Suborder higher primates. Broad-nosed monkeys Cebus family: from funny capuchins to spider monkeys

· Separated from the general phylogenetic trunk of primates about 40 - 35 million years ago, moving to New World through a chain of islands in the Atlantic Ocean, when the distance between continents was not yet so great;

· A distinctive feature is the wide nasal septum - a consequence of early degeneration of the rhinarium;

· Habitat extends from southern Mexico to northern Argentina, mainly found in the Amazon;

· Lead an arboreal and usually diurnal lifestyle;

· Tenacious feet. The first finger is capable of opposition and bears a flat nail. The remaining fingers also bear flat nails or claw-shaped nails. Brushes bear flat nails or claw-shaped nails. Often the first finger of the hand is absent or incapable of opposition.

· Often the tail is tenacious and lacks hair on the lower surface;

· Diet is usually omnivorous;

· Often high level mental abilities, developed sound alarm system.

Marmosets

· The smallest monkeys (the smallest marmosets reach a size of 13 cm and a weight of 100 g);

· All toes except the first toe have claw nails;

· The first finger of the hand is not opposed to the others;

· Herbivorous and insectivorous;

· They have a small, simply structured brain without beards or convolutions;

· Marmosets live in small family groups, whose habitats range from 1 to 50 hectares;

· In a group, only one female reproduces; the male cares for the offspring;

·
They give birth to two babies.

Kallimiko

· They differ from marmosets in slightly larger sizes: the body is 20-23 cm long, the tail is 25-30 cm long;

· They are dark or dark brown in color, and the hair on the head and tail is sometimes red, white or silver-brown.

Capuchins

· The name was given in honor of the Capuchin monastic order;

· The most phylogenetically progressive American monkeys: their habitat includes vast spaces tropical forests from Honduras in the north to Southern Brazil in the south;

· Characterized by high activity and contact;

· Capable of instrumental activity (breaking nuts with stones), able to walk on two legs when carrying objects;

· Live in groups of 10 – 30 individuals per certain territory;

· All members of the herd take care of the cubs;

· The leader of the herd is a high-ranking male;

· On the inner side of the tip of the tail they have a hairless skin pad with dermatoglyphic patterns, which allows these monkeys to use the tail as a fifth limb and even carry out manipulation actions with it;

Spider monkeys

Their distinctive feature is a specific method of transportation - brachiation- one of the types of locomotion, the ability to move from one ledge to another (for example, from one tree branch to another), swinging on your arms, due to which the animal’s body spends some time “in flight.”

Of these, one of the most primitive forms is omo-mis. The penetration of the ancestors of these monkeys into South America must have taken place back in the Paleocene, when there was an isthmus between the northern and southern halves of the American continent, which was later destroyed and then formed again in a different form.

Developing completely independently in America, broad-nosed monkeys, in the processes of adaptation to life in trees and natural selection, reached high level evolution (brain) and peculiar specialization (prehensile tail), as can be seen in many capuchin monkeys. An example of extreme specialization is the koata with its complete reduction thumb hand, extreme lengthening of other fingers, longer forelimbs than the hind limbs, hair coming down to the elbow, an unusually prehensile tail and a very slender build. The koat's brain is very highly developed, which is due not only to the relatively large size of its body, but also to the development of grasping functions. It is impossible to imagine the development of man from the American Cebus monkeys. This is especially true for marmosets with their primitive brain and peculiar specialization - cog-like nails.

Lesser narrow-nosed monkeys

Fossils of the lower narrow-nosed monkeys are known in quite large number forms from the Lower Oligocene, Pliocene and Pleistocene of the Old World. Their oldest representative is Apidiumphiomense, known from the Lower Oligocene of Fayyum (Egypt) from a fragment of the lower jaw, with P 4 and M_ 3; M, and Mj square, SCH elongated, on M there is still a paraconid, on M and M 3 hypoconulids are strongly developed.

Oreopithecus bambolii is known from fragments of the lower and upper jaws from the Lower Pliocene

b" Tuscany (Italy) and Bessarabia. Dental formula 2 12 3/ 212 3, like other narrow-nosed animals, the upper M are square in shape, the protocone and metacone are connected by an oblique ridge, the lower M are elongated, the metaconid and hypoconid are connected by an oblique ridge; on the large talonid M 3 there are 4 tubercles - hypoconid, entoconid, hypoconulid and “sixth tubercle”. Apidium and Oreopithecus belong to the subfamily Marmosetaceae.

Other fossil apes belong to macaques and baboons, which were once more widespread throughout the Old World: remains of macaques from the Pliocene layers are known in France, India, China, from the Pleistocene - in Italy, Germany, and about. Sardinia, in North Africa (Algeria) and on the island of Java; baboons are known from the Pliocene layers of Africa (Algeria, Egypt) and Asia (India, China), from the Pleistocene - in India.

Mesopithecus pentelici is known from most of its skeleton from the Lower Pliocene layers of Greece, Hungary, Moldavia and Persia. The length of the body with tail is about 80 cm. According to some characteristics (relative massiveness of the skeleton), the mesopithecus is closer to macaques, and according to others (skull, teeth) - to thin bodies, to which it belongs. Fossil slender bodies also include Dolichopithecus ruscinensis from France, with | shorter and more massive limbs than those of their own slender bodies, various fossil species of which are known from France, Italy, and India.

The question of the origin of the Old World monkeys is very difficult. At one time, there was intense debate about the possibility of the direct origin of monkeys from lemurs - in connection with the discovery of archaeolemurs, the skull of which in appearance shows significant similarities with monkeys. However, differences, including differences in the shape of the braincase cavity, indicated that in this case there was convergence. More likely to happen

The walking of the Old World monkeys is similar to the tarsiers, and as an example of the original form* the non-crolemur can be called. The similarities between Necrolemurians and monkeys can be: expansion of the base of the skull, reduction of the process of the lower jaw with simultaneous thickening and rounding of its angle, formation of the ear canal in the form of a tube, images of the posterior wall of the orbit, the emerging formation of bitubercles of premolars , square shape# of the upper molars, the presence of a hypoconulid, reduction of the paraconid, pits and grooves on the trigonde. On the other hand, one of the most ancient forms of monkeys of the Old World - Parapithecus - shows some similarities with the tarsier, mafP BMe P" n 0 a strong degree of divergence of the lower jaw - Narrow-nosed monkeys developed* 1 "from the Ancient tarsiers of the Old World of the necrolemu type^ 08 "probably in the middle of the Eocene or at its beginning. For the lower narrow-nosed monkeys, an example of an ancestral form can be Anidium from the Lower Oligocene, as well as from Parapithecus (from the same layers), which, on the other hand, stands closer to the branches great apes. This is the ancestral form for all later apes and thus represents the Lower Oligocene for hominids. propliopithecus. From him the line of development of “small apes” such as gibbons went in one direction; on this line one of the intermediate links is Pliopithecus. In the other direction of Propliopithecus went the line of large fossil apes, represented in the Miocene by Sivapithecus, Dryopithecus and other forms.

encyclopedic Dictionary

Broad-Nosed Monkeys

a group of mammals of the primate order. 2 families: marmosets and prehensile-tailed monkeys.

Encyclopedia "Biology"

Broad-nosed monkeys

(New World monkeys), a group of great apes. They form the only superfamily of Cebusaceae. 2 families: marmosets, or clawed monkeys, and prehensile-tailed, or capuchins. OK. 60 species living in the forests of Central and South America, mainly in the Amazon basin. They have a wide nasal septum, the nostrils are directed to the sides. Lead exclusively wood image life, for most a long tail, which can exceed the length of the body, in prehensile-tailed monkeys it is grasping and at the end, like on a hand, there are dermatoglyphic patterns. There are no cheek pouches or ischial calluses. live in large groups or small families. Many species are included in the IUCN Red List.

Anthropological Explanatory Dictionary

Broad-nosed monkeys

(Platyrrhini) - great apes Central and South America. The oldest find is Branisella from the Middle or Late Oligocene of Bolivia. Great apes came to America through Atlantic Ocean from Africa or arose from local prosimians, which is less likely. Since their introduction to the Americas, broad-nosed monkeys have evolved independently from Old World monkeys. Externally they are very diverse, their behavior is sometimes very complex. Morphology is characterized by a combination of some primitive features in the structure of the skull and very specialized features in the structure of the body, for example, a grasping tail. The size of broadnose ranges from mouse to dog. Like all monkeys, most (not all) monkeys are diurnal. They eat mainly plants and insects. Broad-nosed animals are characterized by the formation of “mixed flocks”, which include representatives different types monkeys, and sometimes even raccoons and birds.

Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron

Broad-nosed monkeys

A family (or suborder) of primates characteristic of the New World (Cebidae s. Platyrrhini). The fingers are equipped with flat nails; the inner toe of the forelimbs is opposed to the others. Dental formula: 2/2. eleven . 3/3. 3/3. The strong development of the nasal septum, moving the right nostril away from the left, determines their lateral position. There are never cheek pouches or ischial calluses. Like marmosets, sh. are extremely common in America. They lead an arboreal lifestyle; eat plant foods. They are divided into 4 subfamilies. Subfamily Mycetinae (howler monkeys): lower incisors are erect; the hyoid bone is swollen to accommodate the laryngeal sac; the tail is long, prehensile, and bare at the end. The thumb (pollex) is well developed. Single gender Mycetes - howler monkey (see), with signs of a subfamily, in the forests of South America M. senicuclus, M. ursinus and other species. Subfamily Pithecinae (soft-tailed): the incisors of the lower jaw lie almost horizontally; hyoid bone normal sizes and outlines; a long or short tail is never prehensile; pollex is well developed. Two genera: Pithecia - saki, long tail. Genus satanas - along the lower reaches of the Amazon. Genus hirsuta and some other species. Uacaria - uakari; the tail is shortened. Three species in the Amazon and Rio Negro regions. Subfamily Nyctipithecinae - differs from Pithecinae in having vertical lower incisors. Three genera: Callithrix - the head is small, laterally compressed; the fangs are small, the eyes are of normal size; in Brazil. S. moloch, S. ornatus, etc. - all of small size. Chryzothrix - head with a convex occiput, long fangs. Four types; the most famous is S. sciurea - saimiri; in Guiana and northern Brazil. Nyctipithecus - durucum; head rounded; eyes are large; except for the thumb, claw-shaped nails. N. trivirgatus - Mirikina; in Brazil. Subfamily Cehinae (grain-tailed); with a hyoid bone of normal size, they have a long, prehensile tail; pollex developed or undeveloped; 4 kinds. Ateles - pollex is not expressed at all; the body is slender, the limbs are elongated; several South American species, the best known is A. melanochir, the spider monkey; in Brazil. Eriodes - differs from the previous one in the presence of a rudimentary pollex; three species in southeastern Brazil. Lagothrix - body less slender; pollex is developed; the end of the tail is bare below. L. humboldtii - in Peru, Ecuador and northwestern Brazil. Cebus - sapaji or sapaju; differs from the previous one in its tail, covered with hair everywhere. C. capucinus - capuchin; Venezuela, Guiana, Peru. C. fatuellus - miko, found from Paraguay to Guiana; and other types.

As for the marmosets, which were previously grouped together with the S. monkeys, it is more correct to consider them as a special family. Hapalidae, s. Arctopitheci. Except for the first toe of the hind limbs, covered with a flat nail, all the rest are armed with claws. The first toe of the forelimbs is not opposed to the others. Dental formula: 2/2. eleven . 3/3. 2 / 2 ; South American forms exclusively. Hapale, Uistiti and Midas, differing in the relative length of the incisors compared to the canines and embracing about 30 species, of which we will name H. jachus, Uistiti (q.v.), M. rosalia, etc.

V. M. Sh.

Squad: Primates Infrasquad: Apes Steam train: Broad-nosed monkeys Latin name Platyrrhini E. Geoffroy, Families

Broad-nosed monkeys are the only non-human primates living on the American continent. Their range extends from southern Mexico to northern Argentina. Several now extinct species previously existed on the islands of the Caribbean Sea, belonging to the group of Antillean monkeys ( Xenotrochini). Unlike Old World monkeys, broad-nosed monkeys have forward-facing nostrils and generally larger and wider noses. The size and weight of broad-nosed monkeys varies widely. The smallest representative of this infraorder is the pygmy marmoset, weighing only 100 g, and the largest are howler monkeys and some species of spider monkeys, whose weight exceeds 10 kg. All New World monkeys live in trees and, with the exception of nocturnal monkeys, are active during the day. The oldest fossil finds of broad-nosed monkeys date back to the Oligocene era. In relation to the other two infraorders of dry-nosed monkeys, they are more closely related to the Old World monkeys than to the tarsiers. It is likely that the ancestors of this taxon crossed the Atlantic Ocean on floating logs in an era when the distance between the continents was not yet so great. Classification New World monkeys are divided into five families: marmosets ( Callitrichidae) prehensile-tailed ( Cebidae) night monkeys ( Aotidae) spider monkeys ( Atelidae) saki ( Pitheciidae) The identity of the extinct Antillean monkeys has not yet been fully elucidated, but most often they are classified as members of the Saka monkey family. Chronogram Write a review about the article "Broad-nosed monkeys" Literature Broad-nosed monkeys // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907. Links An excerpt characterizing the Broad-nosed Monkeys – I know what you saw... I watched it many times. But they are happy now, we go to look at them very often... And at their “former” ones too... - the “sad knight” said quietly. And only then I realized that Stella, simply, when he wanted it, transferred him to his own past, just like she had just done!!! And she did it almost playfully!.. I didn’t even notice how this wonderful, bright girl began to “tie me to her” more and more, becoming for me almost a real miracle, which I endlessly wanted to watch... And whom I didn’t want to leave at all... Then I knew almost nothing and couldn’t do anything except what I could understand and learn myself, and I really wanted to learn at least something from her while there was still such an opportunity. - Please come to me! – Stella, suddenly saddened, whispered quietly, “you know that you can’t stay here yet... Grandma said that you won’t stay for a very, very long time... That you can’t die yet.” But you come... Everything around suddenly became dark and cold, as if black clouds had suddenly covered such a colorful and bright Stella world... - Oh, don’t think about such terrible things! – the girl was indignant, and, like an artist with a brush on a canvas, she quickly “painted over” everything again in a light and joyful color. - Well, is this really better? – she asked contentedly. “Was it really just my thoughts?..” I didn’t believe it again. - Surely! – Stella laughed. “You’re strong, so you create everything around you in your own way.” – How then to think?.. – I still couldn’t “enter” the incomprehensible. “Just shut up and show only what you want to show,” my amazing friend said, as a matter of course. “My grandmother taught me that.” I thought that apparently it was time for me, too, to “shock” my “secret” grandmother a little, who (I was almost sure of this!) probably knew something, but for some reason did not want to teach me anything yet.. . “So you want to see what happened to Harold’s loved ones?” – the little girl asked impatiently. To be honest, I didn’t have too much desire, since I wasn’t sure what to expect from this “show.” But in order not to offend the generous Stella, she agreed. – I won’t show you for a long time. I promise! But you should know about them, right?.. – the girl said in a happy voice. - Look, the son will be first... To my greatest surprise, unlike what I had seen before, we found ourselves in a completely different time and place, which was similar to France, and the clothes were reminiscent of the eighteenth century. A beautiful covered carriage was driving along a wide paved street, inside of which were sitting a young man and a woman in very expensive suits, and apparently in a very bad mood... The young man stubbornly proved something to the girl, and she, not listening to him at all, hovered calmly somewhere in your dreams than young man very annoying...

Superfamily Broad-nosed monkeys - Ceboidea includes American monkeys, from the group of great apes. With the exception of humans, broad-nosed monkeys are the only primates living on the American continent. Their habitat extends from southern Mexico to northern Argentina. On islands Caribbean Sea Previously, there were several now extinct species belonging to the group of Antillean monkeys (Xenotrochini).

Most people have a wide nasal septum, with nostrils set wide apart and facing outward. Body length from 13 cm ( pygmy marmoset) up to 75 cm (howler monkey), tail from 19 cm (pygmy marmoset) to 90 cm (koata); Some have a prehensile tail. They do not have cheek pouches or ischial calluses. The fur is thick and varied in color. Teeth 32 (marmosets) or 36 (cebus). Broad-nosed monkeys include 1 superfamily, combining 2 families: marmosets and cebus monkeys (or cebids).

They lead an arboreal, diurnal (except for Mirikini), gregarious lifestyle; some live in small family groups.

The oldest fossil finds of broad-nosed monkeys date back to the Oligocene era. In relation to the other two infraorders of dry-nosed monkeys, they are more closely related to the Old World monkeys than to the tarsiers. It is likely that the ancestors of this taxon crossed the Atlantic Ocean on floating logs in an era when the distance between the continents was not yet so great.