the rod moves forward and its hook jumps behind the sear, and when you press the trigger, the rod hook turns the sear and disconnects it from the cocking of the hammer. The trigger, turning on its axis under the action of the mainspring, strikes the firing pin, and the latter moves forward and punctures the igniter primer of the cartridge. A shot occurs.

When the last cartridge is fired, when the bolt moves back, the magazine feeder raises the bolt stop, the bolt rests on it and the bolt frame stops in the rear position. This is a signal that you need to load the rifle again.

SVD with wooden butt

Accuracy and accuracy

When the SVD was put into service, there was no sniper cartridge for it yet, therefore, in accordance with the “Manual on Shooting,” the rifle’s accuracy is checked by firing conventional cartridges with bullets with steel core and is considered normal if, when firing four shots from a prone position at a distance of 100 m, all four holes fit into a circle with a diameter of 8 cm.

In 1967, the 7N1 sniper cartridge was adopted. When firing this cartridge, the dispersion is (depending on the rifling pitch) no more than 10-12 cm at a distance of 300 m.

Initially, the SVD was produced with a barrel rifling pitch of 320 mm, similar to sporting weapons and providing the best accuracy of fire. However, with such a step, the dispersion of the B-32’s armor-piercing incendiary bullets doubles. As a result, in 1975, it was decided to change the rifling pitch to 240 mm, which worsened the accuracy of fire by 25% (when firing conventional cartridges at a distance of 100 m, the permissible diameter of the impact circle increased from 8 cm to 10 cm).

It is interesting that the last updated edition of the “Manual on Small Arms” for the SVD was published in 1967. All subsequent editions - 1971, 1976 and 1984 - were stereotypical copies of the 1967 edition. Therefore, the “Manual” does not say anything about the sniper cartridge or about changing the rifling pitch.

The direct shot range is:

- according to the head figure, height 30 cm - 350 m,
- according to the chest figure, height 50 cm - 430 m,
- according to a running figure, height 150 cm - 640 m.

The PSO-1 sight is designed for shooting up to 1300 meters. It is usually believed that at such a range it is possible to effectively shoot only at a group target, or conduct harassing fire. However, in 1985 in Afghanistan, sniper Vladimir Ilyin killed a dushman from a distance of 1350 meters. This is a record not only for the SVD, but also for rifles of 7.62 mm caliber in general.

Incomplete disassembly of SVD

1 – barrel with receiver, sights and butt; 2 – bolt frame; 3 – shutter; 4 – receiver cover with a return mechanism; 5 – trigger mechanism; 6 – fuse; 7 – gas tube; 8 – gas regulator; 9 – gas piston; 10 – pusher; 11 – pusher spring; 12 – fore-end pads; 13 – shop.

The main difficulty when shooting at long ranges is the errors in preparing the initial data for shooting (this is true for all sniper rifles). At a range of 600 meters, the median error in height (in determining the range equal to 0.1% of the range) is 63 cm, the median error in the lateral direction (determining crosswind speed equal to 1.5 m/s) is 43 cm. For comparison, the median deviation of bullet dispersion for the best snipers for 600 m is 9.4 cm in height, 8.8 cm in lateral.

There is a known case when a fighter partisan detachment The FMLN managed to shoot down an SVD attack jet from the El Salvadoran Air Force. This happened on November 12, 1989 near the village of San Miguel. The Cessna A-37B aircraft coming into the attack successfully fit into the sight and was hit (later the successful sniper said that he was aiming at the cockpit). The bullet hit the pilot, after which the plane lost control and crashed. Iraqi militants used SVD in a similar way, claiming to have destroyed RQ-11 Raven small reconnaissance UAVs with sniper rifle fire.

SVDS - SVD option for airborne troops with folding stock and shortened

Options

SVDS - a variant of the SVD for airborne troops with a folding stock and a shortened but thickened barrel; created in 1991, put into service in 1995.

SVU is a variant of SVD with a bullpup layout.

SVDK is a large-caliber version of the SVD chambered for 9.3x64 mm with a folding stock similar to that of the SVDS.

TSV-1 is a training rifle chambered for the .22 Long Rifle cartridge, developed by Evgeny Dragunov for initial training of snipers. In fact, an independent weapon, only repeating general outline SVD appearance.

SVDM - a Picatinny rail has been added to the receiver cover. Removable bipod.

Tactical and technical characteristics of the SVD

— Adopted: 1963
— Constructor: Dragunov, Evgeniy Fedorovich
— Developed: 1958-1963
— Manufacturer: Izhevsk Machine-Building Plant

SVD weight

— 4.3 kg (SVD, early release, without a bayonet, with an optical sight, an empty magazine and a butt cheek)
— 4.5 kg (SVD, modern version, without a bayonet, with an optical sight, an empty magazine and a butt cheek)
— 4.68 kg (SVDS with optical sight and empty magazine)
— 0.21 kg (magazine)
— 0.26 kg (bayonet without sheath)
— 0.58 kg (PSO-1 sight)

SVD dimensions

— Length, mm: 1225 (SVD without bayonet); 1370 (SVD with bayonet); 1135/875 (SVDS with stock extended/folded)
— Barrel length, mm: 620 (SVD, total); 547 (SVD, rifled part); 565 (SVDS)
— Width, mm: 88
— Height, mm: 230

Cartridge SVD

— 7.62×54 mm R

Caliber SVD

SVD rate of fire

— 30 ​​rounds/min (combat)

SVD bullet speed

— 830 m/s (SVD); 810 m/s (SVDS)

Sighting range of SVD

— 1200 m (open sight); 1300 m (optical sight); 300 m (night sights NSPUM and NSPU-3)

SVD magazine capacity

— box magazine for 10 rounds

Maximum range

— 1300 (sighting); 3800 ( lethal effect bullets)

Operating principles: Rotary bolt, removal of powder gases
Aim: open sector (reserve), sighting line length - 587 mm, there is a mount for installing optical (for example, PSO-1) or night (for example, NSPU-3 or NSPUM) sights

Photo SVD

INTRODUCTION

The technical description and operating instructions for the 7.62 mm Dragunov sniper rifle (SVD) are intended for studying rifles and optical sights and maintaining them in constant combat readiness.

IN this document contains technical characteristics and information about the design and principle of operation of the rifle and optical sight, as well as the basic rules necessary to ensure the correct operation of the rifle with the scope and full use of their technical capabilities.

1.TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION

1.1. Purpose of the rifle
1.1.1. The 7.62 mm Dragunov sniper rifle (index 6B1) is a sniper weapon and is designed to destroy various emerging, moving, open and camouflaged single targets (Fig. 1).
The sniper optical sight (index 6Ts1) is used for precise aiming from a sniper rifle at various targets.

Rice. 1. 7.62 mm Dragunov sniper rifle with optical sight and bayonet:
1 - 7.62 mm Dragunov 6B1 sniper rifle. Sat;
2 - 6Ts1 optical sniper sight. ALZ. 812.000;
3 - bayonet assembly 6X5 sb

1.1.2. For shooting from a sniper rifle, rifle cartridges with ordinary, tracer and armor-piercing incendiary bullets, as well as sniper cartridges, are used. Fire from a sniper rifle is carried out in single shots.
1.1.3. The optical sight allows you to fire at night at infrared sources, as well as when unfavorable conditions lighting, when it is difficult to shoot at targets with an open sight.
When observing infrared sources, the infrared rays emitted by the source pass through the scope lens and affect the screen located in the focal plane of the lens. At the location of the infrared rays, a glow appears on the screen, giving a visible image of the source in the form of a round greenish spot.

1.2. Technical data
1.2.1. The main design ballistic characteristics of the rifle, rifle cartridge and design data of the optical sight are given in table. 1.
Table 1
1. Caliber, mm 7.62
2. Number of grooves 4
3. Sighting range, m:
with optical sight 1300
with open sight 1200
4. Initial bullet speed, m/s 830
5. The flight range of a bullet, up to which its lethal effect remains, m 3800
6. Weight of the rifle without a bayonet with an optical sight, unloaded
magazine and cheek, kg 4.3
7. Magazine capacity, 10 rounds
8. Rifle length, mm:
without bayonet 1220
with attached bayonet 1370
9. Cartridge weight, g 21.8
10. Mass of an ordinary bullet with a steel core, g 9.6
11. Mass powder charge, g 3.1
12. Magnification of the optical sight, times. 4
13. Field of view of the sight, degree 6
14. Exit pupil diameter, mm 6
15. Eye relief, mm 68.2
16. Resolution, second, 12
17. Sight length with eyecup and extended hood, mm 375
18. Sight width, mm 70
19. Sight height, mm 132
20. Sight weight, g 616
21. Weight of the sight with a set of spare parts and a cover, g 926

1.3. Rifle composition
1.3.1. The sniper rifle kit includes (Fig. 1):
sniper optical sight, index 6Ts1 - 1 pc.;
bayonet, index 6X5 - 1 pc.;
bag for sight and magazines (Fig. 3), index 6Ш18 - 1 pc.;
bag for spare parts (Fig. 4), index 6Ш26 - 1 pc.;
belt for carrying small arms (Fig. 5), index 6Ш5 - 1 pc.

1.3.2. The optical sniper sight is equipped with a case, a winter lighting system and individual spare parts.
1.4. Design and operation of the rifle

Rice. 2. 7.62 mm Dragunov sniper rifle:
1- frame 6B1. 2-7; 2- striker 6B1 2-5; 3- cover 6B1. Sat. 5; 4- guide rod 6B1. 5-6; 5- guide bushing 6B1. 5-5; 6- gate 6B1. 2-1; 7 - ejector axis 6B1. 2-3; 8- striker pin 6B1. 2-6; 9- ejector spring 6B1. 2-4; 10 - ejector 6B1. 2-2; 11- return spring 6B1. 5-4; 12- sighting bar clamp 6B1. 48; 13 - sighting bar 6B1. 1-21; 14- left trim assembly 6B1. Sat. 1-3; 15- pusher spring 6B1. 1-24; 16-gas tube latch 6B1. 1-38; 17 - gas chamber 6B1. 1-15; 18 - gas piston 6B1. 1-22; 19 - gas tube 6B1. 1-25; 20 - gas regulator 6V1. 1-53; 21 - front sight body 6B1. 1-20; 22- front sight 6B1. 1-17; 23- pusher 6B1. 1-23; 24 - front sight base 6B1. 1-16; 25- barrel 6B1. 1-1; 26- upper ring assembly 6B1. Sat. 1-1; 27-ring pin 6Bl. Sat. 1-7; 28 - oil seal assembly 6B1. Sat. 1-8; 29 - right overlay assembly 6B1. Sat. 1-4; 30- lower ring with 6B1 spring. Sat. 1-5; 31—magazine body 6B1. Sat. 6-1; 32 - magazine spring 6B1. 6-12; 33 - magazine cover 6B1. 6-11; 34-bar assembly 6B1. Sat. 6-3; 35- feeder 6B1. Sat. 6-2; 36- box 6B1. 1-2; 37 - shield assembly 6B1. Sat. 3; 38 - trigger mechanism 6B1. Sat. 4; 39 - cover pin 6B1. Sat. 1-2; 40 - butt 6B1. Sat. 7

1.4.1. A sniper rifle has the following main parts and mechanisms (Fig. 2):
barrel with box;
shutter with frame;
shield assembly;
trigger mechanism;
cover with return mechanism;
shop;
butt;
upper ring assembly;
left trim assembly;
right trim assembly;
sighting bar assembly;
base and body of the front sight assembly.

1.4.2. The sniper rifle is a self-loading weapon. Reloading a rifle is based on the use of the energy of powder gases removed from the barrel bore to the gas piston.

When fired, part of the powder gases following the bullet rushes through the gas outlet hole in the barrel wall into the gas chamber, presses on the front wall of the gas piston and throws the piston with the pusher, and with them the frame, to the rear position.

When the frame moves back, the bolt opens the barrel, removes the cartridge case from the chamber and throws it out of the receiver, and the frame compresses the return springs and cocks the hammer (puts it on the self-timer).

The frame with the bolt returns to the forward position under the action of the return mechanism, while the bolt sends the next cartridge from the magazine into the chamber and closes the barrel, and the frame removes the self-timer sear from under the self-timer cocking of the hammer and the hammer is cocked. The bolt is locked by turning it to the left and inserting the bolt lugs into the cutouts of the receiver.

Rice. 3. Bag for scope and magazines 6Ш18. Sat.

Rice. 4. Bag for spare parts 6Sh26. Sat.

Rice. 5. Belt for carrying small arms 6Ш5. Sat.

Scope case

To fire the next shot, you must release the trigger and press it again. After releasing the trigger, the rod moves forward and its hook jumps behind the sear, and when you press the trigger, the rod hook turns the sear and disconnects it from the cocking of the hammer. The trigger, turning on its axis under the action of the mainspring, strikes the firing pin, and the latter moves forward and punctures the igniter primer of the cartridge. A shot occurs.

When firing the last cartridge, when the bolt moves back, the magazine feeder raises the bolt stop, the bolt rests on it and the frame stops in the rear position. This is a signal that you need to load the rifle again.

The rifle has a gas regulator, with the help of which the recoil speed of the moving parts is changed.

Under normal operating conditions, with lubricated parts, the regulator is set to division 1. During prolonged shooting without cleaning and lubrication and the rifle is heavily soiled, a delay may occur - incomplete release of the moving parts. In this case, the regulator is switched to setting 2. The regulator is moved from one position to another using the sleeve flange or cartridge.

1.5. The design and operation of the sight and its components
1.5.1. The sniper optical sight (Fig. 6) has the following main parts:
frame;
lens;
eyepiece;
lens hood;
eyecup;
handwheel with aiming angle scale;
handwheel with lateral correction scale;
handle;
light filter in frame;
guide;
power supply;
lamp;
cap.

A lens in a frame with a retractable lens hood is screwed into the body, and an assembled eyepiece with an eyecup is screwed into the other end of the body. On top of the body there is a handwheel with an aiming angle scale printed on its cylindrical part. The handwheel nut bears the inscriptions “Up”, “Down”, “STP” and arrows indicating the direction of rotation of the handwheel when aligning the sight.

The aiming angle scale has ten divisions (from 0 to 10). The division price is 100 m. Starting from division 3, using the lock located in the handwheel, you can set aiming angles every 50 m.

On the right side of the body there is a handwheel with a lateral correction scale, on the cylindrical part of which there are 21 divisions (from 0 to 10 in both directions). The strokes and numbers located to the right of 0 are black, and those located to the left of 0 are red.

The scale division value is 0-01. Using the lock located in the handwheel, you can set corrections through O-00, 5. The nut securing the handwheel of the lateral correction mechanism has the inscriptions -Right-, -Left-, -STP- and arrows showing the direction of rotation when aligning the sight.

Rice. 6. Appearance of the PSO-1 sight:
1- AL7 lens hood. 006.002; 2- lens in AL5.917.001 frame; 3- light filter in AL5.940.003 frame; 4- handle AL8.333.004; 5- nut AL8.373.004; 6- handwheel AL8.330.007; 7- building AL8.020.016; 8- eyepiece assembly AL5.923.010; 9- eyecup AL8.647.030; 10- cap AL6.628.000; 11- cap AL8.634.003.

There are 60 divisions on the belts of the aiming angle handwheel and the lateral correction handwheel. The division value is 0-00, 5. The divisions on the handwheel belts are used to count the correction when aligning the sight on the rifle.

The power supply for the backlight is located in the housing socket. The nest is closed with a cap.

1.5.2. The optical system of the sight is designed to create images of objects located on the ground and is a monocular telescopic system with constant magnification.

The optical system (Fig. 7) consists of objective lenses, a reticle, a wrapping system, eyepiece lenses, a screen, a light filter, a light orange filter and protective glass.

The lens is designed to construct an image of the observed object. The image of objects in the focal plane of the lens is inverted from left to right and from top to bottom.

The inverting system is designed to produce a true straight image.

The eyepiece is used to view the image of the observed object and the reticle.

The light orange filter is designed to improve the operation of the scope in cloudy weather and increase image contrast.

Rice. 7. Optical design:
1,2,3- AL7 objective lenses. 504.012, AL7.563.006, AL7.523.003; 4- welded screen 51-IK-071 Sb.14 5,6,7,8- lenses AL7.504.013, AL7.563.007, AL7.563.008, AL7.504.014 (reversing system); 9- mesh AL7.210.009; 10,11,12 - eyepiece lenses AL7.546.001, AL7.508.004, AL7.508.005; 13- light orange filter AL7.220.005; 14- light filter AL7.220 006; 15- protective glass AL8.640.004.

The mesh is a plane-parallel plate. The plate contains scales for aiming angles and lateral corrections, as well as a rangefinder scale. The view of the sight's field of view is shown in Figure 8. The aiming angle scale is made in the form of squares up to a range of 1300 m. When setting the aiming angle handwheel scale to division 10, the top of the second sighting sign on the scale from the top on the reticle will correspond to a range of 1100 m, the top of the third sign - 1200 m , and the top of the fourth is 1300 m.

Rice. 8. View of the field of view

To the left and right of the sighting marks there is a lateral correction scale. Scale division value 0-01. The lateral correction values ​​0-05 and 0-10 are highlighted with an elongated stroke. The O-10 correction is marked with the number 10. To the right and left of the lateral correction scale there are two horizontal strokes.

The rangefinder scale, located on the left under the lateral correction scale, is designed to determine the range to the target. The rangefinder scale is made in the form of two lines. The top line (curve) is calculated for a target height of 1.7 m and is marked with numbers 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10.

The sight reticle moves in two mutually perpendicular directions, always remaining in the focal plane of the lens.

1.6. Rifle Accessory
1.6.1. The accessory (Fig. 9) is used for disassembling, assembling, cleaning and lubricating the sniper rifle and is carried in a bag for the scope and magazines.

1.6.2. Accessories include: cheek piece, cleaning rod, wiper, brush, screwdriver, drift, pencil case and oiler.

The cheek piece is used when shooting from a rifle with an optical sight. In this case, it is put on the butt of the rifle and secured to it with a lock.

The cleaning rod is used to clean and lubricate the bore, channels and cavities of other parts of the rifle. It consists of three links that are screwed together.

The wipe is designed to clean and lubricate the bore, as well as the channels and cavities of other parts of the rifle.

The brush is used to clean the barrel bore with a radiofrequency solution.

The screwdriver is used when disassembling and assembling the rifle, cleaning the gas chamber and gas tube, and also as a key when adjusting the position of the front sight in height.

A drift is used to push out axles and pins.

The pencil case is used to store cleaning cloths, brushes, screwdrivers and drifts. It consists of two components: a pencil case-key and a pencil case cover.

The pencil case key is used as a cleaning rod handle when cleaning and lubricating a rifle, as a screwdriver handle when disassembling and assembling a rifle, and as a key when separating the gas tube and assembling the cleaning rod.

The cover of the case is used as a muzzle pad when cleaning the barrel.

The oiler is used to store lubricant.

Rice. 9. Rifle Accessory:
1- pencil case cover 6yu7. 1-6; 2- ruff 56-Yu-212. Sat. 5; 3- screwdriver 6У7. 1; 4- rubbing 56-U-212. Sat. 4; 5- punch 56-У-212. 5: 6- pencil case body 6У7. Sat. 1-1; 7- oiler 6yu5. Sat. SB; 8- cheek 6Y7. Sat. 6; 9- cleaning rod 6Yu7. 2-1; 10- cleaning rod extension 6Yu7. 2-2; 11- front cleaning rod extension 6Yu7. 2-3

1.7. Sight accessory
1.7.1. The accessory (Fig. 10) is designed to ensure normal operation of the sight and replace individual elements that fail during operation.

1.7.2. Accessories include: case, winter lighting system, light filter in frame, key. a napkin, a lamp power source (in a cassette) and a cap.

Rice. 10 Appearance of the PSO-1 sight with an individual set of spare parts:
1- key AL8. 392.000; 2- section made of mercury-zinc elements 2РЦ63; 3- light filter AL5.940.004; 4- lamp CM 2.5-0.075 (in cassette AL8.212.000); 5- cap AL8.634.004; b- lighting system AL6.622.004

The cover is used to protect the sight from dust, rain, snow, exposure to sunlight, etc.
The winter lighting system is designed to provide illumination of the sight reticle when working with the sight in temperature conditions environment below 0 gr. WITH.
The light filter in the frame is used to operate the scope in cloudy weather.
The key is used to screw in and unscrew the reticle illumination lamp.
The cloth is used for cleaning optical parts. The power supply, lamps and cap are designed to replace failed ones.

1.8. Container and packaging
1.8.1. Sniper rifles are delivered to the consumer in wooden boxes painted in a protective color. Six sniper rifles with all accessories are placed in each box and secured with special inserts.
1.8.2. The box consists of two compartments separated by a wooden partition. The bottom, as well as all the walls of the box, are lined with waxed paper. Before capping, the bottom and walls of the large compartment of the box are additionally lined with inhibited paper. The small compartment of the box is not lined with inhibited paper, and optical sights and belts for carrying small arms sealed in this compartment are wrapped only in waxed paper.

2. OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS

2.1. General instructions
The sniper rifle and optical sight must be kept in full working order and ready for action. This is achieved by timely and skillful cleaning and lubrication, careful handling, proper storage, timely technical inspections and elimination of detected faults.

2.2. Safety instructions
2.2.1. Training in disassembling and assembling a rifle should only be done on training rifles. Training on combat rifles is permitted only in exceptional cases with special care when handling parts and mechanisms.
2.2.2. Before preparing the rifle for shooting, and before cleaning and lubricating it, make sure that it is not loaded.
In front of everyone educational activities With a loaded rifle, do not point it at people or areas where people or pets may be.

Shoot in a closed shooting range only with supply and exhaust ventilation, since the powder gases released during shooting are toxic. At the end of shooting, be sure to unload the rifle and put it on safety.
2.3. Preparing a sniper rifle and optical sight for shooting
2.3.1. Preparing the rifle and scope for shooting is intended to ensure trouble-free operation during shooting. Preparing the rifle and scope for shooting is carried out in the following order:
a) clean the rifle;
b) inspect the rifle disassembled and lubricate it;
c) inspect the assembled rifle and scope;
d) check the correct interaction of parts and mechanisms of the rifle;
e) check the serviceability of the lighting system and reticle illumination;
f) check the operation of the aiming angle and lateral adjustment mechanisms of the sight;
g) check the screen is turned on and off;
h) charge the sight screen.

Immediately before shooting, wipe the barrel bore (rifling part and chamber) dry, inspect the cartridges and load the magazine with them.

To charge the sight screen, turn the screen switching handle to the position along the sight, place the sight so that the entire surface of the filter is illuminated by a light source containing ultraviolet rays.

Full charging time: in diffuse daylight - 15 minutes, when illuminated by direct sunlight and when irradiated with an electric lamp with a power of 100... 200 W at a distance of 20 cm - 7-10 minutes. Charging the screen beyond the specified time does not increase its sensitivity. A charged screen retains the ability to capture infrared rays for 6... 7 days, after which it needs to be charged again. Charging ensures operation of the sight for 3 days (when working 8 hours a day).

2. 4. Bringing the rifle to normal combat and the procedure for working with an optical sight
2.4.1. The sniper rifle located in the unit must be brought to normal combat. The need to bring the rifle to normal combat is established by checking the combat.
The rifle's combat is checked:
a) when the rifle arrives at the unit;
b) after repairing the rifle and replacing parts that could change its combat;
c) if deviations of the average point of impact (MIP) or dispersion of bullets that do not meet the requirements of normal rifle combat are detected during shooting.
In a combat situation, the rifle's combat is checked periodically at every opportunity.

2.4.2. To test the combat, fire four shots, aiming carefully and uniformly through the open sights. Shoot at a black rectangle measuring 20 cm in width and 30 cm in height, mounted on a white shield 0.5 m wide and 1 m high. The aiming point is the middle of the lower edge of the black rectangle. On a plumb line at a distance of 16 cm above the aiming point, mark with chalk or colored pencil the normal position of the midpoint of impact when shooting with open sights. This point is the control point (CT).

Firing range 100 m, sight 3. Position for shooting "prone from rest". To check the combat of a rifle and bring it to normal combat, cartridges with an ordinary bullet with a steel core are used. Shoot without a bayonet.
At the end of the shooting, inspect the target and the location of the holes, determine the accuracy of the battle and the position of the midpoint of impact.

The accuracy of a rifle's fire is considered normal if all four holes fit into a circle with a diameter of 8 cm.
If the accuracy of the holes does not satisfy this requirement, repeat the shooting. If the shooting result is unsatisfactory again, send the rifle to a repair shop.

If the combat accuracy is normal, determine the midpoint of impact and its position relative to the control point. The determination of the midpoint of impact is shown in Fig. 11.

Rice. 11. Determination of the average point of impact:
1 - sequential division of segments; 2 - with symmetrical arrangement of holes.

A rifle strike is considered normal if the average point of impact coincides with the control point or deviates from it in any direction by no more than 5 cm.

2.4.3. If, when checking the battle, the average point of impact deviates from the control point in any direction by more than 5 cm, then change the position of the front sight in height or the front sight body in lateral position. If the STP is lower than the CT, then screw in the front sight, if higher, unscrew it. If the STP is to the left of the CT, move the front sight body to the left, if to the right - to the right.
When the front sight body moves to the side by 1 mm when screwing in (unscrewing) the front sight one full turn, the STP when shooting at 100 m shifts by 16 cm.

Check the correct movement of the front sight body and front sight by shooting again. After bringing the rifle to normal combat, hammer in the old mark on the front sight body and apply a new one in its place.
2.4.4. To bring the rifle into normal combat mode with an optical sight, attach the scope to the rifle and place the cheekpiece on the butt. By rotating the handwheels, set the aiming angle handwheel to division 3, and the lateral correction handwheel to division 0.

Shoot with an optical sight under the same conditions as when checking the combat of a rifle with open sights, only mark the control point at a height of 14 cm from the aiming point. If, as a result of shooting, all four holes fit into a circle with a diameter of 8 cm, but the STP deviated from the CT by more than 3 cm, determine the deviation of the STP and make appropriate adjustments in installing the nuts on the aiming angle and lateral correction handwheels. Moving the nuts by one division relative to the scale on the handwheel belt when shooting at 100 m changes the position of the STP by 5 cm. To make adjustments, unscrew the screws on the ends of the handwheels one and a half turns, and by hand rotating the nut of the aiming angle mechanism or the nut of the lateral correction mechanism, move them to the required size and tighten the screws.

After making adjustments to the handwheel settings, fire again. If, upon repeated shooting, all four holes fit into a circle with a diameter of 8 cm, and the STP coincided with the CT or deviated from it in any direction by no more than 3 cm, then the rifle is considered to be in normal combat. Upon completion of bringing the rifle to normal combat, enter the position of the STP in the form.

2.4.5. The range to the target is determined in the following sequence:
— align the target image with the rangefinder scale of the reticle so that the base of the target is on the horizontal line of the rangefinder scale, and the top point of the target touches the upper (dotted) line of the scale without a gap;
— take a reading on the rangefinder scale at the point where the target touches;
— the number indicating the point of contact will determine the distance to the target (in Fig. 12 the distance to the target is 400 m).

Rice. 12. Rangefinder scale

2.4.6. To shoot at dusk and at night, turn the microtoggle switch to the -ON- position. In this case, set the aiming angles and lateral corrections by counting the clicks of the latch from the zero position. At the same time, remember that the handwheel fixes the aiming angles from 0 to 3 through a whole division, i.e. every 100 m, and then until setting 10 every half division, i.e. after 50 m. The lateral correction handwheel is fixed every half division, i.e. after 0-00, 5.

2.4.7. When working with a winter lighting system, the housing with section 2РЦ63 must be stored in a warm place (in the pocket of a tunic or sniper’s overcoat).

2.5. Examination technical condition, characteristic malfunctions and methods for eliminating them
2.5.1. To check the serviceability of the rifle, as well as to determine its suitability for further use, carry out periodic inspections of the rifle.

When inspecting, make sure that all parts of the rifle are present and check that the outer parts are free of rust, dirt, dents, scratches, nicks, chips and other damage that could cause disruption of the normal operation of the rifle’s mechanisms and optical sight; in addition, check the condition of the lubrication on parts visible without disassembling the rifle, the presence of magazines, a bayonet, accessories, a cover for an optical sight, a bag for a sight and magazines, and a bag for spare parts; make sure that there are no foreign objects in the bore; check the correct operation of parts and mechanisms.

When checking the correct operation of parts and mechanisms, remove the rifle from the safety lock, pull the frame back by the handle until it stops and release it; the frame should stop in the rear position by stopping the shutter. Separate the magazine, move the frame back a little by the handle and release it; The frame should forcefully return to the forward position.

Put the safety on the rifle and pull the trigger; the trigger should not move back completely, and the hammer should remain cocked. Remove the rifle from the safety and press the trigger: a click should be heard - an energetic blow of the trigger on the firing pin. Put the rifle on safety again and attach the magazine; the frame should not move back; The fuse must be securely held in position.

Check the supply of cartridges into the chamber; extraction and reflection of cartridge cases (cartridges); equip the magazine with training cartridges, attach it to the rifle and, without pressing the magazine latch, try to separate the magazine with your hand - the magazine should fit freely into the receiver window and be securely held by the magazine latch. Reload the rifle several times, while training cartridges should be sent from the magazine into the chamber without delay and vigorously thrown out of the receiver.

When checking the serviceability of the optical sight, make sure that the eyepiece and objective lenses are intact, check the smooth rotation of the handwheels and their fixation in the installed position, whether the handwheels are swaying, whether the sight is swaying and whether it is securely secured with the clamping screw on the rifle; check that the reticle lighting is working properly; to do this, put the cap on the lens, turn on the toggle switch and look into the eyepiece (if the device is working properly, the reticle is clearly visible, if the reticle is not visible, replace the battery or light bulb).

If the scope has a wobble or the bend of the handle does not fit into the cutout on the bracket when the scope is firmly attached to the rifle, adjust the clamp screw. To do this, separate the scope from the rifle, press the slider against the handle (compress the spring) and screw or unscrew the adjusting nut of the clamping screw.

Inspect the ammunition before shooting. Check them during your inspection. is there any rust or bruises on the cartridges, is the bullet wobbling in the barrel of the cartridge case, is there a green coating and cracks on the primer, is the primer protruding above the surface of the bottom of the cartridge case, are there any training cartridges among the live cartridges. Return all faulty cartridges to the warehouse.

2.5.2. Fix any malfunctions in the rifle, scope, magazines or accessories immediately. If the malfunction cannot be resolved in the unit, send the rifle (optical sight, magazines, accessories) to a repair shop.

2.5.3. Parts and mechanisms of a sniper rifle, when handled correctly and properly cared for, work reliably and without failure for a long time. However, as a result of contamination of the mechanisms, wear of parts and careless handling of the rifle, as well as malfunctioning cartridges, delays in shooting may occur.
Eliminate the delay that occurs during shooting by reloading, to do this, quickly move the frame back by the handle, release it and continue shooting. If the delay persists, find out the reason for its occurrence and eliminate the delay as indicated in Table 2.

Table 2

Name of the malfunction, external manifestation and additional symptoms	Probable Cause	Elimination method
The cartridge does not feed, the bolt is in the forward position, but the shot does not occur - there is no cartridge in the chamber	1. Contamination or malfunction of the magazine 2. Malfunction of the magazine latch	If the delay occurs again, replace the magazine. If the magazine release malfunctions, send the rifle to a repair shop
Sticking the cartridge. The bullet cartridge hit the breech end of the barrel, the moving parts stopped in the middle position	Curvature of the bends of the side walls of the magazine	While holding the frame handle, remove the stuck cartridge and continue shooting. If the delay occurs again, replace the magazine.
Misfire. The bolt is in the forward position, the cartridge is in the chamber, the trigger is pulled - no shot fired	1. Chuck malfunction 2. Malfunction of the firing pin or firing mechanism; contamination or hardening of the lubricant	Reload your rifle and continue shooting If the delay is repeated, inspect and clean the firing pin and firing mechanism; If they break or wear out, send the rifle to a repair shop
Failure to remove the cartridge case. The cartridge case is in the chamber, the next cartridge is buried in a bullet, the moving parts have stopped in the middle position	1. Dirty cartridge or chamber contamination 2. Contamination or malfunction of the ejector or its spring	Pull the frame back by the handle and, holding it in the rear position, separate the magazine and remove the buried cartridge. Use the bolt or cleaning rod to remove the cartridge case from the chamber. Keep shooting. If the delay occurs again, clean the chamber. Inspect and clean the ejector and continue shooting.
Case sticking or non-reflection. The cartridge case was not thrown out of the receiver, but remained in it in front of the bolt or was sent back into the chamber by the bolt	1. Contamination of rubbing parts, gas paths or chamber 2. The ejector is dirty or malfunctioning. Pull the frame back by the handle, eject the cartridge case and continue shooting. If the delay repeats, clean the gas paths, rubbing parts and chamber	If the ejector malfunctions, send the rifle to a repair shop

2.6. Disassembling and assembling the rifle
2.6.1. Disassembly of a sniper rifle can be incomplete or complete: incomplete - for cleaning, lubricating and inspecting the rifle; full - for cleaning when the rifle is heavily soiled, after being in the rain or snow, when switching to a new lubricant and during repairs. Frequent disassembly of the rifle is not allowed, as this accelerates the wear of parts and mechanisms.
When disassembling and assembling the rifle, do not use excessive force or sharp blows.
During assembly. rifle, compare the numbers on its parts with the number on the receiver.

2.6.2. The procedure for partial disassembly of a sniper rifle:
a) separate the store. Holding the magazine with your hand, press the magazine latch and, pushing the bottom of the magazine forward, separate it. After this, check whether there is a cartridge in the chamber, to do this, lower the fuse down, move the frame back by the handle, inspect the chamber and lower the handle;
b) separate the optical sight. Lifting the clamping screw handle, turn it towards the eyecup as far as it will go, slide the sight back and separate it from the receiver;
c) separate the cheek. By turning the cheek lock latch down, remove the loop from the clip hook and separate the cheek;
d) separate the receiver cover with the return mechanism. Having turned the cover pin back until it is placed on the pin stop screw, lift up the back part of the cover and separate the cover with the return mechanism;
e) separate the frame with the shutter. Moving the frame with the bolt back all the way, lift it and separate it from the receiver;
e) separate the bolt from the frame. Having pulled the bolt back, turn it so that the leading protrusion of the bolt comes out of the figured groove of the frame, and then move the bolt forward;
g) separate the trigger mechanism. Having turned the shield up to a vertical position, slide it to the right and separate it from the receiver; holding the bracket, move downwards to separate the firing mechanism;
h) separate the barrel linings. Pressing the pin of the ring against the gas tube until the bend of the pin comes out of the cutout of the upper ring, turn the contactor clockwise until it stops; slide the top ring towards the muzzle; by pressing the lining down and moving it to the side, separate it from the barrel;
i) separate the gas piston and pusher with spring. Moving the pusher back, remove its front end from the hole of the gas piston; separate the gas piston from the gas tube; by inserting the front end of the pusher into the gas tube, press the pusher spring until it exits the channel of the aiming block, and then separate the pusher with the spring; Separate the pusher spring from the pusher.

2.6.3. The procedure for assembling a sniper rifle after partial disassembly:
a) attach the gas piston and pusher with a spring. With the pushrod spring on the rear end of the pushrod, insert the front end of the pushrod into the gas tube; Having pressed the spring, insert the rear end of the pusher together with the spring into the channel of the aiming block; move the pusher back and move its front end out of the gas tube to the side; insert the gas piston into the gas tube and the front end of the pusher into the piston hole;
b) attach the barrel linings. After inserting the rear end of the right (left) pad into the lower ring, press the pad down and fix it on the projections of the support ring; slide the upper ring onto the tips of the linings and turn the pin of the ring towards the gas tube until the bend of the pin enters the cutout on the ring;
c) attach the trigger mechanism. By placing the cutouts of the trigger mechanism housing behind the stop pin, press the trigger mechanism against the receiver; insert the axis of the shield into the hole in the receiver, and then turn the shield clockwise until the protrusion on the shield enters the lower recess of the receiver;
d) attach the bolt to the frame. Having inserted the bolt into the hole in the frame, turn the bolt so that its leading protrusion fits into the figured groove of the frame; push the shutter forward as far as it will go;
e) attach the frame with the shutter. Insert the frame guides into the receiver cutouts and slide the frame forward;
f) attach the cover with the return mechanism. Having inserted the return spring into the hole in the frame, insert the protrusions on the front end of the cover into the cutouts of the lower ring, press the rear end of the cover until it is completely adjacent to the receiver; turn the lid pin forward until it is placed on the pin stopper;
g) attach the cheek. With the cheek piece on the butt with the lock facing to the right, place the loop on the clip hook and turn the latch upward;
h) attach an optical sight. Having aligned the grooves on the sight bracket with the protrusions on the left wall of the receiver, push the sight forward as far as it will go and turn the clamping screw handle toward the lens until its bend fits into the cutout on the bracket;
i) attach the store. Having inserted the front magazine hook into the receiver window, turn the magazine towards you so that the latch slides over the rear magazine hook.

2.6.4. The procedure for completely disassembling a sniper rifle:
a) perform partial disassembly, guided by paragraph 2. 6. 2;
b) disassemble the store. Having sunk the protrusion of the locking bar into the hole on the magazine cover, slide the cover forward; holding the locking bar, remove the cover from the housing; gradually releasing the spring, remove it together with the locking bar from the magazine body; separate the feeder;
c) disassemble the return mechanism. Remove the front return spring from the guide bushing; compress the rear return spring and, holding the guide rod, move it downwards and towards you from the earring hole; separate the rear return spring and guide rod from the guide bushing;
d) disassemble the shutter. Using a punch, push out the firing pin and remove the firing pin from the bolt hole; remove the ejector with the spring in the same way;
e) disassemble the trigger mechanism (Fig. 13). Press the self-timer lever and disconnect the self-timer sear from the trigger, holding the trigger, press the trigger and smoothly release the hammer; remove the ends of the trigger spring from under the bends of the trigger mechanism housing; using a screwdriver, align the protrusions of the axes of the trigger, sear and self-timer with the cutouts for them on the right wall of the trigger mechanism housing: by pushing out the axes of the trigger, sear and self-timer, separate these parts; Having pushed out the hammer axis, separate the hammer from the mainspring, and then remove the mainspring;
f) separate the gas tube with the gas regulator. Having turned the regulator until the cutout on its front end aligns with the latch of the gas pipe, press the latch and, using a pencil case, unscrew the gas pipe and remove the regulator from it.

2.6.5. The procedure for assembling a sniper rifle after complete disassembly:
a) connect the gas pipe with the gas regulator. Having placed the regulator on the gas tube, press the gas tube latch and screw the gas tube using a pencil case key until the cutout on the end of the tube matches the latch; Having sunk the latch into the cutout of the tube, set the regulator to the required division;
b) assemble the firing mechanism. Insert the trigger with its spring into the housing, insert the axle, align its protrusion with the cutout on the right wall of the case and turn the axle using a screwdriver. Place the mainspring on the hammer pins and insert the hammer into the housing.
Insert the sear into the body so that its tail goes behind the loop of the long end of the mainspring; insert axle; align its protrusion with the cutout on the right wall of the case and turn the axis using a screwdriver. Insert the self-timer into the body so that its tail goes behind the loop short end mainspring; insert the axle, aligning its protrusion with the cutout on the right wall of the case and turn the axle using a screwdriver; insert the trigger axis and place the ends of the trigger spring on the bends of the body;
c) assemble the shutter. Having inserted the ejector with the spring into the bolt socket, press the ejector and insert the ejector axis, inserting the firing pin into the bolt hole, from the side of the leading protrusion, insert the firing pin into the bolt hole and push it to the end;

Rice. 13. Trigger mechanism:
1- trigger housing 6B1. Sat. 4-1; 2-axis sear, hook and self-timer 6B1. 4-10; 3-trigger with 6B1 pull. Sat. 4-4; 4- hook spring 6V1.4-13; 5- sear 6V1.4-9V; 6- self-timer 6B1 4-23; 7- trigger 6V1.4-6; 8- combat spring 6V1.4-7; 9 - trigger axis 6V1.4-8; 10- axis of the magazine latch 6V1.4-16; 11- magazine latch 6B1.4-15; 12- magazine latch spring 6B1. 4-22.

d) assemble the return mechanism. Having inserted the guide rod into the guide bushing from the side of the large-diameter hole (with the flats forward), put the return spring on the guide bushing from the side of the rod and compress it so that the end of the guide rod with the flats comes out from under the spring; holding the guide rod in this position, insert it together with the spring and bushing into the lower hole of the earring, and then push the rod along the edges of the flats into the upper hole; release the spring - its end should enter the cup of the earring. Place the second return spring onto the guide bushing;
d) assemble a store. Having inserted the feeder and the spring into the magazine body, compress the spring until the locking bar enters the body and, holding it in this position, put the magazine cover on the body so that the protrusion of the locking bar slides into the hole in the cover;
f) carry out further assembly, guided by paragraphs, 2. 6. 3.

2.7. Cleaning and Lubrication
2.7.1. Cleaning the rifle is done:
in preparation for shooting;
after firing combat and blank cartridges- immediately after the end of shooting;
after the assignment and training in the field without shooting - upon returning from the assignment or training;
in a combat situation and during long-term exercises - daily during periods of calm in the battle and during breaks in exercises;
if the rifle was not used - at least once a week.

2.7.2. After cleaning, lubricate the rifle. Apply lubricant only to a well-cleaned and dry metal surface immediately after cleaning to prevent moisture from affecting the metal.

2.7.3. To clean and lubricate the rifle use:
liquid gun lubricant - for cleaning the rifle and lubricating its parts and mechanisms at air temperatures from plus 50 to minus 50 degrees C;
gun lubricant - for lubricating the barrel bore, parts and mechanisms of the rifle after cleaning them; this lubricant is used at air temperatures above plus 5 degrees C;
RFC solution - for cleaning the bore and other parts of the rifle exposed to powder gases.

Note. The RHS solution is prepared in the department in the following composition:
water suitable for drinking - 1 l;
ammonium carbonate - 200 g;
potassium dichromate (chrompic) - 3-5 g.

The solution is prepared in the amount necessary to clean the weapon within one day. A small amount of RFS solution can be stored for no more than 7 days in glass containers, sealed with a stopper, in a dark place and away from heating devices.

It is prohibited to pour RFC solution into oil cans!
rags or paper KV-22 - for wiping, cleaning and lubricating the rifle;
tow, cleared of kernels, - only for cleaning the bore.

2.7.4. Clean the rifle in the following order:
a) prepare materials for cleaning and lubrication;
b) disassemble the rifle;
c) prepare the accessory for use during cleaning;
d) clean the bore.

To clean the bore with liquid gun lubricant, place tow on the end of the wiper and lay the tow fibers along the wiper rod; pour some liquid gun lubricant onto the tow. Insert a ramrod with rubbing and tow into the barrel bore and attach the canister cover to the flash hider. While holding the rifle, smoothly move the oakum wipe along the entire length of the bore several times. Take out the cleaning rod, change the tow, soak it with liquid gun lubricant and clean the bore several times in the same order. After this, thoroughly wipe the bore with clean, dry tow, and then with a clean rag.

Clean the barrel bore with the RFS solution using a brush soaked in the solution; then wipe the bore with tow. Continue cleaning with RFC solution until complete removal soot. After cleaning the rifled part of the barrel bore, clean the chamber in the same manner; e) clean the gas chamber and gas tube using a cleaning rod or wooden stick wrapped in a rag soaked in liquid gun lubricant or RFC solution; After cleaning, wipe the gas chamber and gas pipe dry; Wipe again with a rag and inspect the bore so that there are no scraps of tow, rags or other foreign objects left in it;
f) clean the receiver, bolt frame, bolt and gas piston using a rag soaked in liquid gun lubricant or RFC solution, then wipe dry;
g) wipe the remaining metal parts dry with a rag;
h) wipe the wooden parts with a dry cloth.

2.7.5. Lubricate the rifle in the following order:
a) lubricate the bore using a wipe and a rag soaked in lubricant; lubricate the chamber;
b) lubricate all other metal parts and mechanisms of the rifle using an oiled rag;
c) apply a thin layer of lubricant, since excessive lubricant contributes to contamination of parts and can cause delays when firing;
d) do not lubricate wooden parts.

2.7.6. Assemble the rifle and check the operation of its parts and mechanisms.

2.7.7. Wipe the outer surfaces of the optical sight with a clean rag. Remove the reticle light cap and wipe the battery, housing, and cap. If the surface of the objective lenses and eyepiece are dirty, wipe them with a cloth. Lenses and glass are not allowed to be wiped with a rag that was used to wipe other parts of the sight, lubricated or touched with fingers.

It is forbidden to open the sight!
2.8. Storage and transportation rules
2.8.1. The rifle must always be stored unloaded, with the optical sight and magazine separated, the bayonet removed, the trigger pulled, the safety guard on, the sight clamp set to the -P- mark.

2.8.2. In barracks and camp situations, the rifle is stored in a pyramid; in a special compartment of the same pyramid, an optical sight in a case, magazines, a bag for the sight and magazines, a bayonet in a sheath, a bag for spare parts, a belt for carrying small arms and accessories are stored. The scope and magazine bag, case and sling should be kept clean and dry.

2.8.3. When temporarily located in a building, the rifle is stored in a dry place away from doors, stoves and heating devices. In a combat situation, keep the rifle with you, in your hands.

2.8.4. When moving to classes and on a hike, the rifle is carried on a belt. The sling must be adjusted so that the rifle does not hit hard objects. The rifle is carried with the magazine attached. The rest of the stores are in the bag.

2.8.5. When traveling in cars or armored personnel carriers, hold the rifle vertically between your knees. When traveling on tanks, hold the rifle in your hands, protecting it from hitting the armor.

2.8.6. When transported by rail or waterways, the rifle is installed in a special pyramid. If the carriage or watercraft is not equipped with pyramids, the rifle can be held in the hands or placed on a shelf so that it cannot fall or be damaged.

2.8.7. To prevent swelling or rupture of the barrel, it is prohibited to plug the bore with anything.

2.8.8. Protect the optical sight from falling, sharp blows and jolts, and from penetration of moisture and dust into the optical part; store the scope in a case in a dry, heated room; If the scope is on the rifle and you are not shooting, put a cover on the scope. Wipe the wet sight thoroughly with a dry cloth and dry the covers. It is forbidden to hold the sight near stoves and fires.

Sniper survival manual [“Shoot rarely, but accurately!”] Fedoseev Semyon Leonidovich

Dragunov SVD self-loading sniper rifle

Work on replacing a sniper rifle mod. 1891/30 self-loading chambered for 7.62x54R resumed in 1958. This year, the Main Rocket and Artillery Directorate (GRAU) of the Ministry of Defense announced a competition for the creation of a self-loading sniper rifle. Izhevsk designer E.F. Dragunov joined in new competition later than others. By that time, Kovrov designer A.S. had already fine-tuned his rifle. Konstantinov, his sample (SVS-128) was again developed by S.G. Simonov. The rivalry was serious. The design team of M.T. presented its version of a self-loading rifle in 1959. Kalashnikov, but the rifle was soon withdrawn from the competition. It is interesting that Konstantinov and Simonov in their prototypes used a “linear recoil” scheme with the butt raised to the line of the barrel bore axis, while Dragunov deflected the butt down.

Experienced 7.62-mm self-loading sniper rifle SSV-58 E.F. Dragunova, 1959

The accuracy requirements set by the military seemed so stringent that they were considered abandoning them. But the experimental SSV-58 rifle presented by Dragunov in 1959 was the first to “meet” them, then a modified version of the SSV-61 rifle was presented. Note that Dragunov previously, together with I.A. Samoilov created sporting rifles S-49, TsV-50, MTsV-50, TsV-55 “Zenith”, MTsV-55 “Strela”, MTsV-56 “Taiga”. This “sports” experience, plus the experience of a sports shooter and a gunsmith-manufacturer, played a decisive role. Simonov’s experimental rifle was the first to “fail the distance.” After long comparative tests, during which the Dragunov and Konstantinov rifles went head to head, in 1963 the “7.62-mm Dragunov sniper rifle” (SVD, the index assigned to the GRAU product is 6B1) was adopted. The SVD became one of the first “military” rifles to display “sporting” features in its design.

The technology for manufacturing a high-precision barrel was developed by I.A. Samoilov.

The similarity of the SVD system with a Kalashnikov assault rifle is often mentioned. At first glance, many things in these systems are really similar.

Experienced 7.62-mm self-loading sniper rifle AO-47 S.G. Simonova, 1968

7.62-mm self-loading sniper rifle SVD of late release, with a plastic fore-end and butt. The rifle is equipped with a PSO-1 optical sight

Automation with a gas engine operates by removing powder gases through a side hole in the barrel wall. The barrel bore is locked by turning the bolt; when unlocked, the bolt slightly touches the cartridge case, helping to bleed off some of the powder gases between the walls of the chamber and the cartridge case and facilitating its subsequent removal. The shape of the shutter is also similar. The impact mechanism is of the hammer type, with the same shape of the mainspring. The safety catch is also double-acting. However, much more interesting are the differences in the SVD associated with “sniper” tasks and making the rifle an independent system. The bolt frame here is not combined with a gas piston - the piston and pusher are made as separate parts with their own return spring and return to the forward position immediately after the frame is thrown back (short stroke of the piston). Thus, the movement of the automation system is, as it were, “decomposed” into successive movements of individual parts and stretched over time. The return mechanism of the bolt frame includes two springs, which, moreover, do not need to store force to bring the piston to the extreme forward position. All this increases the smooth operation of the automation and smoothes out the impulse loads inherent in automation with a gas engine. The regulator built into the gas chamber did not play a big role and was later eliminated to simplify the design. The SVD bolt has three symmetrically located lugs, which makes locking symmetrical and more reliable, reducing the required angle of rotation of the bolt.

Parts and assemblies of the SVD rifle: 1 – receiver cover, 2 – earring, 3 and 6 – return springs, 4 and 5 – guide tube and rod, 7 – bolt frame, 8 – firing pin, 9 – bolt, 10 – ejector spring, 11 – ejector, 12 – forearm halves, 13 – frame pusher, 14 – piston, 15 – gas tube, 16 – regulator, 17 – front sight, 18 – front sight fuse, 19 – flash suppressor, 20 – barrel, 21 – gas chamber, 22 – magazine body, 23 – magazine feeder, 24 – feed spring, 25 – locking bar, 26 – magazine cover, 27 – ring with lock, 28 – forearm front stop, 29 – sector sight, 30 – receiver, 31 – mainspring , 32 – fuse, 33 – trigger mechanism housing, 34 – sear, 35 – trigger, 36 – trigger spring, 37 – rod, 38 – self-timer, 39 – trigger, 40 – butt with pistol grip

Rocking of the bolt frame in the forward position is prevented by a reflector rivet. The receiver is milled. The bolt frame rotates the bolt when unlocked during its movement back, acting with the front bevel of its figured cutout on the leading protrusion of the bolt. The barrel bore is locked as follows: during the roll-up of the movable system (bolt frame and bolt), the bolt, when approaching the breech end of the barrel, under the influence of the bevel of the receiver protrusion to the bevel of the left combat lug of the bolt, receives an initial rotation, and then, under the influence of the figured cutout, it continues to move forward The bolt frame onto its leading lug rotates around the longitudinal axis to the left, and the bolt lugs enter the cutouts of the receiver. The spent cartridge case is removed using a spring-loaded ejector mounted on the bolt, and removal is done by hitting the hard reflective protrusion of the receiver.

7.62-mm SVD sniper rifle with a removable low-noise firing device and a height-adjustable folding bipod mounted on the forend

The hammer-type trigger mechanism with a rotating trigger, unlike the Kalashnikov system, provides only a single fire and is assembled in a separate housing. An original feature is the use of the trigger as a disconnector. When the bolt frame moves back, it turns the trigger back, and at the end of the turn it hits the front part of the trigger rod and disconnects it from the sear. The sear turns and stands opposite the cocking trigger. After rolling the bolt frame, the hammer remains cocked. The non-automatic safety lever simultaneously blocks the trigger and the rod and limits the rear movement of the bolt frame, covering the cutout of the receiver with its shield.

A cylindrical slotted flash suppressor is attached to the muzzle of the barrel. Its design turned out to be very successful and was borrowed by a number of foreign companies.

A French Foreign Legion sniper tests the Romanian version of the SVD-FPK

The SVD stock is split. The cutout in the wooden butt and its front edge form a pistol grip. The frame shape of the stock allows you to hold the rifle with your left hand when shooting from a prone position. A removable “cheek” is attached to the butt. The forend consists of two symmetrical pads with slots for better barrel cooling. The linings are spring-loaded on the barrel, so that the fulcrum of the fore-end is on the axis of the bore, and the force from the supporting hand does not affect the shooting results. In addition, when the barrel lengthens (caused by its heating during shooting), the forend moves forward, the conditions for its fastening do not change and the midpoint of hits does not shift. The apparent “trifle” of the design played an important role in ensuring shooting accuracy. During the production process, the wood in the manufacture of the stock was replaced with pressed plywood, and the linings were replaced with veneer. Then the rifle received a plastic butt and fore-end made of glass-filled polyamide in black.

For shooting from a sniper rifle V.M. Sabelnikov, P.F. Sazonov and V.N. Dvoryaninov developed a 7.62 mm sniper cartridge (index 7N1), although other types of 7.62x54R cartridge can also be used. 10 rounds are placed in a detachable, double-row, sector-shaped metal box magazine. The magazine latch is located behind its socket. The center of gravity of a loaded rifle is located above the magazine, so cartridge consumption has little effect on the displacement of the average point of impact.

The rifle is equipped with an optical sight PSO-1 (index 1P43), developed by A.I. Ovchinnikov and L.A. Glyzov. The sighting reticle of the sight includes a main square for shooting at a range of up to 1000 m, a lateral correction scale with a division value of one thousandth (0-01), additional squares for shooting at a distance of 1100, 1200 and 1300 m, as well as a rangefinder scale for determining the range by visible targets 1.7 m high (average human height). There is also an auxiliary sector mechanical sight with a straight bar, notched at a range of up to 1200 m every 100, and an adjustable front sight with a safety catch. Due to the high position of the butt, shooting with a mechanical sight is not as convenient as with an optical sight.

Russian Airborne Forces sniper with a 7.62 mm SVD-S sniper rifle with a PSO-1M2 optical sight

The PSO-1 sight served as the basis for a whole family of optical sights, including the PSO-1 M2, which is now installed on the SVD. The PSO-1 M2 sighting scales are designed for shooting at ranges from 100 to 1300 m. The sight weight is 0.58 kg, overall dimensions are 375x70-132 mm, magnification factor is 4x, field of view is 6°, resolution limit is 12°, exit pupil diameter – 6 mm, exit pupil relief – 68 mm.

The “night” SVDN model is equipped with an NSPU, NSPUM (SVDN-2) or NSPU-3 (SVDN-3) sight. The “night” modification of the SVDN-3 (6V1NZ) with the NSPU-3 (1PN75) sight weighs 6.4 kg without cartridges. The declared maximum sighting range is 1000 m, although in reality shooting is carried out at two to three times shorter ranges. In particular, the NSPU-5 (1 PN-83) sight with a magnification of 3.5x, which allows identifying a person at a distance of up to 300 m, is popular.

For hand-to-hand combat, a standard 644 bayonet can be attached to the rifle - a clear indication of the “combat” requirements. But a bayonet on a sniper rifle is a rare attribute and hardly necessary.

The design of the SVD as a whole was a fairly successful compromise between “sniper” and “general combat” requirements. The SVD gained great popularity during the fighting in Afghanistan and Chechnya - its comparative high power turned out to be very useful in mountain conditions. Almost no type of combat could take place without the active participation of snipers. On the other hand, demands were growing louder to supplement the SVD with a sniper rifle of greater accuracy.

For the 60-70s of the XX century. The SVD had generally good accuracy - at a range of 1000 m, the median deviation of hits did not exceed 260 mm. For the “chest figure” target (500x500 mm with a figure coefficient of 0.79), the SVD works reliably up to 600 m, the “head figure” (250x300 mm) - up to 300 m. The SVD, which has proven itself to be a reliable and powerful weapon, is no longer very suitable for solving a number of sniper tasks in terms of accuracy and accuracy. According to the tables, the hit deviation for it is 480–560 mm at a distance of 1000 m, 188 mm at 500 m and 36 mm at 100 m - noticeably more than one arc minute. Taking into account wide application SIBZ and, accordingly, reducing the area of ​​“reliable destruction” of a living target, the range of reliable destruction is reduced to 200 m. In addition, the SVD is not at all adjustable to the anthropometric data of the shooter (the back of the head of the butt and the “cheek” are not adjustable, as is the trigger mechanism). The weakness of the 4x scope has been obvious for a long time. They tried to install more powerful sights on the SVD - such as 6x42 or 8x42, but the PSO-1 remained the main one.

The SVD received a number of experimental and serial modifications. In particular, in 1968, a 5.6 mm training version of the TSV-1 (“training sniper rifle”) with a TO-4M sight and a magazine with a capacity of 10 rounds was introduced. Its weight was 3.8 kg. In 1970 E.F. Dragunov presented an automatic version of the B-70 (AVD) with a translator for automatic and single fire.

Weighting the barrel increased the weight of the rifle to 4.6 kg, shifted the center of gravity forward and made it possible to fire in bursts. The B-70 was not developed - an automatic rifle, apparently, rightly seemed overkill.

The SVD, with minor design changes, is in service with the armies of six more countries. Thus, the Romanian version of the SVD - FPK has a different forend assembly and can carry a muzzle attachment for firing feathered rifle grenades - a feature that is exotic and not entirely clear for a sniper weapon. Romanian SVDs were used by Moldovan nationalists in Transnistria. The Romanian model rifle without iron sights is marketed under the SWD motto "Dracula". The Chinese corporation NORINCO produces SVD under the designation NDM-86. The Al-Kadish rifle is produced in Iraq, which differs from the SVD in the design of the fore-end and butt, and the ornamental stamping of the magazine body. As a result, in a number of wars and conflicts, the SVD found itself on different sides of the front - for example, during Operation Desert Storm in 1991, both the Iraqi army and the “Arab allies” of the United States had SVD. After the “German reunification”, the SVD passed from the NPA of the former GDR to the Bundeswehr of the Federal Republic of Germany. In Poland, several dozen SVDs were modernized, adapting them to the less powerful 7.62x51 NATO cartridge - in connection with the country's accession to NATO. Such rifles received the designation SWD-M and an optical sight LD-6. Together with the Finnish TRG-21 and TRG-22 (purchased by Poland in 2005), such rifles were sent with the Polish contingent to Iraq.

TACTICAL AND TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SVD

Cartridge – 7.62x54R

Weight without magazine and optical sight - 3.7 kg

Weight with magazine and sight PSO-1 - 4.52 kg

Length without bayonet – 1225 mm

Length with bayonet – 1370 mm

Barrel length – 620 mm

The length of the rifled part of the barrel is 547 mm

Rifling – 4 right-handed, rifling stroke length 320 mm

Initial bullet speed – 830 m/s

Muzzle energy – 4064 J

Combat rate of fire – 30 rpm

The SVD sighting range is 1300 m with an optical sight; 1200 m with open sights

Direct shot range at a height figure - 640 m, at a chest figure - 430 m

Magazine capacity – 10 rounds

Cartridge weight – 21.8 g

Penetrating effect of the 7N1 cartridge bullet

– steel helmet wall at a range of up to 1700 m,

70-80 mm parapet made of densely compacted snow at 1000 m,

25-30 mm of soil per 1000 m,

10-12 mm brickwork per 200 m

PSO-1 sight weight – 0.58 g

Sight magnification factor – 4x

Sight field of view – 6 degrees

Exit pupil diameter – 6 mm

Eye relief – 68 mm

Resolution – 12 sec

Sight length with eyecup and hood – 375 mm

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