Fixed parallax. Measuring shooting distance using parallax correction, or What is parallax? See what "Parallax" is in other dictionaries

In motion, parallax means a change in the location of an object against some background relative to an observer who is in place. This term has gained popularity on the Internet. In particular, a website with dynamic elements in its design looks interesting. Parallax is a way of designing a page on the Internet, used by webmasters to attract a large number of visitors.

What is parallax like?

Parallax scrolling can be used vertically as well as in a straight line. The best example is Nintendo. Many of us remember with nostalgia computer games, represented by the movement of the main characters from the left side of the screen to the right. It is also possible to move downwards along a vertical straight line. often used on the web. To create a vertical slider, you can use JavaScript or CSS 3.

They are characterized by the described three-dimensional spatial effect. The game creators used several background layers. They differ in texture, while movement is carried out with at different speeds.

Don't think that parallax is only about creating a 3D effect. You can move existing icons on the page. Moreover, it looks quite attractive. A particularly good option is to use an individual trajectory for each of them. In this case, different icons are used, moving along different trajectories. This design attracts attention.

Picture coming to life

It's hard to find a site without images. High-quality and demonstrative drawings attract visitors. But greatest attention cause various kinds of dynamic images. Indeed, if there is movement when visiting a site, it attracts attention. The likelihood of a resource visitor returning to a dynamic image increases significantly. Did it seem like it was moving or not? Therefore, to attract visitors to the site, it is worth studying such a concept as the parallax effect.

Examples of sites with moving images:

hvorostovsky.com;
www.kagisointeractive.com.

As shown in the examples, the perception is improved by a menu that drops down into sub-items. This element saves time for visitors and is therefore attractive to them.

jQuery library

The term jQueryParallax defines the library of the same name. Thanks to it, it is easy to achieve the effect of movement in 3D format. In the jQuery library, a three-dimensional perception is created in various ways. One of them is to move background objects horizontally at the same time at different speeds. This library is characterized by the presence of a large number of different kinds of properties. And the displacement described here represents only a small part of its capabilities.

The site looks quite attractive, for the creation of which various modern elements were used. One of them is parallax. Example sites might look like this:

www.grabandgo.pt;
www.fishy.com.br;
www.noleath.com;
buysellwebsite.com.

jParallax is represented by layers that move with mouse movement. Dynamic elements are characterized by absolute ;). Each of them is characterized by its own size and movement with individual speed. This can be text or an image (at the request of the resource creators).

Site visitor perception

After this, a person usually pays attention to the fact that the page is designed efficiently, conveniently and competently. This fact usually commands respect. Sometimes curiosity arises to try other elements. There are a huge number of identical sites on the Internet. How to make your resource special?

If you like the design, the visitor will stay for a longer period. Thus, the likelihood that he will be attracted by the posted information increases and he will show interest. As a result, the person will take advantage of the service, product or promotional offer offered.

Favorite old games

The concept of “parallax” should be familiar to all fans of consoles of the 80s and 90s. This applies to games:

Mario Bros.
Mortal Kombat.
Streets of Rage.
Moon Patrol.
Turtles in Time.

That is, parallax is a technique that has been used for a fairly long period. These games are indeed remembered with some nostalgia. After all, they seem to be imbued with the character of that period.

The images on the screen are created using a technique called parallax scrolling. It is not surprising that this technique has gained well-deserved popularity. This design concept is quite warmly perceived by those who played in the 80-90s or watched their friends’ leisure time.

Parallax scrolling

Marketers of the world's leading brands have long been using various kinds of technical advances. Thus, it becomes possible to interest even a casual site visitor.

Parallax scrolling was used quite successfully by Nike. The company's original website was developed by designers Weiden and Kennedy. But this design was not preserved. The resource was gradually updated in accordance with modern trends. Activatedrinks.com is an example of a site whose design is reminiscent of the design used by Nike marketers from this period.

There shouldn't be too much dynamics

Do not forget that the design of the site is often key criterion, which guides the visitor. A poorly executed resource usually leaves the user with the impression that the owner company is not serious. But a website with various kinds of attractive design elements indicates the desire of the organization’s owners to interest visitors.

Here it is worth remembering about parallax. This is a wonderful tool. But even they shouldn’t get too carried away. Because a page on which there is a large number of different kinds of moving elements is quite difficult to understand. It is best to make the design moderately stylish and understandable.

Individual elements that require highlighting should be dynamic. There may also be a drawing that is created using layers moving one relative to another. Do not forget that a custom website is designed primarily for visitors. It should not be a masterpiece of a webmaster who has invested all his knowledge. After all, such an approach will only complicate perception.

How to create a movement on the site

How to make parallax? This question interests many website creators. It is not necessary to know the intricacies of writing tags. It is very convenient to use special resources on the Internet. From large number Available proposals include the following assistants:

Plax is a program that is quite easy to use. It tends to give the page movement by moving the mouse.
jQuery Parallax Image Slider - jQuery plugin used to create image sliders.
Jquery Image Parallax - suitable for designing transparent pictures. Through his use of PNG, GIFs gain depth while being brought to life by movement.
Curtain.js is used to create a page equipped with fixed panels. In this case, the effect of opening the curtains is observed.
Scrolling Parallax: A jQuery Plugin is to create a parallax effect when scrolling the mouse wheel.

Some more useful plugins

As you know, information has the greatest value. And what more ways to achieve what you want is known, the closer the probability of obtaining the correct result. Useful plugins used to create dynamics:

jQuery Scroll Path - used to place objects on a specified path.
Scrollorama is a jQuery plugin. It is used as a tool for attractive design of the material. Thanks to convenient scrolling, it allows you to “revive” the text on the page.
Scrolldeck is a jQuery plugin. Represents great solution, used as a presentation for websites designed as one page.
jParallax represents the movement of layers depending on the movement of the mouse pointer.
Stellar.js is a plugin with which any element is designed with the addition of a parallax scrolling effect.

Parallax with cursor snapping

This parallax looks quite impressive. Objects on a site page that seem motionless at first glance move when approached. It seems to come to life and follow the element being moved.

First you should stop at the drawing. The required image is placed in a frame, and its edges must be hidden. The method is very simple, and the resulting drawing looks quite attractive.

The parallax effect for a website is a wonderful design method. Its use indicates that due care was given to the creation of the resource. Therefore, it is worth paying attention to the services offered or information to read. Such sites look more advantageous against the background of identical, but simply designed resources.

Many questions arise in hunting circles about this word. Novice hunters who have waited for the “pink” one buy a rifled carbine and an accompanying optic for it, but not everyone understands the technical aspects of how to install an optical sight, how to shoot, and even how to choose the right optical sight, let alone the complex concepts of the sight itself and how to work with it. After a certain time, experience and “bumps” on the head, a novice hunter or shooter becomes a specialist or professional. But in a hurry, or in joy, they buy an optical sight, and then with disappointment they want to return it back, due to a lack of information or insufficient consultation on this narrow issue...

My scope is bad, it is out of focus, the image is poor, nothing can be seen clearly, etc... having heard or read pieces of information about the need for a scope with parallax adjustment, that he really needs it, or that it is the best . Let's try to expand on this topic a little, once again.

Let's turn to the network: PARALLAX or PARALLAX ERROR.

Wikipedia briefly tells us what parallax is and types of parallax.
Parallax(Greek παραλλάξ, from παραλλαγή, “change, alternation”) - a change in the apparent position of an object relative to a distant background depending on the position of the observer.
Types of parallax: Temporal - Daily, Yearly, Secular, parallax in Photography (Videofinder), Stereoscopic and Rangefinder parallax. OUR topic concerns the parallax of the video scope (sight) - this is not the height of the sight axis above the barrel axis, but the error in the distance between the shooter and the target.

What do they write on third-party sites close to our topics?

Parallax- This visible movement target relative to the reticle as you move your head up and down while looking through the scope's eyepiece. This occurs when the target is not hit on the same plane as the reticle. To eliminate parallax, some scopes have an adjustable lens or a wheel on the side. The shooter adjusts the front or side mechanism while looking at both the reticle and the target. When both the reticle and the target are in sharp focus, the scope is at its maximum magnification, the scope is said to be free of parallax.

Parallax is the apparent shift of the target image relative to the reticle image if the eye moves away from the center of the eyepiece. This occurs due to the fact that the target image is not focused exactly in the focal plane of the reticle.

Parallax is called the apparent displacement of the observed object due to the movement of the shooter's eye in any direction; it appears as a result of a change in the angle at which the object was visible before the shooter’s eye moved. As a result of the apparent displacement of the aiming pin or crosshair, an error in aiming is obtained; this parallax error is the so-called parallax.

From all this it is clear that optical sight parallax- this is a value associated with the focusing of the sight. Simply put, when YOU look into an optical sight that is aimed at some object, and when you move your head (the axis of the eye), the crosshair deviates from the aiming point and moves along the target. It can also be said that sight parallax is the internal focusing of the sight on some object at a certain distance.

Everyone who has ever taken photographs has encountered the parallax effect.. When you photograph, for example, friends against the background of some object (monument), which is located at a decent distance from you and your friends, and the camera focuses either on your friends or on the monument... then you get a photograph, either with friends in focus and a blurry monument, or with a monument in focus, but with blurry friends, especially if you have a camera lens with great depth sharpness. The focusing principle of a camera lens is based on focusing the human pupil. When photographing, you end up with two planes, friends and a monument; if you move a little or sway from side to side, the planes will shift relative to each other and you. If my friends come close to the monument (they stand in the same plane), then the focus will be the same, i.e. if you move (change position), the focus will not change and there will be no “OUT OF FOCUS”, and the photograph will be clear with all participants.

So in the sight you also have two planes, a plane with a crosshair, and a plane with a target, and in the role of a camera, your pupil, if you focus on the target, the crosshair will not be clear, if you focus on the crosshair, then the target will be blurred, as if not focused. It is necessary to ensure that the crosshair and the target are in clear focus, and when your pupil moves, the planes of the target and the crosshair do not shift relative to each other, i.e. the crosshair did not move on the target.

First we need to talk about sights. Sights are divided into two types, with and without parallax adjustment.

Sights without parallax adjustment have an internal lens focusing at a distance of about 100 meters (90-150m), or as they say with a fixed parallax at 100 yards or meters. In such sights, the target plane is ideally focused at a distance of 100 meters from the shooter, and when nodding the head, the crosshair is motionless. If the target is moved to a distance of 40 meters, or 300-400 meters, then you will also see the reticle in focus, and the target will be a little blurry, and when you nod your head, the crosshair will move a little.

Basically, there is no parallax adjustment in sights for shooting at short and medium distances, where shooting is meant at distances of up to 600-800 meters. In hunting scopes, for standard hunting...shooting at distances up to 300-500 meters is already considered decent, and parallax adjustment is not needed at all. Why? Because the error in bullet deflection at maximum parallax error at such distances is measured in millimeters, more precisely 20-40 mm, the deviation of the bullet from the aiming point. Objects of modern hunting are much larger in size, and even with the maximum parallax error, you will find yourself in the killing zone of any animal at a distance of 400-500 meters. The only discomfort may be in the perception of the target; the further away the shooting object is, the worse the clarity, even with maximum optical zoom.

Sights with parallax adjustment have an additional drum on the control unit or a ring on the lens. Such a drum (parallax adjustment drum) is usually located on the left side of the sight settings unit, but it can also be on top, it’s called ( SF- Side Focusing - side focusing). Installed on it additional accessories, for precise focusing adjustment, in the form of rings of different diameters.

The parallax adjustment can be located on the sight lens, in the form of a wide ring, called such a ring ( A.O.- Adjustable Objective - adjustable objective or adjustable lens), but sometimes the abbreviation (AO) simply refers to the presence of an internal focusing adjustment of the lens.
Sights with parallax adjustment are designed for shooting at long and ultra-long distances, when the accuracy of the shot is affected by every millimeter of parallax adjustment, wind correction, atmospheric pressure, temperature environment, altitude above sea level and much more. Shooting at such distances is more of a sport than a hunt, or a sniper’s prerogative. Of course, there are also hunting scopes with parallax adjustment, especially for hunting on the plains or in the mountains, when hunting without powerful optics (binoculars, scope, rangefinder, scope) is unthinkable, and sometimes you spend more than one hour preparing for an accurate shot.

On the lens (AO)

On the settings node (SF)

In inexpensive red dot sights parallax fixed at 40-50 meters, because targeted shooting with the help of these sights, it is carried out at a limited distance of up to 100 meters. If you take red dot sights for rifled weapons, then the parallax effect is usually absent or reduced to a minimum error (Aimpoint and EOTech), and you can shoot accurately at distances over 100 meters.

Parallax in red dot sights, is also present, but this topic is calmer, unlike optical sights. There is no parallax adjustment in collimators; it is either absent or fixed, it all depends on the brand. Here the question of functionality comes to the fore, why do YOU need a red dot sight? For a pistol, shotgun, or rifled carbine.

In the conversations of “experienced” people, when it comes to optical sights, the concept of “parallax” often “pops up”. At the same time, many companies and models of sights are mentioned, and various assessments are made.

So what is parallax?

Parallax is the apparent shift in the target image relative to the reticle image when the eye moves away from the center of the eyepiece. This is due to the fact that the target image is not focused exactly in the focal plane of the reticle.
Maximum parallax occurs when the eye reaches the end of the scope's exit pupil. But even in this case, a scope with a constant 4x magnification, adjusted for parallax at 150 m (at the factory), will give an error of about 20 mm at a distance of 500 m.
On short distances The parallax effect has virtually no effect on the accuracy of the shot. So, for the scope mentioned above at a distance of 100 m, the error will be only about 5 mm. It should also be borne in mind that when you keep your eye centered on the eyepiece (on the optical axis of the scope), the parallax effect is practically absent and does not affect shooting accuracy in most hunting situations.

Sights with factory parallax adjustment

Any sight with a fixed lens focusing system can be adjusted against parallax only at one specific distance. Most scopes have a factory parallax adjustment of 100-150 m.
The exceptions are low magnification sights, oriented for use with a shotgun or combined weapon (40-70 m) and the so-called “tactical” and similar sights for shooting at long distances(300 m or more).

According to experts, you should not pay serious attention to parallax, provided that the shooting distance extends within: 1/3 closer... 2/3 further than the distance the sight is factory adjusted for parallax. Example: "tactical" sight The KAHLES ZF 95 10x42 is factory parallax adjusted to 300 m. This means that when shooting at distances from 200 to 500 m you will not feel the effect of parallax. In addition, when shooting at 500 m, the accuracy of the shot is influenced by a lot of factors related, first of all, to the characteristics of the weapon, the ballistics of the ammunition, weather conditions, the stability of the position of the weapon at the time of aiming and firing, leading to a deviation of the point of impact from the aiming point by values significantly exceeding the deviation caused by parallax when firing from a rifle clamped in a vice in an absolute vacuum.
Another criterion: parallax does not appear significantly until the magnification factor exceeds 12x. Another thing is scopes for target shooting and varmint, like, say, 6-24x44 or 8-40x56.

Sights with parallax adjustment

Target shooting and varmint require maximum aiming accuracy. To ensure the required accuracy at different shooting distances, sights are produced with additional focusing on the lens, eyepiece or on the body of the central tube and a corresponding distance scale. This focusing system allows you to combine the target image and the image of the aiming mark in the same focal plane.
To eliminate parallax at a selected distance, you must do the following:
1. The image of the aiming mark must be clear. This must be achieved using your scope's focusing mechanism (diopter adjustment).
2. Measure the distance to the target in some way. By turning the focusing ring on the lens or the handwheel on the body of the central tube, set the measured distance value opposite the corresponding mark.
3. Securely secure the weapon in the most stable position and look through the scope, concentrating on the center of the reticle. Raise your head slightly and then lower your head. The center of the aiming mark must be absolutely motionless in relation to the target. Otherwise, perform additional focusing by rotating the ring or drum until the movement of the mark center is completely eliminated.
The advantage of sights with parallax adjustment on the body of the central tube or on the eyepiece is that when adjusting the sight, the shooter does not need to change position when preparing to shoot.

Instead of output

Nothing happens for nothing. The appearance of an additional adjustment unit in the sight cannot but affect the overall reliability of the design, and, if properly executed, the price. In addition, the need arises to think about additional settings in stressful situation cannot but affect the accuracy of your shot, and then you yourself, and not your sight, will be to blame for the miss.

The above values are taken from materials provided by (USA) and (Austria).

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The company "World Hunting Technologies" is official representative on the territory of the Russian Federation, optical sights of the brands Kahles, NightForce, Leapers, Schmidt&Bender, Nikon, AKAH, Docter. But in our assortment you can also find sights from other famous manufacturers. All scopes sold by us come with a full manufacturer's warranty.

Modern optical sights for all types of hunting, sporting, benchrest, varmint, sniping, tactical use and for installation on pneumatics. Sales, selection of brackets, installation and warranty (post-warranty) service of optical sights in St. Petersburg and throughout Russia!

Technical On-Line consultations on sights- Alekseev Yuri Anatolyevich (9:00 - 23:00 MSK):
Tel. 8-800-333-44-66 - free call throughout Russia:
Extension numbers - 206 (forwarding to my mobile)
Skype: wht_alex

Parallax - a phenomenon detected when observing the surrounding space, which consists in a visible change in the position of some fixed objects relative to others located at different distances from each other, when the observer’s eye moves. We encounter the phenomenon of parallax at every step. For example, looking out of the window of a moving train, we notice that the landscape seems to rotate around a distant center in the direction reverse movement trains. Near objects move out of the field of view faster than distant objects, which is why the landscape appears to be rotating. If objects lie in the same plane, then parallax will disappear, there will be no different movements of objects relative to each other when the eye moves.

Parallax in sights is the discrepancy between the plane of the target image formed by the lens and the plane of the sighting reticle. Tilting the reticle causes parallax at the edges of the field of view. This is called oblique parallax. The lack of a flat target image in the sight over the entire field of view, due to poor-quality manufacturing of the lenses and sight assembly, or due to significant aberrations of the optical system, causes “irremovable parallax.” Typically, a sight is made in such a way that the image of a target 100-200 m distant is projected by the lens into the plane where the aiming reticle is located. In this case, the parallax range seems to be halved between distant and near targets. As the target approaches the shooter, its image also moves closer to the shooter (in an optical system, the target and its image move in the same direction). Thus, in the general case, a sight is characterized by a mismatch between the target image and the reticle. When the eye moves perpendicular to the axis of the sight, the target image moves in most cases in the same direction relative to the center of the reticle. The target seems to “move” away from the aiming point; when tilting or shaking the head, it “darts” around the aiming point. In addition, the reticle and the target are not clearly visible at the same time, which worsens the comfort of aiming and minimizes the main advantage of a telescopic sight over a conventional one. Because of this, a sight without focusing on the firing distance (without a parallax elimination device) allows for a highly accurate shot only at one specific distance. A high-quality scope with a magnification greater than 4x must have a device to eliminate parallax. Without this, it is quite difficult to find and keep the eye in the desired position, on the line connecting the aiming mark and the point on the target; the reticle is generally not in the center of the field of view. A slight movement of the reticle along with the target image can be detected when shaking the head, especially when the eye moves away from the calculated position of the exit pupil, which is explained by the presence of distortion in the sight eyepiece. This can only be eliminated in scopes that have a parabolic lens in the eyepiece. Focusing a sight is the operation of setting the image produced by the lens in a given plane - the plane of the aiming reticle. The relationship between the longitudinal shift of the focusing lens and the amount of image displacement is determined by calculation. Typically, scopes either move the entire lens or an internal component located near the reticle. A scale indicating the focusing distance in meters is applied to the lens frame of the sight. By moving the lens to the desired division (firing distance), you eliminate parallax. A sight containing a focusing device is, of course, a more high-quality and complex product, since the moving lens must maintain its position in space relative to its own axis, that is, keep the line of sight unchanged. This centering of the lens focusing component relative to the geometric axis of the lens tube is achieved by maintaining close tolerances in the manufacturing of the focusing component.

How do you know if your scope is parallax corrected or not? Very simple. It is necessary to point the center of the sight reticle at an object located at infinity, fix the sight, and, moving the eye along the entire exit pupil of the sight, observe the relative position of the object image and the sight reticle. If the relative position of the object and the reticle does not change, then you are very lucky - the sight is corrected for parallax. People with access to laboratory optical equipment can use an optical bench and a laboratory collimator to create an infinitely distant point of view. The rest can use a sighting machine and any small object located at a distance of more than 300 meters. The same in a simple way you can determine the presence or absence of parallax in red dot sights. The absence of parallax in these sights is a big plus, since the aiming speed in such models increases significantly due to the use of the entire diameter of the optics.

Due to the wide spread among people close to shooting sports (a sniper is also an athlete) and hunting, a large number of different optical instruments (binoculars, spotting scopes, telescopic and collimator sights) questions increasingly began to arise related to the quality of the image provided by such devices, as well as about the factors affecting the accuracy of aiming.

Let's start with the concept aberrations. Any real optical-mechanical device is a degraded version of an ideal device, manufactured by man from some materials, the model of which is calculated based on the simple laws of geometric optics. Thus, in an ideal device, each point of the object under consideration corresponds to a certain point in the image. In fact, this is not so. A point is never represented by a dot. Errors or errors in images in an optical system, caused by deviations of the beam from the direction in which it would go in an ideal optical system, are called aberrations. There are different types of aberrations. Most common the following types aberrations of optical systems: spherical aberration, coma, astigmatism And distortion. Aberrations also include the curvature of the image field and chromatic aberration (associated with the dependence of the refractive index of the optical medium on the wavelength of light).

Spherical aberration - manifests itself in the mismatch of the main foci for light rays passing through an axisymmetric system (lens, objective, etc.) at different distances from the optical axis of the system. Due to spherical aberration, the image of a luminous point does not look like a point, but a circle with a bright core and a halo weakening towards the periphery. Correction of spherical aberration is carried out by selecting a certain combination of positive and negative lenses that have the same aberrations, but with different signs. Spherical aberration can be corrected in a single lens using aspherical refractive surfaces (instead of a sphere, for example, the surface of a paraboloid of revolution or something similar).

Coma. The curvature of the surface of optical systems, in addition to spherical aberration, also causes another error - coma. Rays coming from an object point lying outside the optical axis of the system form a complex asymmetric scattering spot in the image plane in two mutually perpendicular directions, resembling a comma in appearance (comma, English - comma). In complex optical systems, coma is corrected together with spherical aberration by selecting lenses.

Astigmatism lies in the fact that the spherical surface of a light wave can be deformed when passing through an optical system, and then the image of a point that does not lie on the main optical axis of the system is no longer a point, but two mutually perpendicular lines located on different planes at some distance from each other friend. Images of a point in sections intermediate between these planes have the form of ellipses, one of them has the shape of a circle. Astigmatism is caused by the uneven curvature of the optical surface in different cross-sectional planes of the light beam incident on it. Astigmatism can be corrected by selecting lenses so that one compensates for the astigmatism of the other. Astigmatism (as well as any other aberrations) can also occur in the human eye.

Distortion is an aberration that manifests itself in a violation of the geometric similarity between the object and the image. It is due to the uneven linear optical magnification in different areas of the image. Positive distortion (the increase in the center is less than at the edges) is called pincushion distortion. Negative - barrel-shaped.
The curvature of the image field is that the image of a flat object is sharp not in the plane, but on a curved surface. If the lenses included in the system can be considered thin, and the system is corrected for astigmatism, then the image of the plane perpendicular to the optical axis of the system is a sphere of radius R, and 1/R=, where fi- focal length of the i-th lens, ni is the refractive index of its material. In a complex optical system, field curvature is corrected by combining lenses with surfaces of different curvatures so that the value of 1/R is zero. Chromatic aberration is due to the dependence of the refractive index transparent media on the wavelength of light (light dispersion). As a result of its manifestation, the image of an object illuminated by white light becomes colored. To reduce chromatic aberration in optical systems, parts with different dispersion are used, which leads to mutual compensation of this aberration..."(c)1987, A.M. Morozov, I.V. Kononov, "Optical Instruments", M., VSh, 1987

Let's leave aside the physics of the parallax phenomenon (those who are interested will find where to read about it). The main thing is that it exists and makes life difficult for fans of pneumatics and crossbows. Not only is it inconvenient to aim, but also your accuracy suffers greatly.

This is what the displacement of the point of impact looks like when classic parallax “moons” appear.

Where does it even come from, who is to blame and what to do?

This is caused by the desire of airgunners and some crossbow shooters to acquire “cool” long-focal sights with high magnification. It is they who, at short distances (typical for this weapon), are extremely susceptible to the appearance of moons, the image floating away, etc. And it is precisely on them that manufacturers have to resort to complicating the design by introducing parallax adjustment (focusing) mechanisms. Both using simple AO technology (on the lens) and high-quality SF technology (the adjustment flywheel is sometimes a real steering wheel on the side of the sight).

Why the hell would a crossbow or a regular pneumatic spring-piston rifle, intended for plinking or hunting, have a 9 or even 12-fold scope? Okay, with high-precision shooting carried out from a rest and even from a machine. When shooting handheld, often offhand, we, in addition to parallax, get a cross jumping across a huge target and the resulting desire to “catch” its center, which is one of the main aiming errors. But for some reason this problem is not very relevant for firearms specialists.

What does it look like on a rifled firearm, for which the OP was originally intended? Firstly, shooting is carried out at distances from 100, well, even from 50 meters, at which parallax is no longer observed. Secondly, the multiplicity of military and hunting samples is usually low. The PSO-1 (SVD) sniper scope has 4x24 characteristics.

I (not on a pneumatic) have a more modern “civilian” version 6x36, and its acquisition was caused by age-related vision deterioration. Here, the lens aperture is higher due to the larger aperture, but most importantly, there is a dioptric adjustment of the eyepiece (the same wheel with the “plus” and “minus” signs). Basically, shooting is carried out at distances from 80 to 200 m (direct shot), and then in a real hunt no one will shoot, although the diameter of the circle coincides with the killing zone large animal, is at least 15 cm (5 MOA!). Enthusiasts of high-precision shooting, varmint hunting, and some types of mountain hunting actually use powerful OPs, but in the vast majority of cases, shooting is carried out from point-blank range, at serious distances, from completely different weapons, plus the arrows are no match for us. And, as a rule, they have SF mechanics for parallax adjustment.

On all hunting crossbows, including high-end ones, the standard scope also has modest 4x32 characteristics (see “ “). Just because effective shooting distances are from 20 to 50 meters. In addition, if in crossbow sports the diameter of the “ten” is 4.5 mm (!), then the kill zone of a wild boar or deer is the same 15 cm. Well, why is the 9x multiplicity here?

By the way, for sporting crossbows (as well as rifles) - you will laugh - any optics are generally prohibited, and good old “ring” sights are used. Imagine the level shooting training professional crossbowmen and bullet shooters, almost the majority of whom are girls!

In general, if you are not a fan of BR and other high-precision disciplines, choose a maximum of 6x scope. As an example - “Pilad P4x32LP”, with “tactical” adjustment drums, diopter adjustment and reticle illumination.

These options are quite sufficient. Pancratic sights are initially more delicate, and a high magnification at any reasonable distances, even for a “supermagnum”, is generally not needed, except when shooting at matches (there is such a thing). By by and large, the sight in the top photo is nothing more than a “pen” known to all firearms, successfully used in round-up hunts of wild boar or deer at distances of up to 150 meters.

Moreover, the letter “P” in the name indicates that the sight is also intended for spring-piston pneumatics. Which is characterized by the phenomenon of so-called “double” (multidirectional) recoil, which is not found on any other type of weapon.

Good resistance to troubles from budget options They also showed “Leepers” sights (not long-focus lenses). For money that is quite reasonable in these days, you can buy a device quite high level(pictured “Leapers Bug Buster IE 6X32 AO Compact”).

In addition to diopter adjustment to suit the particular vision, there are already coated optics, multi-color stepped illumination of the “mildot” reticle, a sealed nitrogen-filled housing, “tactical” correction drums and, most importantly, parallax adjustment.

In general, keep in mind that the complication of the design due to the introduction of additional options (variable magnification, parallax adjustment) worsens the survivability of most OPs in the budget segment. Really high-quality optical-mechanical devices cost completely different money, for which you can buy a bag of ordinary air rifles or a couple of crossbows.

Two main errors when aiming also lead to the phenomenon of parallax:

Suboptimal distance of the pupil from the eyepiece lens.
Displacement of the pupil from the optical axis of the OP (off-center)

The first is treated by adjusting the distance when installing the sight. Simply put, move the loose OP back and forth until the image lines up with the inside diameter of the spotting scope, with no dark area around the edges of the image.

The second is quite easy to correct through training. Practice the correct position (possibly without shooting): throw the rifle into the firing position and take aim. And so dozens of times, every day. Until you automatically start setting the pupil clearly in the center of the eyepiece.

A little secret that, oddly enough, not everyone knows about. Take a closer look at the behavior of clay pigeon shooters. They tilt their head in advance to the position it will take when aiming, and then raise the weapon, and the comb of the butt simply takes its place. permanent place under the cheek. At the same time, you no longer need to move your head, trying to find the right position.