Why is Israel at war with Palestine? Arab-Israeli conflict (history of confrontation).
Background to the conflict between Israel and Palestine.
In order to understand why the conflict between Israel and Palestine arose, first of all, let's consider its background. Palestine is a territory located near the Mediterranean Sea in the Middle East. The history of this small piece of land has centuries-old history. The roots of today's conflict between Israel and Palestine lie in the past in the territorial and ethnic struggle between Palestinian Arabs and Jews. But, it must be said that such a tense situation between the two peoples was not always there.
For a long time, Arabs and Jews lived peacefully as neighbors in Palestine. Palestine was considered part of Syria during the Ottoman Empire. The population in Palestine at that time was dominated by Arabs. At the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th centuries, Jewish settlements began to appear in Palestine, and mainly around the city of Jerusalem. But we must admit that the colonization of Palestine by Jews proceeded very slowly. According to statistics, in 1918 the population of Palestine was Arabs, with a total population of 93%. The picture began to change dramatically when, after the First World War, Britain gained the right to rule Palestine. This mandate came into force in September 1923.
Widespread propaganda began for the settlement and colonization of Palestine by Jews. This idea was put forward in 1917 by British Foreign Minister A. Balfour, writing a letter to the Zionist leader. The letter announced the establishment of a national home for Jews. The letter later became known as the Balfour Declaration.
At the beginning of the 20th century in the 1920s, the military organization “Hagana” was created, and already in 1935 the Jews created an organization of extremists - “Irgun Zvai Leumi”. True, it should be noted that at first the displacement of Arabs from Palestine was peaceful.
After the Nazis came to power and the World War began, the emigration of Jews to Palestine increased sharply. So in 1932 there were 184 thousand Jews in Palestine, in 1938 there were already 414 thousand people, and by the end of 1947 there were more than 600 thousand Jews, that is, at that time a third of the population of Palestine. Many people say that the ultimate goal of Jewish emigration in Israel is the conquest of Palestinian lands and the creation of a Jewish state. The idea of creating the state of Israel goes back a long time, but only after the Second World War did the implementation of this idea become possible. The idea of creating a Jewish state was supported by the world community; the Holocaust played a large role in strengthening this idea. In November 1945, the situation in Palestine was tense to the limit. The conflict between Palestine and Israel was brewing.
In addition to the fact that Palestine was shaken by clashes between Arabs and Jews, during this period the movement of Zionist terror intensified, which was directed against the British authorities. Great Britain was unable to solve this problem on its own and submitted a decision on the future of Palestine in 1947 to the UN General Assembly.
At that time, there were two solutions to the future of Palestine. A special committee for Palestinian affairs at the UN was created, which, consisting of 11 people, signed a letter recommending the creation of two independent independent states on the territory of present-day Palestine: Jewish and Arab. And leave between them an international zone - the city of Jerusalem. Jerusalem was to receive international status. The plan for the division of Palestine was discussed for a long time and was approved in November 1947. Among the countries that recognized and approved this division into Palestine and Israel were the USA and the USSR.
According to resolution No. 181/11 of November 29, 1947, Palestine was divided into two independent states - Jewish with an area of 14.1 thousand square kilometers, which is 56% of the total area of Palestine, and Arab, with an area of 11.1 square kilometers, which is 43% of the area of the entire territory of Palestine, and Jerusalem - the international zone - 1% of the total territory.
Before August 1, 1948, British troops had to be withdrawn from the country. As soon as the decision to create an independent Jewish state of Israel was proclaimed, the Zionists began a real, undeclared war. And even before the official declaration of Israeli independence, 250 thousand Arabs were simply forced to leave Palestine. At the same time, many Arab countries did not recognize the independence of Israel and declared “jihad”—a holy war—on the new state. In May 1948, a military conflict began in Israel.
The news of Israeli independence in Palestine instantly spread throughout the world. The countries of the Arab League, immediately after Israeli Prime Minister Ben-Gurion declared the independence of the State of Israel, began military operations. Egypt, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, having united all their efforts, unanimously declared war on the newly created state of Israel. This is where the history of the conflict between Israel and Palestine began.
The Arab League troops numbered 40 thousand soldiers, while the Israeli troops numbered 30 thousand. The Arab League troops were commanded at that time by the King of Jordan. In 1948, the United Nations called on the conflicting parties to a truce, but the truce plan that was proposed was rejected by the parties as unacceptable to both sides.
At first, the military conflict between Israel and Palestine developed in favor of the Arab League, but the course of the war changed dramatically in the summer of 1948. Within 10 days, the Jewish army, facing the larger and better armed army of the Arab League, launched a decisive offensive and neutralized the Arab offensive onslaught. In the final offensive of the Jewish army, which took place in 1949, the Israelis occupied the entire territory of Palestine, pushing the enemy back to the very borders.
More than 900 thousand Arabs were expelled from the Palestinian territory, which Israel conquered, at that time. They settled in different Arab countries. At the same time, more than half a million Jews were expelled from Arab countries and began to live in Israel.
The history of the Israel-Palestine conflict lies quite deep. The two sides must understand this issue, because as the history of Israel and Palestine says, two peoples can live amicably on the same territory.
The tragedy in Jerusalem that occurred yesterday has worried the whole world. Unarmed civilians were praying in the synagogue when two Palestinians from East Jerusalem entered the shrine with weapons and went on a bloody rampage, killing four people. The paramilitary group Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine claimed responsibility for the attack. IN once again two bitter rivals reminded the world of their bloody conflict.
The history of Israel's existence on the political map of the world is a history of wars. During its short existence, the country's borders changed several times. For a long time, the Jewish people were pushed aside by their Arab neighbors, without finding a peaceful way out of the current situation.
For more than 20 years, Palestine and Israel have been trying to find a peaceful way to resolve the centuries-old conflict.
First War: Bloody Independence
The war on the territory of the State of Israel begins the very next day after the declaration of independence. Israel's independence was declared on May 14, 1948, and on May 15, five Arab countries declared war. new country and send their troops to its borders.
During the first war, Israel wins and significantly expands its territory. Jerusalem was declared the capital, but not the entire city came under power Jewish people, but only a part.
The war officially ended in 1949. Egypt, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon and Israel signed a peace treaty. The result of the war between the Arab world and Israel was large number Palestinian refugees who fled the rebel region. To date, the UN says there are 5 million displaced people who have turned to other countries for help.
Second War: Reclaiming Lands
The next round of the Arab-Israeli war occurred in 1967. Israel struck first. The fighting continued for 6 days. On one side was Israel, on the other was the union of Egypt, Syria, Jordan, Iraq and Algeria.
The cause of Israel's aggression was the actions of its Arab neighbors. A few weeks before the start of the war, Arab neighbors began to pull military equipment to the borders of the state. The government in Jerusalem decided to attack first.
And in this military campaign, the actual victory was Israel's. The occupied territories exceeded the country's own territories by 3.5 times. Israel regained control of East Jerusalem, which had been ceded to Jordan under the 1949 peace treaty, and also annexed the Gaza Strip.
The government decides to immediately begin the integration of the occupied territories into Israeli society and the construction of Jewish settlements begins. The world community did not accept the results of the war; the UN Security Council sharply criticized Israel's actions.
Resolution 242 (1967), UN Security Council: " On November 22, 1967, after lengthy negotiations, the Security Council unanimously adopted resolution 242 (1967), which set out the principles for a peace settlement in the Middle East. The resolution stated that in order to establish a just and lasting peace, two principles must be applied: conclusion Israeli forces from territories occupied during the recent conflict and the cessation of all claims or states of war and respect and recognition of sovereignty, territorial integrity and the political independence of each State in the area and their right to live in peace within secure and recognized boundaries, without threat or use of force."
Third war: sneak strike
The last official war was started by Egypt and Syria. The Yom Kippur War began on October 6, 1973. It lasted 18 days.
Egypt and Syria attacked Israel unexpectedly while celebrating the Jewish holiday of Yom Kippur. The effect of surprise and unpreparedness for hostilities yielded results. In the first phase of hostilities, the scales tipped in favor of the Arab military.
But the second half of the conflict was favorable to Israel, and the Jews once again drove the attackers beyond their borders. The war was ended by another UN resolution, the text of which was similar to the previous one.
Madrid talks: ghost country Palestine
The first peace negotiations and treaty were concluded in 1978 between Israel and Egypt. But the solution to the Palestinian issue was not resolved until the 90s. The first official meeting of Jewish and Arab leadership took place in 1991 in Madrid. At this meeting, several points were highlighted that were supposed to resolve the situation of a full-scale war hanging in the air.
1. Implementation of UN Security Council resolutions 242 and 338 (338 is the second resolution after the Yom Kippur War);
2. Compliance with the principle of “land for peace”;
3. Ensuring the legitimate rights of the Palestinian people;
4. Achieving security and peace for Israelis;
The Madrid negotiations did not imply the creation of a separate state by the Palestinian people. This issue was not raised until 2003. The peace road map was a joint development of Russia, the United States, the UN and the European Union. According to the text of the document developed, within two years it was necessary to gradually reduce the level of tension in the conflict and create a new state - Palestine.
But this plan has not yet been implemented. The reason for this disagreement is within both the Israeli and Palestinian political elites.
Recent events in Israel have shown that the Middle East is on the verge of another war. This year, the Israeli army has already bombed the Gaza Strip and the Palestinian territories. In response to Jerusalem's aggression, Palestinians stage terrorist attacks within Israel's borders.
Historical roots of the conflict
Palestine is a territory with an ancient history. Around the 11th century. BC Hebrew tribes began to penetrate into the territory of Palestine, creating their own states here (Israeli and Kingdom of Judah). Later, Palestine was part of the states of the Achaemenids, Alexander the Great, Ptolemies and Seleucids, and was a province of Rome and Byzantium. Under the Romans, the oppressed Jewish population was dispersed to other countries in the Mediterranean region, and some were assimilated with the local Christian population. In 638, Palestine was conquered by the Arabs, and it became one of the provinces of the caliphate called al-Falastin. It was during this period that the territory of the country began to be populated by Arab peasant fellahs. Muslim rule in Palestine lasted almost 1000 years. In 1260-1516. Palestine is a province of Egypt. Since 1516, this territory was part of the Ottoman Empire, being part of either the Damascus vilayet or the Beirut vilayet. Since 1874, the region of Jerusalem has been allocated in the Ottoman Empire, governed directly from Istanbul. In 1917, during the First World War, Palestine was occupied by British troops and became (from 1920 to 1947) a British mandate. At the beginning of the 20th century. Palestine began to be perceived by international Jewish circles, organized at the first Zionist congress in Basel in 1897, as a hotbed of Jewish statehood. The Zionist Organization began to undertake practical steps on the Jewishization of the country. During this period, the construction of Jewish cities and settlements was underway (cities such as Tel Aviv - 1909, Ramat Gan - 1921, Herzliya / Herzliya / - 1924, Netanya - 1929 were created), the flow of Jewish immigrants from Europe, America, Asia, and Africa. In Palestine, which was already largely overpopulated and lacking free land and water resources, conflicts began to flare up between the Arabs who had taken root here almost fifteen hundred years ago and the arriving Jews.
The idea of creating separate Arab and Jewish states in Palestine first emerged in the 1930s. In 1937, a British royal commission proposed a plan to divide the mandate territory into three parts. The first, covering the territory of northern Palestine, including Galilee and part of the coastal strip, was intended for the Jewish state. The second sector, which occupied Samaria, the Negev, the southern part of the right bank of the Jordan, as well as the cities of Tel Aviv and Jaffa territorially separated from them, was supposed to serve for the creation of an Arab state. Finally, the third sector, according to the commission's plans, was to remain under the neutral mandate of Great Britain. This sector, along with the Judean Mountains, which have an important strategic position, includes shrines of Muslim, Jewish and Christian culture: Jerusalem, Bethlehem, Nazareth. The outbreak of World War II prevented the implementation of this plan. After the end of the World War, the question of the division of Palestine was revived. Jewish organizations recalled the horrors of the Holocaust and demanded the immediate proclamation of the State of Israel. The scheme for the partition of Palestine proposed by the UN in 1947 was very different from the plans for the pre-war political reorganization of the region. According to UN General Assembly Resolution No. 181, the Jewish state significantly increased its area at the expense of Arab territories in the south. From the neutral international zone, under which 1/10 of the territory of Palestine was originally supposed to be allocated, only a small enclave remained, including Jerusalem and Bethlehem with the nearest suburbs. This territory was to be administered by the UN administration with the help of a special elected body and be completely demilitarized. The planned territory of the Jewish state included three, and the Arab - four unconnected sections of territory. The UN resolution violated ethnic parity. The territory of the Jewish state, due to the desert spaces of the Negev, turned out to be larger than the Arab one, which did not correspond to the ethnic picture of post-war Palestine: in 1946, there were only 678 thousand Jews for 1,269 thousand Arabs.
In Palestine, the only Jewish state was created - Israel (1948). Peaceful coexistence on the same land of two states hostile to each other with different religious and cultural foundations, with vaguely defined artificial borders, was impossible.
This is one of the longest regional conflicts of our time, lasting more than 60 years. In general, the history of the conflict can be divided into several key stages: Arab-Israeli war 1948 (first war), Suez crisis 1956 (second war), Arab-Israeli wars 1967 and 1973 (3rd and 4th Arab-Israeli Wars), Camp David Peace Process 1978-79, Lebanon War 1982 (Fifth War), Peace Process 1990s (Camp David Accords 2000) and The 2000 Intifada, which began on September 29, 2000, is often referred to by experts as the “sixth war” or “war of attrition.”
The first war broke out immediately after the declaration of independence of the State of Israel on May 14, 1948. Armed contingents of five Arab countries: Egypt, Jordan, Iraq, Syria and Lebanon occupied a number of territories in the southern and eastern parts of Palestine, reserved by UN decisions for the Arab state. Then the Arabs occupied the Jewish quarter in Old Jerusalem. The Israelis, meanwhile, took control of the strategically important road leading from the coast to Jerusalem, passing through the Judean Mountains. By the beginning of 1949, armed forces managed to occupy the Negev up to the former Egyptian-Palestinian border, with the exception of the narrow coastal strip of the Gaza Strip; this strip remained under Egyptian control and it is now usually called the Gaza Strip, although according to the UN decision of 1947, the Arab Gaza Strip should be much larger in area. The Jordanian army managed to gain a foothold in the West Bank and East Jerusalem. The part of the West Bank occupied by the Jordanian army began to be considered part of the Jordanian state. The February-July 1949 negotiations, which led to a truce between Israel and the Arab countries, fixed the temporary border between the opposing sides at the lines of military contact in early 1949.
The second war broke out seven years later. Under the pretext of protecting the Suez Canal, nationalized by the Egyptian government, which was previously owned by European companies, Israel sent its troops into the Sinai Peninsula. Five days after the start of the conflict, Israeli tank columns captured the Gaza Strip, or rather, what was left of it to the Arabs after 1948-1949, occupied most of the Sinai and reached the Suez Canal. In December, following a joint Anglo-French intervention against Egypt, UN troops were deployed to the conflict area. Israeli military forces withdrew from Sinai and the Gaza Strip in March 1957.
The third war, called the Six Day War due to its transience, took place from June 5 to 10, 1967. The reason for it was the intensification of bombing of Israeli military targets by Syrian aircraft in early 1967. During the Six Day War, Israel practically destroyed the Egyptian air force and established its hegemony in the air. The war cost the Arabs the loss of control over East Jerusalem, the West Bank, the Gaza Strip, Sinai and the Golan Heights on the Israeli-Syrian border.
Periodic armed clashes that followed the Six-Day War gave way to a new escalation of the conflict on October 6, 1973. On the day of the Jewish religious holiday Yom Kippur, Israeli army units were attacked by Egypt in the Suez Canal area. The Israelis managed to break into Syria and encircle the Egyptian Third Army there. Another strategic success of Tel Aviv was crossing the Suez Canal and establishing its presence on its western bank. Israel and Egypt signed an armistice agreement in November, which was sealed with peace accords on January 18, 1974. These documents provided for the withdrawal of Israeli forces from the Sinai territory west of the Mitla and Gidi passes in exchange for a reduction in Egypt's military presence in the Suez Canal zone. UN peacekeeping forces were deployed between the two opposing armies.
On March 26, 1979, Israel and Egypt signed a peace treaty at Camp David (USA), which ended the state of war that had existed between the two countries for 30 years. In accordance with the Camp David agreements, Israel returned the entire Sinai Peninsula to Egypt, and Egypt recognized Israel's right to exist. The two states established diplomatic relations with each other. The Camp David agreements cost Egypt expulsion from the Organization of the Islamic Conference and the Arab League, and its president Anwar Sadat - his life.
On June 5, 1982, tensions increased between the Israelis and the Palestinians who had taken refuge in Lebanon. It resulted in the fifth Arab-Israeli war, during which Israel bombed Beirut and areas of southern Lebanon where Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) militant camps were concentrated. By June 14, Israeli ground forces went deep into Lebanon to the outskirts of Beirut, which was surrounded by them. After massive Israeli shelling of West Beirut, the PLO evacuated its armed forces from the city. Israeli troops left West Beirut and most of Lebanon by June 1985. Only a small area in southern Lebanon remained under Israeli control. On the night of May 23-24, 2000, under pressure from international peacekeeping organizations and taking into account the opinion of its citizens who did not want to pay with the lives of soldiers for a military presence on foreign territory, Israel completely withdrew its troops from southern Lebanon.
At the end of the 80s, real prospects for a peaceful exit from the protracted Middle East conflict emerged. The Palestinian popular uprising (intifada) that broke out in the occupied territories in December 1987 forced the Israeli authorities to resort to searching for a compromise. On July 31, 1988, King Hussein of Jordan announced the termination of administrative and other ties of his country with the West Bank of Jordan; in November 1988, the independence of the State of Palestine was proclaimed. In September 1993, with the mediation of the United States and Russia, a declaration was signed in Washington, opening up new ways to resolve the crisis. In this document, Israel agreed to the organization of the Palestinian National Authority (but not a state), and the PLO recognized Israel's right to exist. In accordance with the Washington Declaration, an agreement was signed in May 1994 on the gradual introduction of Palestinian self-government in the West Bank and Gaza Strip over a five-year transition period (initially in the Gaza Strip and the city of Ariha (Jericho) in the West Bank). In the subsequent period of time, the territory over which the PNA began to exercise its jurisdiction gradually expanded. In May 1999, when the temporary status of the PNA expired, the Palestinians tried a second time - and on more serious grounds - to declare their independence, but were forced to abandon this decisive step under pressure from the international community.
Overall, the five Arab-Israeli wars demonstrated that neither side could decisively defeat the other. This was largely due to the involvement of the parties to the conflict in the global confrontation of the times cold war. The situation in terms of conflict resolution changed qualitatively with the collapse of the USSR and the disappearance of the bipolar world.
Changes in the world have led to the fact that the Arab-Israeli confrontation has emerged from the system of global confrontation between the USSR and the USA. In the process of conflict resolution, significant positive changes, which, in particular, were evidenced by the Palestinian-Israeli agreements in Oslo in 1992 (the main point of which is the gradual transfer by Israel of the West Bank and Gaza Strip to self-government to Palestinian representatives), the Jordanian-Israeli peace treaty of 1994, the Syrian-Israeli peace negotiations 1992-1995 etc.
In general, the late 80s and early 90s were marked by dramatic changes in the process of peaceful settlement of the Middle East conflict. The “crown” of the entire process was Israel’s recognition of the PLO as a representative of the Palestinian people, as well as the exclusion from the Palestine Charter of the clause denying Israel’s right to exist.
However, starting in mid-1996, the dynamics of the negotiation process and Palestinian-Israeli relations changed for the worse. This was due to internal political changes in Israel and the problems of building a Palestinian state. At the same time, the culmination of this period was the visit in September 2000 of the leader of the opposition right-wing Likud party Ariel Sharon to Jerusalem, where he made a provocative statement in which he declared that he “will use all democratic means to prevent the division of Jerusalem,” in a response to Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak, who proposed dividing Jerusalem into two parts: Western - Israeli and Eastern - Arab. With this provocative speech, the Intifada 2000 began, which marked the beginning of the modern Middle East crisis.
"Stumbling blocks."
The main constant conflict-generating factors of the Arab-Israeli confrontation still remain the following issues:
1. Status of Jerusalem.
2. Palestinian refugees.
3. Israeli settlements.
4. Boundaries.
It is the impossibility of resolving these key problems, due to a number of subjective and objective reasons, that permanently leads to an aggravation of the situation in the conflict zone.
The impossibility of a peaceful settlement lies in the fact that both the Palestinians and the Israelis put forward one-sided and practically unacceptable conditions to each other. So, for example, Israel demands that Yasser Arafat stop terror and neutralize terrorist organizations, but while maintaining the policy that, in principle, gives rise to this terror. In turn, Palestinian demands on Israel are also unacceptable from the point of view of the Israelis and their interpretation of maintaining security in the region. The Palestinian demands boil down to:
1. Israel’s withdrawal to the 1967 borders (the 1948 borders are no longer out of the question);
2. recognition of the East part of Jerusalem as the capital of the Palestinian state;
3. the right to return about 4 million refugees to their previous place of residence, that is, to Israel,
4. liquidation of Jewish settlements in Palestinian territory (this mainly concerns the eastern part of Jerusalem and the East Bank of the Jordan River).
For Israel, according to its experts, compliance with any of these demands, especially those related to the issue of borders and refugees, threatens to actually lose its independence. To a certain extent, one cannot but agree with such conclusions. For example, the hypothetical return of almost 4 million Palestinians to 6 million Israel, where the Jewish population is about 83%, means a total change in the ethno-demographic composition of the population, which will inevitably entail political and economic cataclysms. In general, the problem of Palestinian refugees remains one of the main sources of tension in Arab-Israeli relations.
Another pain point Arab-Israeli relations is the status of Jerusalem, which was the main reason for the last Intifada in 2000. The 1967 war (six days) cost the Arabs the Old City of Jerusalem (Eastern Arab part), Sinai, the Gaza Strip, the West Bank (Jordanian territory) and the Golan Heights (on the Syrian-Israeli border). In general, Israel’s capture of East Jerusalem in 1967 played a key role in the rise of Islamic religious and political organizations in the Middle East region and in the heyday of Islamic terrorism. At the same time, the largest event in this period, which caused sharp discontent of the entire Muslim world, was the burning of the third Muslim shrine - the famous Al-Aqsa Mosque in August 1969. When signing any agreements, be it the Palestinian-Israeli agreements in Oslo 1992, or The Camp David Accords of 2000, the issue of the status of Jerusalem has always been key and at the same time the most controversial. The reluctance of the Israelis to follow almost all UN resolutions on the transfer of the East part of Jerusalem to the Palestinians as the capital of the Palestinian state causes serious discontent on the part of the Arab states and provokes terrorist activities of various Islamic extremist organizations in Israel. The Israeli authorities explain their reluctance for the following reasons:
the principle of the indivisibility of the capital of the Jewish state (in Jerusalem there is the residence of the president, the Knesset (parliament), government offices, etc.)
fear (not unfounded) that over time the East part of Jerusalem will turn into a center of terrorist activities of Palestinian extremist organizations such as Hamas and Islamic Jihad;
In addition, it is in the eastern part of the city that the relics of three religions, including Judaism, are concentrated.
As for the position of the Palestinians, we can cite the statement of the former head of the Palestinian government Abu Mazen (Mahmoud Abbas):
“We told them at Camp David that we would not accept their presence at the Western Wall. On the contrary, at the Western Wall (a small part of the Western Wall) you can conduct your religious ceremonies. We agreed that they could pray at the Western Wall, based on the decision taken by the British Shaw Commission of 1929. The commission ruled that the Western Wall belonged to Muslims, but Jews were allowed to pray near it. Besides, all of eastern Jerusalem belongs to us. On the last day they presented their ridiculous proposals, according to which we would receive sovereignty over the Temple Mount, and they would have sovereignty over the territory under the Temple Mount. It is clear that we took it as a joke. This is an unacceptable and humiliating proposal and we have rejected it.” Abu Mazen's position on the Jerusalem issue is known. Jerusalem, like every other “Palestinian city occupied since 1967, and especially the Temple Mount, should belong only to Palestinians.”
The Western Wall mentioned above is another stumbling block in the conflict. The history of this dispute is as follows. In August 1929 The Arabs demanded that the entire Western Wall be given to their direct use. The Jews refused to do this. On August 23, a large crowd of Arabs came to the Western Wall and dispersed the Jews who had gathered there. Armed police came to the aid of the latter and entered into a firefight with the Arabs, during which more than 100 people were killed and wounded. In response, Muslim committees were created to protect the “burak” (as the Western Wall is called by the Arabs) from capture. In turn, the Jews presented their demands - to cry and pray at this wall in Jerusalem. Jewish demonstrations began in Arab neighborhoods near the Western Wall. In response to this, the Executive Committee of the Arab Palestinian Congress staged a protest demonstration, which took place at the same Western Wall.
Subsequently, a special section of the UN resolution of November 29, 1947 was devoted to a survey on the status of the Temple Mount and the Western Camp. resolution on the division of Palestine and the creation of two states on its territory - Arab and Jewish (paragraph 13 - Holy places), which stated the following:
a) already existing rights in relation to Holy Places or buildings and places intended for religious purposes cannot be canceled or limited;
b) free access to Holy Places or buildings and areas designated for religious purposes and the free exercise of worship shall be ensured in accordance with existing rights, subject to the requirements for the maintenance of public order and decency;
c) Holy places and buildings and areas intended for religious purposes are subject to storage. No actions are permitted that might violate their sacred character.
A new escalation of the dispute occurred in September 1996, after the Israelis opened a tunnel leading under the Al-Aqsa Mosque. Jews used this historic water tunnel three thousand years ago. Animals sacrificed in Solomon's Temple were washed with its water. But concerned Muslims decided that clearing the tunnel of rubble could lead to the Al-Aqsa Mosque subsiding or even collapsing, or to terrorists filling the tunnel with dynamite and blowing up the Temple Mount. According to the Palestinians, by opening the tunnel, the Israeli authorities intend not only to prove that Al-Aqsa was erected on the site of Solomon's Temple, but also, by allowing tourists there, they intend to destroy the mosque and erect a copy of Solomon's Temple in its place.
The position of the Jews in this dispute boils down to the following statements: “The Temple Mount was, is and will always be the holiest place for the Jewish people. Even after the destruction of the Temple, our presence on the Temple Mount remained uninterrupted for almost fifteen centuries.”
“Arabs live in 99.9% of the Middle East. Israel occupies an area equal to 0.1% of the region's area. This fact haunts its Arab neighbors. And no matter how much land the Israelis cede, it will not be enough for the Arabs. As for the holy places of Islam in Jerusalem, there are none. In the Koran, which mentions Mecca hundreds of times and Medina hundreds of thousands, there is not a word about Jerusalem. The reason is quite clear - the Prophet Muhammad never visited this city. So how did Jerusalem become third in the world in terms of Muslim shrines? The Sons of Islam quote the vague sura seventeenth of the Koran - “Night Journey”. In his visions, Muhammad went at night "... from one divine temple to another blessed holy temple." That is, Muslims say, from Mecca to Jerusalem. Myth, fantasy, obsession with wishful thinking. But the Jews simply and irrefutably build their Jerusalem tree, which goes back to Abraham.”
No agreement has yet been reached on any of the controversial issues between Israel and the PA.
Current situation.
Currently, the Palestinian Intifada, which began in 2000, continues in the conflict area. Today participants political process in the PA can be divided into two camps, just like in Israel:
1. supporters of the restoration of the process of peaceful resolution of the conflict, the formation of the state of Palestine within the established framework international treaties conditions for establishing acceptable relations with Israel;
2. irreconcilable opponents of any negotiations with Israel (or Palestine), supporters of continuing the fight until the complete destruction of the enemy.
Currently, thanks to the aggressive and uncompromising policies of the government of A. Sharon, there has been a sharp radicalization of Palestinian society, which ultimately led to a significant change in the balance of political forces in the PA. The role of Yasser Arafat, who only a few years ago had full power, has today been reduced to a minimum, while the influence and support of extremist organizations from the PA population has increased almost to absolute values. According to statistical surveys, Hamas' actions are now much more popular among Palestinians than Arafat's official policies. So, if in September 2000 Hamas was supported by 23% of Palestinians, then in October 2001 - already 31%, while the number of supporters of Fatah (an organization controlled by Arafat) decreased over the same period from 33% to 20%.
For last year The number of terrorist attacks carried out by Palestinian extremist organizations has increased. In response, Israel carries out its military operations and imposes a blockade on Palestinian territories. Israeli intelligence services are waging a merciless war against the leaders of terrorist organizations. And the number of victims is increasing, and among them there are more and more of those who simply happened to be nearby at the time of the terrorist attack or retaliation operation.
For example, an Israeli helicopter fires two rockets at a car driving through the streets of Gaza. A senior figure from the Hamas terrorist group, his wife and two children were killed. When journalists asked one of the leaders of the Israeli General Security Service (Shin Bet) how this could happen, he replied: “A technical slip.” The agent, a resident of Gaza, who directed the Israeli helicopter to the target, did not have time to report mobile phone that there are a woman and children in the car.
As for the situation in the opposing camps, in lately in each of them there is some semblance of a split. Among the Israelis, the opposition is gaining strength, the work of which has already resulted in the emergence of the Geneva Agreement, which will be promulgated on November 20 this year and involves many concessions that Sharon does not want to make. The opposition considers Sharon's policies too radical. There is another group of people dissatisfied with Sharon's policy - those who consider it too soft, betraying the interests of Israel and blame the Prime Minister for the emergence of the Geneva Agreement. This group has complaints about the following steps of Sharon and his government:
1. The adoption of regulations by the Ministry of Internal Affairs that actually facilitate the acquisition of Israeli citizenship by even more non-Jews.
2. The adoption by the government of the “Road Map” plan, in fact another modification of the failed agreements that brought the country to a terrorist war.
3. Arrest of a group of Jewish settlers accused of being members of plotting terrorist attacks against Arabs. Most of the accusations could not be proven; the rest are based on more than dubious evidence.
4. Negotiations between Israel and the terrorist organization Hezbollah on the exchange of a kidnapped Israeli citizen and the bodies of 3 Israeli soldiers for more than 400 Arab terrorists, whose hands are up to their elbows in Jewish blood, sitting in Israeli prisons.
5. Preparation of an “alternative to the Geneva Agreement” plan for a final peace settlement between Israel and the Palestinians. In accordance with this plan, the direction towards the creation of a “Palestinian state” in the Land of Israel is reaffirmed. Initially, such a state should be created on the territory of the Gaza Strip, which means the withdrawal of Israeli troops from there and the dismantling of all Jewish settlements located there.
A typical example of a split in the Israeli camp is the “conscientious objector pilots.”
On September 25, a group of 27 Israeli Air Force pilots sent a letter to the command stating their refusal to participate in operations in the autonomous territory. Orders to bomb residential areas just because terrorists might be hiding there are called criminal and immoral in the letter. Israeli President Moshe Katsav condemned the actions of the pilots. According to Katsav, the letter from the pilots refusing to follow orders affects not only moral, but also political issues. Israeli Air Force Commander Dan Halutz signed a decree suspending nine of the 27 active pilots who signed a letter refusing to carry out combat operations. “We, veteran and active pilots who have served and continue to serve the State of Israel for many weeks a year, refuse to carry out illegal and immoral orders such as those carried out by Israeli soldiers in the Palestinian territories. We do not intend to participate in Air Force operations conducted in civilian populated areas", - was written in the message. Israeli Defense Minister Shaul Mofaz announced that those pilots who signed the letter who expressed regret for what they did would not be punished according to the regulations. According to him, each pilot will be called for a conversation and those who repent will be forgiven.
Thus, the position of the Israeli government today remains quite difficult. The situation is aggravated by the attitude of the UN towards the activities carried out by the Israelis.
The UN annually adopts one and a half to two dozen anti-Israeli resolutions, in support of which the vast majority of its members automatically vote. In the Security Council, the only guardian of Israeli interests is the United States, using its veto power when necessary. Any proposed draft resolution on the Arab-Israeli conflict receives from 105 to 160 votes at the UN. As a rule, the United States, Micronesia, the Marshall Islands and one or two other states vote “against”. The number of abstentions varies in different cases from three to sixty states.
There are many reasons for US support for Israel. The main driving factor in the policies of Bush and his team are people who understand America's long-term interests. And these interests are contradicted by the weakening of Israel. If Israel makes serious territorial concessions, it will become a country that cannot defend itself. Israel is the only stronghold of the American position in the Middle East.
Israel is a US ally in the fight against international terrorism, which is represented predominantly by Arab organizations in countries neighboring Israel.
Finally, the largest portion of the Jewish people today lives in the United States, with its representatives occupying many key positions in business and politics. And as long as there is an opportunity, they will support the state of Israel and their compatriots.
There is also a split in the Israeli side's relations with the enemy. The leader of the Israeli opposition Labor party, Shimon Peres, called for the creation of a Palestinian state, speaking at a rally marking the eighth anniversary of the death of former Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin. I. Datskovsky, a member of the “Professors for a Strong Israel” movement, demonstrates the opposite position in his article: “If a bandit breaks into your private, purchased apartment and declares that this apartment belongs to him, seizes one of the rooms, terrorizes you, does not allow you to live , continuously threatens your life in the apartment, periodically kills members of your family and demands first to recognize his rights to the seized room and negotiate with him about the “peace” that he needs to prepare for the seizure of your entire apartment, then you cannot say that you have There is a conflict with this bandit. This is called aggression, banditry. And there is no need to negotiate “peace” with the invader, strengthen “mutual trust”, make “gestures of goodwill”, there is no need to delve into his problems and “fair demands” (or maybe he really has nowhere to live?), but need simply solve the problem by force or capitulate to the aggressor.”
The Minister of National Infrastructure, leader of the Israel Our Home party, Avigdor Lieberman, adheres to the same position: the government is obliged to declare the Palestinian Authority a nest of terrorism, dismember it into separate parts and destroy the entire infrastructure of terror, including all branches of the so-called “Palestinian police” and the headquarters of the “forces.” security."
There is also an intermediate position. Yuri Stern, Deputy Minister in the Ministry of the Prime Minister of Israel: “I believe that there should be a Palestinian autonomy, which should not have any of its own security forces or army and should not have external borders. What exists now suits us in principle, with the exception of the Palestinian security forces. We are obliged to remove Arafat, which, of course, does not mean his physical removal. His leadership of the Palestinians will never lead to anything good. The Palestinians only lose from this. Whoever succeeds him will be less dangerous than Arafat. If he’s an outright bandit, maybe it’ll be even easier to deal with him.”
Why does the majority of the Israeli side not accept the creation of a Palestinian state or even the existence of an armed Palestinian autonomy? Israel considers the main threat to itself to be the numerical superiority of Arab human resources and the small size of the territory of its state. The lack of depth in the territory makes Israel vulnerable in the event of a surprise enemy attack. In addition, 80% of its population and industry are concentrated in a narrow strip 90 km long and in some places only 50 km wide, which makes it possible to destroy them in one blow. Inequality with the Arabs in human resources forces Israel to keep most of its armed forces in reserve - 365 thousand people. and in the active army - 134 thousand people. In order to withstand the advance of superior enemy forces, Israel must mobilize a large part of the population into the active army. This could cause significant difficulties in the country's economy, including paralysis of industry and trade. Therefore, Israel fears a protracted war. In addition, the Israelis, due to their small numbers, are very sensitive to military losses.
Now about the situation in the Palestinian camp. Here, too, not everything is clear. As already mentioned, there are two currents among the Palestinians: for the fight and destruction of Israel and for a peaceful resolution of the conflict. The struggle between these forces is clearly not conducive to the constructive work of the Palestinian Authority.
As for Arafat's role, each of the mentioned forces accuses him, respectively, of indecisiveness and peace-lovingness or of radicalism and unwillingness to resolve the conflict.
On September 6, the Palestinian government led by Mahmoud Abass (Abu Mazen) resigned. Abu Mazen made the decision to resign when he realized that at least 55 out of 84 members of the legislative council were ready to pass a vote of no confidence in his government. A number of prominent Palestinian functionaries tried to persuade the prime minister to remain in his post. But he did not succumb to persuasion, saying that “he sees no possibility of agreeing with Arafat on a reasonable distribution of powers and that the situation is completely deadlock.” Commenting on Abu Mazen's resignation, Palestinian media emphasize that it did not cause much surprise. We should not forget that from his first steps as head of government, Arafat did not stop trying to weaken as much as possible the already shaky positions of the prime minister.
It is believed that Arafat was in a confrontation with Abass, which resulted in the latter’s resignation. It is also believed that Arafat seeks to maintain sole control over the PNA and make all decisions himself. Meanwhile, an opinion has emerged in the international community that Arafat is no longer coping with the situation and is hindering the peace process.
In forming the new government, Arafat tried to include all the forces that he thought he could control. He even admitted the possibility of including representatives of the radical organization Hamas in the new Palestinian government. “We would like all political forces to be represented in the Palestinian government. So the government is open to everyone who is ready to act for the sake of the Palestinian people and peace in the region,” the Palestinian leader said. Apparently, Arafat did not take into account the statement made by the Hamas leadership earlier: “The Hamas movement was not part of any of the previous Palestinian governments and will not be part of the new one.”
The new head of government is Ahmed Qurei; in addition to him, the government includes 7 people. The government is called "emergency". In addition, Yasser Arafat introduced autonomy in the territory state of emergency. Almost immediately, Kurei found himself in the same situation as Abass. On October 10, Qurei asked Arafat to relieve him of his post as head of the cabinet. Among the problems facing the new prime minister are the inability of parliament to confirm him in this position and the battle for power with Yasser Arafat. The disagreement was temporarily resolved, and Kurei remained in his post. On October 28, Arafat instructed him to form a new government. Kurei had to do this as quickly as possible, since the term of office of the “extraordinary cabinet” was expiring next week. Some Palestinian observers doubted that Qurei would agree to form a new cabinet. They pointed to the ongoing disputes between Qurei and Arafat. But Qurei accepted Arafat's offer. However, a week later, Arafat himself provoked a delay in the formation of a new cabinet of ministers by protesting the choice of candidate for the Minister of Internal Affairs. Qurei met with Arafat on Tuesday but was unable to resolve their differences.
Currently, Qurei is still prime minister, but disputes between him and Arafat continue. And while Arafat is busy with these disputes, the peace process is virtually at a standstill, and terrorist attacks by Palestinian extremists continue, as do Israeli retaliatory operations.
Despite the crisis in the Palestinian leadership, Yasser Arafat's popularity among the population of the autonomy has reached its peak over the past 5 years. About 50% of Palestinians support his policies. This is evidenced by data from a survey conducted by the Palestinian Center for Studies public opinion. Although the survey showed rather strange results: 85% of Palestinians believe it is necessary to negotiate a ceasefire with Israel, and at the same time, 75% of those surveyed approved of the terrorist attack carried out in Haifa in early October.
The results of this survey look even more strange against the backdrop of Arafat's accusations of embezzling public money. A PA audit found that Arafat transferred $900 million in government funds to a bank account he owned. Most of this money, which was government revenue, was invested in 69 commercial enterprises in Palestine and abroad. Arafat's opponents argue that the Palestinian Authority is mired in corruption. “At a time when the Palestinian people are starving and universities are in bankruptcy, the Palestinian Authority is transferring such amounts!” - Abdul Javan Saleh, a member of the Palestinian Legislative Council, is indignant.
Accusations against Arafat do not stop. Both sides of the conflict seem to think it's time to remove him. Israel says that it was terrorist organizations controlled by Arafat - Tanzim, the Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Battalions and others - that disrupted the ceasefire that was achieved with American participation after the June summit in Aqaba. Even Hamas and other Islamist organizations showed more restraint in this case than Arafat's supporters. It was their activity that prompted Hamas and Islamic Jihad to resume terrorist activities on the previous scale. Without eliminating Arafat as a symbol of this permissiveness, it is difficult to expect that the Palestinians will be able to understand such basic things as the danger of terror, the unacceptability of promoting violence, the obligation of political agreements, etc. Arafat seriously fears for his life - in both camps there are people who are bothered by him enough to physically eliminate him. And although Israel only demands the deportation of Arafat and declares that it does not intend to kill him, in the first half of October the press was full of reports about the assassination attempt on Arafat. The Palestinian Authority denied these reports. Arafat himself, despite the current situation, is not going to leave anywhere. “The Palestinian people elected me as their leader, the president of the autonomy. I will never give up my right to live in my homeland and fight for the legitimate rights of my people. We are ready for a truce, and have been for the last ten years. We still want to conclude an agreement with Israel on a complete ceasefire,” he said.
Now the situation in Palestine is still difficult. Israel is building a Security Wall, occupying Palestinian territories, destroying buildings, killing people (not always terrorists). The Palestinians are not laying down their arms - the terrorist attack in Haifa, the largest in recent times, killed 19 people. Negotiations constantly break down, the parties are too intolerant of each other. Mediation and assistance from other countries can only be effective if the parties listen to their recommendations.
Attempts to resolve the conflict.
One of the first attempts to resolve the Arab-Israeli conflict was the convening on October 30, 1991. in Madrid behind the initiative of the US and USSR Middle East Peace Conference. The governments of Israel, Syria, Lebanon, and Jordan were invited to the conference. The Palestinians were invited as part of a joint Jordanian-Palestinian delegation. The conference lasted only 3 days; for the first time, all parties to the conflict met at the negotiating table. The conference gave a significant impetus to the negotiation process in the Middle East.
In 1992 A favorable situation has developed for the peace process - the Labor Party (Labor Party) won the parliamentary elections in Israel, putting forward the idea of peace with the Arabs as a national priority. Israeli recognition of the PLO as the sole representative of the Palestinian people begins. The first agreement that was signed as part of the Middle East peace process was the Palestinian-Israeli Declaration of Principles. The declaration was signed on September 13, 1993. in Washington by Israeli Foreign Minister Shimon Peres and PLO executive committee member Mahmoud Abbas. The USA and Russia acted as witnesses. The logical continuation of the Declaration of Principles was the creation of the Palestinian Authority. May 4, 1994 In Cairo, representatives of the PLO and Israel signed an agreement, which introduced an autonomy regime in the Gaza Strip and Jericho. The agreement provided for the withdrawal of Israeli troops from these territories within a three-week period and the creation of the Palestinian Council. September 28, 1995 In Washington, an Interim Agreement was signed between the PLO and Israel on the extension of the power of the Palestinian Authority to the West Bank and Gaza Strip. Palestinians over 18 were given the right to take part in local government elections, which were to be held on January 20, 1996.
Assassination of Yitzhak Rabin on November 4, 1995 led to new parliamentary elections in Israel. For many, it came as a shock when Netanyahu, an opponent of the establishment of a Palestinian state, won the elections that took place on May 29, 1996. During the early years of Netanyahu's premiership, the peace process experienced many delays. January 15, 1997 A new agreement was signed on the gradual transfer of the city of Hebron to Palestinian control. However, the situation worsened in the spring of 1997, when Israel announced the construction of a Jewish quarter in East Jerusalem. The Arab terrorists responded with new terrorist attacks.
1999 brought changes to the Middle East peace. In early parliamentary elections in Israel on May 17, 1999, the party of Ehud Barak won, with whom many pinned hopes of accelerating the peace process. September 4, 1999 In the Egyptian town of Sharm al-Sheikh, a new agreement was signed between Israel and the PLO. In accordance with the agreement, September 13, 1999 Negotiations on permanent status, which were interrupted in May 1996, reopened. Negotiations were conducted on the most complex and controversial issues, namely:
1. The status of Jerusalem.
2. Palestinian refugees.
3. Israeli settlements.
4. Security measures.
5. Borders.
At the beginning of July 2000 US President Bill Clinton proposed holding a decisive trilateral summit. Analysts assessed the likelihood of success of the summit as minimal, because The most difficult issues still remained unresolved, such as the status of Jerusalem, the future of Jewish settlements, the border, and the fate of Palestinian refugees. However, the summit still took place on July 11. Negotiations are stuck on choosing a scheme for transferring land to the Palestinians. Barak was ready to agree that up to 80-90% of the West Bank would go to them, but insisted that several large Jewish settlements would remain there. Arafat agreed, but in return demanded that part of the Israeli land itself be transferred to the Palestinians. The Israeli delegation categorically disagreed with this. On July 25, the press received an official statement that the summit ended without results.
Peace process 1991-2000 ended with the outbreak of the Palestinian Intifada in 2000. From that time on, both sides refused to negotiate, and if someone agreed, the negotiations broke down. The signing of peace agreements was made impossible by terrorist attacks by Palestinian extremists and operations by the Israeli army.
In December 2001, an attempt was made to organize a meeting of the leaders of the conflicting parties under the auspices of the EU. The Europeans' attempt to reconcile the Israelis with the Palestinians ended in failure. The meeting between Ariel Sharon and Yasser Arafat did not take place. The Israeli prime minister said that he would not meet with the Palestinian leader at all.
The role of the UN as an international organization that could help resolve the conflict was limited to the adoption of resolutions, which Israel often ignored, as did Palestine. In many cases, UN anti-Israel resolutions repeated the same language year after year.
The Haaretz newspaper provided a list of UN resolutions on the Middle East adopted in 2002 alone.
On the further work of the UN Commission for the implementation of the inalienable rights of the Palestinian people;
...on the further work of the Palestine Department in the UN Secretariat;
...on the further implementation of the UN special propaganda program on the problem of Palestine;
...about a peaceful solution to the problem of Palestine;
...to condemn the states that moved their embassies in Israel to Jerusalem;
...in support of the demand for the return of the Golan Heights to Syria and the withdrawal of Israeli troops to the border line on June 4, 1967;
...in condemnation of the Israeli decision to annex the Golan Heights (1981);
...on the further work of the UN Commission of Inquiry into Israel's actions in the occupied territories;
...to condemn Israeli settlement activities in the Occupied Palestinian Territories, East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights;
...about the need to stop Israeli actions that violate human rights in the occupied territories;
...on the further activities of the United Nations Relief and Employment Agency for Palestine Refugees (UNRWA);
...on the right of Palestinian refugees to economic dividends from the property they left behind;
...on the 1967 right of Palestinian refugees to return to their homes;
...to condemn Israel's interference with UNRWA.
Palestine has again contacted the UN several times this year. The current dispute, which the PA hopes to resolve with UN assistance, concerns Israel's construction of a security wall. Following an investigation into the situation, John Dugard, UN Special Observer for Human Rights in the Palestinian Territories, prepared a report alleging that by constructing a fortified security wall on the border with the PA, Israel would annex significant Palestinian territory in the West Bank. “Available information leaves no doubt that Israel is constructing in illegally annexed territories,” the report said. “Such annexation of territories is considered by international law as an illegal seizure of land.” On October 1, the UN, in its human rights report, called on the world's governments to condemn Israel for building the wall.
In Israel itself, the attitude towards the wall is ambiguous. Many say the wall will further complicate relations with the Palestinians, while others - those who support the government - believe that the barrier will solve the security problem in Israel.
On October 22, the United States, Israel, the Marshall Islands and Micronesia voted against a resolution condemning Israel's construction of the so-called separation wall in the occupied Palestinian territories. 144 states, including Russia, spoke in support of the resolution, while 12 countries abstained. The UN also called on Israelis and Palestinians to fulfill their obligations under the road map, a peace plan for resolving the Middle East conflict developed by Russia, the US, the UN and the EU. The resolution calls on the Palestinian authorities to make “significant efforts to arrest, disrupt and limit the actions of individuals and groups carrying out and planning acts of violence,” and calls on Israel “not to take any actions that undermine trust, including deportations, attacks on civilians and extrajudicial killings.”
On the same day, the Israeli authorities promised to continue the construction of a barrier wall in the West Bank, despite the resolution of the UN General Assembly. As stated by Israeli Deputy Prime Minister Ehud Olmert, Israel intends to continue building the fence to ensure the safety of its citizens.
Despite the disputes and problems that arise during attempts to resolve the conflict, there are still some positive results. The parties are ready to make concessions, albeit small ones. Since September 24, Israel has allowed 15,500 Palestinian workers and 5,000 traders and businessmen to enter its territory. At the same time, 2,000 Palestinian Christians will be able to visit the city of Bethlehem in the West Bank. Arafat confirmed his readiness to conclude an agreement with Israel on a complete ceasefire: “We are ready for a truce, and for the last ten years. We still want to conclude an agreement with Israel on a complete ceasefire. However, we cannot do without international observers who would monitor compliance with such an agreement.”
Russia, the EU and the United States proposed to the parties a plan they had developed for resolving the conflict, the Road Map. According to the Road Map, the process of a phased settlement of the Middle East conflict should be completed by 2005 with the creation of an independent Palestinian state.
Prime Minister of the Palestinian Authority Ahmed Qurei (Abu Ala) expressed his readiness to begin negotiations with Israel on the implementation of the Road Map peace plan. In an interview with the Israeli newspaper Ma"ariv, the head of the “emergency transitional government” of the autonomy called on Israel to give the Palestinian leadership a chance to “prevent a further escalation of violence in the Palestinian territories.” “We are ready to fulfill our obligations under the Palestinian-Israeli settlement plan if Israel also adheres to its obligations “- emphasized Ahmed Qurei.
Sharon is ready to declare his consent to the creation of a Palestinian state by the end of 2004 - first in the Gaza Strip, from where Israeli troops will be withdrawn and Jewish settlements will be dismantled. Of course, this will happen only if the autonomy authorities fulfill a number of conditions. Terrorist organizations will be disarmed and their leaders arrested, and hostile activities against the Jewish state will be stopped. Ariel Sharon said that his country will implement the road map plan only after a change in the Palestinian leadership. “I believe that a Palestinian leadership will emerge that will fight terror, that will oppose violence and incitement,” the prime minister said. “Once this happens, the Palestinians will find in us their most serious partner, and together we will implement the road map,” Sharon said. “If we are convinced that the Palestinians really want peace, we are ready to make big concessions,” Sharon stressed.
Such statements give hope that the peace process in Palestine will finally resume. On the other hand, at the same time that these peace-loving statements were made, several terrorist attacks were organized by the Palestinians, and Israel announced the mobilization of reservists and continued to expel relatives of terrorists. The Israeli raid in Rafah dates back to the same time - 11 Palestinians were killed. In response, the Palestinians declared that they would fight Israel by any means necessary and killed three Israeli soldiers. The Israeli Air Force struck missile strike in the Gaza Strip - 13 people died. In Gaza, the Israelis blew up 3 high-rise buildings and killed 4 Palestinians. Similar events accompanied all past “peace” initiatives of the parties. It is unlikely that anyone will want to sign peace agreements after this.
The Israeli opposition made another attempt at a peaceful settlement. Together with moderate-minded representatives of the PA, the Geneva Agreement was developed - a secret plan for a peace settlement in the Middle East. This 60-page document was prepared for two years in deep secrecy with the support of Switzerland. The presentation of the document was scheduled for November 4, but it became known that the celebrations were postponed to November 20.
It is known that the Geneva Agreements resolve all painful issues related to the Middle East conflict. The boundaries of the future Palestinian state are spelled out in detail. But the current Israeli government has criticized the agreements. Prime Minister Sharon called them “dangerous.” The entourage of American President George W. Bush also criticized Switzerland. According to Advisor to US Defense Secretary Richard Perle, it is impossible to support “a handful of people in opposition to the legitimate government.”
In another attempt at a peace settlement, the radical Palestinian movement Hamas has agreed to a new ceasefire agreement with Israel. Hamas is ready to publicly announce a truce “if Israel commits to ending all types of aggression against the Palestinian people.”
In addition, according to Palestinian sources, a meeting between Palestinian Authority Prime Minister Ahmed Qurei and Israeli Defense Minister Shaul Mofaz will take place in the near future. However, Palestinian-Israeli negotiations will begin only if the Palestinian Legislative Council approves the new composition of the Qurei cabinet. During the expected negotiations, the Palestinian side plans to convey to Israel a plan for ensuring security in the Palestinian territories, as well as demand the withdrawal of Israel Defense Forces troops from Palestinian cities.
President of the Palestinian Authority Yasser Arafat, in turn, gave full consent to the resumption of negotiations after Israel lifted a number of restrictions on visits to its territory by residents of the autonomy.
Thus, attempts to resolve the conflict are still being made, despite the difficult situation in Palestine. True, so far such attempts have not yielded any results. This is understandable - the parties continue to insist on their basic demands and are ready to make concessions in small things, but not in the main things. As long as this situation persists, all existing problems will persist. The Arab-Israeli conflict has been going on for a long time and the current situation does not allow us to hope for its quick resolution - too many interests are intertwined in the small Palestinian territory. Shustef B. Jerusalem and the Temple Mount (forgotten facts). http://migdal.ru/article.php?artid=2733. 08/07/2003
Terekhov A., Kapitonov K. Makhmud left - Akhmed remained. The peace process in the Middle East has been disrupted. www.ng.ru
There is an expression that is actively used by all media: “occupied territory.” This phrase defines the attitude and perspective for reasoning, literally, of the whole world.
In its truest and truest meaning, "occupied Palestinian territory" means that Israel is illegally occupying land that belongs to someone else. In other words, Israel is violating international law. Israel has no rights to the territory it occupies. And even Israeli territory within the Green Line is in doubt.
There can be no peace because Israel is building houses and creating cities (usually called settlements) in the “occupied territory.” If Israel renounces its claim to the "Occupied Palestinian Territory" then the Arabs will make peace and the land will be freed from the greatest tension ever present in the Middle East.
It is striking how little journalists and politicians know about Israel's roots. They talk as if Israel suddenly appeared one day, confiscated the land from the Arabs and captured the capital of Palestine.
Every follower of Yeshua should know the facts about the origin modern state Israel.
More than 3,500 years ago, a man and his family left Ur of the Chaldeans (modern Iraq) and came to the land that was then called Canaan. God promised him that this particular land would be the inheritance for him and his descendants forever.
Well, of course, what kind of journalist modern world will accept such a fantastic “document” from God as legal? Fortunately, there are other official and legal treaties and documents that, although habitually ignored by experts and political leaders, nevertheless provide the validity and legitimacy of Israel's existence in international level, no matter what other nations say today.
This was just after the end of World War I and after England and France had defeated Germany and the Turkish Ottoman Empire. At that moment, they had no choice but to share the spoils. After all, this is what victorious armies do, isn’t it? Even before the war was officially over, Sir Mark Sykes, representing English interests, and French diplomat François Georges-Picot negotiated the Sykes-Picot Agreement, which divided the territory of the Ottoman Empire between Britain and France (with some Russian participation). Great Britain received southern regions the Middle East, including the so-called territory of Palestine (the Romans gave this name to the land of Israel), and France - Greater Syria. Great Britain also decided to give France a small piece of Palestine - the Golan Heights. This territory, once belonging to the Hebrew tribe of Manasseh, was part of the British Mandate. And France later gave this territory to Syria - such a kind of random model of governance.
Occupied Palestinian Territory?
- The State of Palestine never existed.
- There was no Palestinian people until Yasser Arafat and other Arab nations created one in 1964.
- The “Palestinian people” do not celebrate any national holidays and memorable dates, but only days of protest against Israel.
- No nation has claimed Jerusalem as its capital for centuries since the Romans expelled the Jews from Jerusalem in 70. That's right: no one, until Israel declared the new Jerusalem its capital and then captured the old city in 1967.
Balfour Declaration
The two colonial powers, Great Britain and France, began dividing the former Ottoman Empire according to the demands and circumstances of the time. Fortunately for the Jews, during World War I, the eminent scientist Chaim Weizmann discovered a new method for producing acetone, which was used in the production of English gunpowder. This discovery provided significant assistance to the British war effort. This discovery also prompted the British Foreign Secretary, Arthur Balfour, to sign the Balfour Declaration in 1917. This Declaration is the fundamental basis of Israel's legal rights to the territory of Palestine as its Jewish homeland.
Next, a number of documents and agreements were signed that confirmed the Balfour Declaration - by the international organization “League of Nations”, by the peace conference in San Remo and, finally, by the United Nations, which voted to admit Israel to the UN.
During both world wars, when millions of Jews died in gas chambers, the Arabs of the Middle East made enormous efforts to keep Jews out of their homeland. The British understood that there were many more Arabs than Jews, and that England needed Arabs to resist the Ottoman Turks. Therefore, they caved in under Arab pressure, uprisings and political demands of the Arabs.
Three White Papers
In 1922, Winston Churchill proposed a plan that he believed would work. When the Arabs demanded that he revoke the Balfour Declaration, he replied in his 1922 White Paper that he could not do so. The Balfour Declaration was confirmed. However, to appease the Arabs, he, by his own decision, took the land under the British Mandate east of the Jordan, 76% of which was promised to the Jews as their land, and issued a decree prohibiting Jews from living in this territory. This was a departure from the decisions of the Balfour Declaration, but Churchill thought that it was worth taking such a step, and subsequently Britain could reserve for the Jews the remaining 24% of Palestine west of the Jordan and to the borders of the Mediterranean Sea. Churchill was considered a friend of the Jewish people.
The Arabs happily took the lands on the eastern bank, but continued terrorist attacks against the Jews in the remaining 24% of the land that was supposed to be the Jewish homeland.
In 1930, the British government issued another White paper in response to ongoing violence. It stated that it was now necessary to limit the number of Jews migrating to any place in the Holy Land, since they were taking jobs away from the Arab population. However, it is a well-known fact that Jews, wherever they lived, boosted the economy and, in fact, gave Arabs new jobs. The Arabs themselves moved to the places where the Jews settled. But the British wanted to stop Arab violence at any cost.
In 1939, at the beginning of the extermination of 6 million Jews in Europe, the British issued a third White Paper, which for the next five years allowed only 10,000 Jews per year to come to Palestine. Thus, during World War II, Jews were denied safe refuge from the Nazi butchers. The British sense of justice collapsed under the weight of Arab terrorism and obstinacy.
Jews are still homeless
Meanwhile, France granted independence to Lebanon in 1943 and Syria in 1946, and Britain declared independence for Iraq in 1932 and Jordan in 1946.
But Israel continued to exist without its own country due to the incessant violence from the Arabs, who strongly advocated that no Jews could create their own state in the middle of “Arab territory.”
In the end, Britain gave in and handed the whole mess over to the League of Nations and then to that organization's successor, the UN.
The UN welcomes Israel as a member
The League of Nations, and then the UN, kept the Balfour Declaration in force, but carved out a small section of what remained of the British Mandate for Israel, leaving open the possibility of the formation of another Arab state in the mountainous area of the West Bank (Judea and Samaria).
Israel agreed to accept this small strip of land to form its new state and was admitted to the UN as an independent Jewish state in 1948. It is completely incomprehensible that after the extermination of 6 million Jews in the same decade, Great Britain never voted for Israel to join the UN. It was the only country to abstain. Even Russia voted for Israel!
But absolutely all Islamic states that were members of the UN in 1947 voted against the formation of the state of Israel. It was simply fate that at that time the Islamic states and their allies did not have the majority of votes in the UN General Assembly, as they do now.
Israel accepted UN resolutions 181 and 273, and Founding Father David Ben-Gurion declared Israel free and independent state May 14, 1948.
Five Arab states invade Israel
The Arabs completely rejected the UN resolution and five Arab states invaded Israel the very next day, swearing oaths to destroy the newly formed state.
When the fog cleared, the Jordanians captured the territory of Judea and Samaria on the west bank of the Jordan and eastern Jerusalem, and the Egyptians occupied Gaza for themselves. They were able to do this because there was no “Palestinian people” or “Palestinian state.” The only rulers in Palestine over the past 500 years have been Ottoman Turks and the British.
4 thousand Jews died in the War of Independence, but Israel acquired 60% of the territory that the UN offered to the Arabs to form their new state! The CIA did not believe that Israel had a chance of winning. The number of Israeli irregular troops was only about 20-30 thousand people. Many of them were new immigrants and could not even understand Hebrew commands, while the Arabs had numerous regular armies. Israel's victory was an absolute miracle.
Six Day War 1967
More than 19 years later, the Arabs again threatened to throw Israel into the sea and, unleashing hostilities, blocked Israel's access to the Red Sea. Israel responded by driving the Egyptians out of Gaza and the Jordanians out of Judea and Samaria (the West Bank) and old Jerusalem. Israel captured the Sinai desert, Gaza, and the ancient lands of Judea and Samaria. Moreover, they took the Golan Heights from the Syrians, thereby ending decades of constant Arab terrorist attacks on Jewish villages and kibbutzim in the Galilee. And all this in six days, an incredible miracle.
The Arab states had no choice but to sign a ceasefire agreement with Israel. But they made it clear that they do not recognize any borders with Israel, since they initially did not accept the very fact of the existence of the state of Israel. No Israel - no borders.
Yom Kippur War in 1973
Once again, the Arabs invaded Israel with a surprise attack on Israel's holiest day. Once again, miraculously, Israel drove the Arabs back and could even march victoriously into Cairo in the south and Damascus in the north. But by this point the UN was almost hysterically demanding that Israel stop. Another ceasefire agreement was signed, but again no borders of Israel were defined, because (do you remember?) The Arabs refused to recognize the existence of the state of Israel, and therefore did not recognize its borders. Until today, the borders of the State of Israel have not been recognized in writing by any of the Arab states, only the ceasefire lines.
Eastern border - Second Intifada (2000-2004)
Muslim violence increased. During the Second Intifada, which began in 2000 in the West Bank, every type of terror imaginable was recorded: nighttime militant raids; bus explosions; shooting at a bar mitzvah; random attacks with bladed weapons; street riots; siege of cities; cyclists throwing bombs; clashes at holy places; car bombs; sniper shootouts; human shields; mortar fire on rural settlements and farms.
Experts told Israel that it was impossible to win a guerrilla war, and the intifada was precisely a guerrilla war. However, Israel had no other options if it wanted to survive. After 5,800 Arabs were killed, the intifada ended.
According to the NGO B'Tselem, 1,053 Israelis were killed and 2,267 wounded. 120 Arab suicide bombers blew themselves up along with the bombs they were carrying. What did the Arabs gain in Judea and Samaria? First of all, they lost their booming economy in the region, but gained the hassle and inconvenience of many new Israeli checkpoints and a security wall (though the world said it was illegal) to keep suicide bombers out of Israeli territory.
Northern border - Hezbollah
There have been many wars in Israel, too many to write about in this article. Let's talk about just one: the war in which Hezbollah terrorists continuously attacked Israeli cities along the northern border. Israel pushed them back and created a buffer zone in southern Lebanon, fighting the terrorists along with Lebanese Christians who were on Israel's side. Under international pressure, Israel ceased hostilities in 2000, which led to Hezbollah's transformation into a powerful guerrilla army that received weapons from Syria and Iran. Data from just one short war between Israel and Hezbollah, which lasted 33 days: on the Israeli side, 121 soldiers were killed, 1,244 were wounded, 43 civilians were killed, including 18 Israeli Arabs, 1,384 civilians were injured, mainly from 4,000 rockets fired.
In an attempt to end the violence, on August 11, 2006, the UN Security Council unanimously adopted UN Resolution 1701. The resolution ordered Israel to withdraw and Hezbollah to disarm under the control of UN forces (UNIFIL). Israel retreated, but Hezbollah rearmed. Today, according to military intelligence Israel, Hezbollah has about 40 thousand missiles. This terrorist organization, armed by Iran and Syria, can fire 500-600 missiles per day northern borders Israel if war starts again.
Hezbollah places its weapons near schools, hospitals and civilian homes so that if Israel attempts to destroy weapons depots, civilians, especially children, will die. Thus, Hezbollah wins the political war in the media, further isolating Israel and hindering its self-defense. 
Southern border - Hamas
Israel unilaterally withdrew its troops from Gaza in 2005, and Gaza was completely taken over by the terrorist organization Hamas. For more than 12 years, Hamas has been bombing the population of southern Israel, firing more than 15 thousand rockets during this time. In Sderot alone, about 15 thousand people suffer from PTS (post-traumatic syndrome) and about a thousand people are undergoing treatment.
One of the most recent conflicts in Gaza, in November 2012, dubbed the “Pillar of Cloud” in Hebrew, gave Israel a brief respite until Hamas resumed its rocket attacks. Psychologists suggest that up to 70% of Israeli children living under this constant bombing suffer from trauma and chronic emotional disturbances.
Hamas leader Khaled Meshal, visiting the Gaza Strip for the first time (his home in Syria is no longer safe) said: “Palestine, from the river to the sea, from north to south, is our land, and we will never give up one inch of this land.”
Years have passed, and the majority in the UN is now on the side of Islamic states; Muslims have discovered new types of weapons for political war against Israel. Their plan is to completely isolate and delegitimize Israel so that the world will say, “Down with Israel!”
Now that the Palestinian National Authority has been accepted by the UN General Assembly as a non-state member, the PNA has a new arsenal of weapons for war against Israel. But that's a different story.
Subscribe:
The prophetic words of the Bible are coming true before our eyes:
« And it shall come to pass in that day that I will make Jerusalem a heavy stone for all nations; all who lift him up will tear themselves apart, and all the nations of the earth will be gathered against him.”(Zech. 12:3)
But the prophecies predicting the day when Israel will be saved and become a light to all nations will also be fulfilled. On that day, says the Lord: “They will no longer endure shame from the nations.”(Ezek. 34:29)
For many decades, the Arab-Israeli conflict remains one of the most explosive among the Middle Eastern “hot spots”, the escalation of events around which could at any time lead to a new regional war, and also significantly affect the system international relations generally.
The conflict between Arabs and Jews over Palestine began even before the creation of the State of Israel. The roots of the conflict go back to the British Mandate and even earlier, when the position of Jews in the Ottoman Empire and Palestine was determined by Islamic religious law, according to which the status and rights of religious minorities were inferior to those of Muslims. Jews were then subjected to all kinds of discrimination from the local authorities, concentrated in the hands of representatives of the Arab nobility and from the local Muslim population. This situation could not but leave a mark on the relations between the two peoples.
In addition, the roots should be sought in the clash of psychologies of two peoples: the Arab population, which was committed to the old religious traditions and way of life, believed in the spiritual authority of the authorities and representatives of the Zionist movement, who brought with them from Europe a completely new way of life.
Since 1917, after the proclamation of the Balfour Declaration in Palestine, relations between Jews and Arabs began to heat up and develop into a political conflict, worsening every year. The conflict was fueled by the influence of Great Britain, and later Germany and Italy, on the Arab population.
Since 1947, the war in Palestine for the creation of a Jewish nation state. In May 1948, the State of Israel was proclaimed on the basis of UN General Assembly Resolution No. 181, adopted in November 1947. Arab countries reacted extremely negatively to what was happening by not recognizing Israel, which led to an escalation of the conflict between Israel and neighboring Arab countries. During the Arab-Israeli War (1947-49), Israel managed to defend its independence and take possession of West Jerusalem and part of the territory allocated to Palestine under a UN mandate. Iran did not participate in this war, which is due to overcoming the severe consequences of World War II.
At the time of the next Arab-Israeli clash (Six Day War, 1967), Israel advanced deep into the Sinai Peninsula, captured the Golan Heights, the West Bank of the river. Jordan, Gaza Strip and East Jerusalem.
However, during the 1970s, Iran continued to cooperate with Israel in terms of trade, as well as in the areas of defense and security.
During the Yom Kippur War (1973), Iran provided small and covert support to Israel in the form of fighter jets and other military equipment. The war ended in Israel's victory, and the defeated Arab OPEC members imposed an oil embargo on countries supporting Israel and greatly inflated the price of an oil barrel, leading to a state of "oil shock" in the world.
After 1979, Iranian-Israeli relations deteriorated sharply. The key idea raised in Iran at that time was the spread and expansion of the Islamic revolution beyond the borders of the state. Israel, which has control over Jerusalem, where the al-Aqsa Mosque (Islam's third holiest site) is located, has become a stumbling block.
In 1981, Iran rejected the plan to create Palestine in the West Bank. Jordan. Iran began to declare that Palestine should be created within its previous borders and that Israel's presence there undermines the interests of the entire Islamic world. Subsequent Iranian presidents promoted a negative attitude towards Israel and built their political course in an anti-Israeli spirit. On this basis, Iran acquired allies in Lebanon, Palestine, Syria, Turkey and other Arab countries.
In September 1980, the Iran-Iraq war began over the border territory, which took over all the attention of Iran. Both warring parties received colossal financial and military assistance from outside, as well as separate structures In 1988 the war ended in a draw.
In 1995, Iran was subject to sanctions from the United States, which were expressed by a ban on arms supplies, to which Russia joined. Only by 2001 did Russia restore supplies.
In 1997, Khatami became the President of Iran, who was later replaced by Ahmadinejad. Khatami tried to bring Iran out of isolation and establish contacts with the West. However, he had to deal with religious leaders who were shaping anti-Israeli public opinion.
Against this background, in the early 2000s, the United States willingly supported Israel and drew the attention of the IAEA to Iran's actions. Iran signed the Non-Proliferation Treaty back in 1968 nuclear weapons and ratified it in 1970. Now the IAEA called on Iran to accept the Additional Protocol to the NPT, which would allow unauthorized inspections of any facilities on Iranian territory to determine their compliance with the Non-Proliferation Treaty.
In December 2003, Iran signed it in Vienna at the IAEA Headquarters. From now on world community was drawn into discussions of the Iranian nuclear program. This document gives the IAEA the opportunity to agree to the implementation of Iran's nuclear programs. Iran has demonstrated complete openness in its actions regarding international obligations.
The Iranian parliament has not yet ratified the protocol, so Iran does not consider itself obliged to report to IAEA inspectors.
While Khatami was in power, he made possible attempts to get the IAEA to stop discriminating against Iran and recognize its right to conduct nuclear research under the NPT, while pointing out that, in accordance with this treaty, Iran has the right to carry out the full nuclear cycle, including uranium enrichment . However, over time, it became clear that the more persistently Iran proved that it was right, the more irreconcilable the position of the West became, which Israel fully shared. Therefore, starting in 2005, Iran sharply tightened its position and again attracted the attention of the world community to Israel as the owner of real nuclear weapons.
In August 2005, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad came to power in Iran. In June 2006, Ahmadinejad proposed holding a referendum not only in Iran, but also in Europe on the topic “What feelings do citizens have towards Israel?” Ahmadinejad denies that Iran has nuclear bomb and believes that Iran has every right to nuclear development. He always focuses on the presence of nuclear weapons in other countries, especially Israel, and sees no point in worrying, because the era of nuclear weapons has passed.
Today Iran keeps the whole world in suspense. Open information war between Iran and Israel, USA. New sanctions come into force, the UN receives regular IAEA reports, but this only leads to increased isolation of Iran. However, Ahmadinejad is developing nuclear potential with renewed vigor. Every year the IAEA collects new evidence in favor of Iran's development of nuclear weapons. Iran continues to insist that the program is peaceful. The Iranian nuclear program is being discussed everywhere. In early 2012, Israel began discussions with the United States about invading Iran and bombing nuclear facilities. To this end, negotiations are regularly held. Israel argues its position by saying that it fears for its future fate, so he is forced to act radically.
The Arab-Israeli conflict currently involves four parallel processes: the process of restoring peace between the Arabs and Israel; the process of gradual destruction of the country of Israel; the process of intensification of the Arab-Israeli conflict; the process of global confrontation between Muslim civilization and the rest of humanity.
Iran's nuclear program haunts both Israel and the entire world community.
December 19, 2012 Israel launches an air strike on several sites in Iran believed to be part of the Iranian nuclear program infrastructure. Within 30 minutes after the Israeli attack, the Iranian air force carried out a somewhat unsuccessful air raid on a number of Israeli cities - Tel Aviv, Haifa, Dimona, Beersheba. Several bombs also fall within the city limits of Jerusalem.
An armed conflict could potentially escalate into a regional or even world war, in which the United States, Arab countries, Russia, China, Great Britain and France and other countries of the world will be drawn.
If the conflict continues, colossal damage is expected due to the bombing of nuclear facilities and military operations on the territory of Iran in particular, where the civilian population will be primarily at risk. This also applies to other countries in the Middle East region that will subsequently be involved in the conflict. It is very important now to prevent the conflict from growing to a regional scale, much less a global scale.
The UN Security Council is obliged to intervene and create mechanisms to counter the deterioration of the situation in the region, as well as contribute to the speedy cessation of the armed conflict and the beginning of a peaceful settlement between the parties.
On December 19, 2012, at 6:00 am, Israel began conducting targeted strikes on some Iranian facilities, namely the Iranian nuclear facility Parchin, which is located 30 km southeast of Tehran. Parchin was not chosen as a target by chance. It was at this military base that IAEA inspectors and Israeli intelligence discovered the development of nuclear weapons. Iran began enriching uranium to 20%, which is absolutely unacceptable. This situation undermines the peaceful nature of Iran's nuclear program, because Enriched uranium within 5% is quite enough to maintain the operation of nuclear power plants.
In the spring-summer of 2012, for the judgment of the world community on the website of the Institute of Science and International Security(ISIS) satellite images of the Parchin military base were posted. Iran once again did not allow IAEA inspectors to check the Parchin base. Based on this, Israel decided to launch preventive strikes on a nuclear facility. The United States, in turn, supported him.
Iran immediately reacts to Israeli actions. Within 30 minutes after the Israeli attack, the Iranian air force carried out an unsuccessful retaliatory air raid on a number of Israeli cities - Tel Aviv, Haifa, Dimona, Beer Sheva. Several bombs also fall within the city limits of Jerusalem.
The mobilization of American air and ground forces began. The United States is drawing its ground forces from Afghanistan and the Arabian Peninsula and its naval forces from the Persian Gulf to the borders of Iran. Now the world community is faced with the question: Do regional leaders decide to intervene in hostilities, or will it all end in the bombing of nuclear facilities, as was the case in Syria? and Iraq? How will the UN Security Council react?
A more dramatic situation is developing around Iran. Without the support of Arab countries, Iran will not be able to resist the United States and Israel. How the conflict will end is unknown. Iran is unlikely to want to give up its nuclear ambitions, as Iraq and Syria did.
The Arab-Israeli conflict today is one of the most acute international problems, and the problems of migration (Muslims to Europe and Central Asians to Russia) in the modern world are also acute.
Sotskova V.P.
Literature
- Rapoport M.A. Perceptions of Jewish immigration to Palestine by the Arab public, 1882-1948. - St. Petersburg, 2013. - 71 p.
- Mesamed V. Israel - Iran - from friendship to enmity. URL: http://www.centrasia.ru/newsA.php?st=1266528060.
- Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. URL: http://www.un.org/ru/documents/decl_conv/conventions/npt.shtml. Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. URL: http://www.un.org/ru/documents/decl_conv/conventions/npt.shtml.
Druzhilovsky S.B. Iran-Israeli relations in the light of the development of the Iranian nuclear program. URL: http://www.iimes.ru/rus/stat/2006/04-05-06a.htm.
Related articles
The best amulets against the evil eye and damage Amulet against the evil eye with hands for children
How to read the Psalter correctly
Delicious dishes with sausages
A glimpse of Bella. Romantic chronicle. A glimpse of genius. Messerer about Akhmadulina Boris Messerer glimpse of Bella romantic chronicle
I dreamed that I was sailing on a boat on the river
How to cook beef entrecote in a frying pan
About the company Foreign language courses at Moscow State University
Which city and why became the main one in Ancient Mesopotamia?
Why Bukhsoft Online is better than a regular accounting program!
Which year is a leap year and how to calculate it