What nickname did the tank get? "Klim Voroshilov" against a tank division

Feats Soviet soldiers times of the Great Patriotic War will never be forgotten, and so that your knowledge of the heroism of our soldiers and officers increases, we will introduce you to the KV-1 heavy tank, which the German 6th Tank Division was sent to destroy. The operation to destroy just one Soviet tank was led by Colonel Erhard Routh, who described the events long ago past years in his memoirs.

In June 1941, when the Red Army was retreating on all fronts, a dramatic battle took place near the Lithuanian village of Dainiai near the town of Raseiniai. A fifty-ton KV-1 tank shot and crushed under its tracks a convoy of 12 trucks carrying supplies to the Germans from the captured city of Raseiniai. With targeted fire, the tankers destroyed the enemy artillery, which could not inflict any significant damage on the thick armor of the KV-1. The tank was given the nickname “Ghost”, so its armor remained intact even after a targeted hit from a 150-mm howitzer shell. Routh's soldiers managed to immobilize the tank, damaging one of its tracks.

The KV-1 tank stood on the only road leading to Raseiniai and for 48 hours did not allow the Germans to pass by. It was impossible to get around the tank, since the enemy’s equipment was stuck in bolts. The Soviet tank was surrounded and blocked. It was constantly fired upon by enemy tanks and artillery, but only the firing of 88-mm anti-aircraft guns, 12 shots of which resulted in three holes, allowed significant damage to be inflicted. When the Germans approached the tank, one of the crew members was still alive, and they were able to destroy it only when they threw a grenade into the hatch. To date, not much is known about the crew members, among them were fighters V.A. Smirnov, P.E. Ershov, a certain tanker with the initials Sh.N.A. and three more tankers with unknown names.

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The KV tank, or, as the Germans called it, “Gespenst” (ghost) is a real metal fortress, but even such a reliable block could not have accomplished the feat at Raseiniai without cold calculation and hatred of the invaders. About seven centimeters of steel and one crew, which for the Germans became the personification of Russian character and unbending will - in this material.

By the evening of June 23, 1941, the 6th Panzer Division of the Wehrmacht captured the Lithuanian city of Raseiniai and crossed the Dubissa River. The tasks assigned to the division were completed, but the Germans, who already had experience of campaigns in the west, were unpleasantly surprised by the stubborn resistance Soviet troops. One of the units of Colonel Erhard Routh's group came under fire from snipers who were occupying positions on fruit trees growing in the meadow.

Snipers killed several German officers, delayed the advance of German units for almost an hour, preventing them from quickly encircling Soviet units. The snipers were obviously doomed, since they found themselves inside the location of German troops. But they completed the task to the end. The Germans had never encountered anything like this in the West.

How the only KV-1 ended up in the rear of Routh’s group on the morning of June 24 is unclear. It is possible that he simply got lost. However, in the end, the tank blocked the only road leading from the rear to the group’s positions.

The fact remains: one tank held back the advance of the Raus battle group... Moreover, it was delayed for a whole day by one tank blocking the road to the bridge over the Dubissa River, and thus deprived half of the division of supplies. A combat group is almost half of a division and, in this case, the most powerful.

Look at the composition of the battle group "Raus":

II Tank Regiment
I/4th Motorized Regiment
II/76th Artillery Regiment
Company of the 57th Tank Engineer Battalion
Company of the 41st Tank Destroyer Battalion
Battery II/411th Anti-Aircraft Regiment
6th Motorcycle Battalion

And all this against 4 people!!! The KV-1, whose crew was 4 people, “exchanged” itself for 12 trucks, 4 anti-tank guns, 1 anti-aircraft gun, possibly several tanks, as well as several dozen Germans killed and dying from wounds.

All five combat episodes - defeating a convoy of trucks, destroying an anti-tank battery, destroying an anti-aircraft gun, shooting at sappers, last Stand with tanks - in total it hardly took even an hour. The rest of the time, the KV crew wondered from which side and in what form they would be destroyed next time. The battle with anti-aircraft guns is especially indicative. The tankers deliberately delayed until the Germans installed the cannon and began to prepare to fire - so that they could shoot for sure and finish the job with one shell. Try to at least roughly imagine such an expectation.

Moreover, if on the first day the KV crew could still hope for the arrival of their own, then on the second, when their own did not come and even the noise of the battle at Raseinaya died down, it became clearer than clear: the iron box in which they had been roasting for the second day would soon enough turn into their common coffin. They took it for granted and continued to fight.

So, while escorting several of our prisoners in a car to the rear of the Germans, a super-heavy KV-1 tank was discovered right on the road, which blocked the only supply route for Routh’s group. Seeing the tank, our soldiers attacked the guards, a struggle and a shootout ensued - as a result, several Red Army soldiers jumped from the car and disappeared into the forest, and the rest were killed.

The German car quickly turned around and rushed back to the bridgehead to convey this unpleasant news for the Germans. At the same time, it was discovered that the tank crew damaged the telephone connection with the headquarters of the Nazi division and destroyed 12 supply trucks that were coming from Raseiniai.

All attempts to bypass our tank were unsuccessful. The vehicles either got stuck in the mud or collided with scattered Red Army units still wandering through the forest.

Then the Nazis decided to destroy the tank. An anti-tank battery, consisting of four 50 mm cannons, secretly moved towards the tank at a direct shot distance and opened fire. Eight hits were recorded. You should have seen the jubilation and joy of the Germans at this. But the tank doesn't care... And then, to the surprise of the enemies, the KV-1 turret slowly turns around and fires four shots. As a result, two guns were blown to pieces, and two were damaged beyond repair in the field! The German personnel lost several people killed and wounded.

The Russian tank was still tightly blocking the road, so the Germans were literally paralyzed. Deeply shocked, the German soldiers returned to the bridgehead. The newly acquired weapon, which they trusted unconditionally, turned out to be completely helpless against the monstrous Russian tank.

It became clear that of all the weapons that Routh's group possessed, only 88-mm anti-aircraft guns with their heavy armor-piercing shells could cope with the destruction of the steel giant. In the afternoon, one such gun was withdrawn from the battle near Raseiniai and began to carefully creep towards the tank from the south. The KV-1 was still turned to the north, since it was from this direction that the previous attack was carried out.

Although the tank had not moved since the battle with the anti-tank battery, it turned out that its crew and commander had nerves of iron. They calmly watched the approach of the anti-aircraft gun, without interfering with it, since while the gun was moving, it did not pose any threat to the tank. In addition, the closer the anti-aircraft gun is, the easier it will be to destroy it. A critical moment came in the duel of nerves when the crew began to prepare the anti-aircraft gun to fire. It was time for the tank crew to act. While the gunners, terribly nervous, were aiming and loading the gun, the tank turned the turret and fired first! Every projectile hit its target. The heavily damaged anti-aircraft gun fell into a ditch, several crew members died, and the rest were forced to flee. Machine-gun fire from the tank prevented the removal of the gun and the collection of the dead.

The optimism of the German soldiers died along with the 88 mm gun. They did not have the best day, munching on canned food, since it was impossible to bring hot food.

As night fell, the Germans decided to blow up the tank with explosives. For this purpose, the best sappers of the group were selected. When they approached the tank at a fairly close distance, an amazing thing became clear: several civilians (apparently from the local population or partisans) approached the tank, knocked on the turret, the hatch opened and they were given food. The crew had dinner safely and went to bed inside the tank. At this time, the Germans approached the tank, planted several powerful charges and blew it up. The next jubilation of the Germans did not last long - the tank machine gun immediately came to life and began pouring lead all around. The Nazis barely escaped!

The next attempt to attack the brave tank was made on the morning of June 25. Now the Germans resorted to a trick - they carried out a false attack with PzKw-35t tanks (they themselves could not do anything to the KV-1 with their 37 mm guns), and under their cover they brought another 88 mm anti-aircraft gun closer. The crew was carried away by the battle with nimble and light tanks the enemy and did not notice the danger. And the terrain contributed to this. The crew of the KV-1 tank was confident in the strength of its armor, which resembled elephant skin and reflected all shells, continuing to block the road.

The anti-aircraft gun took up a position next to the place where one of the same ones had already been destroyed the day before. Its barrel aimed at the tank and the first shot rang out. The wounded KV-1 tried to turn the turret back, but during this time the German anti-aircraft gunners managed to fire 2 more shots. The turret stopped rotating, but the tank did not catch fire. Four more shots were fired with armor-piercing shells from an 88-mm anti-aircraft gun.

Witnesses to this deadly duel wanted to get closer to check the results of their shooting. To their great amazement, they discovered that only 2 shells penetrated the armor, while the remaining 5 88-mm shells only made deep gouges in it. They also found 8 blue circles marking the impact sites of 50mm shells. The result of the sappers' sortie was serious damage to the track and a shallow gouge on the gun barrel. But they did not find any traces of hits from the 37-mm cannons of the PzKW-35t tanks.

Suddenly the gun barrel began to move and the German soldiers ran away in horror. Only one of the sappers retained his composure and quickly thrust a hand grenade into the hole made by the shell in the lower part of the turret. There was a dull explosion and the hatch cover flew off to the side. Inside the tank lay the bodies of the brave crew, who had previously only received injuries. Deeply shocked by this heroism, the Germans decided to bury them with full military honors. They fought until their last breath, but this was just one small drama of the great war.

Today it is difficult to imagine how much courage they showed, how hot the hatred burned in their hearts. After all, a stationary tank is a good target; it is a steel coffin for the entire crew. We will never know what the tankers said then, what they were thinking... But their actions testify that they were people of extraordinary will. The tank commander realized what a critical position he had taken. And he deliberately began to hold her back. It is unlikely that the tank standing in one place can be interpreted as a lack of initiative; the crew acted too skillfully. On the contrary, standing was the initiative. The crew could have blown up the tank so as not to fall to the enemy and calmly go to their own, to the partisans. But they made the only right decision and remained to fight their last battle.

The combat episode of the beginning of the war near Raseiniai is just one of the bright moments characterizing mass heroism Soviet soldiers during the Great Patriotic War. Eternal memory to the fallen heroes!

P.S. The description of this feat of tank crews is given according to the memoirs of that same Erhard Routh. Of the 427 pages of his memoirs, directly describing fighting, 12 are dedicated to a two-day battle with a single Russian tank at Raseiniai. Routh was clearly shocked by this tank. Therefore, there is no reason for mistrust.

P.P.S. Unfortunately, not all the names of these brave tankers are known, but most likely they were from the 2nd tank division 3rd mechanized corps. It was the 2nd Panzer Division that opposed the 6th Panzer Division of the Wehrmacht in the battles of Raseiniai. In 1965, the grave was opened. Based on the found passport surrender receipt, it was possible to restore the name of one of the crew members - Pavel Egorovich Ershov. The surname and initials of another tanker are also known - Smirnov V.A.

Thanks for watching!

KV-1 - Soviet heavy tank from the Great Patriotic War. Usually called simply “KV”: the tank was created under this name, and only later, after the appearance of the KV-2 tank, the KV of the first model was retrospectively given a digital index. Produced from August 1939 to August 1942. He took part in the war with Finland and the Great Patriotic War. The abbreviation KV stands for Kliment Voroshilov.

Tank KV-1 - video

The need to create a heavy tank carrying projectile-proof armor was well understood in the USSR. According to Russian military theory, such tanks were necessary to break into the enemy’s front and organize a breakthrough or overcome fortified areas. Most armies developed countries the world had their own theories and practices of overcoming powerful fortified positions of the enemy; experience in this was acquired during the First World War. Such modern fortified lines as, for example, the Maginot Line or the Siegfried Line were considered even theoretically insurmountable. There was a misconception that the tank was created during the Finnish campaign to break through Finnish long-term fortifications (the Mannerheim Line). In fact, the tank began to be designed at the end of 1938, when it finally became clear that the concept of a multi-turreted heavy tank like the T-35 was a dead end. It was obvious that having a large number of towers was not an advantage. A gigantic size the tank only makes it heavier and does not allow the use of thick enough armor. The initiator of the creation of the tank was the head of the ABTU of the Red Army, corps commander D. G. Pavlov.

At the beginning of V.O.V, not a single German anti-tank gun and not a single German tank could knock out the KV-1,The KV-1 could only be destroyed with the help of 105 mm howitzers and 88 mm anti-aircraft guns.

At the end of the 1930s, attempts were made to develop a tank of reduced size (compared to the T-35), but with thicker armor. However, the designers did not dare to abandon the use of several towers: it was believed that one gun would fight infantry and suppress firing points, and the second must be anti-tank - to fight armored vehicles. The new tanks created within the framework of this concept (SMK and T-100) had two turrets, armed with 76 mm and 45 mm guns. And only as an experiment, they also developed a smaller version of the QMS - with one tower. Due to this, the length of the vehicle was reduced (by two road wheels), which had a positive effect on the dynamic characteristics. Unlike its predecessor, the KV (as the experimental tank was called) received a diesel engine. The first copy of the tank was manufactured at the Leningrad Kirov Plant (LKZ) in August 1939. Initially, the leading designer of the tank was A. S. Ermolaev, then N. L. Dukhov.

On November 30, 1939, the Soviet-Finnish War began. The military did not miss the opportunity to test new heavy tanks. The day before the start of the war (November 29, 1939), the SMK, T-100 and KV went to the front. They were transferred to the 20th Heavy Tank Brigade, equipped with T-28 medium tanks.

KV crew in the first battle:

- Lieutenant Kachekhin (commander)
— I. Golovachev military technician 2nd rank (driver)
- Lieutenant Polyakov (gunner)
— K. Kovsh (driver mechanic, tester at the Kirov plant)
— A. I. Estratov (motor operator/loader, tester at the Kirov plant)
— P. I. Vasiliev (transmission operator/radio operator, tester at the Kirov plant)

The tank successfully passed combat tests: not a single enemy anti-tank gun could hit it. The only thing that upset the military was that the 76-mm L-11 gun was not strong enough to fight the bunkers. For this purpose it was necessary to create new tank KV-2, armed with a 152 mm howitzer.

At the request of the GABTU, by a joint resolution of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR dated December 19, 1939 (the very day after the tests), the KV tank was adopted for service. As for the SMK and T-100 tanks, they also showed themselves in a rather favorable light (however, the SMK was blown up by a mine at the beginning of hostilities), but were not accepted for service, since with higher firepower they carried less thick armor , possessed large sizes and weight, as well as worse dynamic characteristics.

Production

Serial production of KV tanks began in February 1940 at the Kirov plant. In accordance with the resolution of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks dated June 19, 1940, the Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant (ChTZ) was also ordered to begin production of HF. On December 31, 1940, the first KV was assembled at ChTZ. At the same time, the plant began construction of a special building for the assembly of HF.

For 1941, it was planned to produce 1,200 KV tanks of all modifications. Of these, 1000 pieces are at the Kirov plant. (400 KV-1, 100 KV-2, 500 KV-3) and another 200 KV-1 at ChTZ. However, only a few tanks were assembled at ChTZ before the start of the war. A total of 139 KV-1 and 104 KV-2 were built in 1940, and 393 (including 100 KV-2) in the first half of 1941.

After the start of the war and the mobilization of industry, the production of tanks at the Kirov plant increased significantly. The production of KV tanks was given priority, so the Leningrad Izhora and Metal plants, as well as other plants, joined the production of many components and assemblies for heavy tanks. In addition, in October, the military accepted three experimental KVs: 1 T-150 and 2 T-220.

However, starting from July 1941, the evacuation of the LKZ to Chelyabinsk began. The plant is located on the territory of the Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant. On October 6, 1941, the Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant was renamed the Chelyabinsk Kirov Plant of the People's Commissariat of Tank Industry. This plant, which received the unofficial name "Tankograd", became the main manufacturer of heavy tanks and self-propelled guns during the Great Patriotic War.

Despite the difficulties associated with the evacuation and deployment of the plant in a new location, in the second half of 1941 the front received 933 KV tanks; in 1942, 2,553 of them were built (including the KV-1s and KV-8). In August 1942, the KV-1 was discontinued and replaced by a modernized version, the KV-1s. Some of the reasons for the modernization were the heavy weight of the tank and the unreliability of its transmission. In total, 1 experimental (U-0) and 3162 production tanks KV-1, 204 KV-2 and 102 KV-8, as well as 1 T-150 and 2 T-220 were produced. Total 3472 KV tanks.

In addition, in besieged Leningrad at plant No. 371 from November 1941 to 1943, from unused reserves of hulls and turrets and units supplied from ChKZ, at least 67 more KV-1s (No. S-001 - S-067), armed with guns like F- 32 and ZIS-5. Since these vehicles were only supplied for the needs of the Leningrad Front, cut off from the " Mainland", then they were not included in the GABTU reports. The total production of KV tanks, therefore, today can be estimated at 3539 tanks.

Design

For 1940, the serial KV-1 was a truly innovative design, embodying the most advanced ideas of the time: individual torsion bar suspension, reliable anti-ballistic armor, a diesel engine and one powerful universal tool within the framework of the classical layout. Although individual solutions from this set have been repeatedly implemented previously in other foreign and domestic tanks The KV-1 was the first combat vehicle to embody their combination. Some experts consider it as a landmark vehicle in world tank construction, which had a significant influence on the development of subsequent heavy tanks in other countries. The classic layout on a serial Soviet heavy tank was used for the first time, which allowed the KV-1 to get the most high level security and great modernization potential within the framework of this concept compared to the previous production model of the T-35 heavy tank and the experimental SMK and T-100 vehicles (all multi-turret type). The basis of the classic layout is the division of the armored hull from bow to stern, successively into a control compartment, a fighting compartment and an engine-transmission compartment. The driver and gunner-radio operator were located in the control compartment, three other crew members had jobs in the fighting compartment, which united middle part armored hull and turret. The gun, its ammunition and part of the fuel tanks were also located there. The engine and transmission were installed at the rear of the vehicle.

Armored hull and turret

The armored body of the tank was welded from rolled armor plates with a thickness of 75, 40, 30 and 20 mm. The armor protection is equally strong (armor plates with a thickness other than 75 mm were used only for horizontal armoring of the vehicle), and is projectile-resistant. The armor plates of the frontal part of the vehicle were installed at rational angles of inclination. The serial HF turret was produced in three versions: cast, welded with a rectangular niche, and welded with a rounded niche. The thickness of the armor for welded turrets was 75 mm, for cast ones - 95 mm, since cast armor was less durable. In the second half of 1941, the welded turrets and side armor plates of some tanks were further strengthened - 25-mm armor screens were bolted onto them, and an air gap remained between the main armor and the screen, that is, this version of the KV-1 actually received spaced armor. This was done to enhance protection against German 88 mm anti-aircraft guns. The Germans began to develop heavy tanks only in 1941 (the heavy tank was not used in the German blitzkrieg theory), so for 1941 even the standard armor of the KV-1 was, in principle, redundant (the KV armor was not affected by the standard 37-mm and 50-mm Wehrmacht anti-tank guns , however, could be penetrated by 88 mm, 105 mm and 150 mm guns). Some sources erroneously indicate that tanks were produced with rolled armor with a thickness of 100 mm or more - in fact, this figure corresponds to the sum of the thickness of the main armor of the tank and the screens.

The decision to install “screens” was made at the end of June 1941, after the first reports of losses from German anti-aircraft guns, but already in August this program was curtailed, since the chassis could not withstand the weight of the vehicle, which had increased to 50 tons. This problem was later partially overcome by installing reinforced cast road wheels. Shielded tanks were used on the North-Western and Leningrad fronts.

The front part of the turret with the embrasure for the gun, formed by the intersection of four spheres, was cast separately and welded with the rest of the armored parts of the turret. The gun mantlet was a cylindrical segment of bent rolled armor plate and had three holes - for a cannon, a coaxial machine gun and a sight. The turret was mounted on a shoulder strap with a diameter of 1535 mm in the armored roof of the fighting compartment and was secured with grips to prevent stalling in case of a strong roll or overturning of the tank. Inside, the turret shoulder straps were marked in thousandths for firing from closed positions.

The driver was located in the center in front of the armored hull of the tank, to the left of him was workplace gunner-radio operator. Three crew members were located in the turret: to the left of the gun were the workstations of the gunner and loader, and to the right was the tank commander. The crew entered and exited through two round hatches: one in the turret above the commander’s workplace and one on the roof of the hull above the gunner-radio operator’s workplace. The hull also had a bottom hatch for emergency escape by the crew of the tank and a number of hatches, hatches and technological openings for loading ammunition, access to the necks of fuel tanks, and other components and assemblies of the vehicle.

Shot down near the Venev prison soviet tank KV-1. The tank belonged to the 32nd Tank Brigade and was destroyed on November 27, 1941 during the battle for the city. At least 20 hits of various calibers are visible on the right side of the turret, and the gun barrel is also shot through. The barrel was specially pierced by tanker German Bix, apparently from the 37-mm cannon of the Pz III tank, due to the fact that there was no other way to stop the tank. The fate of the tank crew is unknown.

Armament

The first production tanks were equipped with a 76.2 mm L-11 cannon with 111 rounds of ammunition (according to other sources - 135 or 116). It is interesting that the original project also included a coaxial 45-mm 20K gun, although the armor penetration of the 76-mm L-11 tank gun was practically not inferior to the 20K anti-tank gun. Apparently, strong stereotypes about the need to have a 45-mm anti-tank gun along with a 76-mm were explained by its higher rate of fire and larger ammunition load. But already on the prototype, aimed at the Karelian Isthmus, the 45-mm cannon was removed and a DT-29 machine gun was installed instead. Subsequently, the L-11 gun was replaced by a 76-mm F-32 gun with similar ballistics, and in the fall of 1941 - by a ZIS-5 gun with longer 41.6 caliber barrel.

The ZIS-5 gun was mounted on axles in the turret and was completely balanced. The turret itself with the ZIS-5 gun was also balanced: its center of mass was located on the geometric axis of rotation. The ZIS-5 gun had vertical aiming angles from −5 to +25°; with a fixed turret position, it could be aimed in a small sector of horizontal aiming (the so-called “jewelry” aiming). The shot was fired using a manual mechanical trigger.

The gun's ammunition capacity was 111 rounds of unitary loading. The shots were placed in the turret and along both sides of the fighting compartment.

The KV-1 tank was equipped with three 7.62-mm DT-29 machine guns: coaxial with a gun, as well as a forward and aft one in ball mounts. The ammunition load for all diesel engines was 2772 rounds. These machine guns were mounted in such a way that, if necessary, they could be removed from the mounts and used outside the tank. Also, for self-defense, the crew had several F-1 hand grenades and was sometimes equipped with a pistol for firing flares. Every fifth KV was equipped with an anti-aircraft turret for DT, but in practice anti-aircraft machine guns were rarely installed.

Attack of Soviet KV-1 tanks Stalingrad Front with infantry support

Engine

The KV-1 was equipped with a four-stroke V-shaped 12-cylinder diesel engine V-2K with a power of 500 hp. With. (382 kW) at 1800 rpm, subsequently, due to the general increase in the mass of the tank after installing heavier cast turrets, screens and canceling the planing of armor plate edges, the engine power was increased to 600 hp. With. (441 kW). Starting the engine was ensured by an ST-700 starter with a power of 15 hp. With. (11 kW) or compressed air from two 5-liter tanks in the fighting compartment of the vehicle. The KV-1 had a dense layout, in which the main fuel tanks with a volume of 600-615 liters were located in both the combat and engine compartments. In the second half of 1941, due to a shortage of V-2K diesel engines, which were then produced only at plant No. 75 in Kharkov (in the fall of that year, the process of evacuating the plant to the Urals began), KV-1 tanks were produced with four-stroke V-shaped 12- M-17T cylinder carburetor engines with a power of 500 hp. With. In the spring of 1942, a decree was issued to convert all KV-1 tanks in service with M-17T engines back to V-2K diesel engines - the evacuated plant No. 75 established their production in sufficient quantities at the new location.

Transmission

The KV-1 tank was equipped with a mechanical transmission, which included:

— multi-disc main clutch of dry friction “steel on ferodo”;
— five-speed tractor-type gearbox;
— two multi-disc onboard clutches with “steel on steel” friction;
— two onboard planetary gearboxes;
— band floating brakes.

All transmission control drives are mechanical. When used in the military greatest number It was the defects and extremely unreliable operation of the transmission group that caused complaints and complaints to the manufacturer, especially in overloaded wartime KV tanks. Almost all authoritative printed sources recognize that one of the most significant shortcomings of the KV series tanks and vehicles based on it is the low reliability of the transmission as a whole.

A unit of Soviet machine gunners before the battle. Behind the line of soldiers are two Soviet heavy tanks KV-1, project 1942, late production series. Author's title of the photo: “Penal Battalion.”

Chassis

The vehicle's suspension is individual torsion bar with internal shock absorption for each of the 6 stamped gable support rollers of small diameter on each side. Opposite each road wheel, travel limiters of the suspension balancers were welded to the armored body. The drive wheels with removable pinion gears were located at the rear, and the idlers were located at the front. The upper branch of the caterpillar was supported by three small rubberized stamped support rollers on each side. In 1941, the technology for manufacturing support and support rollers was transferred to casting; the latter lost rubber tires due to the general shortage of rubber at that time. The caterpillar tension mechanism is screw; each caterpillar consisted of 86-90 single-ridge tracks with a width of 700 mm and a pitch of 160 mm.

Electrical equipment

The electrical wiring in the KV-1 tank was single-wire, the second wire being the armored hull of the vehicle. The exception was the chain emergency lighting, which was two-wire. The sources of electricity (operating voltage 24 V) were a GT-4563A generator with a RPA-24 relay-regulator with a power of 1 kW and four series-connected 6-STE-128 batteries with a total capacity of 256 Ah. Electricity consumers included:

— electric motor for turning the tower;
— external and internal lighting of the vehicle, illumination devices for sights and scales measuring instruments;
— external beep and a signaling chain from the landing force to the vehicle crew;
— instrumentation (ammeter and voltmeter);
— means of communication - radio station and tank intercom;
— electrician of the motor group - ST-700 starter, RS-371 or RS-400 starting relay, etc.

Soviet tank KV-1 moves in the forest

Surveillance equipment and sights

The general visibility of the KV-1 tank back in 1940 was assessed in a memo to L. Mehlis from military engineer Kalivoda as extremely unsatisfactory. The commander of the vehicle had a viewing device in the turret - a PTK panorama, which had a 2.5-fold magnification and a field of view of 26 degrees, an onboard periscope and a viewing slit.

In combat, the driver conducted observation through a viewing device with a triplex, which was protected by an armored flap. This viewing device was installed in an armored hatch on the front armor plate along the longitudinal center line of the vehicle, as well as a periscope. In a quiet environment, this plug hatch could be pulled forward, providing the driver with a more convenient direct view from his workplace.

For firing, the KV-1 was equipped with two gun sights - the telescopic TOD-6 for direct fire and the periscopic PT-6 for firing from closed positions. The head of the periscope sight was protected by a special armored cap. To ensure the possibility of fire in the dark, the sight scales had illumination devices. The forward and stern DT machine guns could be equipped with a PU sight from sniper rifle with threefold magnification.

Communications

Communications included the radio station 71-TK-3, later 10R or 10RK-26. Due to shortages, a number of tanks were equipped with 9P aviation radios. The KV-1 tank was equipped with an internal intercom TPU-4-Bis for 4 subscribers. Radio stations 10Р or 10РК were a set of a transmitter, receiver and umformers (single-armature motor-generators) for their power supply, connected to an on-board 24 V power supply.

10P was a simplex tube shortwave radio station operating in the frequency range from 3.75 to 6 MHz (wavelengths from 80 to 50 m, respectively). When parked, the communication range in telephone (voice) mode reached 20-25 km, while on the move it decreased somewhat. A greater communication range could be obtained in telegraph mode, when information was transmitted by a telegraph key using Morse code or another discrete coding system. Frequency stabilization was carried out by a removable quartz resonator; there was no smooth frequency adjustment. 10P allowed communication on two fixed frequencies; to change them, another quartz resonator of 15 pairs was used in the radio set.

The 10RK radio station was a technological improvement of the previous 10P model; it became simpler and cheaper to manufacture. This model has the opportunity smooth choice operating frequency, the number of quartz resonators was reduced to 16. The communication range characteristics did not undergo significant changes.

The TPU-4-Bis tank intercom made it possible to negotiate between members of the tank crew even in a very noisy environment and connect a headset (headphones and laryngophones) to a radio station for external communication.

Modifications of the KV tank

The KV became the founder of a whole series of heavy tanks. The first “descendant” of the KV was the KV-2 tank, armed with a 152-mm M-10 howitzer mounted in a high turret. The KV-2 tanks were intended to be heavy self-propelled guns, as they were intended to fight bunkers, but the battles of 1941 showed that they were an excellent means of fighting German tanks - their frontal armor was not pierced by shells from any German tank, but by the KV-2 shell , as soon as it hit any German tank, it was almost guaranteed to destroy it. The KV-2 could only fire from a standing position. They began to be produced in 1940, and soon after the start of the Great Patriotic War their production was curtailed.

In 1940, it was planned to put other KV series tanks into production. As an experiment, by the end of the year they produced one KV (T-150) with 90 mm armor (with a 76 mm F-32 cannon) and two more (T-220) with 100 mm armor (one with a 76 mm F-32 cannon , the other with an 85-mm F-30 cannon). But things did not go further than the production of prototypes. In October 1941, all of them were equipped with standard KV-1 turrets with an F-32 cannon and departed for the front.

In September 1941, 4 KV-1 tanks (including one after repair) were equipped with a flamethrower. It was placed in the frontal part of the hull in a small extension instead of a front-facing machine gun. The rest of the weapons remained unchanged. In April 1942, on the basis of the KV, it was created flamethrower tank KV-8. The hull remained unchanged; a flamethrower (ATO-41 or ATO-42) was installed in the turret. Instead of a 76-mm cannon, a 45-mm cannon mod. 1934 with a camouflage casing that reproduces the external contours of a 76-mm cannon (the 76-mm cannon and flamethrower did not fit in the turret).

In August 1942, it was decided to begin production of the KV-1s (“s” means “high-speed”). The leading designer of the new tank is N. F. Shamshurin. The tank was made lighter, including by thinning the armor (for example, the sides and rear of the hull were thinned to 60 mm, the front of the cast turret was thinned to 82 mm). It still remained impenetrable to German guns. But on the other hand, the mass of the tank decreased to 42.5 tons, and the speed and cross-country ability increased significantly.

In 1941-1942, a missile modification of the tank was developed - the KV-1K, equipped with the KARST-1 system (short artillery missile system tank).

The KV series also includes the KV-85 tank and the SU-152 (KV-14) self-propelled gun, however, they were created on the basis of the KV-1s and therefore are not considered here.

German sappers are building a bridge over a failed Soviet KV-1 tank. Vehicle manufactured in May 1941 from the 27th Tank Regiment of the 14th Tank Division of the 7th Mechanized Corps Western Front. Initially, this tank was sent to the Kharkov Armored School in May 1941, and with the beginning of the war, as part of the tank battalion of the Kharkov BTU, it arrived in the 14th Tank Division. According to the “Report on the movement of the material part of the 27th TP of the 14th TD” on July 15, 1941, “ KV-M tank the first tank battalion, en route from repairs to the Vitebsk area along the Vitebsk highway, failed with the bridge.”

Combat use experience

Apart from the essentially experimental use of the KV in the Finnish campaign, the tank went into battle for the first time after the German attack on the USSR. The very first meetings German tank crews with KV they were put into a state of shock. The tank practically did not get through German tanks s guns (for example, a German sub-caliber projectile from a 50-mm tank gun pierced the vertical side of a KV from a distance of 300 m, and the inclined forehead only from a distance of 40 m). Anti-tank artillery was also ineffective: for example, the armor-piercing shell of the 50-mm Pak 38 anti-tank gun made it possible to hit KVs in favorable conditions at a distance only less than 500 m. The fire of 105 mm howitzers and 88 mm anti-aircraft guns was more effective.

However, the tank was “raw”: the novelty of the design and the haste of introduction into production affected it. The transmission, which could not withstand the loads of a heavy tank, caused a lot of trouble - it often broke down. And if in open battle the KV really had no equal, then in conditions of retreat many KVs, even with minor damage, had to be abandoned or destroyed. There was no way to repair or evacuate them.

Several KVs - abandoned or damaged - were recovered by the Germans. However, captured HFs were used for a short time - the lack of spare parts affected them with the same frequent breakdowns.

The HF caused conflicting assessments by the military. On the one hand - invulnerability, on the other - insufficient reliability. And with cross-country ability, not everything is so simple: the tank had difficulty negotiating steep slopes, and many bridges could not support it. In addition, it destroyed any road - wheeled vehicles could no longer move behind it, which is why the KV was always placed at the end of the column. On the other hand, the tank performed excellently on the battlefield, when organizing tank ambushes and counterattacks of German mechanized columns.

In general, according to some contemporaries, the KV did not have any special advantages over the T-34. The tanks were equal in firepower, both were slightly vulnerable to anti-tank artillery. At the same time, the T-34 had better dynamic characteristics, was cheaper and easier to produce, which is important in wartime.

In order to eliminate numerous complaints, the tank was modernized in the summer of 1942. By reducing the thickness of the armor, the weight of the vehicle was reduced. Various major and minor deficiencies were eliminated, including “blindness” (a commander’s cupola was installed). New version was named KV-1s.

The creation of the KV-1s was a justified step in the difficult first stage of the war. However, this step only brought the KV closer to medium tanks. The army never received a full-fledged (by later standards) heavy tank, which would differ sharply from the average in combat power. Such a step could be arming the tank with an 85 mm cannon. But things did not go further than experiments, since conventional 76-mm tank guns in 1941-1942 easily fought any German armored vehicles, and there was no reason to strengthen the weapons.

However, after the appearance of the Pz. in the German army. VI (“Tiger”) with an 88-mm cannon, all KVs became obsolete overnight: they were unable to fight German heavy tanks on equal terms. So, for example, on February 12, 1943, during one of the battles to break the blockade of Leningrad, three Tigers of the 1st company of the 502nd heavy tank battalion destroyed 10 KV. At the same time, the Germans had no losses - they could shoot the KV from a safe distance. The situation in the summer of 1941 was repeated exactly the opposite.

KVs of all modifications were used until the very end of the war. But they were gradually replaced by more advanced heavy IS tanks. Ironically, the last operation in which HFs were used in large numbers was the breakthrough of the Mannerheim Line in 1944. The commander of the Karelian Front, K. A. Meretskov, personally insisted that his front receive the KV (Meretskov commanded the army in the Winter War and then literally fell in love with this tank). The surviving KVs were collected literally one at a time and sent to Karelia - where the career of this machine once began.

By then small quantity KVs were still used as tanks. Basically, after the turret was dismantled, they served as recovery vehicles in units equipped with the new heavy IS tanks.

Thanks to the creation of KV tanks ("Kliment Voroshilov"), Soviet Union became the only state that in 1941 had large quantities of heavy tanks with shell-proof armor. The Germans called the KV a monster.

Searches and experiments

The main disadvantage of most tanks of the second half of the 30s was their weak armor, which was penetrated by fire from anti-tank guns and heavy machine guns. The KV-1 was different from them. It was created in 1939 under the leadership of J. Ya. Kotin. The tank had a 76 mm gun and three 7.62 mm. machine gun. The crew of the tank is 5 people. The first KVs underwent military tests during the Soviet-Finnish War, which became the first conflict where heavy tanks with shell-resistant armor were used. At that time, Soviet heavy KV tanks and multi-turret SMK and T-100 tanks, operating as part of the 20th Army, were tested at the front. tank brigade. While the latest vehicles did not take part in tank battles, which were a rare occurrence in the Finnish War, they turned out to be indispensable in breaking through enemy fortifications. The KV-1 withstood hits from almost any anti-tank gun shell. At the same time, the 76-mm gun turned out to be insufficiently powerful to combat enemy pillboxes. Therefore, already during the war, development of a tank with an enlarged turret and an installed 152 mm began on the basis of the KV-1. howitzer (future KV-2). At the same time, based on the experience of the Soviet-Finnish War, it was decided to abandon the creation of heavy multi-turret tanks, which turned out to be expensive and difficult to operate. The choice was finally made in favor of the KV.

Unmatched

As of June 1941, the KV could be considered one of the strongest heavy tanks in the world. In total, at the beginning of June 1941, there were 412 KV-1s in the Red Army units, very unevenly distributed among the troops. There is a known case in June 1941 in the Rasseney area, when one KV-1 limited the action German division for almost two days. This KV was part of the 2nd Panzer Division, which caused a lot of trouble to the German troops in the first days of the war. Apparently having used up its fuel supply, the tank took up a position on the road near a swampy meadow. One German document noted: “There were practically no means to cope with the monster. The tank cannot be bypassed; the surrounding area is marshy. It was impossible to transport ammunition, the seriously wounded were dying, they could not be taken out. An attempt to destroy the tank with fire from a 50-mm anti-tank battery from a distance of 500 meters led to heavy losses in crews and guns. The tank was not damaged, despite the fact that, as it turned out, it received 14 direct hits. All that remained were dents in the armor. When the 88-mm gun was brought to a distance of 700 meters, the tank calmly waited until it was placed in position and destroyed it. Attempts by sappers to blow up the tank were unsuccessful. The charges were insufficient for the huge tracks. Finally he fell victim to the trick. 50 German tanks feigned an attack from all sides to divert attention. Under cover, they managed to move forward and camouflage the 88-mm gun from the rear of the tank. Of the 12 direct hits, 3 penetrated the armor and destroyed the tank." Unfortunately, most of the KV was lost not due to combat reasons, but due to breakdowns and lack of fuel.

KV-1s

In 1942, production began of a modernized version - the KV-1s (high-speed), which was put into service on August 20, 1942. The tank's weight decreased from 47 to 42.5 tons due to a reduction in the thickness of the hull armor plates and the size of the turret. Tower - cast, acquired a slightly different appearance and was equipped with a commander's cupola. The armament remained similar to the KV-1. As a result, speed and maneuverability increased, but the armor protection of the tank decreased. It was planned to install a more powerful 85-mm cannon on the KV-1s (similar prototype preserved in Kubinka), but this tank did not go into production. Subsequently, on the basis of the KV-1s with an 85 mm cannon, the KV-85 was created, which, however, did not become widespread due to the switching of production to IS tanks. The soldiers nicknamed the tank "kvasok".

End of the road

In tank battles, at least until mid-1942, German troops could do little to oppose the KV-1. However, during the combat operations, the tank's shortcomings also emerged - relatively low speed and maneuverability compared to the T-34. Both tanks were armed with 76 mm guns. True, the KV had more massive armor compared to the “thirty-four”. Suffered from HF and frequent breakdowns. When moving, the tank destroyed almost any road, and not every bridge could support a 47-ton tank. The Germans acquired the Tiger heavy tank at the end of 1942, surpassing any heavy tank at that time in the war. And the KV-1 turned out to be practically powerless against the Tiger, armed with a long-barreled 88-mm cannon. The "Tiger" could hit KB at enormous distances, and a direct hit from an 88-mm projectile would disable any tank of that time. So, on February 12, 1943, near Leningrad, three Tigers knocked out 10 KB without damage on their part. Since mid-1943, the KV-1 has been seen less and less on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War - mainly near Leningrad. However, the KV-1 served as the basis for the creation of a number of Soviet tanks and self-propelled guns. Thus, on the basis of the KV, the SU-152 was created, armed with 152 howitzer guns. To this day, only a few KV-1 units have survived in Russia, which have become museum exhibits.

Thanks to the creation of the KV tanks ("Kliment Voroshilov"), the Soviet Union became the only state that in 1941 had large quantities of heavy tanks with projectile-proof armor. The Germans called the KV a monster. Searches and experiments The main disadvantage of most tanks in the second half of the 30s was weak armor, which was penetrated by fire from anti-tank guns and heavy machine guns. The KV-1 was different from them. It was created in 1939 under the leadership of J. Ya. Kotin. The tank had a 76 mm gun and three 7.62 mm. machine gun. The tank crew is 5 people. The first KVs underwent military tests during the Soviet-Finnish War, which became the first conflict where heavy tanks with shell-resistant armor were used. At that time, Soviet heavy KV tanks and multi-turret SMK and T-100 tanks, operating as part of the 20th Tank Brigade, were tested at the front. While the latest vehicles did not take part in tank battles, which were a rare occurrence in the Finnish War, they turned out to be indispensable in breaking through enemy fortifications. The KV-1 withstood hits from almost any anti-tank gun shell. At the same time, the 76-mm gun turned out to be insufficiently powerful to combat enemy pillboxes. Therefore, already during the war, development of a tank with an enlarged turret and an installed 152 mm began on the basis of the KV-1. howitzer (future KV-2). At the same time, based on the experience of the Soviet-Finnish War, it was decided to abandon the creation of heavy multi-turret tanks, which turned out to be expensive and difficult to operate. The choice was finally made in favor of the KV. Unrivaled By June 1941, the KV could be considered one of the strongest heavy tanks in the world. In total, at the beginning of June 1941, there were 412 KV-1s in the Red Army units, very unevenly distributed among the troops. There is a known case in June 1941 in the Rasseney area, when one KV-1 constrained the actions of a German division for almost two days. This KV was part of the 2nd Panzer Division, which caused a lot of trouble to the German troops in the first days of the war. Apparently having used up its fuel supply, the tank took up a position on the road near a swampy meadow. One German document noted: “There were practically no means to cope with the monster. The tank cannot be bypassed; the surrounding area is marshy. It was impossible to transport ammunition, the seriously wounded were dying, they could not be taken out. An attempt to destroy the tank with fire from a 50-mm anti-tank battery from a distance of 500 meters led to heavy losses in crews and guns. The tank was not damaged, despite the fact that, as it turned out, it received 14 direct hits. All that remained were dents in the armor. When the 88-mm gun was brought to a distance of 700 meters, the tank calmly waited until it was placed in position and destroyed it. Attempts by sappers to blow up the tank were unsuccessful. The charges were insufficient for the huge tracks. Finally he fell victim to the trick. 50 German tanks feigned an attack from all sides to divert attention. Under cover, they managed to move forward and camouflage the 88-mm gun from the rear of the tank. Of the 12 direct hits, 3 penetrated the armor and destroyed the tank." Unfortunately, most of the KV was lost not due to combat reasons, but due to breakdowns and lack of fuel. KV-1s In 1942, production of a modernized version began - KV-1s (high-speed) , put into service on August 20, 1942. The weight of the tank decreased from 47 to 42.5 tons due to the reduction in the thickness of the hull armor plates and the size of the turret, which was cast, acquired a slightly different appearance and was equipped with a commander’s cupola. The armament remained similar to the KV-. 1 As a result, the speed and maneuverability increased, but the armor protection of the tank decreased. It was planned to install a more powerful 85-mm cannon on the KV-1s (a similar prototype was preserved in Kubinka), but this tank was not subsequently put into production on the basis of the KV-1s. with an 85 mm cannon, the KV-85 was created, which, however, did not become widespread due to the switching of production to IS tanks. The soldiers nicknamed the tank “kvasok.” End of the road In tank battles, at least until mid-1942, German troops could do little to oppose the KV. -1. However, during the fighting, the tank's shortcomings also emerged - relatively low speed and maneuverability compared to the T-34. Both tanks were armed with 76 mm guns. True, the KV had more massive armor compared to the “thirty-four”. KV also suffered from frequent breakdowns. When moving, the tank destroyed almost any road, and not every bridge could support a 47-ton tank. The Germans acquired the Tiger heavy tank at the end of 1942, surpassing any heavy tank at that time in the war. And the KV-1 turned out to be practically powerless against the Tiger, armed with a long-barreled 88-mm cannon. The "Tiger" could hit KB at enormous distances, and a direct hit from an 88-mm projectile would disable any tank of that time. So, on February 12, 1943, near Leningrad, three Tigers knocked out 10 KB without damage on their part. Since mid-1943, the KV-1 has been seen less and less on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War - mainly near Leningrad. However, the KV-1 served as the basis for the creation of a number of Soviet tanks and self-propelled guns. Thus, on the basis of the KV, the SU-152 was created, armed with 152 howitzer guns. To this day, only a few KV-1 units have survived in Russia, which have become museum exhibits.