The rule for adding the ending ing. In what cases is the ending ing used?

English belongs to the category of analytical languages: grammatical connections in it are expressed not by changing the word and adding various morphemes (prefixes, suffixes, endings) to it, but with the help of various function words - prepositions, modal and auxiliary verbs. And so the endings in English not so many - just three: -s (-es), -ed And -ing. For comparison, Russian is a synthetic language, and it is morphemes that carry the grammatical load in it.

So, let's look at the most common cases of using English endings.

End -s (-es)

The ending -s (-es) can be found in the following cases:

Plural nouns

Almost all nouns form plural by adding -s (-es). For example:

dog - dog s

book - book s

When a word ends in -ss, -x, -z, -ch, -sh or -o, the ending takes the form -es. For example:

Church es

box - box es

tomato - tomato es

Verbs in the 3rd person singular in the Present Simple tense

Used when talking about events that happen constantly, every day, systematically. It uses the base form of the verb, and in the 3rd person singular(he, she, it) also adds the ending -s (-es) as a verb ending. For example:

She play s every tennis weekend. — She plays tennis every weekend.

Sometimes my grandmother watch es soap operas — Sometimes my grandmother watches soap operas.

Possessive case of nouns

By by and large, the ending of the possessive case should be considered separately, since it has a different history and is written through apostrophe ("). For example:

John 's car - John's car

My daughter "s book - my daughter's book

If the word ends in -s or originally ends in -s, only an apostrophe is placed at the end of the word. For example:

Her parent s" house - her parents' house

Jam s' coat - James' coat

In this case, the ending is read in full in all cases: [‘pɛːr(ə)ntsiz], [‘dʒeɪmziz].

End -ed

Second form of the regular verb

This form is used to express . For example:

Yesterday he paint ed the window frame. — Yesterday he painted the window frame.

Third form of regular verb (past participle)

Used in - Present Perfect, Past Perfect and others. For example:

She has lived ed here since childhood. — She has lived here since childhood.

The rain had stopp ed when we left home. — The rain stopped when we left the house.

The past participle often acts as a modifier.

For example:

Clos ed door - closed door

Well-dress ed woman - well dressed woman

End -ing

Fourth form of any verb (present participle)

As you know, the fourth form of the verb is used in the group of continuous tenses. For example:

She is sleeping ing now. - She's sleeping now. (Present Continuous)

Yesterday at six I was wash ing my car. — Yesterday at 6 I was washing the car. (Past Continuous)

The present participle can also play the role of a modifier. For example:

Bark ing dog - barking dog

Bloom ing tree - flowering tree

Gerund/verbal adjective

Swim ing is good for health. — Swimming is good for health.

I like eat ing outdoors. — I like to eat in the fresh air.

The ing ending in English is a feature of several grammatical forms. The ending ing is usually added to verbs, and the action takes on the meaning of a process or duration.

ING ending in grammar

The ending -ing in English is used in the following cases:

During the time of the group Continuous.

The times of this group have two common characteristics: firstly, the verb to be in the right tense, secondly, the semantic verb with - ing.

For example:

Lima is constantly chatting with her friends on the Internet. (Present Continuous) - Lima constantly chats with her friends on the Internet.

Rebecca was driving home at that time yesterday. (Past Continuous) - Rebecca was driving home at this time yesterday.

I will be having dinner at eight p.m. tomorrow. (Future Continuous) - I will have dinner at eight in the evening tomorrow.

The meaning of the process, the duration of the action, is common to all of the above situations, regardless of the time of action. Ending - ing - a sign of continuation of action and common element in all tenses Continuous.

When forming the form Participle 1 - Present participle.

The ending -ing is also added to the verb to form a participle. A participle can appear in a sentence:

1) Before a noun, characterizing it

Those laughing girls are well-known models. - Those laughing girls are famous models.

2) After a noun, in participial phrases.

The swans flying in the rays of the sun were amazing. - The swans flying in the sun were amazing.

3) At the beginning of a sentence, in adverbial phrases.

Having no sense of humor he couldn’t understand his friends" jokes. - Having no sense of humor, he did not understand the jokes of his friends.

When forming a verbal noun.

A verbal noun is formed by adding the ending -ing to the verb. You can distinguish it from other “ing” forms by placing in front of it possessive pronoun or a noun in the possessive case.

Debora's singing is always magnificent. - Debora's singing is always magical.

When forming a gerund.

A gerund in English is a special verb form (also with the ending -ing), which combines the characteristics of a noun and a verb.

A gerund can be:

1) Subject

Swimming is useful for health. - Swimming is good for health.

2) Part of the predicate

Lima's favorite leisure activity is dancing. - Lima's favorite leisure activity is dancing.

3)Addition

Usually this sentence member is a gerund paired with a predicate with a preposition. This is the case when the combination “verb + preposition + gerund” is recommended for memorization as a complex.

Here are several options for such “bundles”:

insist on

Her parents insisted on moving to another city. - Her parents insisted on moving to another city.

to be afraid - be afraid of

Vera was always afraid of leaving home. - Vera was always afraid to leave the house.

accuse - accuse of

His granny accuses him of being rude. - His grandmother accuses him of being rude.

get tired - be tired of

I’m awfully tired of working around the clock. - I'm terribly tired of working around the clock.

object to

They strongly object to cutting down the trees around their house. - They are categorically against cutting down trees around the house.

We looked at the main cases of using the ing ending in English. From the above examples it is clear that the ing form of the verb is widespread in English. Its uses cover several grammatical rules. Despite the identity of education, this form can be in different parts speeches from different features correct use.

Ending ING in spelling

There is one more point to consider when considering the ending ing in English - the rules for writing it with a verb.

Any verb ending in English, be it -ed, -ing or -es, can change the original verb. Usually we are talking about replacing or omitting letters. These rules are the same for many endings. The same rules apply when adding the ending -ing to a word.

if the original word consists of one syllable and ends in a consonant, this consonant is doubled: drop - dropping;
if the original word ends with a consonant plus “e”, “e” is omitted: hate - hating;
if the original word ends in -ie, then the last two letters change to “y”: tie - tying.

The ending ING in phonetics

Nothing says “Russian English” more than a clearly pronounced “g” sound at the end -ing. As soon as the first words with this ending appear in your English lessons, carefully monitor their pronunciation - there should not be a “g” sound in it. Practice pronouncing the nasal sound correctly. Given the prevalence of this form, the ability to pronounce it correctly is important. In addition, when listening, it is important to distinguish by the sound in speech a verb with the ending -ing from a verb with the preposition in - the meaning of the statement depends on this.

The verb in the form of an infinitive or gerund is found very often in English and at first gives beginners a lot of difficulties. Gerund is mistaken for the present continuous, although the gerund looks like a verb with ing and is never used with be. For example, in the sentence “I go swimming to the lake in summer", swimming is a gerund. We will translate it as “I walk swim to the lake in the summer."

Infinitive with the particle to causes many difficulties in translation. Very often in Russian you need to use additional words or subordinate clause. For example, the simple sentence “He stood up to say something" as soon as they don't translate it until they realize that the correct option would be "He got up, (in order) to something say».

English verb forms

There are a total of 5 options for what it can look like English verb:

- initial form of the verb (infinitive)
- verb ending –s (es) – Used for present simple
- verb ending in ing - used for continuous tenses, as a gerund, participle or adjective.
- verb ending –ed (2nd and 3rd form)
- irregular verbs (2nd and 3rd form)

The most common are the 2 forms of the verb - infinitive And verb ending in ing. These 2 forms are part of different tenses, are used in conjunction with modal verbs, and often convey only an additional action, without reference to time. We will talk about the latter case in our article.

Remember an important rule:

An infinitive or gerund is a verb that is not part of the predicate and does not carry tense.

Other names you may come across: Complex object, complex object, to-infinitive and verb -ing.

So, we already know that a verb is not always a predicate, it does not always convey time. In Russian you can often find the verb in indefinite form(initial form):

He wanted help.
“Help” is the initial form of the verb, it is free of tense. In English grammar this topic is called " Infinitive and gerund."

Infinitive(infinitive) is a verb in the initial form, a verb without changes. The infinitive is usually preceded by the particle to.

Gerund(gerund, ing-clause, participle with -ing) is a verb with the ending ing, which is not part of the continuous tense. It is never preceded by the particle to.

When in English sentence There are several verbs in a row, then the first one is a predicate (responsible for tense), and the next verb, free of tense, is in the form of an infinitive/gerund. There can be several such verbs in one sentence.

The infinitive and gerund are usually found in the second half of the sentence. But you may encounter situations where to-infinitive or ing-verb begin a sentence. The infinitive/gerund will not always appear in the second half of the sentence. But in most cases you will meet them in this position.

When in a Russian sentence you see a verb in the initial form (“do”, “play”, “worry”), then in English it will most likely be translated as an infinitive (“to do”, “worry”), or less often as a gerund. There is practically no difference in the translation of the infinitive and gerund.

The infinitive and gerund are translated in several ways:
— initial form verb ("to do")
- participle (“doing”)
- subordinate clause (“to do...”).
- gerund can also be translated as a noun

Unfortunately, there are no clear rules for using these two forms. Native speakers often use these 2 forms on a whim or because it is customary in a given area. But still, general recommendations for choosing the desired shape verbs exist, let's study them.

Usually the infinitive or gerund is chosen based on what it stands for in front of him:
- verb
- verb + object
- adjective
- preposition

There is a list of verbs after which the next verb is usually placed in the form of an infinitive or in the form of a gerund. You need to memorize a list of such verbs.

Now let's look at the basic rules that govern the infinitive or gerund.

Infinitive

There are verbs in English that are followed by an infinitive with the particle to to indicate additional action.

List of verbs followed by an infinitive with to

want - want
need - to need
plan - plan
decide – decide, make a decision
offer - to offer
hope - to hope
promise - promise
try - try
forget – to forget
learn – study
The connective would like - would like

I promise to call you later. - I promise to call you later.
He forgot to call me. - He forgot to call me.

The infinitive usually follows immediately after the verb. But often they can be separated by the object to which the action-predicate is directed.

I asked Mike to call me. - I asked Mike call.
Between the verb asked and the infinitive to come there is an object (Mike) to which the action is directed.

Very often we indicate the object after the following verbs:
ask - to ask
tell - to speak
advice - advise
expect - expect
persuade - to convince
teach – to teach

Features of using the infinitive after make, let and help

After verbs make and let always We use the infinitive, but without the particle to.

The verb let conveys the meaning of “to allow.”
Let me go. - Let me go. (Let me go)

In the imperative mood we went through the connective let's, which in full version looks like the verb let with the object us.
let’s = let us – let us (literally)

When there is another verb after make, in this case the verb make means “to force (someone to do).” After make we indicate who the action is directed to (we indicate the object).
Make John work. - Make John work.

After the verb help we can indicate the infinitive either with or without the particle to. The meaning does not change.
Help me finish my work. = Help me to finish my work. - Help me finish my work.

Infinitive after adjectives in English

If you need to put a verb after a connective verb to be + adjective, then use the infinitive with the particle to. Please note that in Russian we translate the connective to be + adjective as an adverb.

It is difficult to understand English. – It’s difficult to understand English.
difficult – difficult (adjective), but we translate it into Russian as the adverb “difficult”.

Popular revolutions:
It’s good to... - It’s good...
It’s nice (of you) to... - It’s nice...
I’m sorry to... - Sorry for...
I’m happy to... - I’m glad...

Infinitive to indicate the reason for an action

If English speaking person wants to indicate reason for action(the purpose for which it is performed), then he will use the infinitive with the particle to. When translating into Russian, you need to use a subordinate clause that begins with the words: “in order to” or more short version"to".
I saw Make and stopped tosay Hello. – I saw Mike and stopped, to say hello.

Gerund

A gerund is something between a verb and a noun. Because of this, it is translated differently - as a noun, a verb, and a participle, although the gerund is always formed from verbs. In English, a gerund is grammatically closer to a noun than to a verb.

Gerund after prepositions

If after the first verb (predicate) there is a preposition, then we always use the second verb with the ending –ing. This is one of the “reinforced concrete” rules that you should know well.

General scheme:
predicate + preposition + gerund
Keep on working. - Continue work.

Verbs followed by a gerund

List of popular verbs after which it is customary to use gerund.

Verbs that indicate the beginning, duration or end of a process:
start*, begin* - start
stop - stop
finish - finish
give up (= stop) - stop
continue* - continue
carry on / go on / keep (on) (= continue) - continue
*after these verbs you can use not only a gerund, but an infinitive. The meaning does not change.

I gave up smoking many years ago. - I quit smoke many years ago.

Verbs denoting attitude towards something:
love* – to love
like* – like
hate* – to hate
prefer* - to prefer
dislike - not to love
enjoy - like
*after these verbs you can use not only a gerund, but an infinitive.

Those verbs that I marked * refer to controversial cases. Don't be surprised if you find an infinitive after them in some cases, and a gerund in others. The choice of form depends on the person, and is not regulated by clear rules.

I hate getting up early. - I I hate getting up early in the morning.

Verbs of sensory perception:
see - to see
watch - watch
hear - to hear
listen to - listen

I saw him entering the cafe. - I saw like him came in in a cafe.

Other verbs:
suggest - suggest
mind - to keep in mind, to object
avoid - avoid
practice - practice in
The connective can’t help - I can’t help but (do this)
The link can’t stand – I can’t stand it (I hate it)
The connective look forward to - wait impatiently (always used with the particle to)

I can't help feeling responsible for what happened. - I I can't help but feel responsibility for what happened.

The predicate + gerund connective can be expanded and the object to which the action is directed can be placed between them
verb + somebody + -ing

You can't stopmedoing what I want. - You can't interfere to me do what I want.

Gerund after verbs go and like

When you want to say what kind of sport you do or are interested in, you use a linking verb for this go+ gerund. Go in this case no longer literally translates “to go”, but conveys the meaning “ engage in this sport" There may also be an action that you perform regularly. Can be used instead of go like in the meaning " I like doing this».

go+ verb –ing- I am engaged in this type of activity
like+ verb –ing- I love doing this type of activity

Some popular expressions with go:
go swimming– go swimming (swim)
go jogging– go jogging
go fishing- go fishing
go shopping- go shopping
go running- run
go skiing- ski

I go jogging every morning. - I I'm running every morning.

Gerund in noun position

You can often find a gerund at the beginning of a sentence, in which case it becomes a noun. We can translate it into Russian as a noun or as a verb in the initial form.

Learning English is very useful nowadays. – Study (teach) English is very useful nowadays.

Now that we have become familiar with the basic rules by which the infinitive and gerund function in English, you can look at additional detailed lessons on this topic: Unit 53 - Unit 68.

In this article we will analyze one of the aspects of word formation in the English language, namely words ending in ing. The ing ending in English plays an important role in grammar. We'll tell you when the ending ing is added, what it means, and give specific examples.

The ending ing in English can be found in four parts of speech:

Verbal nouns
- verbs of the Continuous tense group
- participles of the first type
-gerund

Let's look at all the cases one by one.

The ing ending of verbal nouns

As the name implies, we will talk about nouns formed from verbs. There are such examples in the Russian language too. Running (from the verb to run), reading (from the verb to read), singing (from the verb to sing).

Examples of verbal nouns ending in ing:

In a sentence, nouns formed from verbs act as subjects or objects.

Examples of sentences with verbal nouns:

My hobby is reading. Reading is my hobby.

Smoking is prohibited in our office. Smoking is prohibited in our office.

Singing is interesting but difficult for me. Singing is interesting for me, but difficult.

She will never forget their first meeting. She will never forget their first meeting.

How is the ending ing added?

Before moving on to the second use of ing in English, let's look at the rules for adding the ing ending to words.

The ending ing is added to both regular and irregular verbs, and in all cases pronounced as a syllable.

If the verb ends in a silent vowel letter e, then this letter is removed.

For example:

write - writing (writing - writing (writing process)

close - closing (close - closing)

smoke - smoking (smoking - smoking)

If the verb ends in a vowel y, then the ending ing is added after y.

copy - copying (copy - copying)

study - studying (to study - studying)

buy - buying (buy - buying)

In cases where the verb ends in closed syllable under stress, the final consonant is doubled.

spin - spinning (rotate - rotation)

plan - planning (plan - planning)

get - getting (receiving - receiving)

If the stress is not on the preceding vowel sound or the vowel sound is long, then adding the ending ing does not double the consonants. For example: work - working (work - work), count - counting (count - count).

In British English, in words ending with the letter l preceded by a short vowel sound, adding the ending ing doubles the letter l.

travel - travelling (travel - journey)

If the verb ends in r stressed syllable, then r also doubles.

Words whose formation you need to remember:

lie - lying (to lie - lie)
die - dying (die - dying)
tie - tying (tying - tying)
age - aging (to grow old - aging)
ski - skiing (skiing - skiing)
see - seeing (see - seeing)
agree - agreeing (agree - agreeing)

In all other cases, the ending ing is added without changing the original word.

Verbs with an ing ending in the Continuous tenses

Continuous tenses express the fact of some action, emphasizing the duration of the process rather than its result.

Sentences in a long time are formed according to the following scheme:

Subject + to be in the appropriate form and tense + predicate ending ing + object.

Present Continuous denotes an action that occurs in the present tense, at the moment of speech or at a specific time, and is formed as follows: subject + am, is, are + verb with ing + objects.

I am reading a book now. I'm reading a book now.

Children are playing piano every day from 2 till 3 o’clock. Children play the piano every day from 2 to 3 o'clock.

Past Continuous denotes an action that lasted some time earlier and was completed by the time of speech. Scheme Education Past Continuous: subject + was, were + verb with ing + objects.

I was sleeping when you called me. I was sleeping when you called me.

They were playing tennis at this time yesterday. Yesterday at this time they were playing tennis.

The Future Continuous is used when we talk about an action in the future tense that will take place at a specific time. Scheme Education Future Continuous: subject + will be + verb with ing + objects.

Next Saturday at this time I will be swimming in the ocean. This time next Saturday I will be swimming in the ocean.

My mother will be cooking when I come home. My mother will be cooking when I come home.

Also, verbs with an ing ending are used in group tenses Perfect Continuous. Let's look at the present, past and future tenses in the Perfect Continuous.

The Present Perfect Continuous is used when an action began in the past but is still ongoing. The present perfect continuous tense is formed: subject + have/has + been + verb with ing + objects.

I have been doing this for three days. I've been doing this for 3 days now.

It has been snowing for a week. It's been snowing for a week now.

Past Perfect Continuous is used to denote an action that took place and ended before a certain point in the past. The past perfect continuous tense is formed: subject + had + been + verb with ing + objects.

Marry had been talking on the phone for an hour when her husband entered the room. Mary had been talking on the phone for an hour when her husband entered the room.

When I woke up my mother had been cooking breakfast for half an hour. When I woke up, my mother had already been preparing breakfast for half an hour.

The Future Perfect Continuous is used to denote an action that will take place and have some result at a certain point in the future.

The future perfect continuous tense is formed as follows:

subject + will + have been + verb with ing + objects.

My grandparents will have been living together for 60 years next year. Next year it will be 60 years since my grandparents lived together.

When you visit us in January, I and my brother will have been studying English for seven months. When you visit us in January, my brother and I will have been studying English for 7 months.

The ending ing for participles of the first type

A participle in English is a non-finite form of a verb. Participle I or participle of the first type is formed by adding the ending ing to the verb. In Russian, Participle I corresponds to a participle or gerund. In English, there are no gerunds as a separate part of a part of speech.

Participle I is used in the following cases:

To determine an action that occurs in parallel and simultaneously with the predicate verb. In this case, the verb with an ing ending is translated by a gerund and answers the question “Doing what?”

I often call my friends while walking in the park. While walking in the park, I often call my friends.

When reading a book he usually writes down interesting thoughts. While reading a book, he usually writes down interesting thoughts.

To describe a noun. In this case, Participle I is translated into Russian by a participle and answers the questions “which?”, “which?”, “which?”.

The boy standing in the gate is my brother. The boy standing at the gate is my brother.

I can’t forget the girl sitting by the window during the concert. I can't forget the girl sitting by the window during the concert.

Gerund ending in ing in English

A gerund is an impersonal form of a verb, which is formed by adding the ending ing to the verb, and combines the characteristics of a verb and a noun. The gerund can be translated into Russian by different parts of speech. Accordingly, he can act and different members offers.

I enjoy spending time with my family. I enjoy spending time with my family.

She likes painting. She likes to draw.

Thank you for helping. Thanks for your help.

He left the room without shaking our hands. He left without shaking our hands.

In English, a number of verbs require a gerund after them. Here are the main ones:

Admit - acknowledge
Avoid - avoid
Carry on - continue
Consider - consider, consider
Delay - put off
Deny - deny
Discuss - discuss
Enjoy - enjoy
Escape - avoid
Finish - finish
Imagine - imagine
Involve - to involve
Look forward to - look forward to (something)
Postpone - postpone
Resist - resist, resist
Suggest - to assume
Understand - to understand

Let's look at specific examples:

I avoid answering embarrassing questions. I avoid answering awkward questions.

He often delays doing homework. He often puts off doing his homework.

We enjoy playing basketball. We like to play basketball.

She postponed returning to Moscow. She postponed her return to Moscow.

He suggests writing them. He suggests writing to them.

So, we have looked at the rules for using the ending ing in English. Now you know in what cases it is used and how it is translated into Russian. In the following articles we will examine each case separately in more detail. Good luck in learning English!

Have you ever wondered why endings are needed in words? With them you have to learn more rules, and the language only becomes more complex.

However, these are required components of any language. Endings connect words in a sentence with each other and indicate their logical connections. With them, serenades sound more lyrical, and you can’t go wrong with the instructions for fragile equipment.

In English, unlike Russian, there are only three endings: -s, -ed And -ing. But they have many more cases of use.

Let's take a closer look -ing ending in English. It is added to:

The initial form of the verb to form continuous tenses:
- Present Continuous: I am water ing the flowers now– I’m watering the flowers now.
- Past Continuous: Jane was drinking ing tea at 5 o’clock yesterday– Jane was drinking tea at five o’clock yesterday.
- Future Continuous: We will play ing football from 4 till 6 tomorrow– We will play football tomorrow from 4 to 6.
- He said that they would be work ing the whole day“He said they would work all day.”
Please note that all verbs with an ing ending are translated into Russian in imperfect form- answer the question "what to do?". This will give you a hint when doing all kinds of exercises.
- Present Perfect Continuous: I have been read ing since 3 o'clock– I’ve been reading since three o’clock.
- Past Perfect Continuous: We had been walking ing for an hour when we saw the city– We had been walking for an hour when we saw the city.
- Future Perfect Continuous: Children will have been sleeping ing since afternoon when the teacher comes– The children will sleep from noon when the teacher comes.
- Future-in-the-Past Continuous: Jack said that they would have been written ing the essay for 2 hours when the bell rank John said that they will be writing the essay for two hours when the bell rings.
End -ing always points to duration of action- remember this as well as the fact that London is the capital of England.
Verb to form forms of participle, gerund and infinitive
- Gerund: I like to be ing praised– I like it when people praise me.
  We are fond of cook ing – We like to cook.
- Participle: The talk ing boy is my cousin– The talking boy is my cousin.
  Hav ing visited our friends, we went home– After visiting our friends, we went home.
- Infinitive: I am happy to be danc ing with you“I’m happy that I’m dancing with you now.”
  We are sorry to have been speaking ing so loudly“We're sorry we spoke so loudly.”
The ing ending is also used for formation of other parts of speech, for example, adjectives: An amus ing TV show- funny show
A shock ing disaster- shocking disaster
An interest ing fact– interesting fact
There are also parts of speech in which expressions can end with the ending –ing. But you're in luck - you can be sure that in them it's just part of a word: dur ing - during, during
sibl ing - brother or sister

As you noticed, at the end –ing There are many uses in English. You are required to stop trembling in your knees and remember that it indicates duration of action, used with imfinite forms of the verb or helps form other parts of speech.