The soft sign and the hard sign are a letter. Rules for using hard and soft signs

Filming, entrance, hugs, announcement, detour, immense, disheveled, furious, move in, drive up, shrink, unite, ate.

CONTROL WRITTEN OFF

Write down suggestions. Underline words with a hard separator (ъ).

1. The leaves on the trees shrank due to frost. 2. Rosehip bushes seem to be on fire. 3. In the summer, I traveled all over Crimea with my parents. 4. We hugged each other tightly. 5. Quiet! Filming is underway. 6. Children from all over Ukraine came to the competition.

SELECTIVE DICTANT

Listen to the words. Write down words with a soft sign (ь) in one

a column with a solid sign (ъ) - in another.

Sparrows, feathers, detour, drinks, ate, wolf, stakes, drive up, edible, announcement, health, leaves, shooting, friends, angry, edible, bunches, joy, blizzard.

EXPLANATORY AND TESTING DICTS

Separate highlighted words for hyphenation.

At night there was a fire in a neighboring house. A fiery blizzard broke out. Furious flames came out of the windows. We moved in together several fire engines. The first one was at the entrance. The second drove around the house. The third entered the yard. Fountains of water flow. Smoke hurts your eyes. The fire gives up. The screams of firefighters can be heard. They saved people's lives and homes. You can't play with fire!

MUSHROOM GLADE

It's good to wander through the autumn forest!

There the fly agaric cap is turning red. This inedible mushroom. And here are my favorite boletus. There's a boletus showing off. And here are the red foxes. All these mushrooms are edible. Both people and animals love them. Have you ever seen eaten mushroom stems? This squirrel is cooking edible for the winter. She will feel comfortable in a warm hollow during a cold snowstorm.

EARLY AUTUMN

It’s still warm, but a thin cobweb is already hovering in the air. Bird voices can still be heard. Les thought. This is how a person thinks before departure V long journey. Leaves coming soon will shrink, will fall. The blizzard will sweep away the paths. It will be like this all winter. And then the spring wind will announce that it is warming up.

44 words. (According to E. Gladchenko)

MORE ON THE TOPIC:

DICTIONARY AND CREATIVE DICTANTS 1. Translate Ukrainian words into Russian. 2.Put emphasis on words. Kropiva, otaman, conversation, shine...

The letter Ъ, ъ (referred to as a hard sign) is the 28th letter of the Russian alphabet (it was the 27th letter before the reform of 1917-1918 and bore the name “er”) and the 27th letter of the Bulgarian alphabet (called er golyam, i.e. “big er”); is absent in other Cyrillic Slavic alphabets: if necessary, its functions are performed by an apostrophe (Russian congress - Bel. z'ezd - Ukrainian z'izd).

In the Church and Old Church Slavonic alphabets it is called “er” and “ѥръ” respectively; its meaning (as well as the meaning of the names of a number of other Cyrillic letters) is not clear. Usually in the Cyrillic alphabet it is 29th in order and has the form ; The 30th in the Glagolitic alphabet looks like . Has no numerical value.

The origin of the letter in the Glagolitic alphabet is usually interpreted as a modified letter O (); Cyrillic is also associated with O, to which something is drawn on top (such forms are found in the most ancient inscriptions in Cyrillic).

Church and Old Church Slavonic language

Approximately until the very middle of the 12th century. the letter Ъ denoted a reduced (super-short) vowel sound of medium rise. After the fall of the reduced ones occurred, it ceased to designate any sound in all except Bulgarian, Slavic languages, (in Bulgaria, in specific positions, a similar sound ɤ is still preserved, along with its designation using the letter Ъ: Bulgarian modern alphabet).

But the use of this unpronounceable letter in writing turned out to be useful: it contributed to the correct division of words into syllables, and lines into words (until they switched to using spaces): to God's chosen king.

In later Church Slavonic writing it is used according to tradition:

Most often after consonants at the ends of words (i.e. a word can only end with a vowel, b, b or j);

As a sign of separation between a consonant and a vowel, located at the boundary of a prefix and a root;

In some words: monkey, after, as well as in all kinds of forms of phrases for each other, each other...

In a number of cases (mainly at the ends of prefixes and prepositions) er is replaced by a superscript called “erok”.

Kommersant in Russian

In 1917-1918, even before the reform of Russian spelling, the letter Ъ was used in accordance with the same Church Slavonic rules, but there were no exception words. The dividing Ъ (unlike modern spelling) was placed not only before iotated vowels, but also in a number of other cases, such as rasikatsya, sjekonomichet, dvuharshiny, etc. (including it made it possible to distinguish the words podarochny and gift in writing).

But the dividing Kommersant was very rare (however, as now), and the very useless Kommersant at the ends of words accounted for almost 4% of the total volume of the text and, as L.V. Uspensky calculated, before the reform of spelling, up to 8.5 were required annually for it million additional pages.

The redundancy of the terminal b has been known for a long time; it may not have been used in cursive writing, during the transmission of telegraph messages, and even in a number of books (printing without Kommersant spread in the 1870s, but was soon banned).

During the reform, b, which plays the role of a dividing sign, was preserved; but in order to cope with publishers of magazines and newspapers who did not want to comply with the decisions new government, the decree of the Supreme Council of National Economy of November 4, 1918 ordered the removal of matrices and letters of the letter B from printing desks, which was done.

The result was the spread of the surrogate designation apostrophe (ad’jutant, rise) in the form of a dividing sign; such writing began to be perceived as an element of reform, while in reality, from the positions set out in the decree, it was erroneous. There was a time (late 1920s - early 1930s) when it moved into book publishing, and, for example, in typewriting it has practically survived to this day (in order to save the number of keys, inexpensive typewriters were made without b).

In August 1928, the People's Commissariat for Education recognized the use of an apostrophe in Russian grammar instead of a hard sign in the middle of a word as incorrect.

Ъ in modern Russian spelling is used only as a sign of separation between a consonant and a vowel. It is most often used at the junctions of prefixes and roots (entrance, advert, trans-Yamal, pan-European), including historical prefixes “fused” in modern Russian with the root in a number of borrowings (adjutant, courier, injection); or in the case of 2 combined non-contracted (full!) stems before iotized e, yu, ё, I in such difficult words, as (“three-tiered”) and means “separate” (iotated) their sound without softening the previous consonant.

Before other vowels, Ъ can only appear in transcriptions of foreign names and names: Junichiro, Chang'an, etc.
The use of Ъ before consonants has also been noted (in the names of Khoisan languages: Kgan-Kune, Khong, etc.), although the correctness of such spellings in Russian orthography is questionable.
It cannot be used in complex words such as party cell, ministry of justice, foreign language.

Spelling variations

In the design of the letter Ъ, diversity is observed mainly in its size while maintaining its shape: it is in the line completely in the charter, in the half-chart it is both in the line and protrudes with its upper part upward, while covering the previous letter with it, but in width it takes up space less. This “high” form existed until the mid-century. XVIII century main and appeared in the first versions of the civil font.

The tall lowercase letter ъ in a number of variants of the civil font lost its hook, i.e. its form was identified with the Latin lowercase b (at the same time, the lowercase ь had a modern appearance).

In a number of semi-statutory manuscripts and early printed books (for example, in the “Ostrozh Bible” by I. Fedorov) one also comes across the letter Ъ with a serif going down to the bottom on the left (i.e., in the form of connected rъ), although more often the sign similar shape denoted by the letter yat.

Introduction

After a consonant before a vowel, the letters e, e, yu, i (i) help to denote the sound [th"] by b and b. In this case the signs are called dividing marks.

In the lesson you will learn how to choose the right one from two separating characters.

Lesson topic: “The rule for using the separating signs b and b.”

Observing the structure of words with b and b signs

Let's observe the structure of words with the b sign. To find the root, let's select words with the same root.

Fun, have fun, have fun(root -vesel-),

bearish, bear cub, she-bear(root -bear-, -bear-),

sparrows, little sparrow, passerine(root -sparrow-).

Let's observe the structure of words with the Ъ sign.

I'm going, I'm going, I'm going(root -ed-, prefix s-),

entrance, driving(root -ezd-, prefix under-),

announcement, announcement, announce(root -yavl-, prefix ob-).

We formulate the rule for using the separating signs b and b

The separative b is written at the root of the word after the consonants before the letters e, e, yu, i, i.

The separating b is written between the prefix and the root after prefixes ending in a consonant, before the letters e, e, yu, ya.

How to use the rule

1. Say the word, listen to see if it contains the sound [th"] after the consonant sound before the vowel.

2. Identify the root in the word.

3. Look where you need to write the separator - at the root or between the prefix and the root. If at the root, write b, if between the prefix and the root, write b.

Applying new knowledge

Using the rule, determine what needs to be written in place of the gaps - separating b or b.

Street_i, nightingale_i, pre_anniversary, raz_ezd, sedobny, brother_ya.

Beehives - root -ul-, write b;

nightingales - nightingale, root -nightingale-, write b;

pre-anniversary - anniversary, root -anniversary-, prefix pre-, ends in a consonant, write b;

travel - ride, root -ezd-, prefix raz-, ends in a consonant, write b;

edible - food, root -ed-, prefix s-, ends in a consonant, write b;

brothers - brother, root -take-, write b.

Apply your new knowledge, spell words with the root -EX- correctly, and don’t fall into traps.

from?went, on?went, in?went, reached, drove up, from?went, drove

moved out, drove off, drove in, arrived, drove up, drove off, drove in

In words went, arrived, stopped by prefixes po-, do-, end in a vowel sound, therefore There is no need to write the Kommersant sign.

In words moved out, drove in, drove up, drove off prefixes s-, v-, sub-, ot- end in a consonant, therefore you need to write b.

Write the words in letters.

[s y"e l] - ate. After the consonant [s] before the vowel [e], the letter E is denoted by b. C- prefix, root -e-. [vy"un] - loach. After the consonant [v] before the vowel [y], the letter Yu helps to denote the sound [th"] by b. Root -loach-. [p"er"y"a] - feathers. After the consonant [p"] before the vowel [a], b helps to designate the sound [th"] of the letter I. The root is -per-. Listen to yourself and write the words with sounds.

wings - [wing "y"a], 6 b., 6 star. I'll eat - [sy"edu], 5 points, 5 stars. You noticed that the number of sounds and letters in the words is the same.

b, b do not indicate sounds, but the letters e, e, yu, i denote two sounds[y"e], [y"o], [y"u], [y"a].

We look for words with b and b signs in poetic lines

Find words with b and b in the lines of poetry.

Suddenly it became twice as bright,

The yard is like in sun rays -

This dress is golden

On the shoulders of a birch tree.

In the morning we go to the yard -

Leaves are falling like rain.

E. Trutneva

Who will have the opportunity

Travel to hot regions

Ride a camel!

Really great, friends!

S. Baruzdin

It's raining, it's raining,

He beats the drums. A. Barto

The evil blizzard flew away.

The rooks brought warmth.

They ran after each other

Restless streams.

A. Usanova

I see wonderful freedom,

I see fields and fields.

This is Russian expanse,

This is Russian land.(Song)

Gray hare under a pine tree

He announced that he was a tailor...

The hare cuts, the hare sews,

And the bear is waiting in the den.

S. Mikhalkov

Dress(root -pay-),

leaves(root -leaf-),

go(root -ezd-, prefix s-, ends in a consonant),

Friends(root -friend-),

blizzard(root -blizzard-),

streams(root -stream-),

freedom- space, free life (root -will-),

expanse- dol, valley (root -dol-),

announced(root -yav-, prefix ob-, ends in a consonant).

Please note: in words sews, pours, beats and in related words sew, spill, beat at the root it is written b (roots: -sh-, -l-, -b-).

We look for words in the text with separating signs b and b

Find words in the text with separating signs b and b.

A small bird flutters above the river in the frosty haze. She quickly dives into the water. In a moment - rise. This is Dipper, a guest from northern forests. The bird's feathers are greased. This is how you can explain why the dipper is not afraid of water.(see Fig. 1)

Curls- vit, viu, root -v-, write b,

rise- you can see in books two options for highlighting the root: the root -em-, the prefix under-, the root -lift-, we write ъ,

guest- living room, stay, root -guest-, write b,

explain- clear, clear, explain, root -yas-, prefix ob-, ends in a consonant, write ъ.

Explain which letters are missing

The birthplace of the Russian samovar is the city of Tula. In Rus', samovars of different shapes and sizes have long been made. There were even samovars with removable handles. The Russian family loves to sit by the samovar. The proverb says: “Whoever drinks tea will live a hundred years.”

Volume- previously the prefix ob- was distinguished, now the root -volume- is distinguished;

removable- shooting, previously the prefix s- was highlighted, now the root -sem is highlighted;

family- family, root -seven-;

drinks- drink, root -drink-.

We observe the words that answer the question whose?

Listen to the dialogue.

If only you had some fox teeth, hare!

If only you had wolf legs, gray one!

If only you had lynx claws, scythe!

- Uh, what do I need fangs and claws?

My soul is still a hare.

In words that answer the question whose?: fox, wolf, lynx, hare, deer, squirrel, birdthe root is written b.

Listening to proverbs

Listen to the proverbs, find words with b and b signs.

The streams will merge - there will be a river. People will unite - their strength cannot be defeated.

Happiness is not a fish; you can’t catch it with a fishing rod.

Friendship is strong not through flattery, but through truth and honor.

Streams- stream, in the root - stream- after the consonant before the letter and it is written ь.

Will merge- pour, pour, at the root -l- after a consonant before a letter yu written ь.

Unite- union, single, root -uni-, after a prefix ending in a consonant, before a root starting with a letter e, written ъ.

Happiness- happy, at the root -happiness- after the consonant before the letter e written ь.

Flattery- at the root - flattery - after a consonant before a letter yu written ь.

Honor- at the root -honor- after a consonant before a letter yu written ь.

We memorize foreign words.

Remember foreign words with b:

object, subject, adjutant, injection(medicine injection, injection)

Remember words with b:

bouillon- meat decoction

battalion- unit in the army

pavilion- a small building in the garden, in the park

postman- mail delivery person to addresses

champignon- edible mushroom

Conclusion

The separative b is written at the root of the word after the consonants before the letters e, e, yu, i, and.

The separating Ъ is written between the prefix and the root after prefixes ending in a consonant, before letters e, e, yu, i.

References

M.S. Soloveychik, N. S. Kuzmenko “To the secrets of our language” Russian language: Textbook. 3rd grade: in 2 parts. - Smolensk: Association XXI century, 2010.
M.S. Soloveychik, N. S. Kuzmenko “To the secrets of our language” Russian language: Workbook. 3rd grade: in 3 parts. - Smolensk: Association XXI century, 2010.
T. V. Koreshkova Test tasks in Russian. 3rd grade: in 2 parts. - Smolensk: Association XXI century, 2011.
T.V. Koreshkova Practice! Notebook for independent work in Russian for grade 3: in 2 parts. - Smolensk: Association XXI century, 2011.
L.V. Mashevskaya, L.V. Danbitskaya Creative tasks in the Russian language. - St. Petersburg: KARO, 2003.
G.T. Dyachkova Olympic tasks in Russian. 3-4 grades. - Volgograd: Teacher, 2008.

Homework

Write the words in two columns: in the left - with a soft separator, in the right - with a hard separator.
Sh.yut, n.yut, l.yut, b.yut, sat down, healthy, announcement, rise, out.yan, hug, sparrow, depart, happy. e, inclement, cheerful, present, unify, clarify.
Insert b or b. In words with a hard separator, highlight the prefixes.
The titmouse Zinka liked it in the forest in winter. So many trees! She was jumping on the branches. A bale with a sharp nose into a crack in the bark. He pulls out a bug and eats it.

Zinka looks: wood mouse jumped out from under the snow. She’s shaking, she’s all nervous. She explained to Zinka her fear. The mouse fell into the bear's den.

(According to V. Bianchi)

Read the entries. Which one is not a mystery? Why? Guess the riddles. Solve spelling problems.

1. They beat him, but he doesn’t get angry,

He sings and has fun

Because without bit.i

There is no life for the ball. (To Berestov)

2. She herself, like a rocker,

It hung in the air.

The wings chirp,

The mosquito wants to eat.

3. It gets dusty underfoot, meanders and gets stuck.

It lies and runs and circles. What's the name?

Internet portal School-collection.edu.ru ().
Internet portal Gramota.ru ().
Internet portal Festival.1september.ru ().
Internet portal Dictionary.liferus.ru ().

Good afternoon. Please tell me why it is written in the word "adjutant" solid sign ?

In this word part hell by origin it is a prefix (German Adjutant from Latin ad-jūtans, ad-jūtantis “helping”). After historically distinguished consonant prefixes before letters e, e, yu, i a dividing solid sign is written. For the same reason ъ written in words subject, object, injection, trans-European.


	Question No. 297125

Hello! Is there a need for a hard sign in the word “supercell” in the title of the article “Cell and supercell of the reciprocal lattice of crystals”?

Answer help desk Russian language

The word is not recorded in the spelling dictionary, but according to the rule, a hard sign is necessary. Wed: superyacht.


	Question No. 295029

Hello! IN modern dictionaries in words such as shooting (shoot/k/a) and announcement (announcement/eni/e), the hard sign is included in the root of the word. How then to explain the rule to students? primary school about writing a hard sign before roots starting with vowels e, e, yu, i? Best regards, Yulia.