Environmental environmental factors and their influence on the body. Presentation "Ecology"

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environmental factors. Environmental factors. General patterns of action on organisms.

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PLAN Environment and conditions of existence of organisms. Classification of environmental factors. Influence of abiotic factors on organisms. Ecological plasticity of organisms. Combined action of factors. Limiting factor.

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The habitat of an organism is a set of abiotic and biotic living conditions; it is a part of nature that surrounds living organisms and influences them directly or indirect impact.

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The environment of each organism is composed of many elements: inorganic and organic nature and elements introduced by humans. At the same time, some elements are partially or completely indifferent to the body. necessary for the body. have a negative impact.

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Living conditions are a set of environmental elements necessary for an organism, with which it is in inextricable unity and without which it cannot exist.

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Environmental factors These are elements of the environment necessary for the body or negatively affecting it. In nature, these factors do not act in isolation from each other, but in the form of a complex complex.

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A complex of environmental factors, without which an organism cannot exist, represents the conditions for the existence of a given organism. Different organisms perceive and react differently to the same factors.

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All adaptations of organisms to existence in different conditions developed historically. As a result, specific for each geographical area groups of plants and animals.

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Classification of environmental factors. Abiotic - a complex of conditions of the inorganic environment (climatic chemical, physical, edaphogenic, orographic). Biotic – a set of influences of the life activity of some organisms on others (phytogenic, zoogenic, anthropogenic).

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Influence of abiotic factors on organisms. A biotic factors can have direct and indirect effects. The effect of environmental factors depends not only on their nature, but also on the dose perceived by the body. All organisms have developed adaptations during the process of evolution.

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Environmental factors can act either directly or indirectly. Each environmental factor is characterized by certain quantitative indicators: strength and range of action.

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Optimum is the intensity of the environmental factor that is most favorable for the life of the organism. Pessimum is the intensity of the environmental factor at which the vital activity of the organism is maximally depressed.

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The tolerance limit is the entire range of exposure to an environmental factor (from minimum to maximum exposure), during which the growth and development of the organism is possible.

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Ecological plasticity (valency) The property of species to adapt to a particular range of environmental factors. The wider the range of fluctuations of the environmental factor, within which this type can exist, the greater its ecological plasticity.

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Eurybiont species (widely adapted) are able to withstand significant environmental changes. Stenobiont species (narrowly adapted) are able to exist with small deviations of the factor from the optimal value.

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Ranges of adaptability of organisms to environmental conditions

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Subject ecology Ecology is the science of the relationships of organisms with each other and with the surrounding environment (Greek oikos - dwelling; logos - science). The term was introduced in 1866 by the German zoologist E. Haeckel. Currently, ecology is a branched system of sciences: autecology studies relationships in communities; population ecology studies the relationships between individuals of the same species in populations, the influence of the environment on populations, the relationships between populations; Global ecology studies the biosphere and issues of its protection. Another approach in the ecology department: ecology of microorganisms, ecology of fungi, plant ecology, animal ecology, human ecology, space ecology.

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The objectives of ecology are to study the interrelationships of organisms; - study the relationships between organisms and the environment; - study the effect of the environment on the structure, vital activity and behavior of organisms; - trace the influence of environmental factors on the distribution of species and the change of communities; - develop a system of measures for nature protection.

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The meaning of ecology - helps to determine the place of man in nature; - gives knowledge environmental patterns, which makes it possible to predict the consequences economic activity human, to use correctly and rationally natural resources; - environmental knowledge is necessary for development agriculture, medicine, to develop measures to protect environment.

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Methods of ecology observation comparison experiment mathematical modeling forecasting

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Principles of ecological classification Classification helps to identify possible ways of adaptation to the environment. Ecological classification can be based on various criteria: feeding methods, habitat, movement, attitude to temperature, humidity, pressure, light, etc.

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Classification of organisms according to the nature of nutrition 1. Autotrophs: 2. Heterotrophs: A). Phototrophs a) saprophytes B). Chemotrophs b) Holozoans: - saprophages - phytophages - zoophages - necrophages

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Autotrophs are organisms that synthesize organic substances from inorganic ones. Phototrophs are autotrophic organisms that synthesize organic matter use energy sunlight. Chemotrophs are autotrophic organisms that use chemical energy to synthesize organic substances; connections. Heterotrophs are organisms that feed on ready-made organic substances. Saprophytes are heterotrophs that use solutions of simple organic compounds. Holozoans are heterotrophs that possess a complex of enzymes and can consume complex organic compounds, decomposing them into simple ones: Saprophages feed on dead plant debris; Phytophagous consumers of living plants; Zoophagi eat living animals; Necrophages eat dead animals.

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History of ecology The development of ecology was greatly influenced by: Aristotle (384-322 BC) - an ancient Greek scientist, described animals and their behavior, the association of organisms with their habitats. C. Linnaeus (1707-1778) - Swedish naturalist, emphasized the importance of climate in the life of organisms, studied the relationships between organisms. J.B. Lamarck (1744-1829) - French naturalist, author of the first evolutionary doctrine, believed that the influence of external circumstances is one of the most important reasons evolution. K. Roulier (1814-1858) - Russian scientist, believed that the structure and development of organisms depends on the environment, emphasized the need to study evolution. Charles Darwin (1809-1882) - English naturalist, founder of the doctrine of evolution. E. Haeckel (1834-1919) German biologist, in 1866 he introduced the term ecology. C. Elton (1900) – English scientist – founder population ecology. A. Tansley (1871-1955) English scientist, in 1935 introduced the concept of ecosystem. V.N. Sukachev (1880-1967) Russian scientist, in 1942 introduced the concept of biogeocenoses. K.A. Timiryazev (1843-1920) - Russian scientist, devoted his life to the study of photosynthesis. V.V. Dokuchaev (1846-1903) - Russian soil scientist. V.I. Vernadsky (1863-1945) Russian scientist, founder of the doctrine of the biosphere as a global ecosystem.

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Habitat Habitat is everything that surrounds and affects an individual. Environmental factors: abiotic – factors inanimate nature; biotic – factors of living nature; anthropogenic – associated with human activity. The following main habitats can be distinguished: aquatic, ground-air, soil, and organic.

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Aquatic environment B aquatic environment great value have factors such as salt regime, water density, flow speed, oxygen saturation, soil properties. The inhabitants of reservoirs are called hydrobionts, among them there are: neuston - organisms that live near the surface film of water; plankton (phytoplankton and zooplankton) - suspended, “floating” in the water to the body; nekton - well-swimming inhabitants of the water column; benthos - bottom organisms.

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Soil environment Soil inhabitants are called edaphobionts, or geobionts; for them, structure, chemical composition and soil moisture.

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Ground-air environment For inhabitants ground-air environment especially important: temperature, humidity, oxygen content, light.

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Each organism constantly exchanges substances with the environment and itself changes the environment. Many organisms live in multiple habitats. The ability of organisms to adapt to certain environmental changes is called adaptation. But different organisms have different abilities to withstand changes in living conditions (for example, fluctuations in temperature, light, etc.), i.e. have different tolerances - a range of resistance. For example, there are: eurybionts - organisms with a wide range of tolerance, i.e. capable of living under different environmental conditions (for example, carp); stenobionts are organisms with a narrow range of tolerance that require strictly defined environmental conditions (for example, trout).

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Ecology -

the science of the relationships of living organisms and their communities with each other and with the environment

The term " ecology"proposed in 1866 by E. Haeckel.

Objects ecology there may be populations of organisms, species, communities, ecosystems and the biosphere as a whole

Ecological tasks

Studies the effects of the environment on plants and animals, populations, species and ecosystems

Studies the structure of the population and their numbers

Studies the interaction of living organisms with each other

Studies the influence of environmental factors on humans

Studies the productivity of ecosystems

Biotic are types of influence on organisms from other animals

Biotic factors

Direct

Indirect

A predator eats its prey

One organism changes the environment of another organism

Anthropogenic factors –

these are the forms human activity which have an impact on wildlife(every year these factors increase

The influence of environmental factors on the body

Environmental factors are constantly changing

Variability of factors

Regular, periodic (seasonal temperature changes, low tides)

Irregular

(weather change, flood, forest fires)

The body is simultaneously influenced by numerous and varied factors.

Each species has its own limits of endurance

Wide range endurance Animals living in high latitudes are susceptible to temperature fluctuations. Thus, arctic foxes in the tundra can tolerate temperature fluctuations within 80 ° C

(from +30 to -45)

Lichens can withstand temperatures from

-70 to +60

Some types ocean fish capable of existing at temperatures from -2 to +2

EFFECT OF ECOLOGICAL FACTOR ON THE ORGANISM

Endurance range

body

the value of the factor that is most favorable for the vital activity of growth and reproduction called the optimum zone

oppression

normal

vital activity

DEATH

Between the optimum zone and extreme points there are zones of oppression or stress zones, what makes people's lives worse

The extreme value of the factor beyond which conditions become unsuitable for life and causes death - these are the limits of endurance

Liebig (Liebig), Justus, famous German chemist, 1803-73, professor of chemistry from 1824 in Giessen, from 1852 in Munich

The meaning of ecology - helps to determine the place of man in nature; - provides knowledge of environmental patterns, which allows one to predict the consequences of human economic activity and to use natural resources correctly and rationally; - environmental knowledge is necessary for the development of agriculture, medicine, and for the development of environmental protection measures.

Autotrophs are organisms that synthesize organic substances from inorganic ones. Phototrophs are autotrophic organisms that use the energy of sunlight to synthesize organic substances. Chemotrophs are autotrophic organisms that use chemical energy to synthesize organic substances; connections. Heterotrophs are organisms that feed on ready-made organic substances. Saprophytes are heterotrophs that use solutions of simple organic compounds. Holozoans are heterotrophs that possess a complex of enzymes and can consume complex organic compounds, decomposing them into simple ones: Saprophages feed on dead plant debris; Phytophagous consumers of living plants; Zoophagi eat living animals; Necrophages eat dead animals.

History of ecology The development of ecology was greatly influenced by: Aristotle (BC) - an ancient Greek scientist, described animals and their behavior, the association of organisms with their habitats. K. Linnaeus () - Swedish naturalist, emphasized the importance of climate in the life of organisms, studied the relationships between organisms. J. B. Lamarck () - French naturalist, author of the first evolutionary doctrine, believed that the influence of external circumstances is one of the most important reasons for evolution. C. Roulier () - Russian scientist, believed that the structure and development of organisms depends on the environment, emphasized the need to study evolution. Charles Darwin () - English naturalist, founder of the doctrine of evolution. E. Haeckel () German biologist, in 1866 he introduced the term ecology. Ch. Elton (1900) - English scientist - founder of population ecology. A. Tansley () English scientist, in 1935 introduced the concept of ecosystem. V. N. Sukachev () Russian scientist, in 1942 introduced the concept of biogeocenoses. K. A. Timiryazev () is a Russian scientist who devoted his life to the study of photosynthesis. V.V. Dokuchaev () - Russian scientist - soil scientist. V.I. Vernadsky () Russian scientist, founder of the doctrine of the biosphere as a global ecosystem.

Habitat Habitat is everything that surrounds an individual (population, community) and affects it. Environmental factors: abiotic – factors of inanimate nature; biotic – factors of living nature; anthropogenic – associated with human activity. The following main habitats can be distinguished: aquatic, ground-air, soil, living organisms.

Aquatic environment In the aquatic environment, factors such as salt regime, water density, flow speed, oxygen saturation, and soil properties are of great importance. The inhabitants of reservoirs are called hydrobionts, among them there are: neuston - organisms that live near the surface film of water; plankton (phytoplankton and zooplankton) - suspended, “floating” in the body’s water; nekton - well-swimming inhabitants of the water column; benthos - bottom organisms.

Each organism constantly exchanges substances with the environment and itself changes the environment. Many organisms live in multiple habitats. The ability of organisms to adapt to certain environmental changes is called adaptation. But different organisms have different abilities to withstand changes in living conditions (for example, fluctuations in temperature, light, etc.), that is, they have different tolerances - the range of resistance. For example, there are: eurybionts - organisms with a wide range of tolerance, that is, capable of living under different environmental conditions (for example, carp); stenobionts are organisms with a narrow range of tolerance that require strictly defined environmental conditions (for example, trout).

The intensity of the factor that is most favorable for the life of the body is called optimal. Environmental factors that negatively affect the life activity and complicate the existence of a species are called limiting. The German chemist J. Liebig () formulated the law of the minimum: the successful functioning of a population or community of living organisms depends on a set of conditions. A limiting or limiting factor is any state of the environment that approaches or goes beyond the stability limit for a given organism. The totality of all factors (conditions) and environmental resources within which a species can exist in nature is called its ecological niche. It is very difficult, often impossible, to fully characterize the ecological niche of an organism.
Morphological adaptations Morphological adaptations manifest themselves in changes in the shape and structure of organisms. For example, the development of thick and long fur in mammals when they are raised under low temperatures; Mimicry is the imitation of one species by another in color and shape. Often general features structures are endowed by organisms with different evolutionary origins. Convergence is a convergence of characteristics (similarity in structure), which arose under the influence of relatively identical conditions of existence in different organisms. For example, the shape of the body and limbs of a shark and a dolphin.

Physiological adaptations Physiological adaptations are manifested in changes in the vital processes of the body, for example, the ability for thermoregulation in endothermic (warm-blooded) animals that are able to obtain heat through biochemical reactions 25 Many adaptations have been developed in organisms under the influence of seasonal and daily rhythms, for example leaf fall, nocturnal and diurnal lifestyle . Reaction of organisms to duration daylight hours, which has developed in connection with seasonal changes, is called photoperiodism. Under the influence of environmental rhythms, organisms have developed a kind of “biological clock” that provides orientation in time and preparation for expected changes. For example, flowers bloom at a time when optimal humidity, light and other conditions for pollination are usually observed: poppy - from 5 to pm; dandelion - from 5-6 to pm; calendula - from 9 to 1; rose hips - from 4-5 to 1 p.m.

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Ecology subject

Ecology is the science of the relationships of organisms with each other and with the surrounding environment (Greek oikos - dwelling; logos - science). The term was introduced in 1866 by the German zoologist E. Haeckel. Currently, ecology is a branched system of sciences: autecology studies relationships in communities; population ecology studies the relationships between individuals of the same species in populations, the influence of the environment on populations, the relationships between populations; Global ecology studies the biosphere and issues of its protection. Another approach in the ecology department: ecology of microorganisms, ecology of fungi, plant ecology, animal ecology, human ecology, space ecology.

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Ecological tasks

Study the relationships between organisms; - study the relationships between organisms and the environment; - study the effect of the environment on the structure, vital activity and behavior of organisms; - trace the influence of environmental factors on the distribution of species and the change of communities; - develop a system of measures for nature protection.

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The importance of ecology

Helps determine man's place in nature; - provides knowledge of environmental patterns, which allows one to predict the consequences of human economic activity and to use natural resources correctly and rationally; - environmental knowledge is necessary for the development of agriculture, medicine, and for the development of environmental protection measures.

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Ecological methods

observation comparison experiment mathematical modeling forecasting

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Principles of environmental classification

Classification helps to identify possible ways of adaptation to the environment. Ecological classification can be based on various criteria: feeding methods, habitat, movement, attitude to temperature, humidity, pressure, light, etc.

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Classification of organisms by nature of nutrition

1. Autotrophs: 2. Heterotrophs: A). Phototrophs a) saprophytes B). Chemotrophyb) holozoans: - saprophages - phytophages - zoophages - necrophages

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History of ecology

The development of ecology was greatly influenced by: Aristotle (384-322 BC) - an ancient Greek scientist, described animals and their behavior, the association of organisms with their habitats. C. Linnaeus (1707-1778) - Swedish naturalist, emphasized the importance of climate in the life of organisms, studied the relationships between organisms. J.B. Lamarck (1744-1829) - French naturalist, author of the first evolutionary doctrine, believed that the influence of external circumstances is one of the most important causes of evolution. K. Roulier (1814-1858) - Russian scientist, believed that the structure and development of organisms depends on the environment, emphasized the need to study evolution. Charles Darwin (1809-1882) - English naturalist, founder of the doctrine of evolution. E. Haeckel (1834-1919) German biologist, in 1866 he introduced the term ecology. Ch. Elton (1900) - English scientist - founder of population ecology. A. Tansley (1871-1955) English scientist, in 1935 introduced the concept of ecosystem. V.N. Sukachev (1880-1967) Russian scientist, in 1942 introduced the concept of biogeocenoses. K.A. Timiryazev (1843-1920) - Russian scientist, devoted his life to the study of photosynthesis. V.V. Dokuchaev (1846-1903) - Russian soil scientist. V.I. Vernadsky (1863-1945) Russian scientist, founder of the doctrine of the biosphere as a global ecosystem.

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Habitat

Habitat is everything that surrounds an individual (population, community) and affects it. Environmental factors: abiotic – factors of inanimate nature; biotic factors of living nature; anthropogenic – associated with human activity. The following main habitats can be distinguished: aquatic, ground-air, soil, living organisms.

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Aquatic environment

In the aquatic environment, factors such as salt regime, water density, flow speed, oxygen saturation, and soil properties are of great importance. The inhabitants of water bodies are called hydrobionts, among them there are: neuston - organisms that live near the surface film of water; plankton (phytoplankton and zooplankton) - suspended, “floating” in the water to the body; nekton - well-swimming inhabitants of the water column; benthos - bottom organisms.

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Soil environment

Soil inhabitants are called edaphobionts, or geobionts; for them the structure, chemical composition and moisture of the soil are of great importance.

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Ground-air environment

For inhabitants of the ground-air environment, the following are especially important: temperature, humidity, oxygen content, and illumination.

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Adaptations to the environment

Adaptations can be morphological, physiological and behavioral.

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Morphological adaptations

Morphological adaptations manifest themselves in changes in the shape and structure of organisms. For example, the development of thick and long fur in mammals when they are raised at low temperatures; Mimicry is the imitation of one species by another in color and shape. Organisms with different evolutionary origins are often endowed with common structural features. Convergence is a convergence of characteristics (similarity in structure) that arose under the influence of relatively identical conditions of existence in different organisms. For example, the shape of the body and limbs of a shark and a dolphin.

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Physiological adaptations

Physiological adaptations are manifested in changes in the vital processes of the body, for example, the ability for thermoregulation in endothermic (warm-blooded) animals that are able to obtain heat through biochemical reactions

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Behavioral adaptations

Behavioral adaptations are often associated with physiological ones, for example, suspended animation, migration.

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Many adaptations have been developed in organisms under the influence of seasonal and daily rhythms, for example, leaf fall, nocturnal and diurnal lifestyle. The response of organisms to the length of daylight hours, which has developed in connection with seasonal changes, is called photoperiodism. Under the influence of environmental rhythms, organisms have developed a kind of “biological clock” that provides orientation in time and preparation for expected changes. For example, flowers bloom at a time when optimal humidity, light and other conditions for pollination are usually observed: poppy - from 5 to 14-15 hours; dandelion - from 5-6 to 14-15 hours; calendula - from 9 to 16-18 hours; rose hips - from 4-5 to 19-20 hours.

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