Amount of debit transactions. How to calculate average monthly turnover on a current account for a bank

Credit and debit (emphasis is always placed on the first syllable) are concepts that are used in accounting to monitor the business processes of a company. There are a lot of accounting accounts, more than a hundred, they were created in order to reflect in more detail each operation of the company. Each account has its own number and name.

Debit refers to all the assets of the enterprise, that is, what it has as of the current date. It could be cash in bank accounts, cash in hand, amount total cost materials in warehouses, the amount of the cost of fixed assets, . The higher the assets of an organization, the more successful it is considered.

Liabilities or credit turnover are debts and sources of asset formation. Debts include: arrears of payment wages, debt to counterparties, depreciation, debt to the founders or owners of the company for distribution of profits. Sources of asset formation are, for example, authorized or other capital.

What is debit and credit turnover used for?

Each account is recorded separately. It looks like this: the debit in the account section is written on the left side, and the credit on the right. Each transaction is reflected in the posting. An account may be used frequently during an accounting period. Amounts are recorded in the debit or credit columns, depending on the type of transaction. According to the nature of the account balance, they are divided into active, passive, active-passive.

An increase in debit turnover in active accounts or active-passive accounts means an increase in the organization’s property or the availability of claims. An increase in loan turnover, on the contrary, shows a decrease.

In passive accounts, transactions are reflected in reverse. These accounts exist so that it is clear where and through what funds the organization received funds.

At the end of the period, debit and credit turnovers are summed up separately. This results in the final balance. If the amounts of debit and credit turnover coincide, then the account is closed as it is reset to zero. There are a number of accounts that necessarily have a zero balance at the end of the period, mainly these are accounts to which expenses are written off.

The meaning of debit and double entry. The point is in the name - twofold. That is, one transaction must be recorded twice, using two accounts. On the first account, the transaction amount goes to debit, on the second – to credit, and a balance is obtained. Therefore, the balance must always converge. If the total debit turnover is with the total credit turnover, then an accounting error has been made somewhere.

The balance sheet for account 60 (hereinafter referred to as OSV) is a summary of data on business transactions that are carried out using this account. The peculiarities of the formation of OSV are related to the fact that the count of 60 is active-passive. We will provide a sample of such a statement and tell you how to fill it out.

Description of account 60

Account 60 is active-passive, so it can have both credit and debit balance.

IMPORTANT! The balance must be reflected in detail, since the debit balance of account 60 is the prepayment paid, and the credit balance is the debt to the supplier for material assets, work, and services received but not paid for.

It is convenient to conduct analytical accounting for this account both in the context of subaccounts and for each supplier. Many accounting programs allow you to support such analytics. As a result, turnover is formed for the entire account, for sub-accounts of the account, and if necessary, you can always generate SALT separately for each supplier. The latest report can serve as the basis for drawing up a statement of reconciliation of settlements with the counterparty.

Formation of the statement: rules

The SALT must reflect absolutely all procurement documents, as well as all settlement documents:

Credit turnover. The credit reflects all transactions related to the purchase material assets, works, services, equipment, fixed assets. All documents issued by suppliers and contractors: invoices, certificates of completed work, invoices must be reflected in the credit of account 60. This is how the organization's accounts payable are formed. If an organization does not use account 15 when purchasing materials, then uninvoiced supplies are also reflected in the credit of account 60. It also shows the return of the advance payment from the supplier for a delivery that was not made by him.

It is described in detail how the work completion certificate should be filled out.

Debit turnover. All operations related to payment to the supplier are processed through it. This includes repayment of the company’s debt reflected in the credit of account 60 and prepayment transactions. The debit must reflect all payment orders and cash documents on the basis of which the payment was made. This also includes data on offset transactions and return of goods to the supplier.

Formation of a statement: example

Let's start compiling the SALT. As mentioned above, the balance in the statement must be expanded. There are certain subtleties associated with this when creating the statement.

Let's look at an example.

Organization A entered into an agreement with organization B to perform work and transferred it an advance payment in the amount of 11,800 rubles. (including VAT RUB 1,800) in October 2018. In November, organization B completed the scope of work specified in the contract. The organizations signed a certificate of completion of work in the amount of 11,800 rubles. (including VAT 1,800 rubles), on the basis of which organization B issued an invoice to organization A.

Postings in the accounting records of organization A:

		Description	Primary document
October 2018
60 "Advances"		An advance payment was made to organization B under the contract	Payment order
68 “Calculations for VAT”		Accepted for deduction of VAT on advance payment	Invoice for advance payment from supplier
November 2018
		The cost of work performed is reflected in the accounting without VAT	Certificate of completed work
	60 “Calculations for work performed”	VAT reflected	Invoice for work
60 “Calculations for work performed”	60 "Advances"	Prepayment under the contract has been credited	Accounting certificate
76 “Calculations for VAT on advances issued”	68 “Calculations for VAT”	VAT accepted for deduction from advance payment has been restored	Sales ledger entry
68 “Calculations for VAT”		Accepted for deduction of VAT on work performed	Purchase ledger entry

Balance at the beginning	Turnover for the period		Closing balance
	Turnover by debit	Loan turnover

Balance at the beginning	Turnover for the period		Closing balance
	Turnover by debit	Loan turnover

Balance at the beginning	Turnover for the period		Closing balance
	Turnover by debit	Loan turnover

If no postings were made between subaccounts of account 60, then SALT will look like this:

SALT for November on account 60 “Advances”

Balance at the beginning	Turnover for the period		Closing balance
	Turnover by debit	Loan turnover

SALT for November on account 60 “Calculations for work performed”

Balance at the beginning	Turnover for the period		Closing balance
	Turnover by debit	Loan turnover

SALT for November on account 60 (synthetic)

Balance at the beginning

Turnover for the period

Closing balance

Turnover by debit

Loan turnover

Results

The meaning of such a register accounting, like SALT, is quite simple: this statement shows the balance at the beginning of the period, all turnover for the period, and the balance at the end of the period. Account balance 60 must be expanded, since it affects the indicators of the balance sheet line: debit - on the amount of accounts receivable, and credit - on the amount of accounts payable.

When an organization works with suppliers on the principle of “money first, chairs later,” the prepayment must be reflected in a separate subaccount. And after the obligations fulfilled by the supplier are recorded in accounting, it is necessary to make entries within the account. These turnovers also need to be reflected in the SALT. Then the account balance will be reliable and the correct information will appear in the corresponding balance lines.

Thus, the active account reflects:

on the debit side of the account - balances at the beginning and end of transactions and business transactions causing an increase in the balance;

on the credit side of the account - only business transactions that cause a decrease in the balance.

If we denote the turnover on the debit of the account – Volume. D, and the turnover on the account credit is Ob. K, then to determine the balance of the active account at the end of the operation, you can use the following formula:

C2 = C1 + Vol. D – Ob. K. (1)

When recording business transactions in active accounts, there can be only two situations.

Situation one: the amount of the initial balance and the amount of turnover on the debit of the account must be more than the amount shown on the account credit. In this case, there is a balance at the end of business operations, which is determined by the above formula (1).

Situation two: the amount of the initial balance and the amount of turnover on the debit side is equal to the amount shown on the credit account. In this case, there will be no balance at the end of the reporting period.

The layout of entries in a passive account looks like this.

Passive account

(name of accounting object) Debit Credit

Turnover on debit account (sum of all business transactions)

Turnover on account credit (sum of all business transactions)

C2 - balance at the end of operations

Thus, according to passive account, which takes into account the sources of property formation, reflects:

on the credit side of the account - balances at the beginning and end of transactions and business transactions causing an increase in balances;

On the debit side of the account only business transactions that cause a decrease in balances are shown.

Using the previously given notations, to determine the balance of the passive account at the end of the reporting period, we will draw up the following formula:

C2 = C1 + Vol. K. – About. D. (2)

When recording business transactions in passive accounts, there can be only two situations.

Situation: The first amount of the initial balance and the amount of turnover on the credit of the account must be greater than the amount shown on the debit of the account. In this case, we have a balance at the end of business operations, which is determined by the above formula (2).

Situation two: the amount of the initial balance and the amount of loan turnover are equal to the amount shown in the debit of the account. In this case, there will be no balance at the end of the reporting period.

The balances on active accounts, which reflect the organization’s property, and on passive accounts, which show the sources of formation of this property, are then linked and respectively reflected in the assets and liabilities of the balance sheet.

But there are also active-passive accounts, which have characteristics of both active and passive accounts. In such accounts, the balance can be both debit and credit or both debit and credit (expanded balance).

It is impossible to determine the expanded balance in active-liability accounts in the usual manner; this requires analytical accounting data. Analytical accounting provides information on the status of settlements with each debtor (for example, with a buyer) and with each creditor (for example, a supplier of materials shipped on credit), i.e. the balance is displayed for each buyer and supplier separately, and then the total amount of receivables and payables is calculated).

Each business transaction is reflected in the accounting accounts twice (using the double entry method): by debit of one account and credit of another account.

It should be borne in mind that in each accounting account, business transactions are reflected systematically in the sequence of their completion, i.e. in chronological order.

The relationship between accounting accounts is called correspondence of accounts. It is expressed by recording a business transaction by debiting one account and crediting another account.

The double entry method has great control value, since the same business transaction in equal to the amount is reflected twice - in the debit of one account and the credit of another account. Therefore, in the event of a discrepancy in the amounts for a given operation, an error is identified and the person responsible for it is identified.

2. Classification of accounts and principles of its formation

Accounting accounts form the basis of the information system of an economic entity.

A large number of accounts used in current accounting require their organization and certain systematization. This goal is achieved by classifying accounts. Since they are a carrier of information and at the same time a method of obtaining it, the classification of accounts should be carried out according to various criteria. These signs should be captured economic essence accounting objects, the environment in which certain objects operate, as well as the features of the formation of an information system in the direction of satisfying the management apparatus with relevant information. Such approaches to the classification of accounting accounts are quite feasible, since the system of accounts is a fairly rigid structure, regulated and used in accounting for a long time.

Go to market economy led to the emergence of new accounting objects that were previously alien to costly management methods. In this regard, there is a need to develop new features for classifying accounts, dividing them into other groups and subgroups about property and the sources of its formation.

In the most general approach modern theory classification of accounts provides for their grouping according to two criteria:

1) economic content;

2) purpose and structure.

2.1. Economic classification

Classification of accounts by economic content (economic classification) answers the question of what is reflected in a particular account. In other words, what is the nature of the object being taken into account, how many accounts are needed for this or that object to receive full description in current accounting. Only with such compliance with the specified requirements will information about any object be necessary for users in order for the latter to make informed management decisions.

RULES FOR RECORDING IN ACCOUNTING ACCOUNTS

ACTIVE ACCOUNTS

For clarity, let’s consider an active account, which necessarily accompanies the activities of any legal entity: #51 “Current account.” This account reflects the amount of non-cash funds of a particular enterprise (in Russian rubles) that are in a bank account; any money is one of the types of property, therefore this account is active.

INCOME AND EXPENSES OPERATIONS

The above two-way table will correspond to account #51 "Current Account". An enterprise has two types of bank account transactions; expenses (withdrawal, transfer, use of funds) and income (their receipt). In accordance with the rules, incoming transactions are reflected in the debit of the active account, and expenditure transactions are reflected in the credit.

STANDARD PERIOD IN ACCOUNTING. OPENING BALANCE

(thousand rubles) 51 (A)

Debit	Credit
50000

This entry means that 50 million rubles were credited to the current account, increasing the amount of funds on it, and not anything else. Therefore, we can conclude that when active accounts are debited, they increase (it should be understood that this is not the definition of an active account, this is its property).

DEBIT TURNOVER

Similarly, all incoming transactions are reflected in the debit of the active account. Debit turnover - the total amount of all incoming transactions, which are reflected in the debit of the active account. If we assume that during the same time 17 million rubles were spent from the current account to pay expenses, then this expense transaction will be recorded as a credit to the active account (A) No. 51:

(thousand rubles) 51 (A)

Debit	Credit
50000	17000

Such an entry means that 17 million rubles have been spent (written off), reducing the current account. Therefore, we can conclude that when active accounts are credited, they decrease. (this is also a property of active accounts).

CREDIT TURNOVER

All other expense transactions are also reflected in the credit of the active account. Credit turnover is the sum of all expense transactions, which are reflected in the credit of the active account.

OPENING BALANCE

To calculate the closing balance, that is, count the amount of funds remaining in the current account, you need to subtract from the volume of debit turnover (the volume of the total amount of funds that were received) the volume of credit turnover (the volume of the total amount of funds that were spent). If there is any opening balance on the current account, you need to add it. In the example considered, this balance is zero, so the outgoing balance is 33 million rubles. It should be recorded on the left side of the table (that is, by debit), because in our case the debit turnover is greater than the credit turnover:

(thousand rubles) 51 (A)

Debit	Credit
50000	17000
33000

It should be noted that for active accounts only debit balances are always possible because you cannot use more funds than you have in the account. Funds received during the period are also added to this. If all the funds in the account have been used, including those received, then the balance will be zero and it makes no sense to say whether it is debit or credit. If funds from the account are partially used, that is, in the case when something remains on the account, the balance will be recorded in accounting as a debit and will reflect the amount of funds in the active account.
This balance in the amount of 33 million rubles will not disappear with the beginning of a new period, but will be the opening balance of the next period, in which the recording of expense and income transactions continues to be carried out in a similar way.
The term “account balance” is often used instead of the term “account balance”, and the terms “opening balance” (“balance at the beginning of the period”) and “opening balance” (“balance at the end of the period”) instead of the terms “opening balance” and “ outgoing balance."

PASSIVE ACCOUNTS

For clarity, let’s consider passive account #86 “Reserve capital”, reflecting the amount of reserve capital created in the course of the enterprise’s activities, organized in accordance with the requirements constituent documents enterprises or legislation. The formation of reserve capital occurs, as a rule, at the expense of profit, being one of the sources of formation of the enterprise’s property, therefore it is allocated to a passive account.

Operations on passive accounts, as well as on active ones, are divided into two groups: expenditure and income (replenishment). Compared to the already described process of recording transactions on active accounts, with passive accounts the situation is exactly the opposite: expenditure transactions are reflected in the debit of passive accounts, and incoming transactions are reflected in credit. Let's assume that at the beginning of the billing period the company has not yet created reserve capital (that is, the company has a zero opening balance). Over the established period, the amount of reserve capital became equal to 20 million rubles.
This operation will be reflected in the passive account (P) No. 86 as follows:

(thousand rubles) 86 (P)

Debit	Credit
20000

Such an entry means that reserve capital has been replenished by 20 million rubles, that is, we can conclude that when passive accounts are credited, this means their increase.

CREDIT TURNOVER

All incoming transactions are reflected similarly on the credit of the passive account. Credit turnover is the total amount of incoming transactions that are reflected on the credit of the passive account. Let's assume that during the same billing period the company used reserve capital funds to cover any losses from commercial operations in the amount of 7 million rubles. This operation will be recorded in the left column of the table, that is, in the debit of the passive account:

(thousand rubles) 86 (P)

Debit	Credit
20000
7000

Such an entry means that 7 million rubles were written off (spent) from the reserve capital, reducing it, that is, we can conclude that when passive accounts are debited, this means their reduction.

DEBIT TURNOVER

Other expense transactions are reflected in the same way as a debit to the passive account. Debit turnover is the total amount of expense transactions that are reflected in the debit of the passive account. To calculate the outgoing balance of the account in question, you should subtract the debit turnover (total amount of funds spent) from the credit turnover (total amount of funds received). If there is any incoming balance on this account, you need to add it. Since in our case the incoming balance is zero, the outgoing balance is ultimately equal to 13 million rubles. Its entry is carried out on a credit basis, that is, in the right column of the table, since the debit turnover is less than the credit turnover:

(thousand rubles) 86 (P)

Debit	Credit
20000
7000
	13000

Note that passive accounts only have a credit balance, so the company cannot use more account funds than it has, taking into account those funds that were received during the billing period. If during the period all funds were used, and at the end the balance on the passive account is zero, then it makes no sense to say whether it is a debit or a credit. If the balance is different from zero (that is, not all funds in the reserve capital or any other passive account have been used), then it appears in accounting as a credit balance of the passive account, thereby reflecting the exact amount of funds in the passive account.
The closing balance, equal to 13 million rubles, does not disappear with the beginning of the next billing period, becoming the opening balance of the next period. Then the recording of expenditure and receipt transactions is carried out in a similar way, being a mirror image of the order of recording transactions for the active account.

ACTIVE-PASSIVE ACCOUNTS

A feature of active-passive accounts is the presence of both credit and debit balances on them, and their simultaneous presence is not excluded. Let's consider operations with active-passive accounts using the example of account #76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors,” which is most often found in accounting for transactions with securities. This account is intended for transactions for which current instructions do not provide for separate accounts. Most transactions on the securities market are, to one degree or another, reflected in accounting using active-passive account 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors,” since no special accounting procedure or balance sheet form is provided for professional participants in this market.
Let's consider a situation where an enterprise acts as an investor in the securities market, and it carries out the purchase and sale of securities with the help of a brokerage office. In order to purchase securities, the enterprise transfers funds to the broker and gives instructions that provide conditions for the broker under which he buys securities.
Let us assume that in order to purchase a block of shares in RAO UES of Russia, the enterprise transferred 100 million rubles to a broker. After this, some time passes, necessary for the broker to complete the specified operation, so the shares of RAO UES will appear at the enterprise later (the terms are specified in the order) than the money was transferred. Thus, for some time the company has neither 100 million nor shares.
Until the broker returns 100 million rubles to the enterprise or buys shares of RAO UES of Russia for this amount, he will owe them. This will be reflected in the broker’s receivables for this amount to the company, which in turn will be reflected in the accounting records as the debit of active-passive account No. 76 (A-P):

(thousand rubles) 76 (A-P)

Debit	Credit
100000

ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE

The receivables of the counterparty to the enterprise are always reflected in the debit of the active-passive account. After some time, the broker purchased shares of RAO UES of Russia for the enterprise, fulfilling the conditions established by the enterprise, but the purchase was not made for the entire amount, but only for a part, for example, 70 million rubles. The broker transferred this block of shares (or the corresponding extract from the register) in the amount of 70 million rubles to the enterprise. Now the broker's receivables to the company have decreased from 100 million to 30 million rubles.
We find that 70 million rubles (the cost of the purchased shares) constitute credit debt. This is reflected in accounting as follows:

(thousand rubles) 76 (A-P)

Debit	Credit
100000
	70000
70000

After this, the debit balance of this account is 30,000 million rubles, which indicates that the broker has a debt to the company in the amount of 30 million rubles. Let us further assume that the broker purchased the remaining 30 million shares of RAO UES of Russia, but at the same time slightly overspent, having actually spent 30.5 million on shares, that is, he used 500 thousand of his personal funds. Thus, he seemed to have financed the enterprise. After receiving the second block of shares, this operation will have an accounting reflection similar to the first:

(thousand rubles) 76 (A-P)

Debit	Credit
100000
	70000
	30500
	500

ACCOUNTS PAYABLE OF THE ENTERPRISE TO CONTRACTORS

Thus, after implementing such accounting entry balance #76 of the account will become a credit balance (moving from the left side of the table to the right). This balance will mean accounts payable to the company's broker in the amount of 500 thousand rubles. Consequently, accounts payable to the enterprise's counterparties are always reflected in the credit of active-passive accounts.
In the future, similar transactions between the broker and the company can continue to be carried out, and the balance of the active-passive account will always show the state of the relationship between the broker and the company: who owes whom and how much

For self-checking of accounting, a balance sheet has long been invented. Balance sheet is balance, its meaning is that nothing goes anywhere in the enterprise, and assets are always equal to liabilities. The balance sheet consists of the total debit and credit turnover of the accounting accounts for the reporting period.

What are credit and debit

Debit refers to all the assets of the enterprise, that is, what it has as of the current date. This could be cash in bank accounts, cash on hand, the total cost of materials in warehouses, the amount of fixed assets, and the debt of counterparties. The higher the assets of an organization, the more successful and larger it is considered.

Liabilities or credit turnover are debts and sources of asset formation. Debts include: arrears of wages, debt to contractors, depreciation, debt to the founders or owners of the company for the distribution of profits. Sources of asset formation are, for example, authorized or other capital.

What is debit and credit turnover used for?

In passive accounts, transactions are reflected in reverse. These accounts exist so that it is clear where and through what funds the organization received funds.

The meaning of the existence of debit and credit is reflected in double entry. The point is in the name - twofold. That is, one transaction must be recorded twice, using two accounts. On the first account, the transaction amount goes to debit, on the second – to credit, and a balance is obtained. Therefore, the balance must always converge. If the total debit turnover does not match the total credit turnover, then an accounting error has been made somewhere.