Alphabet l. The number of letters in the alphabets of different nations

An alphabet is a collection of letters or other signs used to write in a particular language. There are many different alphabets, each with its own characteristics and history.

In this case we will talk about the Russian alphabet. Over the course of several centuries of existence, it developed and underwent changes.

History of the Russian alphabet

In the 9th century, thanks to the monks Cyril and Methodius, the Cyrillic alphabet appeared. From that moment on it began to develop rapidly Slavic writing. This happened in Bulgaria. It was there that there were workshops where liturgical books were copied and translated from Greek.

A century later Old Church Slavonic language comes to Rus', it is used church services. Gradually, under the influence of the Old Russian language, Old Church Slavonic undergoes some changes.

Sometimes between Old Church Slavonic and Old Russian languages they put an equal sign, which is completely wrong. These are two different languages. However, the alphabet, of course, originated from Old Church Slavonic.

At first, the Old Russian alphabet consisted of 43 letters. But the signs of one language cannot be accepted by another language without amendments, because the letters must somehow correspond to the pronunciation. How many Old Slavonic letters was removed from, how many and which letters were destined to appear is the subject of a separate article. We can only say that the changes were significant.

Over the next centuries, the alphabet continued to adapt to the requirements of the Russian language. Letters that were not in use were abolished. A significant reform of the language took place under Peter I.

By the beginning of the 20th century, the Russian alphabet had 35 letters. At the same time, “E” and “Yo” were considered one letter, just like “I” and “Y”. But the alphabet contained letters that disappeared after 1918.

Most of the letters of the alphabet, until the beginning of the 20th century, had names different from modern ones. If the beginning of the alphabet is familiar (“az, beeches, lead”), then the continuation may seem unusual: “verb, good, is, live...”

Today the alphabet consists of 33 letters, of which 10 are vowels, 21 and two letters that do not indicate sounds (“b” and “b”).

The fate of some letters of the Russian alphabet

For a long time, “I” and “Y” were considered variants of the same letter. Peter I, while reforming, abolished the letter “Y”. But after some time, she again took her place in writing, since many words are unthinkable without her. However, the letter “Y” (and short) became an independent letter only in 1918. Moreover, “Y” is a consonant letter, while “I” is a vowel.

The fate of the letter “Y” is also interesting. In 1783, the director of the Academy of Sciences, Princess Ekaterina Romanovna Dashkova, proposed introducing this letter into the alphabet. This initiative was supported by the Russian writer and historian N.M. Karamzin. However, the letter was not widely used. “Yo” settled in the Russian alphabet by the middle of the 20th century, but its use in printed publications continues to remain unsteady: sometimes “Yo” is required to be used, sometimes it is categorically not accepted.

The use of the letter “Ё” vaguely resembles the fate of the Izhitsa “V”, the letter that once completed the alphabet. It was practically not used, because was replaced by other letters, but continued to proudly exist in some words.

The next letter worthy of special mention is “Ъ” - a hard sign. Before the reform of 1918, this letter was called “er” and was used in writing much more often than now. Namely, it was necessarily written at the end of words ending with a consonant. The abolition of the rule to end words with “erom” led to large savings in the publishing industry, since the amount of paper for books was immediately reduced. But the solid sign remains in the alphabet; it performs a very necessary function when it stands inside a word.

Real Russian Alphabet.
Grigori Ovanesov.
Grigory Tevatrosovich Ovanesov.
ALPHABET OF A SINGLE LANGUAGE.
No.

1__1___a___10__10____w____19___100____w____28__1000____r

2__2___b___11__20____i_____20__200____m_____29__2000____s

3__3___g____12__30___l_____21__300____j____30___3000___v

4__4___d____13__40___x_____22__400____n____31__4000____t

5__5___e____14__50___s______23__500____w____32__5000___r

6__6___z____15__60___k______24__600____o____33__6000___ts

7__7___e____16__70___h______25__700____h____34__7000___y

8__8___y____17__80___z______26__800____p___35___8000____f

9__9___t____18___90___g____27__900____j____36___9000___q
_____________________________________________________________________________
No. - Letter number. h.z. – the numeric value of the letter. r. - Russian alphabet.
To indicate the beginning of a sentence, you must use the same letters with an increased size. It also means that the letter h is a soft voicing of the letter G, which is used in the Russian language, but is not recorded and is used in dialects (adverbs), especially by shepherds when they drive cows, reproducing the sound he (ge). This pronunciation of the letter G as h is considered unliterary. In addition, the same letter G, as a thin throaty wheezing sound, is written in the form g. Moreover, the letters “e” are pronounced as “yyy”, “t” as “thx”, “s” as “ts”, “z” as “dz”, “j” as “j”, r as hard (English) “ p” and “q” as “kh”. The alphabet does not contain the diphtones Ya (ya), Yu (yu), E (ye) and Yo (yo) since their voicing with separate mono sounds is already in the alphabet. Of course, b and b signs are not letters, since they are not voiced and cannot be used in the alphabet. In the process of voicing the letters of the alphabet, people actively used wide range sounds that animals and birds make, imitating them. Of course, the predecessors of the alphabet in graphic notation are two interconnected alphabets compiled millions of years ago. I restored them for the first time in the world, with the same number of letters, which ensured upright walking, practicing grasping movements and creating the semantic content of words with voicing of letters. Moreover, having restored the two most ancient ABCs, I turned out to be their modern creator. In addition, with the help of ABCs, the concepts of counting and numbers were introduced with letter-by-letter notation and notation with fingers, a decimal system of counting units, the concepts of length and time were arranged. The actual number of fingers with spaces between them on the hands and feet are four nines, which together make up the number 36.
Thus, with the help of the Unified Alphabet, a letter-by-letter way of writing numbers was created. For example, the number 9999 was originally written letter by letter as q j g t or 3446 as vnkhz (see alphabet above). Actually, it wasn’t easy for me to figure out on my own the mechanism for writing numbers and numbers letter by letter. For this I used only the alphabet with numeric letter values. In principle, this is a very serious topic, so I highlighted it separately.
Moreover, for the first time in the world, I gave a definition to DIGIT and NUMBER.
In this case, the Number is the quantity voiced by a letter or word in a record.
So a Number is a quantity written in letters or numbers.
Of course, quantity is HOW MUCH.
It should be borne in mind that the number 0 is voiced by the word “zero, zero”, the number 1 is voiced by the word “one, one”, the number 2 is voiced by the word “two, two”, etc., and on different languages in your own words.
Moreover, the reflection of the Unified Alphabet in the form of the positions of the fingers and their grasping movements made it possible to substantiate how all numbers were created up to the largest from 10,000 onwards, which are now used for counting.
In the alphabet numeric values letters determine the order of distribution into columns (groups). In the first nine (first column), the digital recording of letter numbers and their numerical values ​​are written in the same way. In this case, the numbers of the other three columns of letters are written in two-digit numbers. Moreover, the numerical values ​​in each column include significant figures from 1 to 9. Moreover, in the second column one zero is added to each of these numbers, in the third column two zeros and in the fourth column three zeros. There is also a complete correspondence between each digital entry of a two-digit letter number and its numerical value.
It should be borne in mind that Russian-speaking people, due to the absence of a significant number of letters (mono-sounds) of the world's first alphabet with the help of which the semantic content of words and their pronunciation were created, arise serious problems with the study of other dialects of the common language of the peoples of the world.

In writing we use letters, in speaking we use sounds. We use letters to represent the sounds we pronounce. There is no simple and direct correspondence between letters and sounds: there are letters that do not denote sounds, there are cases when a letter means two sounds, and cases when several letters mean one sound. Modern Russian has 33 letters and 42 sounds.

Species

Letters are vowels and consonants. Letters soft sign And hard sign do not form sounds; there are no words in the Russian language that begin with these letters. The Russian language is “vocal”; Russian words have many vowels (o, e, i, a) and voiced consonants (n, l, v, m, r). There are significantly fewer noisy, deaf, hissing ones (zh, ch, sh, shch, c, f). The vowels yu, e, ё are also rarely used. On a letter, instead of the letter ё, the letter e is often written without losing the meaning.

Alphabet

Below are the letters of the Russian language in alphabetical order. Uppercase and lowercase letters are shown and their names are indicated. Vowels are marked in red, consonants are in blue, letters ь, ъ are in grey.

A a B b C c D d E d e e e f f g h h i i j j K k L l M m N n O o P p R r S s T t U u F f X x C t H h Sh sh sch q y y b ee y y I

The letter L is called "el" or "el", the letter E is sometimes called "E reverse".

Numbering

Numbers of letters of the Russian alphabet in forward and reverse order:

Oh yes, I remembered the lower grades when we wrote codes, we used a digital system and put one letter in order, and the other against the order, by the way the letter P the number is the same and back and forth it is the seventeenth - once I knew all this by heart and was able to write encryption quickly enough.

There are 33 letters in the Russian alphabet. Each letter corresponds to its own number. The distribution follows the principle A - 1 letter of the alphabet, B - 2 letter of the alphabet, etc. until the last letter - I, which is the 33rd letter.

It would seem, well, why would anyone need to know serial numbers letters in the Russian alphabet? Probably, those who have taken IQ tests know that you need to know this in order to successfully cope with test tasks. There may be not one or two such tasks in the test, but much more. For example, in this test there are five of forty such tasks.

Here, for example, is the very first task of the test and the last fifth one:





Below is the alphabet in the figure, which shows which letter of the 33 letters of the Russian alphabet has which serial number. The first digit is a forward count, the second digit is a reverse count. In this form, the numbering and the alphabet itself are easier to remember than in a list.



There are only 33 letters in the Russian alphabet:

• It’s not always possible to find even the simplest things on the Internet; the same goes for alphabet numbering.

  You can see the serial numbers of letters in the table below, correct order and sequence number matching.

  The letter A comes first.

  The letter B is in second place.

  The letter B is in third place.

  The letter G is in fourth place.

  The letter D is in fifth place.

  The letter E is in sixth place.

  The letter is in seventh place.

  The letter Z is in eighth place.

  The letter Z is in ninth place.

  The letter I is in tenth place.

  The letter Y is in eleventh place.

  The letter K is in twelfth place.

  The letter L is in thirteenth place.

  The letter M is in fourteenth place.

  The letter N is in fifteenth place.

  The letter O is in sixteenth place.

  The letter P is in seventeenth place.

  The letter R is in eighteenth place.

  The letter C is in nineteenth place.

  The letter T is in twentieth place.

  The letter U is in twenty-first place.

  The letter F is in twenty-second place.

  The letter X is in twenty-third place.

  The letter C is in twenty-fourth place.

  The letter H is in twenty-fifth place.

  The letter Ш is in twenty-sixth place.

  The letter Ш is in twenty-seventh place.

  The letter Ъ is in twenty-eighth place.

  The letter Y is in twenty-ninth place.

  The letter b is in the thirtieth place.

  The letter E is in thirty-first place.

  The letter U is in thirty-second place.

  The letter I is in thirty-third place.

  There are 33 letters in the Russian alphabet. Probably everyone knows this. And the serial number of a letter can be useful to solve some riddle, charade, or read an encrypted letter.

  Serial number of letters in the Russian alphabet.

  • A - number 1 ,
  • B - number 2 ,
  • B - number 3 ,
  • G - number 4 ,
  • D - number 5 ,
  • E - number 6 ,
  • - 7 (some people forget that e and are still different letters, they should not be confused),
  • F - 8,
  • Z - 9,
  • I - 10,
  • J - 11,
  • K - 12,
  • L - 13,
  • M - 14,
  • N - 15,
  • O - 16,
  • P - 17,
  • R - 18,
  • S - 19,
  • T - 20,
  • U - 21,
  • F - 22,
  • X - 23,
  • C - 24,
  • H - 25,
  • Sh - 26,
  • Shch - 27,
  • Ъ (hard sign) - 28,
  • Y - 29,
  • b (soft sign) - 30,
  • E - 31,
  • Yu - 32,
  • I'm 33.

  Russian alphabet in reverse order looks like this (first comes the serial number, and after the number the letter itself)

  • 33 - A,
  • 32 - B,
  • 31 -B,
  • 30 - G,
  • 29 - D,
  • 2 - E,
  • 27 - ,
  • 26 -F,
  • 25 - W,
  • 24 - And,
  • 23 - J,
  • 22 - K,
  • 21 - L,
  • 20 - M,
  • 19 - N,
  • 18 - Oh,
  • 17 - P,
  • 16 - R,
  • 15 - C,
  • 14 - T,
  • 13 - U,
  • 12 - F,
  • 11 - X,
  • 10 - C,
  • 9 - H,
  • 8 - Ш,
  • 7 -SH,
  • 6 - b,
  • 5 - Y,
  • 4 - b,
  • 3 - E,
  • 2 - Yu,
  • 1 -I.

• The letter A has a serial number of 1

  B-serial number-2

  B-serial number-3

  The letter E has number 6

  The letter has serial number 7

  F-number 8

  Letter Z-number 9

  And - has serial number 10

  E friend J- number 11

  K-12 in a row

  Letter L-13

  We count the letter H as 15 in a row.

  16 is the letter O

  Ъ-28 letter of the alphabet

  A a a ordinal digit 1

  B b b e serial digit 2

  In in ve ordinal digit 3

  G g ge ordinal digit 4

  D d de serial digit 5

  E e ordinal digit 6

  serial digit 7

  Zh zhe serial number 8

  Z z z z ordinal digit 9

  And and and ordinal number 10

  th and short ordinal number 11

  K k ka (not ke) serial number 12

  L l el (or el, not le) serial number 13

  M m em (not me) ordinal number 14

  N n en (not ne) ordinal number 15

  O o o ordinal number 16

  P p pe ordinal number 17

  R r er (not re) ordinal number 18

  C s es (not se) ordinal number 19

  T t te ordinal number 20

  Y y y ordinal number 21

  F f ef (not fe) ordinal number 22

  X x ha (not he) ordinal number 23

  Ts ts tse ordinal number 24

  H h h ordinal number 25

  Sh sh sha (not she) serial number 26

  Shch shcha (not yet) serial number 27

  ъ ъ hard sign ordinal number 28

  Y y y ordinal number 29

  b ь soft sign ordinal number 30

  Uh uh (uh reverse) serial number 31

  Yu Yu Yu serial number 32

  I I I serial number 33

  It is useful to know the serial numbers of the letters of the Russian alphabet, it is good to know the reverse numbering of letters, and sometimes you also need to know the numbering of pairs of letters equally distant from the ends of the alphabet. This knowledge can help in solving logical problems of various kinds.

  So, the Russian alphabet is numbered in order:

  Alphabet in reverse order:

  Pairs of letters equally distant from the ends of the alphabet:

• 

  

  fourth

  The letter dd will be 5

  The letter Her will be 6

  The letter will be 7

  The eighth, ninth and tenth are the letters Zh, Z, I

  Eleventh letter

  Twelfth letter

  

  (alphabet) - a set of graphic signs - letters in a prescribed sequence, which create the written and printed form of the national Russian language. Includes 33 letters: a, b, c, d, d, f, e, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, r, s, t, u, f, x, ts, ch, sh, sch, ъ, s, ь, e, yu, i. Most letters in written form are graphically different from printed ones. Except ъ, ы, ь, all letters are used in two versions: uppercase and lowercase. In printed form, the variants of most letters are graphically identical (they differ only in size; cf., however, B and b); in written form, in many cases, the spelling of uppercase and lowercase letters differs from each other (A and a, T, etc.).

  The Russian alphabet conveys the phonemic and sound composition of Russian speech: 20 letters convey consonant sounds (b, p, v, f, d, t, z, s, zh, sh, ch, ts, shch, g, k, x, m, n, l, p), 10 letters - vowels, of which a, e, o, s, i, u - only vowels, i, e, e, yu - softness of the preceding consonant + a, e, o, u or combinations j + vowel (“five”, “forest”, “ice”, “hatch”; “pit”, “ride”, “tree”, “young”); the letter "y" conveys "and non-syllabic" ("fight") and in some cases the consonant j ("yog"). Two letters: “ъ” (hard sign) and “ь” (soft sign) do not denote separate independent sounds. The letter “b” serves to indicate the softness of the preceding consonants, paired in hardness - softness (“mol” - “mol”), after the hissing letters “b” it is an indicator in writing of some grammatical forms (3rd declension nouns - “daughter”, but “brick”, imperative mood - “cut”, etc.). The letters “ь” and “ъ” also act as a dividing sign (“rise”, “beat”).

  The modern Russian alphabet in its composition and basic letter styles goes back to the ancient Cyrillic alphabet, the alphabet of which dates back to the 11th century. changed in form and composition. Russian alphabet in modern form was introduced by the reforms of Peter I (1708-1710) and the Academy of Sciences (1735, 1738 and 1758), the result of which was to simplify the style of letters and exclude some outdated signs from the alphabet. Thus, the letters Ѡ (“omega”), Ꙋ (“uk”), Ꙗ, Ѥ (iotized a, e), Ѯ (“xi”), Ѱ (“psi”), digraphs Ѿ (“from”) were excluded , OU (“y”), accent and aspiration signs (strength), abbreviation signs (titles), etc. New letters were introduced: i (instead of Ꙗ and Ѧ), e, y. Later N.M. Karamzin introduced the letter “е” (1797). These changes served to transform the old Church Slavonic print for secular publications (hence the subsequent name of the printed font - “civil”). Some excluded letters were later restored and excluded, some of the extra letters continued to be used in Russian writing and printing until 1917, when by decree of the People's Commissariat of Education of December 23, 1917, confirmed by the decree of the Council of People's Commissars of October 10, 1918, letters were excluded from the alphabet Ѣ, Ѳ, І (“yat”, “fita”, “і decimal”). The use of the letter “е” in print is not strictly mandatory; it is used mainly in dictionaries and educational literature.

  The Russian “civil” alphabet served as the basis for most of the writing systems of the peoples of the USSR, as well as for some other languages ​​​​that have a written language based on the Cyrillic alphabet.

  Modern Russian alphabet

  Ahh	[A]	Kk	[ka]	Xx	[Ha]
  BB	[bae]	Ll	[el]	Tsts	[tse]
  Vv	[ve]	Mm	[Em]	Hh	[che]
  GG	[ge]	Nn	[en]	Shh	[sha]
  Dd	[de]	Ooh	[O]	Shch	[sha]
  Her	[e]	pp	[pe]	Kommersant	[hard sign, old. er]
  Her	[ё]	RR	[er]	Yyy	[s]
  LJ	[zhe]	Ss	[es]	bb	[soft sign, old. er]
  Zz	[ze]	Tt	[te]	Uh	[er reverse]
  Ii	[And]	Ooh	[y]	Yuyu	[yu]
  Yikes	[and short]	Ff	[ef]	Yaya	[I]

  • Bylinsky K.I., Kryuchkov S.E., Svetlaev M.V., Use of the letter e. Directory, M., 1943;
  • Dieringer D., Alphabet, translation from English, M., 1963;
  • Istrin V. A., The emergence and development of writing, M., 1965;
  • Musaev K. M., Alphabets of the languages ​​of the peoples of the USSR, M., 1965;
  • Ivanova V.F., Modern Russian language. Graphics and spelling, 2nd ed., M., 1976;
  • Moiseev A.I., Modern Russian alphabet and alphabets of other peoples of the USSR, RYASh, 1982, No. 6;
  • see also the literature under the article