People can have a connection with animals. Pets

1. What species is modern man classified as?

Answer. View Homo sapiens.

2. What are rudiments and atavisms?

Answer. Rudimental organs or rudiments are some organs or parts thereof that do not function in adult animals and are “superfluous” for them. The presence of rudiments is evidence of a common origin.

Atavisms are the appearance in humans, animals or plants of characteristics characteristic of their distant ancestors.

Questions after § 69

1. What concept underlies modern scientific ideas about the origin of man?

Answer. K. Linnaeus. in his book “System of Nature”, he singled out a genus of people with one species - Homo sapiens L. - and placed him in the order of primates along with the lower and great apes. In 1760, C. Linnaeus published the work “Relatives of Man,” in which he emphasized the external and internal similarities between humans and monkeys.

Jean Baptiste Lamarck in his work “Philosophy of Zoology” (1809) pointed out the kinship of man with monkeys and assumed that man descended from the ancient great apes as a result of the transition to upright walking, and a herd lifestyle primitive people contributed to the development of speech.

Charles Darwin made a significant contribution to solving the problem of anthropogenesis. In his works “The Descent of Man and Sexual Selection” (1871) and “The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals” (1872), he used extensive factual material to show the striking similarity of humans with animals and especially with apes. Based on this, he came to the conclusion that monkeys and humans have a common ancestor, paying attention to the influence social factors in human evolution.

2. What evidence indicates a connection between humans and animals?

Answer. Data from comparative embryology and anatomy clearly show similarities in the structure and development of the human body with animals.

Humans are characterized by the main features inherent in the Chordata type and the Vertebrate subtype. In humans (as in all chordates) in the early stages of embryonic development internal skeleton represented by a chord, the neural tube is laid on the dorsal side, the body has bilateral symmetry. As the embryo develops, the notochord is replaced by the spinal column, and the skull and five sections of the brain are formed. The heart is located on the ventral side, and a skeleton of paired free limbs appears.

Humans are characterized by the main features of the class Mammals. The human spine is divided into five sections, the skin is covered with hair and contains sweat and sebaceous glands. Like other mammals, humans are characterized by viviparity, the presence of a diaphragm, mammary glands and feeding of the young with milk, a four-chambered heart, and warm-bloodedness.

Humans are characterized by the main features of the Placental subclass. The mother carries the fetus inside her body, and the fetus is nourished through the placenta.

Humans are characterized by the main features of the order Primates. These include grasping limbs, the presence of nails, the location of the eyes in one plane (which provides three-dimensional vision), the replacement of milk teeth with permanent ones, etc.

A lot of common features in humans and apes: similar structure of the brain and facial parts of the skull, well-developed frontal lobes of the brain, big number convolutions of the cerebral cortex, the disappearance of the caudal spine, the development of facial muscles, etc. In addition to morphological signs, a number of other data indicate the similarity of humans and great apes: similar Rh factors, blood group antigens (ABO); the presence of a menstrual period and pregnancy lasting 9 months, like chimpanzees and gorillas; similar sensitivity to pathogens of the same diseases, etc.

IN Lately Methods for determining the evolutionary relatedness of organisms by comparing their chromosomes and proteins are widely used. The greater the similarity between proteins, the greater the relationship between species. Studies have shown that human and chimpanzee proteins are 99% similar.

The kinship between humans and animals is also evidenced by the presence of atavisms in humans (external tail, multiple nipples, abundant facial hair, etc.) and rudiments (appendix, ear muscles, third eyelid, etc.)

3. What's it like? systematic position modern man?

Answer. Full scientific classification person

Kingdom: Animals

Type: Chordata

Subphylum: Vertebrates

Class: Mammals

Subclass: Placental

Order: Primates

Suborder: Dry-nosed

Infraorder: Narrownose

Superfamily: Apes

Family: Hominids

Subfamily: Hominins

Genus: People

Species: Homo sapiens

Subspecies: Homo sapiens sapiens

4. What fundamental differences exist between humans and animals? How can they be explained?

Answer. There are fundamental differences between humans and animals. Only humans are characterized by true upright walking. In this regard, characteristic changes occurred in the structure of the human skeleton: the spine acquired an S-shape, arching of the foot appeared, thumb the lower extremities came closer to the rest and assumed the function of support, the pelvic bones became wider, and the chest flattened in the anteroposterior direction.

The freed upper limbs with flexible hands and opposable thumbs turned into labor organs.

In the human skull, the cerebral region predominates over the facial region. Average weight The human brain is 1350–1500 g, while gorillas and chimpanzees are only 460–600 g.

A person has consciousness and abstract thinking, is able to communicate using speech (second signaling system) and abstract symbols (writing), as well as transmit and perceive knowledge accumulated by previous generations. He created art and science. Human evolution is out of control biological factors and acquired a social character.

As the facts irrefutably testify, there was a time when people did not exist on Earth - they once appeared on it. And along with them, human society inevitably appeared. People always live only as part of individual specific societies - socio-historical organisms, which together form human society as a whole. People cannot exist outside the system of social relations. This has been noticed for a long time. Even Aristotle, who lived in the 4th century. BC, called man a political animal, that is, living in a state (polity), in society. This idea was developed in the work of the Scottish thinker A. Ferguson “Essay on the History of Civil Society” (1767). He argued that man, initially, by nature, is a social being. “Humanity,” he wrote, “should be considered in the groups in which it has always existed. The history of an individual man is only a single manifestation of the feelings and thoughts acquired by him in connection with his race, and every study relating to this subject must proceed from entire societies, not individuals." The idea that people have always lived in societies was also defended by his contemporary, Voltaire. In his “Philosophy of History” (1765) he wrote: “The foundations for society have always existed, therefore society has always existed.”

But if man and society arose, then the question of where their roots go is legitimate. The natural answer is that the origins of man and society must be sought in the animal world. However, there is too much difference between the society we live in now and the animal world. Huge cities, multi-storey buildings, factories and factories, railways, cars, airplanes, theaters, museums, books, magazines, newspapers - there is nothing similar in the animal world. Not only modern, but in general any “civilized,” as they say, society differs from the animal world.

Related to this is the fairly widespread idea that humans have nothing to do with animals at all. They refer to biblical legends, according to which people were created by God separately from animals. In recent decades, this idea has found expression in various fantastic hypotheses, according to which the ancestors modern people flew to Earth from space.

In reality, however, the kinship between animals and humans is undeniable. Some scientists came to this conclusion back in the 18th century. And in the next - XIX century. - The idea of ​​human origin from animals has become widespread. It was, as we know, deeply substantiated in the work of the great English naturalist Charles Darwin “The Descent of Man and Sexual Selection” (1871). It quite convincingly showed that the distant ancestors of humans were apes (anthropoids).

Charles Darwin also touched upon the problem of the origin of society. He characterized man as a social animal. From this he concluded that human ancestors also lived not alone or even in families, but in broader associations. But having proved that man descended from animals, Charles Darwin at the same time was unable to draw a specific picture of the transformation of an animal into a man - for this he lacked factual data. He could say even less about the emergence of human society.

By now the situation has changed dramatically. Science has accumulated a huge amount of factual material related to this problem. In the light of this material, it became clear that between the immediate animal ancestors of man, on the one hand, and people as they are now - people of the modern type, on the other, there lies a long transition period, which began at least 1.6 million years back.

This was the period of the transformation of animals into humans, the formation of man (anthropogenesis) and at the same time the period of the formation of human society (sociogenesis). Anthropogenesis (from the Greek anthropos - man and genesis - origin) and sociogenesis (from the Latin societas - society and Greek genesis - origin) were two inextricably linked sides of one single process - anthroposociogenesis - the process of formation of man and society. People who lived during this period differed from both animals and modern people. These were emerging people (proto-people). Accordingly, they lived in an emerging society (proto-society).

The process of anthropogenesis and sociogenesis, which began 1.6 million years ago, ended approximately 35-40 thousand years ago. The primordial people and the primordial society were replaced by the formed ones, ready people who already lived in a ready-made, established society.

How exactly the process of human formation took place can be judged from the bone remains of human ancestors, proto-humans, and the earliest modern humans that have come down to us. They are studied by paleoanthropology (from the Greek palaios - ancient, anthropos - man, logos - teaching).

Public relations immaterial, incorporeal, they have no physical existence. Therefore, in fact, nothing reached us from them and could not reach us. It is possible to judge how the process of formation of society proceeded only by indirect data. Such data, on the one hand, are the same bone remains of ancestral people, on the other hand, their stone tools and other material monuments that have come down to us. They are studied by archeology (from the Greek archaios - ancient, logos - teaching).

But even direct data can be interpreted in different ways. Different scientists paint a different picture of the formation of man and his evolution. stone tools. This is especially true for indirect data. Therefore, the only way to understand the essence of sociogenesis is to compare its starting point and final result.

The starting point of sociogenesis is the association of animal ancestors of humans. A certain idea of ​​them can be formed by studying the associations of existing animals. The final result of sociogenesis is an established human society. It exists in different forms. One of social forms earlier, others - later. The earliest form of existence of an established human society is a society that we usually call primitive or primitive communal, and in Western science - primitive, tribal, egalitarian, stateless, classless. It existed in the form of a large number of largely independent primitive communities.

A comparison of animal associations and primitive communities can provide the key to understanding what the process of sociogenesis consisted of.

Animals and their associations

Of all the sciences about the animal world, the most interesting for us is the one that studies the behavior of animals in natural or close to natural conditions. It is called ethology (from the Greek ethos - character, character and logos - teaching). This science has revealed the incentives and motives for animal behavior. They are biological instincts. These primarily include food, sexual and self-preservation instincts. Special place occupies an instinct that encourages us to take care of our offspring. It is called maternal when only the female takes care of the cubs, and parental when the male is also involved in this matter.

Maternal or parental instinct is the only need in the animal world, the satisfaction of which consists in caring for others. All other instincts of a given animal individual presuppose and require his concern only for himself. This is especially easy to notice in the example of the food instinct. In an adult animal, this instinct can be satisfied in one and only one way - by providing itself with food. It directly encourages one thing - to search for food for yourself and only for yourself. If an animal finds so much food that there is enough for others, or if another animal takes possession of the food found, then this does not in the slightest degree change the general direction of its behavior. It is focused on caring only about oneself. In this sense, the food instinct is an individualistic instinct. The sexual instinct and the instinct of self-preservation are of the same nature.

Individualistic instincts determine the behavior of an animal in all spheres of its activity, excluding only the area of ​​relationships with its young. Therefore, it is quite legitimate to talk about the dominance of zoological individualism in the animal world, taken as a whole. Animal egoism, i.e. orientation towards satisfying one’s individualistic instincts not only does not exclude, but, on the contrary, under certain conditions inevitably presupposes the unification of animals. Where animals alone are unable to satisfy their instincts, including individualistic ones, they unite to joint activities. In conditions where joint hunting is more successful than solo hunting, wolves and wild dogs form packs. The danger from predators encourages monkeys to form herds.

An animal's desire to satisfy its instincts may be consistent with the same aspirations of other individuals of the same species, or it may conflict with them. If, in animals leading a solitary lifestyle, the clash of aspirations of individual individuals occurs from time to time, then in animals living in associations, this kind of contradiction is more or less permanent. That's why necessary condition the existence of any somewhat durable zoological association is the systematic harmonization of the conflicting aspirations of all the animals that make up its composition. It is carried out through dominance.

Dominance is a kind of relationship between two animals in which one animal gets the opportunity to satisfy its instincts, regardless of the needs of the other animal and even at its expense, and this second animal is forced to refrain from satisfying its instincts if this desire comes into conflict with the aspirations first animal. The first animal occupies the position (acquires “status,” as ethologists say) of the dominant (dominant), and the second - the position (status) of the dominated (subordinate).

The dominant animal is usually the stronger one, the subordinate animal is the weaker one. One of known methods determination of status - fight. However, most often, dominance relationships are established without physical confrontation. Sometimes the threat from one animal is enough to turn another into a subordinate. In other cases (usually when the animals differ sharply in strength) threats are not required.

In a zoological association, dominance relations are established between all animals, excluding young ones. The elementary relationships of dominance that exist between every two adult animals form a complex hierarchical system in which each animal occupies specific place. In a zoological association, there is thus a system of ranks. One of the animals can only be dominant. In this case, it has the highest rank and plays the role of leader. Most members of the association become dominant in relation to some and subordinate in relation to others. Individual animals are in a position of being dominated only. The behavior of each animal largely depends on its position in the hierarchy, on its rank.

These relationships are clearly visible in groups of monkeys living in captivity. When animals are given food, one leader often initially approaches it, sometimes several other monkeys begin to eat with him, whom he encourages to do this with his behavior. When these animals are satisfied, it is the turn of the next in rank. The weakest animals gain access to food only after the main part of the group leaves the feeding area. Teenagers and old animals find themselves in the worst situation. They often go hungry even when there is enough food.

Sometimes they try to interpret dominance as curbing zoological individualism. In reality, it represents the most striking manifestation of animal egoism. Dominant animals satisfy their instincts, completely disregarding the needs of subordinate animals, and sometimes at their expense.

Under natural conditions, dominance relationships manifest themselves in different ways in associations of different animals and in different spheres of activity. Monkeys are primarily herbivorous animals. Their food, as a rule, is scattered in space and is available to everyone. Therefore, dominance relations in this area are almost not manifested in monkeys. However, when a more or less rare or attractive food object appears in the field of view of several animals, it is the dominant animal that takes possession of it, and the subordinates, as a rule, give in without much resistance.

Chimpanzees, the apes closest to humans, have observed cases of hunting more or less large animals. Fights broke out over the spoils. All the meat, or at least the bulk of it, went to the dominant animals. The rest, as a rule, received nothing. In the sphere of meat distribution among chimpanzees, zoological individualism completely dominated.

Dominance is the only way to reconcile the competing aspirations of the members of an ordinary zoological association. Dominance prevents constant conflicts within an association of higher animals and ensures relative peace and order within such an association.

When meeting a person, the vast majority of game animals flee. However, the largest and strong animals, for example, a tiger, a bear and a boar, may not give way and be the first to attack. For example, a moose selflessly protects its newborn calves from dogs and humans. A newly calved female also vigilantly guards her calf and will not allow crows to approach him or an arctic fox to get close. Even the polecat and ermine boldly rush into battle with the dog and man who are destroying their nests with their young. At the same time, completely opposite phenomena in animal behavior are also known. Thus, hunters annually take hundreds of helpless wolf cubs from their dens, and not a single case has ever been recorded of wolves protecting their offspring.

In nature, animals have facts and mutual assistance. There are known cases when, in response to the dying groan of a wounded roe deer and herd herds, the leaders returned to their aid. It was even more surprising to see on Wrangel Island how he rushed to the rescue of his brother white bear, just a puppy, weighing no more than half a pound, emerging from the den for the first time. His attack was so frenzied that the catcher was unable to cope with two such cubs.

Animals are very observant and are especially keenly aware of the unusual actions of the hunters pursuing them, to which they react with responses that are sometimes similar to rational thinking. Thus, there are known cases when a pack of wolves lay quietly in the forest a few hundred meters from the cutting area, where trees were being felled, skidders were rattling, and lumberjacks were calling to each other. And so cleverly these same wolves recognized the hunters who had appeared and disappeared unnoticed at the first attempt to surround them with flags, which act on the wolves as an insurmountable obstacle.

Along with this, it was noticed that wolves, like crows, very well distinguish an armed person from an unarmed one. While hunting, a hunter spends days and nights for months surrounded by wild animals. Therefore, it is not superfluous for him to know some details of the behavior and actions of animals that pose a danger to him. For example, how an old elk during the rutting season, a pig with piglets and wild boar, or a she-bear with her cub will behave when meeting him.

Many people consider the bear to be a good-natured, clumsy lump who attacks a person by rising on his hind legs and goes at him, exposing his chest to a bullet. If the hunter hopes for this absurdity, he will die at the first meeting with him. In reality, the bear is a very dexterous, strong and cunning animal with an exceptionally quick reaction.

At a distance of several tens of meters, a bear can catch up with a deer. An experienced bear cub husky sometimes whines with fear, barely dodging and escaping from the claws of a bear rushing after her. With such agility, the bear is endowed with powerful strength, which makes him the ruler of the forests. An adult bear is able to kill any elk, and then drag its carcass weighing 3-4 kg several hundred meters to a secluded place and cover it with a mountain of logs and brushwood. Along with this, there are known cases of exceptional dexterity when a bear carried away a hive from an apiary; Having discovered a warehouse with meat in a hunting hut, he did not think of opening the door that was locked by a log, but climbed onto the roof, tore open the roof, broke through the ceiling in the middle and through this hole threw more than a ton of meat out of the hut.

In June, during panting, in order to save the meat of a killed red deer from flies and spoilage, parts of the butchered carcass were placed in a pit with cold spring water. Camouflage from above was neglected. As a result of this oversight, crows discovered the pantry and attracted the bear's attention with their cry. The beast pulled all the meat out of the water. He used a little of it himself, the rest was stolen by wolverines and crows.

If bears are not pursued, they are not afraid of humans, they boldly take fresh bait, go to oat fields to feed, and can plunder a storehouse with food. In other areas, for example on the Kola Peninsula, where reindeer herders chase bears, they behave differently. They visit Privada at night and very carefully walk around it in a circle for a hundred steps and approach it from the leeward side, making sure that there is no danger at all. When inspecting bear food or bait, the hunter must be well armed and very careful, since the bear is often nearby, guarding its prey and can attack suddenly and with lightning speed.

Wounded bears, wild boars, elk and some other large animals can be very aggressive and dangerous. A wolf or jackal caught in a trap, if handled carelessly, can seriously injure the trapper. Therefore, when coming into contact with wild animals, you must always anticipate all sorts of surprises, since the actions of animals in trouble can be unpredictable, lightning-fast and of incredible force. In such cases, animals are especially cunning. Thus, a bear, wild boar or tiger with a trap on its leg or wounded, noticing that they are being pursued by a hunter, as a rule, ambush him - they return to the side and hide in the thicket near their trail from where they are the first to attack the hunter(sick and wounded tigers become man-eaters - note by the website author).

In turn, unexpected decisive actions by a person that do not correspond to the current situation can cause confusion and inhibition of aggression in the attacking animal. There was a case at the Moscow Zoo when an attendant entered an enclosure with an African ostrich with a broom. The ostrich immediately rushed at him and struck him with his paw.(probably, the author of the book means the powerful two-toed leg of an ostrich - note from the author of the website) could have killed, but the attendant was not taken aback and raised the broom, which turned out to be much higher than the ostrich, at arm's length. The bird instantly appreciated such a “growth” of the enemy, stopped and, fluffing its feathers, backed away. Knowing about this incident, I had to use something similar at the time of the attack on me wild moose, who stopped 3 meters away - then I opened both floors of the soldier’s overcoat wide open in front of him. The animal lowered its head with its ears flattened, the raised fur on the back of the neck settled down and the elk, turning to the side, disappeared into the thicket.

You need to be very careful and prudent when disentangling from the net and tying the legs of caught deer or aurochs and other ungulates, which can, with a sharp jerk of the head or hind leg, break the bone of the catcher’s arm or leg, and also severely bite a kulan or wild boar caught in the net.

Wild animals perceive aggressive human actions with particular acuteness and remember them for a long time. For example, calmly floating wild ducks, having heard a shot that thundered a kilometer away from them, they instantly become alert and freeze with their heads raised on their outstretched necks. Fattening moose, hearing a distant doublet, also stop feeding and fuss around anxiously. In Taimyr on the river. Pyasina, where on water crossings Every year thousands of reindeer are shot from motor boats; 2 km away, on the approach to the reindeer crossing, the roar of a boat engine caused panic among an entire herd of reindeer. The animals huddled together, then the old lady jumped out to the side and led the whole herd headlong away from the river.

In the Pereslavl hunting estate, hunting for deer and wild boar was practiced “from the entrance” from an all-terrain vehicle. With the appearance of this car in the forest, all the deer, wild boars and roe deer fled several hundred meters away. This was explained by the fact that the animals’ memory of further human actions associated with the noise of the engine came to life - shots and bloody animals writhing in death throes. All this caused forest inhabitants panic fear.

Animals have a completely different attitude towards the operation of a motor that does not harm them. Thus, in the desert region of Parapamiza, they used a gas engine to pump water from a well into a pool - a drinking bowl intended for wild ungulates. At the sound of this engine, urials descended from the cliffs, and gazelles also gathered around.

Friendly attitude, affection and feeding animals fundamentally change their attitude towards people. Thus, in city parks, caring for squirrels turns them into completely tame animals. They climb onto visitors' laps without the slightest fear; they sit on their palms and shell the sunflower seeds offered to them. In Abkhazia on the lake. Bibi-Syri, when breeding nutria freely, their regular feeding led to the fact that behind the boat with the helmsman rattling a bucket, the nutria swam in a crowd to the feeding rafts with live traps, where they were given food. The most tame animals came ashore and followed the helmsman almost to the hut, begging there for tasty handouts.

On Medny Island, regular feeding of Arctic foxes also made them tame. S.V. Marakov observed an amazing picture when, on November and December (pre-harvest days) in various parts of Medny Island and especially in the village of Preobrazhenskoye, at the same time (about 3 o’clock in the afternoon), a fisherman, dragging a smelling scent behind him on a rope the brawl walked through the entire village and whistled the police whistle. As soon as the first sounds were heard, wild blue foxes rushed from different ends, from the tundra and the coast, with their tails in the air. Having surrounded the person, they then calmly and calmly walked along the streets under the windows of houses, almost clinging to their feet, in a tight group (120-150 animals) until the very place where food was given out in the feeder-trap. And so on day after day until the catch, which usually began in early January.

And in the Pereslavl hunting farm, well-organized regular feeding of ungulates led to the fact that when the huntsman was delivering food on a horse in a sleigh, several dozen deer, roe deer and wild boars always followed him at 20-30 paces.

The given examples indicate the possibility of attracting many ungulates and fur-bearing animals to such an extent that you do not have to chase them through forest wilds and urems, but, at the desire of the hunter, force them to come to designated points to live traps-feeders. To manage animals in this way, you need to constantly study and be well aware of all the signs of their vital activity and habits.

http://wander.org.ru/hunting_animals1.html

Usually, psychics and mediums allegedly communicate with the spirits of the dead or with representatives of alien civilizations. But there are people who claim that they can establish a psychic connection with animals and can even tell the owner what the pet is missing.

1. Laura Stinchfield

One of California's most renowned "animal psychics," Laura Stinchfield has made a name for herself as a communication liaison between pets and their owners. She "specialises" in dog psychology and states that many dogs are aggressive due to PTSD. Stinchfield also claims that dogs are surprisingly perceptive and often want to give their owners advice about other people.

2. Hillary Renaissance

Hillary Renaissance specializes in finding lost animals. She learned about her gift at the age of 16, when she felt that her cat had a stomach ache. Then she helped one woman find her lost cat. Eventually, Renaissance realized that she could make a living from her unusual spiritual connection with animals. However, her occupation has its drawbacks. For example, the psychic admitted that if an animal has a headache, then she also starts to have a headache. She has helped dozens of people find their missing pets.

3. Terry Jay

In 1990, horse trainer Terry Jay from Reno announced that she had discovered the gift of psychic communication with animals. While working in an equine therapy program for disabled children, she suddenly realized that she could hear the thoughts of horses. Terry subsequently became a specialist in "psychic communication with horses", claiming that she could help with the behavior, training, health and handling of any horse. According to Terry Jay, each animal has a unique personality and point of view that she is supposedly able to recognize.

4. Paula Brown

Paula Brown is the founder of an art that she called fur shui (which combines communication with animals and feng shui). Paula, who is a graduate of the Tibetan Black Hat School, the Hawaiian Institute of Feng Shui, and also attended the Qi Gong program at the Imperial College of Traditional Oriental Medicine, claims to be able to communicate with animals and can improve their health by redirecting the chi energy in the animal's body. Despite the fact that Brown lives in California, her activities have become famous even in Finland.

5. Kazuko Tao

Kazuko Tao has always been interested in metaphysics, studying "meditation, energy healing of mind, body and spirit, and spiritual reading" in 1980. She became involved with animal communication after her cat got cancer.

Unlike many psychics who communicate with animals, Thao went to veterinary school and officially began working as a veterinary technician in 1988. Since 1990, she began offering her services in communicating with animals. Although Tao respects Western medicine, she prefers alternative medicine and treats animals with acupuncture, chiropractic care, and herbal infusions.

6. Karen Anderson

Karen Anderson worked as a deputy sheriff in Bailey, Colorado. Suddenly, Karen began to claim that her psychic abilities allowed her to read the energy of suspects and criminals. It turned out that when Karen was still a child, she discovered her ability to talk to animals by mentally calling a stray cat and instilling in him that she was a friend. Since 2002, the woman began working as a professional animal communicator, and she also allegedly helped law enforcement agencies solve crimes by communicating with the spirits of the dead.

7. Neville Rowe

Neville Rowe, an electrical engineer and hypnotherapist originally from New Zealand, claims to have come into contact with a group of six or seven dolphins living in different seas Worldwide. Soon, Rowe stated that he began to mentally communicate with galactic social entities called Sols, who control the evolution of the Earth and the solar system. Rowe ultimately died from a fall while hiking at Squaw Peak in Arizona.

8. Latifa Mina

Latifa Meena, who was originally a freelance technical trainer, eventually became the most renowned animal psychiatrist and animal liaison in Louisville, Kentucky. She claims to be able to communicate with animals, regardless of the language they are used to. She also claims to be able to communicate with the spirits of departed animals and can find out if they are happy beyond the bounds.

9. White earlobe

Dr. Shirley Lippensteiner worked for 10 years as a scientific anthropologist in South-East Asia, Northern and South America, Africa and the Pacific. Near the ruins of an Aztec temple in Mexico, Lippensteiner allegedly fainted because " astral energy pierced her heart." After this, she gained new knowledge and began new life as Lobulo Blanco (white earlobe). Shirley now offers her services as a shaman.

10. Communication with dinosaurs

There are surprisingly few psychics who communicate with dinosaur spirits. In December 1995, a group of people appeared at the Burning Man festival offering psychic channeling with extinct lizards. In 2006, a certain Mademoiselle Simone tried to contact the client's father in order to find the missing will, but accidentally contacted the spirit of Dimetrodon.

The ghost of a dinosaur appeared in the green smoke, broke several crystals on the chandelier and roared something through the medium's mouth. The initially frustrated client allegedly checked his father's library and found the will in a book about dinosaurs.

Interaction between different types can take many different forms. Predators hunt their prey, people domesticate animals, populations fight over territory, and much more. For the most part, encounters between different species can be characterized as antagonistic or indifferent. But there are also mutually beneficial partnerships. Some variations of this “cooperation” can be quite unexpected.

10. Crows help wolves hunt

In the past, gray wolves were considered extremely dangerous and, for example, in America they were almost completely destroyed in the 1970s. Since then the populations have recovered. Their reintroduction into Yellowstone Park has had a beneficial effect on the local ecosystem, especially in areas occupied by forest health officials.

Many herbivores die of starvation at the end of winter. At the same time, for the most part, their meat disappears, because predators simply do not have time to eat it before it completely decomposes. With the advent of wolves, herbivores do not die in large numbers at once, but more evenly throughout the year. Moreover, unlike other animals, such as bears, wolves, after they are full, move away from their prey. And the crows enjoy the leftovers from the master’s table. They have learned to take full advantage of the advantages of their proximity to gray predators. With the onset of winter, they sit not far from the future victim and begin to croak loudly, calling wolves and showing them the location of the prey. Perhaps this is why predators are quite loyal to birds feeding near them.

9. Gravedigger beetles and their favorite mites

In nature, the carcass of an animal is a gift that rarely goes unclaimed. Gravediggers, as the name suggests, feed on carrion. Even their body is optimally shaped for moving underground and inside a corpse. The smell of a recently dead and decaying animal soon attracts beetles, sometimes carrying mites on their backs.

The beetles lay their eggs in rotting meat, which will serve as food for their larvae. However, they are far from the only species that do this, so it is quite natural that these larvae will compete with the offspring of other species. Unlike other species, such as various flies, gravediggers need to lay eggs in the corpses of animals, and not in any other place, because only by eating meat can the larvae survive. Adults eat the offspring of competing species, but due to their huge number, they simply cannot cope with them all.

And then their passengers come to their aid. Upon arrival at a fresh corpse, the mites descend from the beetles and consume all eggs and larvae that do not belong to the gravediggers, thereby significantly reducing competition. And then the gravediggers move the ticks to the next corpse. It's possible that the mites also clean bacteria from the beetles' bodies, in exchange for a free ride, so to speak.

8. Daniel Greene and the Seizure Warning Snake

You've probably heard of dogs warning you of an upcoming seizure. What about the snake? Daniel Green Shelton from Washington is the owner of just such a specimen. He uses Bedrock, a 1.5-meter boa constrictor, for exactly this purpose. Green, who suffers from grand mal seizures, often wears Bedrock around his neck. He noticed that as the attack approached, the boa constrictor squeezed his throat a little.

Bedrock always warns of an attack quite accurately and in time, so Daniel has time to calm down, take medicine and take measures to prevent or survive the attack as safely as possible. But the problem is that at night, when Bedrock is sleeping, it is very easy to miss the approaching blow.

Greene's method of preventing seizures, unfortunately, often causes difficulties. For example, some store managers are not at all happy with a customer with a snake around his neck. Being a service animal, Bedrock, according to the law, can freely accompany its owner in in public places. Green says he doesn't mind leaving the store if asked politely. But he gets offended when managers try to claim that Bedrock is not a real service animal.

7. Badgers and coyotes team up

Badgers and coyotes share the same food preferences in the form of a variety of rodents. But they hunt differently. Squirrels and prairie dogs have no chance of escaping from a coyote unless they hide in their burrows. A badger, on the other hand, can dig and drag the rodent out of its home unless it digs another way out. A team of badger and coyote may be able to tip the scales in their favor and successfully capture the animal, if only the competing species can work together.

As it turns out, that's exactly what they do. The Indians have been talking about such cooperation for years, and scientists have recently witnessed it. When coyotes and badgers work together to catch prey, they complement each other. The badger hunts underground while the coyote chases down its prey. Such friendships most likely take place between single individuals rather than packs.

6. Frogs protect spider eggs for shelter.

The huge Colombian tarantula can easily eat a small animal, such as a frog the size of a hummingbird. But he doesn't do this. It's unlikely that small frogs taste bad to a spider. But there are things more important than food. The spider and the frog were found in the hole made by the former. There is evidence that some Colombian spiders cohabit even more closely with one amphibian.

Often these frogs have to crawl under or slide over the tarantula to get into the hole without being attacked. Spiders take them, study them, and then release them. Most likely, they recognize frogs by some kind of chemical signature.
The two species entered into a mutually beneficial agreement. Many predators who are not averse to feasting on tiny amphibians do not dare to enter the habitat of a huge hunting tarantula. And frogs have the opportunity to feast on small invertebrates left over from the feast of the owner of the house. In addition, a favorable microenvironment has been created for the frog in the spider nest. How do these animals pay the rent? They eat ants, including those that could destroy the spider's eggs.

5. The all-seeing eye of bulls

The pistol shrimp is so named due to its ability to contract its claw with lightning speed, which creates high pressure water, which can repel a predator or stun prey. This arthropod always needs to be on guard, because it can only be safe in its own burrow. The matter is further complicated by the fact that the shrimp has a very poor eyesight.

Some types of gobies come to their aid. They, with their much sharper vision, replace the eyes of the pistol shrimp. In many ways, they perform the same function for shrimp as a guide dog does for humans. Its caudal fin is in constant contact with the antennae of the crustacean. If a predator appears, the fish will warn its companion about the need to retreat. And the goby spends the night in a shrimp hole. This couple does not leave home without each other.

4. The CIA trains ravens in espionage

Operant learning theory B.F. Skinner's (classic example - a dog will receive food in exchange for some action) has proven to be very useful. On its basis many interesting objects, such as a seemingly harmless landmark in Hot Springs, Arkansas, that appeared in 1960.

The so-called IQ Zoo is a theme park where animals live, trained to perform human actions. For example, chickens play baseball, pigs play the piano, and raccoons play basketball.

This fun IQ Zoo was also used as a platform to explore other possibilities of animal training, its application, for example, in espionage. The Ravens appeared to be the most promising in this regard. In addition to being able to deliver surprisingly heavy loads, they could perform very specific tasks, such as opening folders with documents.

It was quite simple to train the ravens to fly to the desired location, indicated by a laser, and carry various loads, including video surveillance devices. They even knew how to take pictures using a camera located in their beak. The birds went to the indicated window and pressed a button. Each press took a photo.

3. Rock perches and moray eels

Perhaps the collaboration between coyotes and badgers, who lead essentially similar lifestyles, is not so surprising. What about two significantly less sociable fish? Groupers and moray eels are like night and day. Sea bass hunt during the day in the open. Of course, the pursued prey can escape from the predator by hiding in a crevice. On the other hand, moray eels lead night look life, they sneak through narrow passages in coral reefs to grab your dinner.

In the Red Sea, some groupers have learned to ask moray eels for help. If the intended victim sea ​​bass hides from him in a crevice, he will go straight to the moray eel’s lair. The grouper begins to quickly shake its head towards the entrance of the shelter, calling the moray eel, despite the daytime. Well, the one, led by the perch, heads to where the victim is hiding. She then slips inside and kills her prey. Sometimes she eats it herself, and in other cases she gives what she catches to the perch. This type of cooperation has never been seen before between the two various types fish Biologists have noted that the behavior of fish is variable, which does not suggest that only instinct takes place in their relationships.

2. Meat ants and caterpillars

Meat ants, also known as gravel ants, live exclusively in Australia. They furiously patrol the clearly defined borders of their territories, which practically do not overlap with the territories of other colonies. If this suddenly happened, then two colonies of meat ants meet, stand on their front paws and hit their opponents in the stomach with their hind paws. This ritual can last for several days, despite the fact that some of the insects die.

They are so irreconcilable not only towards other ant colonies, but also towards other invertebrates. If someone encroaches on inhabited territories, the ants gather together, kill and eat the uninvited guests. A large number of Even a very large animal can drive these workers away, despite the absence of stingers. They release foul-smelling substances and bite repeatedly. The areas around the colonies (which are approximately 650 meters) are often cleared of all extraneous species that cannot coexist with meat ants.

However, some types of caterpillars can not only coexist peacefully with ants, but also extremely welcome such a neighborhood. The caterpillars secrete a sweet liquid that the ants happily consume. And in exchange, they protect the caterpillars from predators.
By the way, farmers can also benefit from the proximity of meat ants. Dead livestock is placed on an anthill, and in the near future the bones are cleaned of meat - convenient way recycling.

1. Orca Old Tom helps whalers

Twofold Bay, near Eden (in Australia), is the third deepest natural harbor in the Southern Hemisphere and a famous gathering point for whales - an ideal hunting ground for these mammals. In the 1860s, the Davidson family operated a whaling station on these shores.

Every year, as winter approached, a small pod of killer whales appeared in the bay. Initially, the Davidsons were afraid that they would hunt whales themselves, but things turned out differently. The pod, led by a male later named Old Tom, trapped the whales in the bay. Then Old Tom swam to the whaling station, beat his tail and attracted the attention of the whalers.

People on their boats went to catch the giant. Some say killer whales have even protected people from sharks. When a whale was caught and killed, its carcass was left tethered in the water overnight. Old Tom and his crew ate the lips and tongue, leaving the more valuable meat for the Davidsons. This union came to be called the “Law of Language.”

Three generations of the Davidson family have worked with Tom and his pack. Old Tom died in 1930 and his skeleton is on display at the Eden Orca Museum. Soon after Old Tom's death, his pod disappeared, and the partnership between whalers and killer whales ended.

The material was prepared by Lidia Svezhentseva - based on material from the website listverse.com

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