Innovation as an economic category. The essence of innovation Need help studying a topic

Innovation (Latin novation - change, update) is some kind of innovation that was not previously on the market.
Innovation is a materialized result obtained from investing capital in new equipment or technology, in new forms of organizing production, labor, service and management, including new forms of control, accounting, planning methods, analysis techniques, etc.
Innovation can also be called an innovative product. The concepts of “invention” and “discovery” are closely related to the concept of “innovation”.
An invention is understood as new devices, mechanisms, tools, and other devices created by man.
Discovery is the process of obtaining previously unknown data or observing a previously unknown natural phenomenon.
The term “innovation” was introduced into scientific circulation by the Austrian (later American) scientist Joseph Alois Schumpeter (J.A. Schumpeter, 1883-1950) in the first decade of the 20th century. In his work “The Theory of Economic Development” (1911), I. Schumpeter first considered the issues of new combinations of changes in development (i.e., issues of innovation) and gave a complete description of the innovation process.
I. Schumpeter identified five changes in development: the use of new technology, technological processes, or new market support for production; introduction of products with new properties; use of new raw materials; changes in the organization of production and its logistics; emergence of new markets.
At the same time, by innovation I. Schumpeter meant change with the aim of introducing and using new types of consumer goods, new production, transport means, markets and forms of organization in industry.
According to I. Schumpeter, innovation is the main source of profit: “profit is essentially the result of the implementation of new combinations”, “without development there is no profit, without profit there is no development.”
In the modern economy, the role of innovation has increased significantly. This is due to the fact that in a market economy, innovation is a weapon of competition, since innovation leads to lower costs, lower prices, increased profits, the creation of new needs, an influx of money, an increase in the image (rating) of the manufacturer of new products, opening and capturing new markets, including foreign ones.
Today, the description of technological innovation is based on international standards, recommendations for which were adopted in Oslo in 1992 (the so-called “Oslo Manual”). These standards cover new products and new processes, as well as significant technological changes. Based on this, two types of technological innovation were adopted: product innovation; process innovation.
Product innovation covers the introduction of new or improved products.
Process innovation is the development of new forms and methods of organizing production when releasing new products. This means that the release of new products can be organized using existing technology, equipment, energy resources and using traditional methods of organizing production and management.
In Russia, the concept of innovation policy of the Russian Federation for 1998-2000 was developed. According to this document, “Innovation (innovation)” is the final result of innovative activity, realized in the form of a new or improved product sold on the market, a new or improved technological process used in practical activities.
Innovation activity is a process aimed at developing innovations, implementing the results of completed scientific research and development or other scientific and technical achievements into a new or improved product sold on the market, into a new or improved technological process used in practical activities, as well as related this additional research and development.
“Innovation potential (state, industry, organization)” is a set of various types of resources, including material, financial, intellectual, scientific, technical and other resources necessary for carrying out innovative activities.
“Innovation infrastructure” - organizations that promote innovation activities (innovation and technology centers, technology incubators, technology parks, educational and business centers and other specialized organizations).
“Innovation program (federal, interstate, industry)” is a set of innovative projects and activities, coordinated in terms of resources, implementers and timing of their implementation and providing an effective solution to the problems of development and distribution of fundamentally new types of products (technology).
Innovation is an economic category that reflects the most general and essential properties, characteristics, connections and relationships of the production and implementation of innovations.
The essence of a category is manifested in its functions. The functions of innovation reflect its purpose in the economic system of the state and its role in the economic process.
Innovation is a result realized on the market, obtained from investing capital in a new product or operation (technology, process). When implementing an innovation offered for sale, an exchange of “money - innovation” occurs. The money received by the entrepreneur as a result of such an exchange, firstly, covers the costs of creating and selling innovations, secondly, brings profit from the implementation of innovations, thirdly, acts as an incentive to create new innovations, and fourthly, is a source of financing new innovation process.
Based on this, we can say that innovation performs the following three functions: reproductive; investment; stimulating.
The reproductive function means that innovation is an important source of financing for expanded reproduction.
Monetary revenue received from the sale of innovation on the market creates entrepreneurial profit, which acts as a source of financial resources and at the same time a measure of the effectiveness of the innovation process.
Thus, making a profit from innovation and using it as a source of financial resources constitutes the content of the reproduction function of innovation.
Profit received from the implementation of innovation can be used in various ways, including as capital. This capital can be used to finance both all investments and specifically new types of innovation. Thus, the use of profits from innovation for investment constitutes the content of the investment function of innovation.
Making a profit by an entrepreneur through the implementation of an innovation directly corresponds to the target function of any commercial business entity. This coincidence serves as an incentive for the entrepreneur to innovate further; encourages him to constantly study demand, improve the organization of marketing activities, and apply more modern financial management techniques (reengineering, brand strategy, benchmarking, etc.). All of the above constitutes the content of the stimulating function of innovation.
To identify the essence and content of innovations, it is necessary to classify them.
Classification of innovations means the distribution of innovations into specific groups according to certain characteristics in order to achieve their goals. A scientifically based classification allows you to clearly determine the place of each innovation in their overall system and the distinctive characteristics of each innovation, as well as rationally organize the innovation process.
Classification of innovations can be carried out according to different schemes, using different classification criteria. In the domestic literature, there are numerous options for classifying innovation according to various criteria. Let us present the classification of innovations proposed by I.T. Balabanov1, which is based on the following system of classification characteristics: A target characteristic that gives an answer to the question of what is the purpose of innovation: solving a current problem or a future task (strategic). An external classification sign indicating the form of implementation of the innovation.
. A structural feature showing for which sector of the national economic complex or for which sphere of economic relations the innovation is intended.
The classification of innovations according to the specified characteristics is shown in Fig. 10.1.1.

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Manufacturing enterprises must constantly improve all areas of their activities, introduce various innovations due to the presence of objective factors: the growing needs of the population, competition, the development of science and technology. Under these conditions, not a single enterprise will be able to exist for any long time without noticeable improvements in its activities. The driving force behind the development of innovation at an enterprise is the desire to reduce business costs and increase profits in a fiercely competitive environment.

Hence, every enterprise has a need to create competitive advantages, and this is possible through the use of innovation.

First of all, the means, methods and organization of production are being improved. In this regard, new products are being developed, new equipment is being introduced into production, new technologies and production methods are being used, and methods and rules for organizing and managing production are being improved. Improvement of technology and organization of production is carried out through the innovative activities of the enterprise.

Innovative activity of an enterprise is an activity aimed at using the results of scientific research and development to update the range and improve the quality of products and improve the technology of their manufacture. The innovative activities of the enterprise include:

• - carrying out research and design work to develop innovation ideas, conduct laboratory research and manufacture laboratory samples of new products;
• - selection of necessary types of materials for the manufacture of new types of products;
• - design, manufacturing, testing and development of samples of new equipment;
• - development and implementation of new organizational and management solutions aimed at implementing innovations;
• - preparation, training, retraining of personnel;
• - carrying out work or acquiring the necessary documentation for patenting and licensing.

The sources of financing innovations at the enterprise are own funds (new issue of shares, profit, depreciation and cost of production) and borrowed funds (leasing loans, other resources attracted on a repayable and irrevocable basis).

Innovation is the result of creative entrepreneurial activity, which usually involves many divisions of the company and is increasingly influenced by external factors (government influence, environmental requirements, cooperation with other institutions, etc.). Innovation has its own life cycle, starting with the emergence of a new idea and ending with the introduction and approval of a new product on the market. In this cycle, six typical phases can be distinguished, with specific activities, decision situations and results characteristic of each.

Phases, as a rule, follow one after another, but cases of some parallelism (and thereby intersection) of individual phases cannot be excluded. Thus, assessments and calculations of economic efficiency must be carried out not only in the phase of searching for ideas, but also in subsequent phases. Between the process of research and development and the development of new solutions in production, on the one hand, and the introduction of the product to the market, on the other, there is repeated temporary, as well as substantive, duplication of certain tasks.

1st phase: enterprise strategy and innovation.

Strategic decisions on innovation activities can and should be made only in connection with decisions in the field of the overall strategy of the enterprise and the strategic production program. At the same time, they predetermine the initial conditions of decisions regarding the subsequent process. The strategy allows you to set the bar in advance in the innovative aspirations of the enterprise. The following strategic decisions are decisive for the innovation process:

• - selection of a market or market segment;
• - approval of the technology used;
• - selection of goods and services that should be produced at the enterprise;
• - decision regarding cooperation in development, production and sales;
• - establishing the volume and speed of the process of updating goods and services.

In this case we are talking about an ideal (theoretical) process. In the practice of entrepreneurship, the exact opposite is possible, i.e. innovations can have a decisive influence on the strategic direction of an enterprise's policy. In small and medium-sized enterprises, it often happens that a single innovation determines the development of the entire enterprise for a long time.

Phase 2: searching for ideas and evaluating them.

In this phase, creative ideas for problem solutions are sought. In this case, three search paths can be distinguished:

• - development of new ideas (idea generation);
• - critical review and modification of known problem solutions or specific solution options;
• - search for already working general or private solutions (use of known scientific and technical experience and knowledge, acquisition of licenses).

When looking for new ideas, SMEs are especially advised to frequently consult external sources of information, such as data banks, licensing intermediaries, trade fairs and research centers.

A number of methods can be used to generate ideas internally.

When using intuitive methods, the central point is the spontaneous creative generation of ideas by people with above-average intelligence, as well as special knowledge. Examples of searching for new ideas include brainstorming methods, competitions, and expert surveys.

The main place in analytical methods is occupied by logically structured procedures. These include the decision tree method, morphological methods, methods of analogies, scenarios, synectics, as well as heuristic methods.

The ideas found are evaluated: first, unsuitable ones are discarded, then the most promising ones are tested, while simultaneously identifying their potential market chances. The result of selecting the best ideas is a proposal for the production of a new product, which sets out the basis for further activities.

3rd phase: product solution.

In this phase, the enterprise must ensure that the product idea will develop a real product that can be included in the enterprise's strategic program and promoted to the market. All this requires comprehensive planning that covers:

• - setting goals and objectives for this product;
• - drawing up a time schedule for the use of resources required within this phase;
• - production planning for the enterprise as a whole;
• - sales planning with calculation of economic efficiency.

Such planning contains all the important tasks that are necessary for further analytical work within the framework of the research and development process until the successful introduction of the product to the market. Here are the points of intersection between marketing and production; areas of contact between innovation, program planning and marketing are established.

4th phase: research and development, technology transfer

In the field of research and development, the following distinctions are made: basic research is not directly related to the product, applied research is aimed at the future application of the results obtained, and during development the main interest is a specific market result. As for this area in the context of small and medium-sized enterprises, their work is usually limited to development; research in the proper sense fades into the background here.

Based on their goals, these enterprises can carry out the technical implementation of the product through their own developments (possibly research) or resort to cooperation with other companies. In principle, this task should be solved taking into account the following points:

• - final clarification of the problem and development of a fundamental solution for a new product or new service;
• - constructive development of the product up to the creation of a prototype;
• - design and preparation of production for a new product with the manufacture and testing of a prototype, production equipment and zero series.

• - exchange of scientific and technical information through participation in conferences, fairs, publication of articles;
• - transfer of knowledge through the hiring of employees with special training, university graduates;
• - joint research with other enterprises;
• - acquisition of patents and licenses for use in a special project;
• - cooperation in development.

The ever-growing influence of modern technologies on the competitiveness of small and medium-sized enterprises requires the targeted use of all available opportunities for technological transfer. Even highly effective technology leaders in their field today are rarely able to keep up with all directions of technological progress and implement the latest practical and theoretical advances accordingly.

5th phase: development of production.

Product development is complete when production can begin and all attention can be focused on the product in the manufacturing phase. The importance of this transition phase within the innovation process is most often underestimated, resulting in significant loss of time and losses for the enterprise. The following is important in this phase:

• - adaptation of the prototype to production and technical requirements;
• - familiarization of the involved personnel with technological processes, methods and new areas of tasks;
• - starting machines and equipment to established power limits;
• - search for new supply channels.

For innovation management in this phase, it is important to ensure the shortest possible time for production deployment, in particular through appropriate preparation and planning, as well as flexible implementation of goals. Reducing production preparation time often provides market advantages over competitors, and also allows you to quickly reduce costs and increase enterprise profits.

6th phase: market introduction

The innovation process ends with the introduction of a new product to the market. As empirical studies show, the introduction of approximately 1/3 of new products ends in failure, and among those introduced, only about 1/3 gives a profit above the average level, the rest only allow them to cover costs.

The introduction of goods or services to the market means checking the competitiveness of products using market tests, as well as the targeted use of marketing tools. The implementation phase ends with the successful establishment of the product on the market. Long-term preparation of the sales market for new products should be considered as a decisive prerequisite for successful implementation. This can be achieved through appropriate public relations, advertising, customer consultation, and also through the use of additional marketing tools (for example, pricing policy). In this case, the correct calculation of deadlines is important, i.e. the right choice of moment for the enterprise to enter the market with new products.

At large enterprises, before the final introduction of a new product, testing of the product and the market is carried out as early as possible in the phase of the innovation project. These tests can reduce risks, but they come at a high cost. Therefore, both product and market testing are carried out by SMEs only in rare cases. Most often, they rely here on theoretical judgments, as well as on the experience and intuition of participants in the innovation process.

Each phase of the innovation process, along with time, requires quite a large amount of money. The tasks of innovation management include managing the process in such a way as to optimally use the necessary resources. In table Figure 3 shows the approximate distribution of total costs for innovation projects in small and medium-sized enterprises. Research shows that these enterprises greatly underestimate the costs associated with the last phase - market introduction.

Table 3 Distribution of costs of the innovation process

Under innovation(English) innovation) Most often they understand “investment in innovation”.

Novation(lat. novation - change, update) represents an innovation that did not exist before. In accordance with civil law, novation means an agreement between the parties to replace one obligation they have concluded with another, i.e. this result is novation.

Innovation is a materialized result obtained from investing capital in new equipment or technology, in new forms of organizing labor production, service and management, including new forms of control, accounting, planning and analysis methods.

Innovation can also be called an innovative product.

The concepts of “invention” and “discovery” are closely related to the concept of “innovation”.

Under invention understand new devices, mechanisms, tools, and other devices created by man.

Opening is the result of obtaining previously unknown data or observing a previously unknown natural phenomenon.

Discovery differs from innovation in the following ways:

• 1) discovery, like invention, occurs, as a rule, at the fundamental level, and innovation is carried out at the level of technological (applied) order;
• 2) a discovery can be made by a single inventor, and innovation is produced by teams (laboratories, departments, institutes) and embodied in the form of an innovative project;
• 3) the discovery does not aim to gain benefits, but innovation is always aimed at obtaining tangible benefits, in particular, a greater influx of money, a larger amount of profit, increased productivity and reduced production costs through the use of specific innovations in engineering and technology.

A discovery can happen by accident, but innovation is always the result of scientific research. Producing innovation requires a specific, clear goal and a feasibility study.

The term and concept of “innovation” as a new economic category was introduced into scientific circulation by the Austrian (later American) scientist Joseph Alois Schumpeter (J.A. Schumpeter, 1883-1950) in the first decade of the 20th century. In his work “The Theory of Economic Development” (1911), J. Schumpeter first considered the issues of new combinations of changes in development (i.e., issues of innovation) and gave a complete description of the innovation process. J. Schumpeter identified five changes in development:

• 1) the use of new equipment, technological processes or new market support for production;
• 2) introduction of products with new properties;
• 3) use of new raw materials;
• 4) changes in the organization of production and its logistics;
• 5) the emergence of new markets.

J. Schumpeter began to use the term “innovation” in the 30s. XX century At the same time, by innovation J. Schumpeter meant change with the aim of introducing and using new types of consumer goods, new production and transportation means, markets and forms of organization in industry.

There are many definitions of innovation in the literature.

For example, B. Twiss defines innovation as a process in which an invention or idea acquires economic content.

F. Nixon believes that innovation is a set of technical, production and commercial activities that lead to the appearance on the market of new and improved industrial processes and equipment.

Analysis of various definitions of innovation allows us to conclude: the specific content of innovation is change, and the main function of innovation is the function of change.

The methodology for collecting data on technological innovation is based on recommendations adopted in Oslo in 1992, called the Oslo Manual.

In accordance with international standards (the Oslo Manual), innovation is defined as the final result of innovative activity, embodied in the form of a new or improved product introduced into the market, a new or improved technological process used in practical activities, or a new approach to social services .

The Oslo Manual notes that there are two types of technological innovation:

• * grocery;
• * process.

Product innovation covers the introduction of new or improved products. Therefore, product innovations are divided into two types:

• 1) basic grocery:
• 2) improving food.

Process innovation is the development of new forms and methods of organizing production when releasing new products. This means that the release of new products can be organized using existing technology, equipment, energy resources and using traditional methods of organizing production and management.

Innovation can be managed. This means that it is possible to use various methods and means of control influence, allowing, to one degree or another, to influence the course of the innovation process, to increase the duration of the life cycle of innovation, and to increase the efficiency of innovation.

Under innovation (English, innovation - innovation, novelty, innovation) we we understand “investment in innovation”.

Novation(Latin novation - change, update) represents some kind of innovation that did not exist before. According to civil law novation means an agreement between the parties to replace one obligation they have concluded with another , that is, this result is an innovation.

Innovation represents materialized result , obtained from investing capital in new equipment or technology, in new forms of organizing labor production, service and management, including new forms of control, accounting, planning methods, analysis, etc.

Innovation can also be called innovative product .

The concepts of “invention” and “discovery” are closely related to the concept of “innovation”.

An invention means new devices, mechanisms, tools, and other devices. created by man.

Discovery is the process of obtaining previously unknown data. or observation of a previously unknown natural phenomenon.

Discovery differs from innovation in the following ways:

1. Opening, as well as invention, is done, as a rule, at the fundamental level, and innovation is produced at the level of technological (applied) order.

2. Opening can be done by a single inventor, and innovation is developed by teams (laboratories, departments, institutes) and embodied in the form of an innovation project.

3. Opening does not aim to gain profit. Innovation is
always aims to obtain some tangible benefit, in particular a greater influx of money, a larger amount of profit, increase labor productivity and reduce production costs through the use of some innovation in technology and technology.

Discovery may happen accidentally , and innovation is always search result . It is not produced by accident. It requires a certain clear goal and a feasibility study.

The term and concept of “innovation” as a new economic category was introduced into scientific circulation by the Austrian (later American) scientist Joseph Llois Schumpeter (J. A. Schumpeter, 1883-1950) in the first decade of the 20th century. In his work “The Theory of Economic Development” (1911), I. Schumpeter first considered the issues of new combinations of changes in development (that is, issues of innovation) and gave a complete description of the innovation process.

I. Schumpeter identified five changes in development:

1) the use of new equipment, technological processes or

new market support for production;

2) introduction of products with new properties;

3) use of new raw materials;

4) changes in the organization of production and its material and technical
technical support;

5) the emergence of new markets.

J. Schumpeter began to use the term “innovation” in the 30s of the 20th century. At the same time, by innovation I. Schumpeter meant change with the aim of introducing and using new types of consumer goods, new production and transportation means, markets and forms of organization in industry.

According to I. Schumpeter, innovation is the main source of profit: “...profit is essentially the result of implementing new combinations”, “...without development there is no profit, without profit there is no development ».

The books of J. Schumpeter served as an impetus for the work of other scientists in the field of innovation.

In the modern economy, the role of innovation has increased significantly. This is due to the fact that in a market economy innovation represent weapon of competition , because innovation leads to a reduction in costs, a reduction in prices, an increase in profits, the creation of new needs, an influx of money, an increase in the image (rating) of the manufacturer of new products, and the opening and capture of new markets, including external ones.

Today, the description of technological innovation is based on international standards, recommendations for which were adopted in Oslo in 1992 (the so-called “Oslo Manual”). These standards cover new products and new processes, as well as significant technological changes. There are two types of technological innovation:

Ø product innovation;

Ø process innovation.

Product innovation covers the introduction of new or improved products. Therefore, product innovations are divided into two types:

v basic product innovation;

v improving product innovation.

Process product innovation is the development of new forms and methods of organizing production when releasing new products. This means that the release of new products can be organized using existing technology, equipment, energy resources and using traditional methods of organizing production and management.

Using the concept of “international standards”, it should be borne in mind that there are really no international standards, but there are standards that are applied by a certain group of countries, taking into account their jurisdiction. Jurisdiction is the legal area over which the powers of a given government agency extend. For example, in Europe there are two global legal systems: insular, or Anglo-Saxon, and continental, or Franco-German. The United States has one legal system, while Latin American countries have another. Russian official terms on innovation are the terms used in the “concept of innovation policy of the Russian Federation for 1998-2000”1, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of July 24, 1998 No. 832. These terms are:

Innovation (novelty) is the final result of innovative activity, realized in the form of a new or improved product sold on the market, a new or improved technological process used in practical activities.

Innovation activity is a process aimed at implementing the results of completed scientific research and development or other scientific and technical achievements into a new or improved product sold on the market, into a new or improved technological process used in practical activities, as well as related additional scientific research and development.

Considering this definition of innovation activity, it should be noted that it does not contain the concept of innovation development.

Innovation activities means the entire innovation process, without exception, from the emergence of an idea to the diffusion of a product.

A more precise definition of innovation activity is as follows.

Innovation activity - is a process aimed at developing innovations, implementing the results of completed scientific research and development or other scientific and technical achievements into a new or improved product sold on the market, into a new or improved technological process used in practical activities, as well as related additional scientific research and development.

1. State innovation policy - determination by government bodies of the Russian Federation and government bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation of the goals of the innovation strategy and mechanisms for supporting priority innovation programs and projects.

2. Innovation potential (state, industry, organization) - a set of different types of resources, including material, financial, intellectual, scientific, technical and other resources necessary for carrying out innovative activities.

3. Innovation sphere - area of ​​activity of producers and consumers of innovative products (works, services), including the creation and dissemination of innovations.

4. Innovation infrastructure - organizations, I contribute
for the implementation of innovative activities (innovation and technology centers, technology incubators, technology parks, educational and business centers and other specialized organizations).

5. Innovation program (federal, interstate,
industry) - a set of innovative projects and activities, coordinated in terms of resources, performers and timing of their implementation and providing an effective solution to the problems of development and distribution of fundamentally new types of products (technology).