Russian-Turkish War of 1677-1681 briefly. Russo-Turkish wars

Plan
Introduction
1 Background
2 Progress of the war
2.1 Occupation of Chigirin by Russian troops
2.2 Capture of Chigirin by the Ottoman army

3 Peace negotiations and conclusion of the Bakhchisarai Peace

Russian- Turkish war (1676-1681)

Introduction

1. Background

The cause of the war was an attempt Ottoman Empire intervene in the Russian-Polish confrontation and seize control of Right Bank Ukraine. In 1656, the post of Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire was seized by active man Mehmed Köprülü, who managed to strengthen the discipline of the army and inflict several defeats on the enemies. Austria was forced to conclude a peace in Vasvara, which was not particularly beneficial for it, in 1664; in 1669, the Ottomans conquered Crete.

In 1669, the hetman of Right Bank Ukraine Pyotr Doroshenko became a vassal of the Ottoman Empire. Relying on a new ally, in 1672 Sultan Mehmed IV sent three hundred thousand troops to Trans-Dnieper Ukraine, which crossed the Danube in the spring. First battle between the Ottomans and Polish troops together with the Cossacks loyal to Poland under the command of Hetman Khanenko took place at Batoga, and the Poles were completely defeated. In August of the same year, the Ottomans, together with Crimean Tatars took possession of Kamenets-Podolsk, killed a lot of residents, and took others into slavery.

After the capture of Podolia as a result of the Polish-Turkish War of 1672-1676, the Ottoman government sought to extend its rule over the entire Right Bank of Ukraine.

Doroshenko’s pro-Ottoman policy caused discontent among a significant part of the Ukrainian Cossacks, who in 1674 elected the hetman of Left Bank Ukraine Ivan Samoilovich as the sole hetman of Ukraine.

2. Progress of the war

2.1. Occupation of Chigirin by Russian troops

In 1676, Doroshenko with a 12,000-strong detachment captured Chigirin, counting on the approach of the Ottoman army, but in the spring of 1676, Russian-Ukrainian troops under the command of Samoilovich and the Russian military leader Grigory Romodanovsky besieged Chigirin and forced Doroshenko to capitulate. Leaving a garrison in Chigirin, the Russian-Ukrainian troops retreated to the left bank of the Dnieper. The Ottoman Sultan appointed Yuri Khmelnitsky, who was in his captivity, as hetman of Right Bank Ukraine and in July 1677, he moved the 120,000-strong Ottoman-Crimean army of Ibrahim Pasha to Chigirin. The Russian garrison of Chigirin withstood a 3-week siege, and the approaching troops of Samoilovich and Romodanovsky (52-57 thousand people) on August 28 (September 7) defeated the Turkish-Tatar troops near Buzhin and forced them to retreat.

2.2. Capture of Chigirin by the Ottoman army

At the insistence of Romodanovsky and Samoilovich, Chigirin was fortified and made a bulwark against the future invasion of the Ottomans. I. I. Rzhevsky was appointed governor of Chigirin. He took with him a fairly significant detachment of troops, many supplies of grain, gunpowder and weapons. The attack of the Ottoman army did not take long to arrive: in July 1678, the Ottoman-Crimean army (about 200 thousand people) of the Grand Vizier Kara-Mustafa besieged Chigirin. Russian-Ukrainian troops (120 thousand people) under the command of Romodanovsky and Samoilovich defeated the Ottoman barrier, but then acted slowly and indecisively and approached Chigirin on August 11 (21), when the Ottoman troops had already managed to capture it. The Ottomans blew up Chigirin, exterminated the Moscow and Cossack detachments that were there, burned and destroyed the city to the ground. The Russian army left Chigirin to its fate and retreated across the Dnieper, throwing back the Ottoman troops that were pursuing it. Romodanovsky was recalled to Moscow, while Samoilovich was left alone on the right side of the Dnieper. He himself soon returned to the left bank of the Dnieper, but his son Semyon burned out all the villages, towns and towns on the right side so that there would be no refuge for enemy people in the future. The Ottomans left for the Danube before this time, now after the burning of Chigirin (see Chigirin's campaigns).

3. Peace negotiations and conclusion of the Bakhchisarai Peace

In 1679-1680, Russian troops repelled the attacks of the Crimean Tatars. Moscow was very afraid of a new campaign by the Ottoman troops, and in order to prevent it and the attack of the Crimean Khan, nobleman Daudov was sent to Constantinople in December 1678 with a proposal to restore friendly relations. Hetman Samoilovich, who was contacted about this, also sympathized with the idea of ​​concluding peace with the Ottoman Empire and Crimea. They sympathized with peace in the Ottoman state itself.

In the fall of 1679, Daudov returned with a letter from the Grand Vizier, who demanded that a special envoy be sent to negotiate peace and proposed, for his part, to send an envoy to Crimea to conduct peace negotiations.

At the end of 1679, Sukhotin and clerk Mikhailov were sent from Moscow to Khan Murad Giray in Crimea, but this embassy ended in nothing, since clerk Mikhailov willfully left Sukhotin and went to Moscow.

In August 1680, the steward Vasily Tyapkin, who had previously visited Poland and was already a fairly experienced diplomat, the clerk Nikita Zotov and the Little Russian general clerk Semyon Rakovich were sent.

After much effort, and the khan threatened them with torture, the envoys concluded an agreement on the following terms:

· the truce should last 20 years, starting on January 3, 1681; the border should be the Dnieper River;

· according to old paintings, the khan is given the treasury immediately for 3 years, and then annually; for 20 years, the area between the Southern Bug and the Dnieper must remain empty;

· the sultan and khan do not have the right to build or renew cities there, or establish new settlements;

· Crimeans and Nogais have the right to roam and hunt on both banks of the Dnieper, as well as Little Russian Cossacks, who will be allowed to travel all the way to the Black Sea for fishing;

· Kyiv with adjacent towns, cities and villages, Vasilkov, Trypillya, Stayki below Kyiv and Dedovshchina and Radomysl above, remain in the power of Moscow;

· Zaporozhye Cossacks are considered to be on the side of the Moscow state, and the Sultan and Khan have nothing to do with them;

· the royal title must be written correctly, prisoners must be exchanged or ransomed;

· the sultan and khan should not help the royal enemies.

The peace treaty concluded in the capital of Crimea, Bakhchisarai, needed approval by the Ottoman Sultan. For this purpose, in 1681, the clerk Voznitsyn went to Constantinople. In Constantinople they did not agree only to include in the agreement a clause according to which Zaporozhye was considered to belong to the Tsar of Moscow. Voznitsyn did not want to recognize the treaty without this clause, but in the end, on the advice of the Patriarch of Constantinople, he did, and Moscow was very pleased with this peace treaty.

XVII century was very difficult for Russia in foreign policy terms. He spent almost all of his time in long wars.

Main directions foreign policy Russia in the 17th century: 1) providing access to the Baltic and Black Seas; 2) participation in the liberation movement of the Ukrainian and Belarusian peoples; 3) achieving security of the southern borders from the raids of the Crimean Khan.

Russia was significantly weakened at the beginning of the century by the Polish-Swedish intervention and the socio-political crisis within the country, so it did not have the opportunity to simultaneously solve all three problems. The primary goal of Moscow in the 17th century. was the return of lands that were torn away from Russia by Polish-Swedish troops. Particularly important for Russia was the return of Smolensk, which ensured the security of the country’s western borders. A favorable situation for the fight against the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth for the return of Smolensk developed in the 30s. At this time, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was at war with the Ottoman Empire and Crimea, and the main European powers were drawn into the Thirty Years' War.

In 1632, after the death of Sigismund III, kinglessness began in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Russia took advantage of the situation and started a war with Poland for the liberation of Smolensk. But at this stage it was not possible to return Smolensk. The Russian campaign proceeded extremely slowly, as the government feared an attack by the Crimean Khan on the southern districts. The siege of the city dragged on, which allowed the Poles to prepare a response. The attack of the Crimean Tatars on the Ryazan and Belevsky districts in 1633 demoralized the government troops, which consisted mostly of poorly trained serfs and peasants mobilized into the army.

Ukrainian and Belarusian lands were under the authority of the Polish state. The Cossacks who inhabited these lands were the main force of anti-Polish protests. The Cossacks, dissatisfied with the domination of the Poles, organized their own center - the Zaporozhye Sich.

In 1648-1654. was going on liberation movement Ukrainian people under the leadership of B. Khmelnitsky. This movement has also developed in Belarus. B. Khmelnitsky placed great hopes on help from Russia. But only in 1653 Zemsky Sobor in Moscow, decided to include Ukrainian lands into Russia and declare war on Poland.

In 1654, the Ukrainian Rada took the oath of allegiance to the Russian Tsar. The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth did not accept this. From 1654 to 1657 passed new stage Russian-Polish war. According to the new peace treaty, Left Bank Ukraine, together with Kiev, went to Russia. Right-bank Ukraine and Belarus came under Polish rule.

Russia also received Smolensk, Chernigov, and Seversk land. In 1686, a perpetual peace was concluded between Russia and Poland, which consolidated Russia's conquests.

The end of the war with Poland allowed Russia to repel the aggressive policy of the Ottoman Empire and its vassal, the Crimean Khanate.

Russian-Turkish War (1677-1681):

1) On August 3, 1677, Ottoman-Crimean troops began the siege of the Chigirin fortress, located in Right Bank Ukraine;

2) in the battle of Buzhin, Russian-Ukrainian troops completely defeated the Crimean-Ottoman army, the siege of the fortress was lifted;

3) in July 1678, the Ottomans again besieged Chigirin. Russian troops desperately resisted. After the siege and capture, the fortress remained in ruins. Russian and Ukrainian troops retreated to the Dnieper;

4) campaign of 1677-1678. greatly weakened the Ottomans. On January 13, 1681, the Treaty of Bakhchisarai was concluded, which established a 20-year truce.

The Second Russo-Turkish War was provoked by an attempt by the Ottoman Empire to gain control over the territory of Right Bank Ukraine and intervene and the confrontation between Russia and Poland. Major events Russian-Turkish war 1676 - 1681 concentrated at Chigirin, which was the capital of the Ukrainian Cossacks. The city was captured in 1676 by Hetman Doroshenko, who relied on the support of Turkey. Later, Chigirin was recaptured by the troops of Prince Romodanovsky and Hetman Samoilovich. According to the Bakhchisarai Peace Treaty concluded in the winter of 1681, the border between Russia and Turkey along the lower reaches of the Dnieper was established.

The first major Russian-Turkish clash in history was a direct continuation of the struggle of the great powers for Ukraine. Having waited for the mutual exhaustion of Russia and Poland, the Ottoman Empire entered into a dispute over Ukrainian lands. The initiator of Turkey's involvement in the conflict was Petro Doroshenko, who was elected hetman of Right Bank Ukraine in 1665. He declared himself a subject Turkish Sultan in order to oust both Russians and Poles from Ukraine with the help of the Janissaries.

After the Andrusov Truce, Doroshenko, using the dissatisfaction of a significant part of the Cossacks with the division of Ukraine, attempted to extend his influence to the left side of the Dnieper. Promising to cede his power to Bryukhovetsky, Doroshenko convinced the Left Bank hetman to abandon Moscow. Separatist sentiments on the left bank were also supported by the top of the local clergy, who did not want to submit to the Moscow Patriarchate. In February 1668, Bryukhovetsky rebelled, which was accompanied by the extermination of part of the Russian garrisons on the Left Bank. The Crimean Tatars and Doroshenko soon came to the aid of the rebels, who, instead of the promised power, destroyed his accomplice and competitor. Having temporarily become hetman on both sides of the Dnieper, Doroshenko announced the transition of Ukraine to Turkish citizenship.

However, Doroshenko did not engage in battle with the troops of governor Grigory Romodanovsky who came to the Left Bank, but retreated beyond the Dnieper. His accomplice, Hetman Demyan Mnogohreshny, remained in Left-Bank Ukraine, and soon went over to Moscow’s side without resistance. But the conflict on both sides of the Dnieper continued. On the Right Bank, Doroshenko entered into a struggle with other contenders for power - hetmans Khanenko and Sukhoveenko. On the Left Bank, a number of Cossack regiments did not recognize Mnogogreshny and stood behind Doroshenko. Finally, in 1672, a huge Crimean-Turkish army came to the aid of Doroshenko, which defeated the Poles and secured the Right Bank.

After the departure of the Sultan's army, the Crimean Khan began to support Doshenko's power. Feeling the “charms” of Crimean-Turkish domination, under which the Right Bank was completely devastated, Doroshenko tried to establish contacts with Moscow and asked for its citizenship. However, the Cossacks, dissatisfied with him, elected the new hetman of Left Bank Ukraine, Ivan Samoilovich, as the leader of both sides of the Dnieper.

In 1676, Russian-Ukrainian troops under the command of the steward Grigory Kosogov and the bully Leonty Polubotok took the hetman's capital of the Right Bank - Chigirin and captured Doroshenko. Thus, an attempt was again made to liberate the Right Bank, this time from the Crimean-Turkish occupation. But the Ottoman Empire was not going to part with its new possession. In the summer of 1677, the Sultan sent a 120,000-strong army under the command of Ibrahim Pasha to Right Bank Ukraine. The main battles of this war took place in 1677-1678 in the Chigirin area. They became the first major clash between the armed forces of Turkey and Russia.

Chigirin campaigns (1677-1678), Peace of Bakhchisarai (1681). On August 4, 1677, the army of Ibrahim Pasha besieged Chigirin, where the Russian garrison led by General Trauernicht was located. The Russian-Ukrainian army under the command of governor Grigory Romodanovsky and hetman Ivan Samoilovich (60 thousand people) came to his aid from the Left Bank. She crossed the Dnieper and on August 28, in the battle at Buzhinskaya pier, she defeated the 40,000-strong Crimean-Turkish vanguard. After this, Ibrahim Pasha retreated from Chigirin, losing 8 thousand Janissaries.

The following year, a new Crimean-Turkish army was sent to Chigirin under the command of the vizier Kara-Mustafa, numbering 125 thousand people. Among its ranks was the well-known Yuri Khmelnytsky, whom Türkiye approved as hetman after the capture of Doroshenko. On July 9, 1678, Kara-Mustafa was besieged by Chigirin, which was defended by a garrison led by the okolnichy Ivan Rzhevsky. Meanwhile, the army of Romodanovsky and Samoilovich (85 thousand people) moved to his aid. On July 11, on the right bank of the Dnieper, in the area of ​​the Buzhinskaya pier, it was attacked by large Turkish forces. The Turks tried to push back the Russian-Ukrainian army beyond the Dnieper. Hard fights lasted more than three weeks. On August 4, the Russian-Ukrainian army finally managed to gain the upper hand and made its way to Chigirin. However, she did not dare to attack the huge army of Kara Mustafa and limited herself to establishing contact with the Chigirin garrison. The day before, the active leader of the city’s defense, Ivan Rzhevsky, was killed during shelling.

After his death, Chigirin lasted only a week. Having broken through the tunnels under the lower fortress, the Turks carried out explosions on August 11, which set the city on fire. Part of the garrison left Chigirin and tried to cross the bridge to the other side of the river to Romodanovsky’s camp. The Turks set fire to the bridge and it collapsed. Many Chigirins died at this crossing. The rest of the garrison retreated to the upper castle, built by Rzhevsky, and continued to fight, repelling two attacks by the Turks. On the night of August 12, the last defenders of Chigirin received orders from Romodanovsky to set fire to their fortifications and break into the Russian camp, which they did.

The next morning, after connecting with the remnants of the Chigirin garrison, the Russian-Ukrainian army began to retreat to the Dnieper. Kara-Mustafa tried to pursue the retreating, but was defeated in the battle on August 19. Soon the Turkish army, which by that time had already lost a third of its strength, also left the Chigirin ashes. After the Turks left, Yuri Khmelnitsky remained on the Right Bank with the Crimean Tatars. He occupied the right bank towns (Korsun, Nemirov), and also raided the Left Bank. In response, Samoilovich made a series of raids on the right side of the Dnieper.

At the end of 1679, negotiations began, which ended with the Peace of Bakhchisarai in 1681. According to its terms, the Russian-Turkish border was established along the Dnieper (from Kyiv to Zaporozhye). Türkiye recognized the entry of Left Bank Ukraine into Russia, but the Right Bank remained with the Ottoman Empire.

The Bakhchisarai Peace ends Russia’s wars for Ukraine, first with Poland and then with Turkey. This difficult confrontation lasted for more than one decade. It became the main direction of Russian foreign policy in the second half of the 17th century and cost Moscow enormous sacrifices and efforts. The unification of the two East Slavic peoples significantly strengthened their position in relation to Poland and the Ottoman Empire. (1)

A lot of residents were killed, others were taken into slavery. Further horrors of the Turkish invasion were expected, but Mehmed IV did not move further and soon turned back.

The traditional dating of 1676 or 1677 is based on the fact that in 1672-1676 the Turks fought with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, and the Tatars mainly acted against the Russians, and only after the signing of the Peace of Zhuravensky the Ottoman field army moved to Chigirin and Kyiv. Almost all historians accept 1681 as the date for the end of the war.

Beginning of the war

The events of the Russian-Turkish War were closely connected with the Polish-Turkish War of 1672-1676 and the ongoing civil war in Ukraine. The immediate reason for the opening of hostilities was the Ottoman attack on the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the summer of 1672. Under the terms of the Buchach Treaty, the Bratslav and Kiev voivodeships were transferred to the Turks and their vassal Peter Doroshenko. In the Ottoman camp they discussed plans for the conquest of Kyiv and Left Bank Ukraine, as well as the possibility of breaking through the Russian defensive line. The Crimean Khan informed the Sultan that this was impossible to do in the section from Sevsk to Putivl, since significant Russian forces were stationed in these places, and it was possible to break through the line only in the Tambov region. This point was too far from Ukraine. The Sultan was encouraged to war with Russia by ambassadors from the Kazan and Astrakhan Tatars, and Bashkirs, who asked to free them from the power of the infidels. The Tsar's messenger Vasily Daudov, who brought Alexei Mikhailovich's protest against the actions of the Turks in Ukraine to Istanbul, was received very rudely, but by 1673 plans for a Russian campaign were abandoned, considering it too difficult.

The Russian government did not limit itself to protests alone. In May 1672, the Don Cossacks were ordered to attack Turkish and Crimean possessions from the sea; in June the Cossacks received the same order. The Crimean ambassadors who were in Moscow were sent to prison in Vologda. The Cossacks launched attacks on the Crimea in the summer and autumn, and the Don people in August attacked the Kalanchin Towers - fortifications erected by the Turks at the mouth of the Don.

At the same time, it was decided to begin the search for allies. In July, a proposal was sent to the Shah of Iran to attack the Turks while their forces were occupied in Poland. In October, Pavel Menesius, Andrei Vinius and Emelyan Ukraintsev went on a tour of European capitals, trying to persuade the Western powers to make peace and form an anti-Ottoman league. Russian diplomats pointed out that Russia and Poland, even with united forces, at best, would only be able to defend themselves against the Turks. The mission was unsuccessful. That year, Louis XIV's attack on Holland started a new pan-European war, so even Austria decided to keep peace with the Turks. Only Rome promised assistance, but it could only provide diplomatic support.

In October, a decree was issued on preparations for war. It spoke of the need to come to the aid of the Polish king and protect the Orthodox population of Podolia from Turkish violence. On December 18, at a meeting of the Boyar Duma, a decision was made to collect an emergency war tax.

Campaign of 1673

In January - February, the army of Prince Yu. P. Trubetskoy approached Kyiv. Troops were also sent to the Don. On June 4, 1673, the Crimean Khan was sent a demand to stop hostile actions against Russia and Poland, otherwise he was threatened with invasion. Hetman Doroshenko, concerned about the appearance of Russian troops on the Dnieper, turned to the Sultan for help.

Actions on the Lower Don

Situation in Ukraine

Alexey Mikhailovich decided to use Poland’s exit from the war to extend his power to Right Bank Ukraine. At the beginning of 1673, Moscow informed Warsaw that, in view of the signing of the Buchach Treaty, which gave Ukrainian lands to the Turks, it no longer considered itself bound by the terms of the Truce of Andrusovo, and would seek the transfer of these territories under its rule. On March 16, Prince G. G. Romodanovsky and Hetman I. S. Samoilovich, who were stationed on the Dnieper, were sent an order to begin negotiations with Hetman Doroshenko and the right-bank colonels in order to win them over to the Tsar’s hand. In case of failure, it was ordered to start a war.

The conditions for this were very favorable, as dissatisfaction with the Ottoman occupation was growing in Ukraine. As a result of the campaign of 1672, Doroshenko returned the cities captured by the Poles in 1671, but Podolia was directly included in the Ottoman Empire; The hetman, for his services to the Sultan, only received Mogilev-Podolsky for life. All the fortresses of the Podolsk eyalet, except those where the occupying troops were stationed, were destroyed, and the Ottomans offered Doroshenko to demolish all the fortresses of Right Bank Ukraine, except Chigirin.

The Ukrainian population was afraid of sharing the fate of their Podolian fellow tribesmen, whom the Turks immediately began to subject to a variety of violence and abuse. Most of the churches in Kamenets were converted into mosques, the nuns were raped, young people began to be taken into the Sultan's army, and the people were subjected to heavy taxes, for non-payment of which they were forced into slavery. Already during the campaign of 1672, the Turks contemptuously called the Ukrainian Cossacks helping them “pigs,” and in 1673, according to the testimony of the secretary of the French embassy in Istanbul, Francois de la Croix, they began to develop a plan for the mass deportation of the population from Podolia and replacing them with Tatars. At the beginning of the year, Doroshenko himself had to work to obtain a safe conduct from the Turks for the churches of his “Ukrainian vilayet.”

Finding himself in such an unpleasant situation, Doroshenko expressed his consent in principle to the transition to the power of Moscow, but demanded lifelong hetmanship on both sides of the Dnieper and the withdrawal of Russian troops from Kyiv. The Russian government was not going to fulfill demands that did not correspond to the real political weight of this person. In February - March, negotiations were held with individual colonels who expressed their willingness to fight against the Turks along with the Russians.

Events on the Polish front

The Sejm of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth refused to ratify the shameful Buchach Treaty, and the war resumed. In the bloody Battle of Khotyn on November 10-11, 1673, the “lion of Lechistan” Jan Sobieski defeated the Turks, after which the Poles occupied most of Moldova. However, already in December the army went home.

Campaign of 1674

Actions in Ukraine

In the winter of 1674, the troops of Romodanovsky and Samoilovich crossed the Dnieper and, overcoming minor resistance, occupied Cherkassy and Kanev. The Tatar detachment that came to the aid of Doroshenko was defeated, and its remnants were destroyed by local residents. On March 15, representatives of almost all the right-bank regiments gathered in Pereyaslav, elected Samoilovich as hetman and drew up the conditions for their submission to the tsar. Only the Chigirinsky and Pavolochsky regiments remained loyal to Doroshenko.

In May, Romodanovsky and Samoilovich again invaded the right bank, defeated the Tatars and captured Doroshenko's envoy Ivan Mazepa, who had been sent to the Crimea for reinforcements. On July 23, the Russian-Ukrainian army besieged Chigirin. On July 29, the Ottoman army of Vizier Fazıl Ahmed Pasha crossed the Dniester and entered Ukraine. Some cities resisted the Turks, hoping for Russian help. 17 towns, including Ladyzhin and Uman, were devastated, and the population was driven into slavery. In Uman, which surrendered after nine days of siege and assault, the Turks slaughtered the male population and sold women and children into slavery.

Hopes for Russian help were not justified, since the governor and hetman had insignificant forces. At the end of spring, it was planned to send the corps of Prince F. G. Romodanovsky to their aid, and then a large army under the command of Prince Yu. A. Dolgorukov, but due to the resistance of the boyar children, who sabotaged the military recruitment, these forces could not be assembled on time. The Crimean Khan headed towards Chigirin, and Romodanovsky and Samoilovich had to lift the siege on August 10 and retreat to Cherkassy, ​​where they set up camp on August 12. Doroshenko presented the khan with a gift of 200 slaves from among the left-bank Cossacks, and allowed the Tatars to drive into slavery as many people as they wanted from the vicinity of Chigirin, declaring the local residents traitors. On August 13, the Khan approached Russian positions near Cherkassy, ​​but after a minor skirmish he returned to Chigirin. The voivode and hetman stood on the banks of the Dnieper for some time, but without waiting for help, and having lost many people due to desertion, they burned Cherkassy and went back across the river, taking the population with them. Reinforcements arrived as the campaign was drawing to a close. The only thing the Russians achieved was to prevent the Crimean horde from invading Left Bank Ukraine.

The usual measures of intimidation for the Ottomans in Ukraine caused the opposite effect to what was expected. The idea of ​​a Turkish protectorate had not previously been particularly popular, and by the end of 1674 it had lost its last sincere supporters. Ukrainians began to go over to the side of the Poles. Thanks to this, King Jan Sobieski restored the power of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth over a large territory by November.

Since a retaliatory strike from the Ottomans was inevitable, in the summer of 1674 negotiations between Moscow and Warsaw began on a military alliance, which continued until the early 1680s, and never yielded results. At the same time, at the end of summer, Jan Sobieski entered into negotiations with the Turks through the mediation of the Crimean Khan. Annoyed by this duplicity, the Russians contacted the Austrian court, and the emperor's representatives confirmed the validity of their suspicions.

Actions on the Don

Troops were sent to Azov under the command of Prince P. I. Khovansky and Ya. T. Khitrovo. They had to put a fortress at the mouth of the Mius to block Azov from the sea. The situation in the south has changed. The Kalmyks violated the alliance with Russia, and in the winter and spring of 1674 they destroyed dozens of Cossack towns along the Don, Khopru and Medveditsa, and then attacked Russian settlements in the Belgorod area. The town, built at the mouth of the Mius, was destroyed by the Tatars, and the plows were burned. To prevent the Russians from further gaining a foothold in this area, the khan sent 4 thousand Tatars to wander there.

Using an unprecedentedly strong flood, the Russians lowered 25 sea plows under the command of Colonel Kosagov into the sea, bypassing the Turkish fortresses. His task was to go to the mouth of the Mius, but at Cape Kesarog Kosagov discovered a squadron of Turkish galleys and turned back. Khovansky arrived with reinforcements only at the end of the summer, and did not achieve much success. It was never possible to build a new fortress on Mius, especially since the Cossacks refused to help him in this.

Campaign of 1675

In 1675, the main military actions took place on the Polish front - in Podolia and Volyn, where the Turkish army of Ibrahim Shishman and the Crimean horde invaded. Under these conditions, the Poles finally agreed to join the Russian troops. On July 2, Romodanovsky and Samoilovich received orders to cross the Dnieper and begin negotiations with the hetmans of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. However, this time again nothing worked out, since Hetman Samoilovich and the Cossack elders sabotaged the tsar’s orders, fearing that if the Russian-Polish union was formed, they would not be able to extend their power to Right Bank Ukraine. Faced with opposition, the Russian government did not insist on its own, fearing that Ukraine would rebel again.

Voivode Prince Romodanovsky was tasked with developing a plan for a large campaign against the Crimea, but even here Samoilovich convinced the Russians that they could not go against the khan, leaving Doroshenko in the rear. As a result, as in 1673, they limited themselves to the raid of Kabardians, Kalmyks and Cossacks, who destroyed the outposts on Perekop in September 1675.

The Doroshenko regime was in its death throes. The population of the right bank fled en masse to the left bank, and even repressive measures did not help (the hetman ordered the fugitives detained by his Serdyuks to be given into slavery to the Tatars). Since the end of summer, representatives of the Cossack elite, who had previously supported the Turkish protege, began to leave the Dnieper. The Sultan’s demand to send 500 boys and girls under 15 years of age to Turkey to replenish the harems caused outrage even in Chigirin, who was loyal to the hetman, and Doroshenka had to flee the city and hide in the forest with his supporters for three days until the unrest subsided. By the winter of 1675/76, Doroshenko controlled only the territories of the Chigirinsky and Cherkasy regiments. He did not receive help from the Crimean Khan, since the Tatars were busy with Western Ukraine. On October 10, in the presence of the Zaporozhye ataman Ivan Sirko and the Don ataman Frol Minaev, Doroshenko and the foreman were forced to take an oath of allegiance to the tsar, and in January “sanjaks” were delivered to Moscow - signs of power given to the hetman by the sultan. At the same time, Doroshenko did not break off relations with the Turks, who were sympathetic to his diplomatic maneuvers.

Actions on the Don

The troops of Prince I.M. Koltsov-Mosalsky were sent to Azov. It was decided to build three fortresses on the Cossack Erik in order to block Azov and ensure the access of Russian ships to the sea. This time it was not possible to even begin construction, since almost all the Don Cossacks opposed this project, fearing the loss of autonomy if Russian garrisons stood at the mouth of the Don. The government, fearing a rebellion, was forced to concede.

Tatar raid

In 1675, a Tatar detachment crossed the Usman River in the Oryol section of the Belgorod Line, broke through the fortifications on the western bank, besieged the Khrenovskaya fort and plundered the Voronezh district.

Campaign of 1676

It was no secret to Moscow that Doroshenko expressed his submission only for show, and hoped to gain time by waiting for Ottoman help. However, the Russians hesitated to move against him, awaiting news of where the Ottomans would strike that year. When reports were received that the Turks and the Crimean horde were again marching on Poland, Romodanovsky and Samoilovich received orders to put an end to Doroshenko. He had only two thousand Serdyuks, and even they did not receive a salary, and were engaged in robbery in the vicinity of Chigirin. When Russian-Ukrainian troops approached the city, Doroshenko capitulated on September 19 after short resistance and handed over artillery and military kleynods, which were brought to Moscow and placed at the foot of the throne of the Russian Tsar. In Istanbul they were very dissatisfied with the fall of their protege and the loss of the right bank territories, but they decided to deal with the Poles first and leave the Russians for the next year. Jan Sobieski's troops were surrounded near Lvov, and on October 17 the king was forced to sign the Peace of Zhuravensky, which again gave Podolia and most of Right Bank Ukraine to the Ottomans.

Actions on the Don

Reinforcements were sent to the Don, led by Ivan Volynsky. These troops replaced units that arrived in 1673 from I. S. Khitrovo. Volynsky replaced princes Khovansky and Koltsov-Mosalsky and assumed overall command.

Crimean raids

In the Kozlov section of the Belgorod line, the Tatars dug up a rampart near the Belsky town and broke through the defensive line, but the Kozlovites soon drove them back, taking away prisoners and livestock. In another place the Kalmyks broke through, but on the way back they were intercepted and defeated

Campaign of 1677

In the summer of 1677, Ukraine was invaded by the army of Ibrahim Pasha (“Shaitan”), which was transporting a new Ottoman protege, Yuri Khmelnitsky. Chigirin, occupied by Russian-Ukrainian troops, was besieged, but the army of Romodanovsky and Samoilovich defeated the Turks in the battle at Buzhin Perevoz, and released the city.

On the Don in the spring of 1677, the Cossacks undertook a successful naval campaign against the Tatars, and then, together with Volynsky’s troops, attacked Azov. Ships were stationed on the Cossack Erik to cover the advance with artillery fire against a possible Turkish attack from the Kalanchin towers. It was not possible to achieve success near Azov, and in the summer the government of Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich ordered the withdrawal of troops. Having concluded a truce with the Turks and exchanged prisoners, the Russians left the lower reaches of the Don in the fall. Zagorovsky believes that the decision was wrong, since the Russians had pinned down significant Turkish and Tatar forces on the Don, which were now freed up to conduct operations in Ukraine and in the Belgorod border area. Already in July, Murza Amet-Aga’s detachment left Azov and struck weak point defensive line, in the Novy Oskol area. Having broken through the rampart, the Tatars captured 525 people in Novooskol and Verkhososensky districts.

On September 2, another Tatar detachment broke through the “breach place” near Novy Oskol. The people of Prince P.I. Khovansky, who had recently been transferred from Mtsensk, defeated the Tatars near Novy Oskol on September 4 and took away the full army. Several cases of breaking through the abatis line convinced the government of the need to build a new defensive line south of Novy Oskol - the Izyum line.

Campaign of 1678

Although circumstances required the concentration of Ottoman forces on the middle Danube against Austria, the Grand Vizier Kara Mustafa insisted on revenge for the previous year's defeat, and in the summer with large army invaded Ukraine. Chigirin was again besieged, the army of Romodanovsky and Samoilovich defeated the Turks on Strelnikova Mountain, but they did not dare to attack their main forces, and the besieged, after a stubborn defense, blew up the citadel and, together with the field army, went beyond the Dnieper.

Russian troops left right-bank Ukraine, and the Ottoman protectorate was restored there. In Nemirov, the Turks installed Yuri Khmelnytsky as hetman, who, with the help of the Tatars, began to subjugate Ukrainian territories.

Taking advantage of the fact that the Ottoman offensive on Chigirin was delayed, and there were no Crimean raids in the spring, the Discharge Order on July 5, 1678 ordered the construction of a fortified line on the Userd - Polatov - Novy Oskol section to begin. Soon the work had to be stopped, as on July 21 large squad Azov and Nogai appeared on the Seversky Donets. They besieged the Savinsky town, plundered the area, capturing the big one is full, then moved to Oskol, where they ravaged the settlement of Dvurechnaya, also capturing many prisoners. At the end of July, about a thousand Tatars crossed the Seversky Donets near Chuguev, plundered the area and left with the captured captivity. Another detachment passed by Valuyki towards Ostrogozhsk and Korotoyak.

At the end of December - beginning of January, Yuri Khmelnitsky and the Tatars raided Left Bank Ukraine, capturing several Dnieper towns and threatening some of the residents to move to the right bank. Much success he failed to achieve this, since Samoilovich, Kosagov and other military leaders immediately set out on a campaign and drove out the invaders.

The last feat of Ataman Sirko

Ataman Sirko sent a caustic letter to the khan, in which he reproached him for treachery, reminded him that the Cossacks had visited Crimea more than once, and promised to pay a visit soon. In the spring, the Cossacks crossed the Sivash and caused considerable devastation on the peninsula, withdrawing 13 thousand captured Tatars and freed slaves from Crimea. Among the latter, of whom there were about 7 thousand, there were many so-called “tums” - children of Christian captives. Many of them were already complete Tatars, Islamized and did not speak Ukrainian. In the steppe, Sirko offered the slaves a choice - either to go with him to Ukraine, or to return to Crimea. Three thousand decided to return, since they had property in Crimea and considered the peninsula their homeland.

Having released them, Sirko climbed onto the mound and watched after them until they disappeared from sight. Then he ordered the young Cossacks to catch up with the crowd and kill everyone, and he himself followed to check if everything would be done. Thanking his people, the ataman said, addressing the dead:

Forgive us, brothers, and sleep here yourself until the Last Judgment of the Lord, instead of multiplying in Crimea among the Busurmans on our Christian brave heads and on your eternal death without baptism.

- Kostomarov, With. 352; Evarnitsky, With. 93-94.

Campaign of 1679

File:O.V. Fedorov, Reitar ensign from the empty children of the boyars. 1680.jpg

Reitar ensign from the empty children of the boyars, late 17th century

After the resignation of Prince Romodanovsky, I. B. Miloslavsky was appointed governor of the Belgorod regiment. He became deputy commander-in-chief of the southern army (voivode of the Great Regiment) of Prince M.A. Cherkassky. Since the Ottomans were expected to attack Kyiv, the governors came to its defense. Since the Turks did not appear, on July 31 the governors received orders to limit themselves to observation and not take active actions on the right bank. Prince Ya. S. Baryatinsky was left in command of the Belgorod line, under whose command were large forces drawn from different places, including the detachment of General G. I. Kosagov (9 thousand). The total number of mobile troops, according to the Discharge Order, was 16 thousand. They were joined by a detachment of Don Cossacks transferred from Cherkassk.

Baryatinsky and Kosagov began construction of the Izyum Line, but in mid-summer the Tatars organized a major raid. On July 24, a horde of Crimeans, Nogais and Temryuks, numbering about 10 thousand under the command of the Murzas Urus and Malbeg, went along the Izyumsky Way to Chuguev. Having crossed the Seversky Donets, they captured a large full in the vicinity of the city, after which the main forces went to Kharkov, and part moved east to the Pechenegs. One of the Tatar detachments (1,500 people) during the crossing at Chuguev was severely battered by the Russian troops of K. M. Cherkassky and K. P. Kozlov, and the Don troops of Korney Yakovlev. The 600 Cossacks who took part in this battle even received a special salary from the Russian authorities.

The Cherkassy of the Kharkov regiment repelled the Tatars from Olshanka and pursued them to the Mozha River. Thousand Tatar detachment (“ the best people") separated from the main forces, on August 4th he came as an exile near Murafa and Sokolov, captured prisoners and livestock, but was overtaken by the Kharkov Cossacks on Mozha and defeated. Having split into three groups, the remaining Tatar forces began to retreat. The damage from this raid was significantly less than from last year, since the area affected by it was small, the Tatars did not manage to take a single large settlement, and they did not even try to break through the Belgorod line.

By the fall of 1679, the Russian government learned the intentions of the Ottomans. At first, the Sultan and Kara-Mustafa planned to conquer all of Ukraine up to the Seim River, and a campaign against Kyiv was scheduled for April 1, but senior dignitaries and the mufti convinced them to abandon these plans. The victory at Chigirin was very expensive, and the Russian army could not be defeated. An attempt to capture Kyiv and a campaign on the left bank of the Dnieper could have cost even more, especially since the Kuruc uprising that flared up in Hungary opened up more tempting opportunities for the Ottoman aggressors. As a result, already on March 15, the Crimean ambassador arrived to the tsar with an offer of mediation in peace negotiations. The Russian embassy of the steward B.A. Pazukhin, which departed in June, was defeated by the Cossacks and did not reach the Crimea, but in the fall the messenger Vasily Daudov brought Ottoman conditions from Istanbul: the restoration of Turkish sovereignty in right-bank Ukraine.

At the end of the year, information was received about the construction of fortresses by the Turks at the mouth of the Dnieper and new plans for an attack on Zaporozhye. Several thousand archers and soldiers were sent to defend the battle, and the Turks retreated. Negotiations about an alliance continued with the Poles, resumed in 1678. The king demanded an annual subsidy of 600 thousand rubles from the Russians for the maintenance of troops. At the same time, representatives of Jan Sobieski tried to conclude an alliance with the Porte against Russia and sought concessions in Ukraine. Having been refused on both counts, the Poles reduced their monetary demands on the Russians to 200 thousand, but the negotiations did not lead to anything, despite the involvement of Ordin-Nashchokin and Ukraintsev. Having learned about the signing of the Peace of Nymwegen, Russia tried to involve Austria in the alliance against the Turks, but the Viennese court replied that it would join if the Poles did so.

Hetman Samoilovich and the Cossack elite categorically opposed the union with Poland. Since it was not possible to return the right-bank lands without the participation of the Poles, the hetman in the spring of 1679 sent regiments to the right bank to forcefully transfer (“drive”) the population of the Dnieper cities (Kanev, Korsun and others) to the left bank. On November 20, negotiations with Poland were stopped, and on December 8, a letter was sent to Istanbul with consent to peace negotiations in Crimea, where I. Sukhotin’s embassy went in September.

January raid 1680

In December 1679, Prince V.V. Golitsyn was appointed commander-in-chief in the south, and Prince P.I. Khovansky was appointed commander-in-chief of the Belgorod regiment. Arriving at the line, he conducted an audit of the personnel and dismissed the service people to their homes for the winter. In January 1680, the Crimean Khan went on a raid with large forces. Large winter raids by the Tatars were a rare occurrence, as they required more complex preparations, so B. N. Florya suggested that the attack on the Belgorod Line was inspired by the Ottomans in order to make the Russian government more accommodating.

The Russian command was taken by surprise; Prince Khovansky considered it inappropriate to call the Belgorod regiment from vacation. On alarm, the Akhtyrsky and Sumy Cossack regiments were assembled in Sumy. When it became known that Murad-Girey himself was going on a raid, Khovansky with the available forces set out from Kursk to Volny, on western edge defensive line. He decided to confine himself to the defense of the border, leaving the outer cities and villages to the mercy of fate (he had such an order as a last resort). The Tatars moved along the Muravsky Way. Having passed between the upper reaches of Mzhi and Kolomak, the khan stopped in the upper reaches of Merla, northwest of Kharkov and 30 km from the line. On January 19, the Tatars defeated the villages of Derkachi, Lozovoye, Liptsy and Borshevoye, as well as several villages in the Kharkov district. They did not try to approach Kharkov itself, fearing a clash with the forces of the Kharkov Regiment. The Cossack towns of Bogodukhov, Sennaya Pravorotye and Olshanka on the upper Merle, as well as the city of Valki, were destroyed. Separate detachments marched to the north and northeast to the field cities of the Kharkov and Akhtyrsky regiments, Belgorod and other cities located on the line, looking for a place for a possible breakthrough.

Having captured the full force, the Tatars went back along the Muravsky Way. Nobody was following them. According to available data (apparently incomplete), the Tatars drove 757 people into slavery. This was a very modest achievement. They were unable to break through the Belgorod line anywhere; in several places they were repulsed and retreated with losses. However, settlements located outside the defense line suffered greatly, and this prompted the government to speed up the construction of the Izyum Line.

Peace negotiations

Negotiations in Crimea dragged on, as Samoilovich's Russians and Ukrainians tried to defend the lands along the lower and middle Dnieper. In the fall of 1680, Subbotin was replaced by a more experienced diplomat, Vasily Tyapkin. Before leaving, he met with Samoilovich, who finally agreed to draw the border along the Dnieper. In December, the draft treaty was sent to Istanbul, and soon the khan received authority to sign a final peace. According to its terms, Russia retained only Kyiv and its surrounding area on the right bank. Russian demands to remain under supreme power The Zaporozhye Sich was decisively rejected by the Turks. The proposal to turn the right bank from the Bug to the Dnieper into a neutral zone, where it would be prohibited to build settlements and fortresses, also did not pass. On the contrary, the Ottomans began active development of the region. In 1681, Yuri Khmelnitsky, who was no longer needed, was arrested and sent to Turkey. Ukrainian lands were transferred to the control of the Moldavian ruler Georgiy Duca, who began their restoration, luring the population from the left bank of the Dnieper.

The main terms of the agreement were as follows:

• 20-year truce starting January 3, 1681
• The border between Russia and Ottoman Ukraine is drawn along the Dnieper
• The construction of new cities and fortresses is prohibited on both banks of the Dnieper
• Kyiv with its settlements (

Causes of the Russian-Turkish War - 1672-1681

From $1654$ to $1667$. Russia was at war with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. For many reasons, including the geographical factor, almost all influential states of Europe tried to influence the course of this war, and in addition, the Ottoman Empire.

The Ottoman Empire tried to seize control of Right Bank Ukraine. The fact is that the Hetman of Right Bank Ukraine P. Doroshenko in $1669 became a vassal of the Ottoman Empire. Sultan Mehmed IV in $1672, having a new ally, he sent an army of $300,000 people to Ukraine. The battle with the Poles took place near Batog, the Poles were defeated. In August 1672, the Ottomans captured Kamenets-Podolsky, the Crimean Tatars acted together with them. Many ordinary residents were killed. Then Mehmed IV turned back.

These events frightened Russia, because... We were afraid of a Turkish invasion of Left Bank Ukraine. Since the Poles made peace with the Ottomans, it was decided to act preventively.

The reason for the war was the conditions Buchachsky world Poles and Turks. The Bratslav and Kiev voivodeships went to the Ottomans and P. Doroshenko, their vassal.

Progress of the war

The Ottomans seriously discussed the capture of Left Bank Ukraine and breaking through the Russian defense, but this remained in the plans, because was considered impossible at the time of $1673.

Alexey Mikhailovich declared a protest against the actions of the Ottomans in Ukraine and sent an ambassador, but he was received extremely rudely and disrespectfully. Russia was unable to form an anti-Ottoman coalition, which allowed the Turks to declare war on Russia in $1677.

The Sultan sent $120,000 people to Right Bank Ukraine. Led this army Ibrahim Pasha. The Ottoman army with the Crimean Tatars attacked the Right Bank Fortress Chigirin On August 3, 1677, the Ottoman-Crimean army besieged Chigirin, whose garrison numbered $12,000. The Turks took with them a protege - Yuri Khmelnitsky, son of Bohdan Khmelnitsky, who was in captivity. He led the heroic defense I.I. Rzhevsky. The Russian-Ukrainian army, led by G.G. Romodanovsky. This army defeated the Crimean-Turkish army, which, fleeing, left behind artillery and food.

In July $1678, Chigirin was again besieged. The army was led by a vizier Kara-Mustafa. This time the city could not resist. I.I. Rzhevsky on August 3, 1678 was killed by a grenade, and a week later the city surrendered. The Ottomans dug tunnels under the fortress, where they planted explosives, and on August 11, the city caught fire. The garrison tried to cross the river on the bridge to connect with Romodanovsky, but the bridge was set on fire and it collapsed. Those who remained in Chigirin retreated to the upper castle and continued to repel attacks. On the night of August 12, Romodanovsky ordered a break into the Russian camp, having previously burned down the fortifications. On the morning of August 12, the remnants of the Chigirin garrison, together with Romodanovsky, began to retreat; Kara-Mustafa tried to pursue, but was defeated on August 19. Then the Ottomans left Chigirin.

Yuri Khmelnitsky and the Crimean army remained in Right Bank Ukraine. He occupied several cities (Korsun, for example) and launched a raid on the Left Bank.

Campaign $1677-1678$ greatly weakened the Turkish army, so for 2$ years after it only minor skirmishes occurred. Peace negotiations soon began. It was signed in $1681.

results

In $1681$ it was signed Bakhchisaray peace. The border was established along the Dnieper from Kyiv to Zaporozhye. The Ottoman Empire recognized Left Bank Ukraine as part of Russia. At the same time, the Right Bank, in particular Podolia, remained with the Turks. Russia did not get rid of paying tribute to the Crimean Khan, which could not suit it, so it immediately began preparations for revenge.

The project was completed in $1680 Izyum trait, a southern defensive line $400$ km long.

The victory of the Ottoman Empire was shaky, because... the cruelty of the occupation regime deprived it of any support from the population. In addition, the occupied lands were completely devastated.