Creation of the group earth and will year. Describe the activities of the organization Land and Will

Preparation for the revolution required the unification and centralization of all revolutionary forces.

At the end of 1861, revolutionary circles in Russia created organization "Land and Freedom". Its ideological leader and inspirer was N. G. Chernyshevsky.
"Land and Freedom" was the first major revolutionary-democratic secret organization in Russia. It included several hundred members from different social strata: minor officials, writers, students, officers.
The landowners launched active publishing activities in their illegal printing house. In the magazine "Land and Freedom", in the proclamations “To the Young Generation”, “Young Russia”, “To the Soldiers”, “Velikorus” they explained to peasants, soldiers and students the tasks of the upcoming revolution, substantiated the need for the elimination of autocracy, a fair solution to the agrarian question, the democratic transformation of Russia, its complete social reconstruction.
Focusing on the rise of the peasant and national movement in Russia, the landowners hoped to start a revolution. However, after 1863, the peasant movement began to decline, the uprising of 1863 in Poland was brutally suppressed, many revolutionaries (including N. G. Chernyshevsky back in 1862) were arrested; others emigrated to escape repression. By the spring of 1864 "Land and Freedom" ceased to exist. The autocracy managed to repel the onslaught of revolutionary democracy in the first half of the 60s.
Activity "Land and Freedom" had a great historical significance. The organization was a rallying point for the most active democratic forces to prepare for the revolution. “Land and Freedom” of the 60s had a serious influence on the subsequent development of the liberation movement and the formation of revolutionary democratic ideology in Russia.
In the second half of the 60s, the revolutionary democratic movement, despite government repression, did not die out. L. I. Herzen and N. P. Ogarev continued their activities in emigration. In Herzen’s worldview there was a decisive transition “... from the illusions of “above-class” bourgeois democracy to the harsh, unyielding, invincible class struggle of the proletariat” (Lenin V.I. Pol. sobr. soch. T. 21. P. 257). Herzen recognized the historical correctness of Marxism. He became acquainted with the activities of the First International, created in 1864, closely followed the development of the proletarian struggle, provided great help Geneva sections of the International, took part in the political struggle of the French proletariat.
Herzen's ideological development reflected the general changes taking place in Russian liberation movement. In 1870, Russian revolutionaries who were in Geneva created the Russian Section of the International and turned to Marx with a request to be their representative in General Council. In 1871, during the days of the Paris Commune, Russian revolutionaries fought on the barricades, rendered medical care wounded. In 1872, volume I of K. Marx’s “Capital” was translated into Russian. In the proletarian struggle, some revolutionaries in Russia saw a powerful means of social transformation of the world.
However, the emigrant organizations of Russian revolutionary democrats were weakly connected with the existing in Russia in circles. The members of these circles did not see in Russia a proletariat capable of consistent revolutionary struggle. A certain decline in the mass peasant movement in the second half of the 60s led to the emergence of thoughts and theories among some revolutionaries about the possibility of social reforms without the participation of the masses. Groups emerged that viewed conspiracy and terror as a means to unleash a social revolution. Under the influence of these theories, in April 1866, student D.N. Karakozov made an unsuccessful attempt on the life of Tsar Alexander II. Tsarism took advantage of this to further intensify repression. The circle of P. A. Ishutin (which included Karakozov) was destroyed, progressive magazines were closed, student circles and mutual aid funds were banned.
However, young revolutionary forces continued anti-government activities. At the end of the 60s, a student circle was formed in St. Petersburg, headed by teacher S. G. Nechaev and journalist II. N. Tkachev. In the “Program of Revolutionary Action,” they called on young people to prepare an uprising, relying on any social forces and using any means. After the defeat of the circle in St. Petersburg, Nechaev disappeared abroad for a while. In the fall of 1869 he returned to Russia and created a new organization in Moscow, “People’s Retribution,” built on the principle of unlimited centralism and blind subordination of ordinary members to the leader. For refusing to submit to Nechaev's dictatorship, student Ivanov was falsely accused of treason and killed. The police destroyed the organization. Nechaev fled to Switzerland, but was extradited to Russia as a criminal (1872). The tsarism used the trial of Nechaev to discredit the revolutionaries. For the revolutionary forces of Russia themselves trial revealed Nechaev's political adventurism and showed the need to develop other methods of revolutionary struggle. The process also showed the growth of revolutionary sentiment among Russian youth. This growth was stimulated by a new upsurge of the peasant movement in the central provinces of Russia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, the Volga region and Ukraine.
At the turn of the 60s and 70s it began new stage in the history of the revolutionary democratic liberation struggle in Russia. “The dominant trend... has become populism” (Lenin V.I. Pol. sobr. soch. T. 25. P. 94).

Earth and Will- a secret revolutionary society that arose in Russia in 1861 and existed until 1864, from 1876 to 1879 it was restored as a populist organization.

Second composition 1876-1879

The second composition of “Land and Freedom,” which was restored in 1876 as a populist organization, included such figures as A. D. Mikhailov, G. V. Plekhanov, D. A. Lizogub, later S. M. Kravchinsky, N. A. Morozov, S. L. Perovskaya, L. A. Tikhomirov, N. S. Tyutchev. In total, the organization consisted of about 200 people. “Land and Freedom” relied on a wide circle of sympathizers in its activities.

The name “Land and Freedom” was given to the society at the end of 1878, with the appearance of a printed organ of the same name; former name: “Northern Revolutionary Populist Group”, “Society of Populists”.

The organization’s propaganda was based not on the old socialist principles, incomprehensible to the people, but on slogans emanating directly from the peasantry, that is, the demands of “land and freedom.” In their program they declared “anarchy and collectivism” as the goal of their activities. The specific requirements were the following points:

§ transfer of all land to peasants

§ introduction of full community self-government

§ introduction of freedom of religion

§ granting nations the right to self-determination

The means of achieving these goals included organizational (propaganda, agitation among peasants and other classes and groups) and disorganization (individual terror against the most objectionable government officials and secret police agents). The organization had its own charter.

The organization consisted of a main circle (divided into seven special groups by type of activity) and local groups located in many major cities empires. "Land and Freedom" had its own press organ with the same name. Agent of “Land and Freedom” N.V. Kletochnikov was introduced into the Third Department. Landlords organized village settlements as a transition to “sedentary” propaganda. However, this action, as well as “going to the people,” ended in failure. After this, the populists concentrated all their efforts on political terror.

Landlords took part in several strikes in St. Petersburg in 1878-79. "Land and Freedom". influenced the development of the student movement. She organized or supported demonstrations in St. Petersburg, including the Kazan demonstration of 1876, which was called “Land and Freedom”. for the first time openly declared its existence. Kazan demonstration of 1876, the first political demonstration in Russia with the participation of advanced workers. Caused by the growth of the strike movement in the country. It took place on December 6 on the square of the Kazan Cathedral in St. Petersburg. Organized and carried out by the land populists and members of workers’ circles associated with them. About 400 people gathered in the square. G. V. Plekhanov delivered a passionate revolutionary speech to those gathered. Young worker Ya. Potapov unfurled a red flag. The demonstrators resisted the police. 31 demonstrators were arrested, 5 of whom were sentenced to 10-15 years of hard labor, 10 were sentenced to exile in Siberia, and three workers, including Y. Potapov, were sentenced to imprisonment for 5 years in a monastery. The Kazan demonstration of 1876 marked the beginning of the conscious participation of Russians. working class in the social movement.

Lipetsk Congress of Members populist organization"Land and Freedom". Took place in June 1879 in Lipetsk. Convened in an atmosphere of heightened disagreement among the revolutionary populists on the issue of the future direction of the organization's activities. A. D. Mikhailov, A. A. Kvyatkovsky, L. A. Tikhomirov, N. A. Morozov, A. I. Barannikov, M. N. Oshanina, A. I. Zhelyabov, N. I. Kolodkevich, G. D. Goldenberg, S. G. Shiryaev, M. F. Frolenko. The congress decided to include in the “Land and Freedom” program recognition of the need for a political struggle against autocracy as a priority and independent task. Participants in the Lipetsk Congress declared themselves the Executive Committee of the Social Revolutionary Party and adopted a charter based on centralism, discipline and secrecy. The Executive Committee, in the event of the agreement of the general congress of “landers” in Voronezh with new program had to take upon himself the implementation of terror.

Voronezh congress of members of the populist organization “Land and Freedom”, convened in June 1879 in Voronezh in connection with disagreements among the revolutionary populists on the issue of the future direction of activity. About 20 people took part, including G. V. Plekhanov, A. D. Mikhailov, A. I. Zhelyabov, V. N. Figner, S. L. Perovskaya, N. A. Morozov, M. F. Frolenko, O. V. Aptekman. Supporters of the “politics” of political struggle and terror (Zhelyabov, Mikhailov, Morozov, etc.) came to the congress as a united group, which was finally organized at the Lipetsk Congress (June 1879). Plekhanov’s supporters (“villagers”) took a conciliatory position, considering the main task to be work among the peasants: they did not, in essence, object to terror. Plekhanov, who proved the danger of being carried away by terror for the prospects of working among the people, formally resigned from Land and Freedom and left the congress.

The resolutions of the congress were of a compromise nature: along with activities, the people also recognized the need for political terror.

The organization existed until 1879, after which it disbanded. The terrorist wing formed a new organization, “Narodnaya Volya,” and the wing that remained faithful to purely populist tendencies was the “Black Redistribution” society. After the split of “Land and Freedom” at the Voronezh Congress, the Executive Committee of the Lipetsk Congress laid the foundation new organization"People's Will".

"Land and Freedom" (1876-1879)

Considering that one of the reasons for the failure of “going to the people” was the absence of any organization, the populists who survived the arrests created a party in 1876, which in 1878 began to be called “Land and Freedom”. Here is what Alexander Mikhailov wrote about her: “In the spring of 1877, almost the entire circle of populists, their local composition, together with dozens of people associated with them, moved to the people, since there, in the organization of people’s leaders and local economic protests, all of them were hope. A number of settlements were formed in Samara, Saratov, Tsaritsyn, Astrakhan, in the Urals, Rostov, Kuban and generally on the southeastern outskirts, but the center was Saratov.” Mikhailov A.D. Autobiographical notes. // Journal “Byloe”, 1906. - No. 2. - P. 163.

On St. Nicholas Day, December 6, members of the organization, after a prayer service held in the Kazan Cathedral in St. Petersburg for the health of Nikolai Chernyshevsky, staged a demonstration on the square, where they raised a red banner with the inscription “Land and Freedom.” He was held in the hands of sixteen-year-old worker Yakov Potapov, raised by demonstrators. “This outburst,” the indictment continued, “was accompanied by shouts of ‘hurray’ and the throwing of hats into the air.” There were shouts: “Long live the social resolution, long live “Land and Freedom”!” State crimes in Russia in the 19th century. In 3 volumes - St. Petersburg: Donskaya Rech, 1906. - Vol.2. - 1016 s. - P.4.

The Central St. Petersburg circle consisted of 26 people: M. A. Natanson, O. A. Natanson, A. D. Oboleshev, A. D. Mikhailov, A. F. Mikhailov, D. A. Lizogub, V. A. Osinsky, A. A. Kvyatkovsky, A. S. Emelyanov (Bogolyubov), M. R. Popov, G. V. Plekhanov, G. N. Preobrazhensky, V. F. Troshchansky, A. I. Zundelevich, A. I. Barannikov, G. M. Tishchenko, L. P. Bulanov, A. A. Khotinskii, N. P. Moshchenko, O. V. Aptekman, V. N. Ignatov, N. I. Sergeev, M. K. Krylova, Melgunov, S. A. Kharizomenov and O. Nikolaev. Subsequently, another 35 people were co-opted into the main structure of the organization. Tkachenko P. S. Revolutionary populist organization “Land and Freedom”. - M., 1961. - P. 74--75.

The landowners, believing that the mistake of their predecessors was a short stay among the peasants, moved from “flying” agitation to “sedentary” propaganda - they began to create populist settlements in the countryside. Landlords at active participation The most politicized and conscious workers created the “Northern Union of Russian Workers” in St. Petersburg (1878). First labor organization in Russia became the “South Russian Union of Workers”, created in 1875 by the populist E.O. Zaslavsky in Odessa. In an effort to rouse the people to revolution, the landowners considered it necessary to carry out:

· organizational activities with the aim of transferring all land to peasants on the basis of communal ownership, introducing secular self-government and democratic freedoms;

· actions to disorganize the state (involvement of officers, officials, murder of provocateurs and the most “harmful” government officials). Revolutionary populism of the 70s of the XIX century. [ Electronic resource] // S.S. Volk. - M.: Publishing house "Science", 1965. - T.2. - Access mode: http://krotov.info/history/19/1870/1870narvol.html#03, free. - Cap. from the screen.

The attempt of Ya. V. Stefanovich and L. G. Deitch in 1877 to raise a revolt among the peasants of the Chigirinsky district with the help of a forged royal letter failed and discredited the organization. The acts of disorganization of “Land and Freedom” were initially in the nature of revenge and self-defense. In January 1878, a longtime participant in the populist movement, V. I. Zasulich, shot at the St. Petersburg mayor F. F. Trepov, who ordered corporal punishment of a political prisoner. The jury acquitted Zasulich, which was enthusiastically received by the liberal public.

For some of the populist revolutionaries, the court verdict became an indicator of public sympathy for their activities and pushed them onto the path of political struggle and individual terror. They began to carry out assassination attempts on government officials; in August 1878, Kravchinsky killed him with a dagger on the street of St. Petersburg Chapter III Departments of N.V. Mezentsov. Landlords began to consider terror as a means of influencing the people. On April 2, 1879, landowner A.K. Solovyov shot at Alexander II. The attempt was unsuccessful, Soloviev was hanged. Social movement under Alexander II. Historical essays. - Paris: Liberation Publishing House, 1905. - P.161-168.

The new “going to the people” did not produce results. A crisis has ripened in the ranks of Land and Freedom. In June 1879, a congress took place in Voronezh, which led to a compromise. He left the organization's program unchanged, but recognized terror as a method of waging political struggle. The congress participants spoke out in favor of regicide. A consistent opponent of terror was G.V. Plekhanov, who, left alone, left the congress and left the organization. Soon at the St. Petersburg congress there was a complete split: into supporters of propaganda and the continuation of the struggle for socialist ideals (“villagers”), united under G.V. Plekhanov to the “Black Limit” party, and supporters of political struggle and “achievement of political freedom” as necessary condition for socialist propaganda - the “politicians” who formed the “People's Will”.

Populist organization "Land and Freedom". "Land and Freedom", a secret revolutionary society of populists in the 70s. 19th century Founded in St. Petersburg in 1876. The name “Land and Freedom” was given to the society at the end of 1878, with the appearance of the printed organ of the same name; former name: “Northern Revolutionary Populist Group”, “Society of Populists”. Prominent figures of “Land and Freedom” since its founding were M. A. and O. A. Natanson, A. D. Mikhailov, A. D. Oboleshev, G. V. Plekhanov, A. A. Kvyatkovsky, D. A Lizogub, V. A. Osinsky, O. V. Aptekman and others. Later S. M. Kravchinsky, D. A. Klements, N. A. Morozov, S. L. Perovskaya, L. A. Tikhomirov joined it. , M.F. Frolenko (all are former Tchaikovsky members). The “Land and Freedom” platform was shared and collaborated with by V. N. Figner’s circle (A. I. Ivanchin-Pisarev, Yu. N. Bogdanovich, A. K. Solovyov, etc.). “Land and Freedom” had a close connection with the revolutionaries active in Kyiv, Kharkov, and Odessa.
The formation of “Land and Freedom” was preceded by a discussion of the experience of “going to the people” in 1873-75. As a result, the foundations of a political platform were defined, which was called “populist”. The Land Volunteers recognized the possibility of a special (non-capitalist path of development of Russia, the basis for which was to be the peasant community. They considered it necessary to adapt the goals and slogans of the movement to the independent revolutionary aspirations that, in their opinion, already existed in the peasantry. These demands, summarized in the slogan “Land and freedom!”, were reduced by the program of society to the transfer of all land “into the hands of the rural working class” with its “uniform” distribution, to “complete secular self-government”, to the division of the empire into parts “according to local desires”.
"Land and Freedom" defended the need to create permanent "settlements" of revolutionaries in the countryside in order to prepare a people's revolution. The landowners saw the main revolutionary force in the peasantry; the labor movement was assigned a subordinate role. Based on the inevitability of a “violent revolution”, the landowners put “agitation” at a particularly important place, mainly “through action” - riots, demonstrations, strikes. They represented the “rebellious” stream in the revolutionary movement of the 70s. A significant merit of the Land Volunteers, noted by V.I. Lenin, was the desire “... to attract all the dissatisfied to their organization and direct this organization to a decisive struggle against the autocracy” (Poln. sobr. soch., 5th ed., vol. 6, p. . 135). The principles of the organization were discipline, mutual comradely control, centralism and secrecy.
To establish their “settlements,” the landowners chose Saratov, Nizhny Novgorod, Samara, Astrakhan, as well as Tambov, Voronezh, Pskov provinces, the Don region, etc. Attempts were made at revolutionary activity in the North Caucasus and the Urals. “Land and Freedom”, on a wide scale for underground conditions, carried out the publication and distribution of revolutionary literature (the release of “Land and Freedom”, “Leaflet “Land and Freedom””, etc.), conducted propaganda and agitation among the workers; landowners took part in several strikes in St. Petersburg in 1878-79. “Land and Freedom” influenced the development of the student movement. She organized or supported demonstrations in St. Petersburg, including the so-called Kazan demonstration of 1876, to which “Land and Freedom” first openly declared its existence.
The “Land and Freedom” program also included actions aimed, in the opinion of its members, at “disorganizing the state,” in particular the destruction of “the most harmful or prominent persons from the government.” The most significant terrorist act“Land and Freedom” was the murder of the chief of gendarmes N.V. Mezentsov (1878). However, “Land and Freedom” did not yet consider terror as a means of political struggle against the existing system, regarding it as self-defense of revolutionaries and revenge on their government. Disappointments in revolutionary activities in the countryside, increased government repression, a sharp escalation of political discontent during the period Russian-Turkish war 1877-78 and the maturation of the revolutionary situation contributed to the emergence and development of new sentiments within the organization. A faction of terrorist-politicians gradually formed in “Land and Freedom”, which founded its organ “Listok “Land and Freedom”” in March 1879. Disagreements between supporters of continuing the previous line of society - “villagers” (Plekhanov, M.R. Popov, Aptekman and etc.) and “politicians” - defenders of the transition to political struggle through the systematic use of terrorist methods (Mikhailov, Morozov, Tikhomirov, Kvyatkovsky, etc.), demanded the convening of the Voronezh Congress in June 1879, which led only to a formal and short-term compromise between these two groups In August 1879, “Land and Freedom” finally split into 2 independent organizations: “People’s Will” and “Black Redistribution”.

Organization.

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    At the turn of the 1850s-1860s, a number of student circles operated in the largest cities of Russia. They were under the ideological influence of “The Bell” by Herzen and Ogarev and were engaged in the propaganda of liberation ideas. Some societies were disclosed by the authorities, so information about them was preserved: the Kharkov-Kiev secret society, the Perm-Kazan secret society, the Kazan students library, the Argyropulo-Zaichnevsky circle that spun off from the latter.

    The first composition 1861-1864.

    The inspirers of the society were Herzen and Chernyshevsky. The participants set their goal to prepare a peasant revolution. Among the organizers were Rovinsky, Pavel Apollonovich, N. N. Obruchev, S. S. Rymarenko, I. I. Shamshin, M. A. Natanson and others. Program documents were created under the influence of the ideas of Herzen and Ogarev. One of the most important demands put forward by members of the organization was the convening of a classless people's assembly.

    The first Executive Committee of the organization included 6 of its organizers (N. N. Obruchev, S. S. Rymarenko, brothers N. A. and A. A. Serno-Solovyovich, A. A. Sleptsov, V. S. Kurochkin). “Land and Freedom” was an association of circles located in 13-14 cities. The largest circles were Moscow (Yu. M. Mosolov, N. M. Shatilov) and St. Petersburg (N. I. Utin). The military organization “Land and Freedom” was represented by the “Committee of Russian Officers in Poland” under the leadership of Second Lieutenant A. A. Potebnya. According to the data available to A. A. Sleptsov, the number of “Land and Freedom” was 3,000 people (the Moscow branch consisted of 400 members).

    Second composition 1876-1879

    The second composition of “Land and Freedom,” which was restored in 1876 as a populist organization, included such figures as A. D. Mikhailov, G. V. Plekhanov, D. A. Lizogub, later S. M. Kravchinsky, N. A Morozov, S. L. Perovskaya, L. A. Tikhomirov, N. S. Tyutchev. In total, the organization consisted of about 200 people. “Land and Freedom” relied on a wide circle of sympathizers in its activities.

    The name “Land and Freedom” was given to the society at the end of 1878, with the appearance of a printed organ of the same name; former name: “Northern Revolutionary Populist Group”, “Society of Populists”.

    The organization’s propaganda was based not on the old socialist principles, incomprehensible to the people, but on slogans emanating directly from the peasantry, that is, the demands of “land and freedom.” In their program they proclaimed “anarchy and collectivism” as the goal of their activities. The specific requirements were the following:

    • transfer of all land to peasants
    • introduction of full community self-government
    • introduction of religious freedom
    • granting nations the right to self-determination

    The means of achieving these goals included organizational (propaganda, agitation among peasants and other classes and groups) and disorganization (individual terror against the most objectionable government officials and secret police agents). The organization had its own charter.

    The organization consisted of a main circle (divided into seven special groups by type of activity) and local groups located in many large cities of the empire. “Land and Freedom” had its own printed organ with the same name. Agent “Land and Freedom” N.V. Kletochnikov was introduced into the Third Department. Landlords organized village settlements as a transition to “sedentary” propaganda. However, this action, as well as “going to the people,” ended in failure. After this, the populists concentrated all their efforts on political terror.

    Landlords took part in several strikes in St. Petersburg in 1878-79. "Land and Freedom". influenced the development of the student movement. She organized or supported demonstrations in St. Petersburg, including the Kazan demonstration of 1876, which was called “Land and Freedom”. for the first time openly declared its existence. Kazan demonstration of 1876, the first political demonstration in Russia with the participation of advanced workers. Caused by the growth of the strike movement in the country. It took place on December 6 on the square of the Kazan Cathedral in St. Petersburg. Organized and carried out by the land populists and members of workers’ circles associated with them. About 400 people gathered in the square. G. V. Plekhanov delivered a passionate revolutionary speech to those gathered. Young worker Ya. Potapov unfurled a red flag. The demonstrators resisted the police. 31 demonstrators were arrested, 5 of whom were sentenced to 10-15 years of hard labor, 10 were sentenced to exile in Siberia, and three workers, including Y. Potapov, were sentenced to imprisonment for 5 years in a monastery. The Kazan demonstration of 1876 marked the beginning of the conscious participation of the Russian working class in the social movement.

    The Lipetsk Congress of members of the populist organization “Land and Freedom” took place in June 1879 in Lipetsk. Convened in an atmosphere of heightened disagreement among the revolutionary populists on the issue of the future direction of the organization's activities. A. D. Mikhailov, A. A. Kvyatkovsky, L. A. Tikhomirov, N. A. Morozov, A. I. Barannikov, M. N. Oshanina, A. I. Zhelyabov, N. I. Kolodkevich, G. D. Goldenberg, S. G. Shiryaev, M. F. Frolenko. The congress decided to include in the “Land and Freedom” program recognition of the need for a political struggle against autocracy as a priority and independent task. Participants in the Lipetsk Congress declared themselves the Executive Committee of the Social Revolutionary Party and adopted a charter based on centralism, discipline and secrecy. The Executive Committee, if the general congress of the “landers” in Voronezh agreed with the new program, was supposed to take upon itself the implementation of terror.

    Voronezh Congress of members of the populist organization “Land and Freedom”, convened in June 1879 in Voronezh in connection with disagreements among the revolutionary populists on the issue of the future direction of activity. About 20 people took part, including G. V. Plekhanov, A. D. Mikhailov, A. I. Zhelyabov, V. N. Figner, S. L. Perovskaya, N. A. Morozov, M. F. Frolenko, O. V. Aptekman. Supporters of the “politics” of political struggle and terror (Zhelyabov, Mikhailov, Morozov, etc.) came to the congress as a united group, which was finally organized at the Lipetsk Congress (June 1879). Plekhanov’s supporters (“villagers”) took a conciliatory position, considering the main task to be work among the peasants: they did not, in essence, object to terror. Plekhanov, who proved the danger of being carried away by terror for the prospects of working among the people, formally resigned from Land and Freedom and left the congress.



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