Primorsky Krai region. Fundamental research Non-ferrous and precious metals

Primorsky Krai has been an administrative unit of the Russian Federation since September 20, 1938. In the south and east it is washed by the Sea of ​​Japan, in the north it borders with the Khabarovsk Territory, in the west - with China and North Korea. The region includes numerous islands: Russky, Popova, Reineke, Rikorda, Putyatin, Askold, etc. Total area region - 165.9 thousand sq. km. The main large physical and geographical divisions of the Primorsky Territory are the Sikhote-Alin (southern half) and East Manchurian (eastern outskirts) mountain regions, as well as the Western Primorsky Plain separating them.

The Sikhote-Alin mountain region is a mid-mountain structure (absolute heights - 500-1000; relative elevations - 200-400 m; maximum elevations: Oblachnaya mountain - 1855 m, Anik city - 1933). Mountain ranges with rounded peaks and gentle slopes, emphasizing the widespread development of dome structures here, generally extend subparallel to each other from southwest to northeast and extend into the territory Khabarovsk Territory. They do not reach the snow line anywhere, but firn fields, sometimes of considerable area, are formed annually in areas of snow blowing and persist until mid-summer. Along the main watershed, the Sikhote-Alin mountain region is divided into the Sea of ​​Japan (eastern and southern) and Ussuri-Khanka (western) macroslopes, which differ from each other in the structure of the relief and natural and climatic factors. This is mainly caused by both the difference in the geological and tectonic plan and the predominant distribution of waterlogged cold air masses on the eastern slope of the circulation. The latter come from the Sea of ​​Okhotsk and the Sea of ​​Japan in the spring and early summer, and in the autumn-winter period, on the contrary, relatively warm, but also humid air masses predominate.

The Sea of ​​Japan macroslope is characterized by the widespread occurrence of landslide, scree and landslide processes, erosion and abrasion cliffs, denudation ledges and remnants. There are frequent steep beds of watercourses, mountain aluvium, proluvium and accumulations of catastrophic (salt) flows are developed. In the northern part there are the Samarginskoe and Zevinskoe, and in the southern part there are the Artemovsk basalt plateau. Within their boundaries, flat, table-shaped watersheds are developed, where raised bogs often form in depressions. Large areas are covered with larch forests with peaty and peaty-gley waterlogged soils. The latter were formed on areal and linear clayey weathering crusts. The edges of the plateau are cut by narrow river valleys. Transverse ridges and river valleys, subsequent large fault zones, divide the Sea of ​​Japan macroslope into a series of independent natural-climatic complexes with sufficient contrast. The southern Sikhote-Alin is especially colorful for its rugged coastline, rocky cliffs and gently sloping sandy beaches, a wealth of natural monuments, a mild maritime climate, the proximity of an extensive transport network and high economic development with a natural, often undisturbed landscape. Southern Primorye did all this favorite place recreation and tourism for residents of the entire Russian Far East and other countries of the Asia-Pacific region.

The Ussuri-Khanka macroslope is morphologically divided into Central and Western Sikhote-Alin. The mountain ranges of Central Sikhote-Alin have a predominantly NNE direction, i.e. coinciding with the general direction of folded structures and fracture zones. This part of the mountain region is home to the most elevated sections of massive middle mountains with absolute elevations of up to 1850 m and elevations of 150-300 m. The rivers are steep, mountainous with rapids and rifts. The steepness of the slopes here is less than on the eastern macroslope, but abundant scree phenomena, erosion, landslides and solifluction are also quite intense. Western Sikhote-Alin consists of separate ridges of NE strike, separated by intermountain depressions and dissected by wide transverse river valleys of the rivers Ussuri, Malinovka, B. Ussurka, Bikin, etc. The heights of the mountains rarely exceed 1000 m, relative elevations are 50-150 m, and the slopes are flatter compared to Central Sikhote-Alin. At the foot of the ridges, non-dimentite surfaces composed of deluvial clays are developed.

The East Manchurian Highlands extends into the Primorsky Territory of its eastern component and is divided into three parts: the Pogranichny and Khasan-Barabash mountain regions, as well as the Borisov basalt plateau. The latter is largely similar to the Artemovsky and other plateaus described above. But the Pogranichny and Khasan mountain regions are already typical low mountains - hilly mountains. The border region is a system of low (absolute elevations - 600-800 m, relative -200-500 m) mountain ranges, which decrease towards Lake Khasan, turning into a hilly and ridged plain. At the same time, the orientation of watersheds is often arcuate and radial relative to the center of the lake. Hassan; it emphasizes the shape of the ring structure of the same name. In the Khasan-Barabash region, absolute elevations (900-1000 m) and relative elevations (300-600 m) are noticeably higher. The main mountain range "Black Mountains" is arched towards the Amur Bay. The valleys of most watercourses are open to southern and southeastern humid sea winds, which leaves a unique imprint on the climate, vegetation and soils. River beds are overloaded with alluvium, the amount of which increases in the lower reaches both due to the general stretching and subsidence of the earth's crust along the edge of the continent, and due to the accumulation of catastrophic floods. As a result, a low-lying plain up to 10 km wide was formed on the sea coast. Above its flat, swampy surface with many lakes and oxbow lakes, in some places remnant mountains rise up to 180 m high (Mount “Pigeon Cliff”, etc.).

In the inner part of the Western Primorsky Plain region, the total area of ​​which is 20% of the area of ​​the region, there is a lake. Hanka. Around it there is a lowland of the same name - swampy flat spaces (absolute elevations up to 200 m), separated by wide river valleys. On the northern and southern continuation of the Khanka lowland, the Nizhne-Bikinskaya and Razdolnenskaya plains are distinguished, formed by the valleys of large rivers: Ussuri, Bikin, Alchan, Razdolnaya.

The climatic conditions of the region are largely determined by its geographical location - at the junction of Eurasia and the Pacific Ocean. In winter, cold continental air masses dominate here, and in summer, cool oceanic ones. At the same time, the monsoon climate has a “mitigating” effect, especially on coastal areas: cool spring, rainy and foggy summer, sunny, dry autumn and winter with little snow and winds. In the central and northern regions of the region the climate is more continental. The total annual precipitation is 600-900 mm, most of it falls in summer. The cold Primorsky Current runs along the sea coast from north-east to south-west, causing prolonged fogs.

Flora and fauna are distinguished by a combination of southern and northern species. Up to 80% of the territory of the region is occupied by exclusively diverse forests: coniferous, broad-leaved, small-leaved trees and shrubs, many of which are endemic (Manchurian apricot, actinidia, true ginseng, Komarov lotus, etc.). The animal world is also diverse. It is represented by both hunting and commercial species (elk, wapiti, roe deer, wild boar, musk deer, squirrel, mink, otter, weasel, sable, ermine, etc.) and rare species ( Amur tiger, leopard, red wolf, Ussuri sika deer, etc.).

The coastal waters of the Sea of ​​Japan are home to about 700 species of animals and a great variety of algae and herbs. Many of them have unique biologically active and medicinal properties (sea urchin, sea cucumber, sea scallop, kelp, etc.).

Thus, the natural resources of the region are very diverse and large, which is one of its most important distinctive characteristics. Renewable resources are of great importance: forest, fish, agricultural, water, hydropower, etc. Of national, regional and local importance are: mining chemicals and mining raw materials for non-ferrous metallurgy (deposits of tin, lead-zinc and boron-containing ores, tungsten, gold, silver, fluorite, etc.). There are hard and brown coal, peat, feldspathic raw materials, natural sorbents, building materials, precious and semi-precious stones, etc. In addition, more than 100 mineral water sources have been identified in the region, most of which are cold carbon dioxide (in the central regions and along the western border), less often nitrogen-siliceous thermal (along the coast in two sections - in the south and northeast). The most famous - Shmakovskoye, Lastochka, Amgu, Chistovodnoye and Gornovodnoye - are favorite places for recreation and treatment of residents of the Russian Far East.

Concluding a brief physical-geographical sketch of the Primorsky Territory, it is necessary to emphasize that there are two realities: nature, which is given to us “from above” (i.e., the physical-geographical environment, which was discussed), the other is the “historical nature” formed by man. . The latter is the economic-geographical environment, which we have not considered here, but it is nevertheless important. We must imagine that these are two inextricably linked components of the world in which we live. At the same time, we must not forget that this very world is “fragile” and needs careful, rational and environmental use.

Primorsky Krai occupies the southeastern outskirts of Russia. It is located in the southernmost part of the Far East on the shores of the Sea of ​​Japan. The territory of the region is 165.9 thousand km2, which is about 1% (0.97%) of the area of ​​the Russian Federation. The Primorsky Territory is one of the medium-sized regions of our country, but nevertheless, in area it is significantly larger than such states as Greece (131.9 thousand km2), or Bulgaria (111 thousand km2), or Iceland (103 thousand . km2); and the area of ​​Belgium, Holland, Denmark and Switzerland taken together is smaller than the area of ​​our region.

In addition to the mainland, the Primorsky Territory includes numerous islands: Russky, Popova, Putyatina, Reineke, Rikord, Rimsky-Korsakov, Askold, Petrova and others. The names of many of these islands are given in honor of the Russian navigators who discovered or explored our Far Eastern seas and lands, as well as in honor of the ships on which the voyages were made.

The northernmost point of the Primorsky Territory is located near the sources of the Dagda River (a tributary of the Samarga River) (48o 23’ N), and the extreme southern point- at the mouth of the Tumannaya River (Tumangan, Tumenjiang) on ​​the border with the Korean Democratic Republic(42o 18’N). The westernmost point lies near the source of the river. Novgorodovka (Khasansky district) on the border with the People's Republic of China (130o 24' E), the easternmost point is Cape Zolotoy on the shore of the Sea of ​​Japan (139o 02' E). The distance between the extreme northern and southern points is exactly 900 km, between the western and eastern points it is 430 km. Of the total length of the borders of the Primorsky Territory of 3000 km, the sea borders account for about 1500 km.

In the very south of the region, Primorsky Krai borders on the Democratic Republic of Korea, the southwestern section of the border starts from the mouth of the river. Tumannaya (Tumangan, Tumenjiang) and runs along it to the village of Khasan. The western section is the state border with the People's Republic of China. It goes in the northwest direction to the Zaozernaya hill (height 167 m), and further to the north, crossing the marshy area. It reaches the peak of Povorotny (height 454 m), and then passes along the ridge of the Black Mountains. Further along the river. Granitnaya, crossing the river. Razdolnaya, overlooks the watershed of the border ridge and goes to the mouth of the river. Tour. Then the state border crosses Lake Khanka in a straight line, reaches the source of the Sungach River flowing from Lake Khanka and follows it until it flows into the Ussuri River, then follows the river to the administrative border between the Primorsky and Khabarovsk Territories.

In the north, the border between the Primorsky and Khabarovsk Territories passes mainly along the watershed of the Bikin and Khora river basins (right tributaries of the Ussuri River), and then along the watershed of the Khora River and the Samarga River, which flows into the Sea of ​​Japan. The northeastern section of the border runs along the watershed of the basins of the Samarga River and smaller rivers flowing from the eastern slope of the Sikhote-Alin: Botchi, Nelma, etc., flowing in the Khabarovsk Territory. From the east and southeast, Primorye is washed by the waters of the Sea of ​​Japan, which is a marginal sea of ​​the Pacific Ocean.

The geopolitical position of the Primorsky Territory is determined by the fact that, through the territory of Primorye, Russia borders with largest country world - China and North Korea (about 30 km), and through the Sea of ​​Japan it reaches the maritime borders of Japan and South Korea, and other countries of the Asia-Pacific region (APR). At the same time, Primorye performs a kind of connecting, contact function in the international relations of Russia with many countries of the Asia-Pacific region.

There are very large differences among the countries with which Primorye borders: in population density and size, in the level of economic and social development, in natural resource potential, in culture, in political structure. Such large differences between neighboring countries are useful - they allow us to establish various connections with many countries and use their achievements in economics, technology, culture and science. On the other hand, large socio-economic and political differences often complicate relations between countries and regions. All this should be taken into account in the development of various relations between Primorye and the countries of the Asia-Pacific region, in the protection of state, including maritime, borders. Free access to the Pacific Ocean, the peculiarities of the geopolitical position, the vastness and diversity of the territory make geographical location Primorsky Krai is profitable.

RELIEF, GEOMORPHOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF PRIMORSKY REGION

Three quarters of the territory of Primorye is occupied by the mountains of the Sikhote-Alin and East Manchurian mountain regions. The rest of the territory is flat. These are the Razdolninsk-Prikhankai plain and some intramountain depressions. Structurally, the Razdolninsko-Prikhankai Plain is an intermountain depression separating these mountainous regions, and intramountain depressions are concentrated along the boundaries of zones and subzones of mountainous countries.

The Sikhote-Alin mountain region is formed by several morphogenetic types of relief. The mid-mountain ridge Sikhote-Alin (1000-1700 m) separates the basins of the Sea of ​​Japan and the Sea of ​​Okhotsk. The time of its active formation and increase in heights is associated with the intrusion of magmas and volcanic eruptions in the Late Cretaceous - Early Paleogene. At this time, a system of magmatic dome structures was formed. In the Cenozoic, the increase in relief heights and the rise of the territory continued, against the background of which Cenozoic depressions such as the Verkhneussuriyskaya, Zerkalninskaya, Maksimovskaya, Verkhnebikinskaya and other depressions were formed in relatively narrow transverse linear zones.

The Zevinsko-Dagdinskoye, Adinskoye, Edinkinskoye, Samarginskoye and smaller volcanic plateaus of the Pliocene and Pliocene-Quaternary times cross the ridge in sublatitudinal directions, moving from the western slope of the ridge to the eastern.

Parallel to the Sikhote-Alin ridge, to the west of it stretches a system of mid-low mountain (up to 1500 m) and low mountain (up to 1000 m) massifs and their groups, formed during the intrusion of Upper Cretaceous granitoids and local volcanic eruptions. The Cenozoic stage of geomorphogenesis was expressed in the destruction of the marginal parts of the massifs. They are home to narrow river valleys flowing to the northwest, southwest and west.

The Sikhote-Alin ridge and mountain ranges are separated by an intramountain depression of relief, drained by rivers of medium and high order: Bikin (upper course), Columbe, Bolshaya Ussurka (middle and upper course), etc. Here magmatic activity was weak, which did not lead to a noticeable increase relief heights. In areas where magmatic activity was more intense, sections of river valleys have an antecedent character.

The low-mountain ridges of the Eastern Siny, Kholodny and a number of smaller structures stretch along the low-medium mountain ranges and are separated from them by intramountain depressions, the Cenozoic age of which is undoubted. These are primarily Srednebikinskaya, Marevskaya and several smaller depressions. And here small covers of Pliocene basalts are already known. The formation of the Eastern Blue Ridge is associated with volcanic activity at the end of the Cretaceous - the beginning of the Paleogene and with subsequent block deformations in the Cenozoic. The Kholodny Ridge was formed during the introduction of small single Upper Cretaceous intrusions and intense block movements in the Cenozoic. Along the western border of the described zone of ridges there is a system of intramountain Cenozoic depressions, the largest of which are Arsenyevskaya, Khvishchanskaya, Malinovskaya and Orekhovskaya.

The Blue Ridge is the westernmost element of the Sikhote-Alin mountain region. This low, locally shallow (300-500 m) structure was formed over a long period of time, but was especially active in the Neogene-Quaternary time in the mode of compression and pushing of this narrow (5-15 km) block, limited by reverse faults, which in the relief are expressed by ledges and sharp bends of the geomorphological surfaces. The shallow-mountain areas of the ridge were subject to ascending movements of less intensity and, to some extent, are relics of pre-Cretaceous landforms.

Plateaus and plateau-like surfaces are characteristic of the Alchan and Bikin river basins (lower reaches). They are interspersed with narrow depressions, residual from the Cretaceous stage of relief development. Above the flat and plateau-like surfaces rise individual small extrusive, volcanic and volcanic-plutonic domes, the heights of which increase as you move north.

The Strelnikovsky low-mountain ridge stretches along the northwestern border of the region. In parts it is shallow. According to the formation conditions, it resembles the Siny, Eastern Siny and Kholodny ridges. The Nizhnebikinskaya and Alchanskaya intramountain depressions were formed in the Cenozoic. Currently, they are involved in a weak uplift, their surfaces are being intensively dissected. This is evidenced by relics of basalt plateaus.

The southern part of the Sikhote-Alin mountain region is represented by the low-mountain ridges of the Przhevalsky, Livadiysky, the southern end of the Sikhote-Alinsky and Makarovsky. All of them, except the last one, are oriented sublatitudinally and are of magmatic origin. In the same zone is the Shkotovsky plateau of basalts of Pliocene age. The ridges are separated by depressions in the relief, occupied by high-order river valleys. At the borders with Cenozoic depressions there are Pliocene-Quaternary low-mountain swell-like uplifts.

The mountainous country of Sikhote-Alin thus consists of a series of arched blocky ridges separated by intramountain depressions that are mostly of Cenozoic age. Transverse zoning is associated with Cenozoic disjunctive structures, but their location was predetermined by earlier events. The combination of diagonal and orthogonal disjunctive zones created the cellular structure of the Sikhote-Alin mountain region. The boundaries of the parts are fault zones, and their massive central zones have maximum heights. These elements determine the stability of the mountain region as a whole, its elements and blocks.

The East Manchurian mountain region enters the territory of the region only with its eastern spurs. These are the low-mountain blocky ridges Pogranichny and Chernye Gory and the Borisov basalt plateau. The ridges are of late Neogene-Quaternary age, which is proven by a number of facts. The most important of them are relics of the cover of Cenozoic depressions, occupying the highest parts of the relief. The Borisov plateau is a dome (radius 40-50 km) with a flat central zone (up to 5), a steep (10-20) intermediate zone and a flat (less than 5) marginal zone. Mountain ranges articulate with adjacent depressions along ledges and sharp bends of slopes, and the plateau gradually gives way to an intermountain plain.

The Razdolninsko-Prikhankai intermountain depression is a plain stretching from the lower reaches of the river. Tumangan and to the mouth of the river. Big Ussurka. At its continuation is the Nizhnebikinskaya depression. The flat part of the intermontane depression occupies the lower geomorphological stage. These are the baths of the Amur Bay, lake. Khanka and Posyet Bay with its bays, wetlands in their coastal parts. Here Paleogene, Neogene, Lower and Middle Quaternary sediments are buried under younger ones.

The surface of the intermediate geomorphological stage has a ridged surface, complicated in places by individual hills or groups of them. These are usually horsts - outliers separating Cenozoic depressions, grabens and graben synclines, made of loose and weakly cemented Paleogene and Neogene sedimentary and sedimentary-volcanogenic rocks with layers of brown coal of working thickness.

The relief of the upper geomorphological stage of the intermountain depression is represented by hills and rare ridges, small hills and small mountains. Relics of Cenozoic depressions are represented by graben-synclines, troughs and gentle depressions with a thin cover of mainly Neogene rocks. The Khorol small hills separate the Prikhankai group of depressions from the Razdolninskaya group. There is a small-mountain bridge between the Slavic and Khasan group of depressions.

Along the western coast of the Amur Bay and Posyet Bay, ruins of Cenozoic volcano-tectonic structures have been preserved, most of which have been lowered (collapsed) below sea level. Centers of volcanic activity are known throughout the intermontane depression, which formed in the zone of the regional Ussuri deep fault. It is still active today, as evidenced by earthquake sources. An example of volcanic structures is the Baranovsky volcano, dissected by the Razdolnaya River.

The lower geomorphological stage subsided in Quaternary time and, apparently, is subsiding at the present time. The upper geomorphological stage is uplifted and in some places quite active. The intermediate stage plays the role of a hinge. Here the movements are low-amplitude and multidirectional. Along the coast of the Peter the Great Bay and the Sea of ​​Japan in the east of the region stretches a narrow strip of shallow and hilly relief, the formation of which is closely connected with the Sea of ​​Japan depression. This zone is tectonically more active than the Sikhote-Alin mountain region.

The relief of Primorye is constantly changing. In some places it is very active, in others less active. Only its macro- and some mesoforms are briefly characterized here. Their destruction by exogenous processes (from above) depends on many factors, including climate, which did not play a special role in the formation of the forms described above. Groupings of microforms of relief, their types and types, rates of formation and life expectancy are diverse, but still closely related to macro- and mesoforms.

The Sikhote-Alin, East Manchurian and Razdolninsko-Prikhankai macroforms form the main background of the relief. Mesoforms (zones and geomorphological stages) are its structural framework, which is called cells. Microforms are the pattern that nature has “decorated” the mesoforms. Macroforms can be viewed from space, mesoforms - from a bird's eye view or with panoramic views. Some microforms can even be covered with the palms of your hands. Microforms of relief can be man-made and, if they are created wisely, they serve a person, if without it, they “take revenge” on him.

TASHCHI S.M., Candidate of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences, leading researcher at the Laboratory of Geomorphology, Pacific Institute of Geography, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

CLIMATE.

Primorye is located on the eastern edge of Eurasia - the largest continent on the globe - and on the western coast of the Pacific Ocean - the largest ocean on Earth. At the same time, Primorsky Krai is located in the south temperate zone Northern Hemisphere and is significantly elongated in the meridional direction. The magnitude and distribution of solar radiation throughout the region, and, consequently, the degree of heating, depend on the geographical location earth's surface, length of day and night, circulation of air masses. The southern position of the territory of the region determines the positiveness of the day in summer - about 16 hours; in winter this figure does not exceed 8 hours. This length of day determines the significant intake of solar radiation in winter time compared to the northern regions of our country.

SOLAR RADIATION

In terms of the amount of solar heat, Primorye occupies one of the first places in our country, not inferior even to such territories as Crimea and the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus. During the year, the territory of Primorye receives solar heat (110-115 kcal/cm2). The greatest influx of solar heat occurs in winter (80-85% of the theoretically calculated amount), because at this time there is the largest number of days with cloudless skies. In summer, significant cloudiness and fog reduce the influx of direct radiant energy, and, conversely, increase the share of scattered energy (which at this time amounts to 40-50% of the total radiation).

The total amount of solar heat in Vladivostok, surrounded on all sides by the sea, reaches 120 kcal/cm2, while in St. Petersburg it is 82 kcal/cm2, in Karadag (Crimea) - 124 kcal/cm2, in Tashkent - 134 kcal /cm2.

ATMOSPHERE CIRCULATION

The monsoon climate, characteristic of the entire Far East, manifests itself especially clearly in Primorye. The surface of the land and ocean is heated by the sun's rays and then cools unevenly. In winter, the land cools quickly. At this time, cold, dense and heavy air masses originate in the center of the Asian continent (over the regions of Northern Mongolia and the south of Eastern Siberia) and form an area of ​​​​high atmospheric pressure - the Siberian anticyclone. At the same time, the water cools more slowly, which leads to the formation of an area of ​​​​low atmospheric pressure over the northwestern part of the Pacific Ocean - the Aleutian minimum. Due to the pressure difference, supercooled, dense, dry air from Siberia seems to flow to the coast more warm ocean. At the same time, it fills the territory of our region and rushes into the area of ​​​​low pressure over the Pacific Ocean. Cold, but dry and sunny weather sets in over Primorye. The prevailing winds at this time are from the western and northwestern directions. These air currents form the continental monsoon in winter, and they reach especially strong strength on the coast.

In summer, the land warms up faster, warm air forms above it, and at this time an area of ​​low pressure forms over the continent. The Pacific Ocean at this time is colder than land and the pressure above it is higher - an area of ​​​​high atmospheric pressure is formed here. Humid, less warm air from the ocean and seas rushes to the mainland. This is how we develop the summer Pacific monsoon with winds from the south and southeast. In the first half of summer, due to the removal of air masses from the Yellow, Japan and Okhotsk Seas, the summer monsoon brings with it light drizzles. It does not have a large supply of moisture and leaves it mainly on coastal ridges and hills. Therefore, in Vladivostok at the end of spring and the first half of summer (May-June) there is often cloudy rainy weather, but already in Ussuriysk, located 100 km to the north, and even more so in Grodekovo and Spassk, at this time the number of clear days is greater than cloudy ones .

In the second half of summer and early autumn, the monsoon covers the entire territory of the region and carries a large amount of moisture. At this time, there are intense and prolonged rainfalls, often accompanied by powerful cyclones-typhoons coming from tropical regions. The continental winter monsoon noticeably prevails over the sea one: winds from the northwest and north dominate in Vladivostok from September to March, and in Partizansk even from September to April. This is why the number of hours of sunshine is so high. That is why the Primorsky Territory experiences unusually cold winters for such low latitudes. Vladivostok has an average January temperature of -14.4o, and the city of Sochi, located at approximately the same latitude, has an average January temperature of +6.1o C.

Depending on the direction of strike of the ridges, river valleys and the nature of the sea coasts in certain places of the region, winds in the surface layers can change their main directions. Features of the relief and direction of the coastline lead to the formation of local winds in Primorye: breezes, hair dryers, dry winds.

The breeze is observed in sheltered bays of the coast of the Sea of ​​Japan, in a narrow coastal strip. The spread of the breeze into the interior of the continent is delayed by the mountains. In summer, the daytime breeze usually begins at 10-11 am and continues until sunset. It blows from the sea onto the heated coast. The duration of the night breeze from the cooled coast to the sea is 6-7 hours. During the cold period of the year, due to the strong cooling of land at night, the daytime breeze is shorter.

Sometimes, during the cold season, relatively warm dry winds - foehn - occur in coastal areas. They are formed when air flows over the ridges. As the air descends, it warms up and becomes drier. At the same time, the temperature of the surface air layers increases and the direction of the wind changes. In spring, hair dryers speed up the melting of snow.

The western regions of our region are “visited” by dry winds that penetrate from northeastern China and Mongolia. The strongest, frequently recurring dry winds are characteristic of the Khanka Plain in April-May. The nature of atmospheric circulation and the terrain determine the temperature regime of the Primorsky Territory. Monsoon circulation creates lower temperatures here in winter and summer than at the same latitudes in the west of the continent. Winter is too cold for such relatively low latitudes, especially in areas open to free access to cold continental air. The lowest air temperature is observed in the river valley. Ussuri, region of the Khanka lowland, in the western foothills and mountains of Sikhote-Alin. Average January temperatures in these areas are -20o, -4o. Absolute minimum -45o. In Krasnoarmeysky and Pozharsky districts, in some places the temperature drops to -51o, -52o. The warmest areas are those located on the southern and eastern coasts of the Sea of ​​Japan (-10o, -14o), but even here the average temperatures are lower than at the corresponding latitudes. So, at these latitudes, the US coast is 10o warmer, and the French coast is even 20o warmer. The temperature in January varies from north to south: the differences reach 10-12o.

These differences are also significant in the direction from west to east. So in the village of Zhuravlevka (Chuguevsky district), located on the western slope of Sikhote-Alin, the average January temperature is -23.9o, and 140 km to the east, in Plastun Bay (Terneysky district) -12.5o.

In winter, in the mountainous regions of the region at an altitude of 400-500 m, the phenomenon of temperature inversion is observed. The temperature here is several degrees higher compared to the valley floodplain, where cold air constantly flows and accumulates. Inversions are associated with an earlier arrival of spring: leaves turn green and bloom earlier in the upper parts of the slopes. Therefore, more heat-loving plant species often settle here, while more cold-resistant plants settle within the foothills or occupy the bottoms of river valleys.

The warmest month in the continental regions of Primorye is July, and on the coast it is August. The highest air temperature is typical for the Khanka Plain, the southwestern regions of the region and is 16.5o - 18.8o in the western foothills of Sikhote-Alin, 18.5o - 20o on the Khanka Plain, 15.5o - 17 on the coast of Peter the Great Bay, 8o, on the eastern coast of the Sea of ​​Japan it is noticeably colder 12.9o - 15.6o, and on the peaks of Sikhote-Alin 11.5o - 15.7o warm.

Thus, Sikhote-Alin plays a dual role in the distribution of both winter and summer temperatures on the western and eastern slopes of the mountains. It is a barrier that prevents the free flow of cold air from the continent to the Sea of ​​Japan in winter and the transfer of warm air there in summer. The same mountain barrier does not allow cold air to penetrate into the interior of the continent in summer and relatively warm sea air in winter. At the same time, Sikhote-Alin contributes to air stagnation and strong cooling during the night hours of winter. As a result, average monthly air temperatures in January on the western slopes of Sikhote-Alin are 10-11o lower than on the eastern slopes.

PRECIPITATION

In terms of precipitation (500-900 mm per year), Primorye belongs to the zone of sufficient moisture. The greatest amount of precipitation, 800-900 mm, falls on the western coast of Peter the Great Bay, in the Sikhote-Alin mountains - on the eastern and western slopes. The annual precipitation here exceeds evaporation. Less humidified, especially in the spring and summer, are the areas of the Khanka Plain, where the amount of precipitation is 500-600 mm, and evaporation in some places exceeds this amount.

The moisture regime of the territory is characterized by pronounced seasonality. In winter, the transfer of moisture from the warmer ocean to the mainland is minimal. Therefore, even over a large part of the coastal zone, winter is characterized by low clouds and the least amount of precipitation per year. In summer and autumn, about 70% of the annual precipitation falls, in winter - 10%. The greatest number of cloudy days occur in summer. The amount of precipitation increases in the direction from west to northeast and southeast. During the year, up to 20% of precipitation falls in solid form. The earliest (in the first ten days of October) snow cover appears on the peaks of Sikhote-Alin. The average number of days with snow cover in the foothills and on the tops of the ridges is 140-210 days, on the Khanka Plain 85-140, on the coast of the Sea of ​​Japan from 45 in the south to 140 days in the north.

WINTER

WINTER in the Primorsky Territory is long, with low air temperatures. In the central and northern regions of the region it lasts 4-5 months, in the southwest 3-3.5 months. The weather in winter is mostly clear and sunny. During the period when sea air is carried away by southerly winds, thaws are possible with an increase in air temperature to 3-4°C and precipitation, including rain. Within the coastal zone, wind speeds in winter are significant. Thus, average wind speeds are more than 5 m/sec everywhere, reaching 10 m/sec in places in open areas. High speeds on the tops of the Sikhote-Alin ridges (over 10 m/sec). In the continental western regions, the winter season is characterized by clear, calm or light windy weather. It is typical for intermountain valleys to almost complete absence winds. Strong winds with a speed of more than 15 m/sec are quite rare here, and in some places they do not even occur every winter. Snowstorms in the region are not a frequent occurrence, and the average number of days with snowstorms ranges from 5 to 25 days per winter. The first snow appears on the peaks of Sikhote-Alin already in early October. The thickness of the snow cover is small and amounts to 18-20 cm. The greatest thickness of the snow cover is in mountainous areas, where it reaches 85-100 cm. In the southern regions, the snow cover is unstable. As spring approaches, already in February, the sun and wind quickly “eat up” the snow and destroy the ice.

SPRING in Primorye is cold and lasts 2-3 months. A typical spring month is April. Average temperature April is +3-5o. With significant radiation, snow cover melts quickly, evaporating and producing almost no melt water. Frosts in the foothills and mountains of Sikhote-Alin may last until mid-June, and on the Khanka Plain - until the first half of May.

SUMMER in Primorye is warm, and in areas remote from the sea, even hot. But raw. On the coast, summers are humid, relatively warm, with frequent fogs. The fogs here are very intense, often turning into drizzle. Hot days and warm nights set in Primorye in July, on the coast - in August. From the second half of May the rains begin: either light drizzle or showers.

AUTUMN in Primorye is warm, dry, clear and quiet. The air temperature is dropping slowly. This time of year is usually called the “golden Far Eastern autumn”. The heat lasts especially long in coastal areas, where autumn is the best time of year. From mid-September, low night temperatures transform the forest, dressing the broadleaf and mixed forests in a colorful autumn outfit. At the beginning of October, leaf fall is in full swing. In the first half of November in the south of the region, at the end of October in the north there is a sharp cooling.

NATURAL RESOURCES OF THE REGION

Primorsky Krai is rich in natural resources. Peculiarities of geological development predetermined the presence of fuel and energy, mineral and raw materials resources, geographical location, topography and climate, and determined the availability of land, water and hydropower, forest and recreational resources. Many valuable substances - chemical compounds, salts, metals - are found in dissolved form in sea water, as well as in bottom placers - marine mineral resources.

COAL. The coal deposit is associated with sedimentary rocks and the long-term accumulation of organic matter. Almost 100 deposits with total reserves of about 2.4 billion tons have been identified in the region. The main coal deposits are Bikinskoye, Pavlovskoye, Shkotovskoye and Artemovskoye brown coal deposits, Partizanskoye and Razdolnenskoye hard coal deposits.

Many coal deposits have complex hydrogeological conditions (small thickness of coal seams and high water content). This makes coal mining more difficult and more expensive. At the same time, about 70% of coal reserves are suitable for open-pit mining.

NON-FERROUS AND NOBLE METALS.

About 30 tin deposits are known in the region. The main tin ore deposits are located in the Kavalerovsky, Dalnegorsky and Krasnoarmeysky districts - in the mountainous regions of Sokhote-Alin. About 15 deposits of polymetallic ores containing lead and zinc are concentrated in these same areas, as well as in small quantities- medb, silver, bismuth, other rare metals. Tin-containing and polymetallic ores occur at great depths, in bedrock. Only in a few small areas of river valleys are there outcrops of these ores in the form of placers. Therefore, the extraction of tin, zinc and other metals accompanying them is carried out using a closed method, in mines. There are several tungsten deposits in the Krasnoarmeysky and Pozharsky districts of the region. Tungsten ores also occur in bedrock. In addition to tungsten, these ores contain copper, silver, gold, bismuth and other valuable metals. Several silver deposits have been found in the northeastern regions of Sikhote-Alin. More than 50 gold deposits have been explored in the region. There are gold deposits both in the south of Primorye and in the north. About 60% of all gold reserves are located in placers along the river valleys: Pogranichnaya, Fadeevka, Malaya Nesterovka, Sobolina Pad, Izyubrina.

MINING GEOCHEMICAL RAW MATERIALS.

In the region of Dalnegorsk there is the largest boron deposit in Russia (dotolite, boron-containing ores). It is developed by open-pit mining and can ensure the operation of a processing plant for at least 50 years. Fluorspar, which is used in metallurgical production, is mined in the Khorol region - Voznesenskoye and Pogranichnoye deposits. In addition to fluorspar, the ores of this deposit contain rare metals: lithium, beryllium, tantalum, niobium. Marine geologists have discovered several deposits of phosphorites - valuable mineral fertilizers - on the continental slope of the Sea of ​​Japan. However, marine technology for their extraction and development is a matter of the future.

BUILDING MATERIALS.

In the region - in almost all areas - more than 100 deposits of various building materials and raw materials from them have been identified. Near the city of Spassk, large deposits of limestone are being developed - raw materials for obtaining the most important building material - cement. In the southern regions, where the main needs for building materials are concentrated, there is also a large amount of raw materials for them. Deposits of limestone, various clays, building stone, sand and gravel mixtures, caramsite raw materials and other materials have been explored here. Many of these deposits have large reserves, high quality raw materials, and are accessible by transport. However, their development, which is usually carried out using open-pit methods, is associated with disturbance of landscapes. Therefore, it is necessary to use advanced mining technologies, and reclaim quarries after mining.

LAND RESOURCES.

They are considered both as a territory for all activities and as the most important natural resources for agriculture. In the Primorsky Territory, agricultural lands occupy 1637.5 thousand hectares, 522.7 thousand hectares are occupied by settlements, and 431.9 thousand hectares are occupied by industrial enterprises and roads. Land resources are renewable, unlike mineral or fuel resources. Man can significantly change the quality of land. By cultivating arable land strictly according to the rules of agricultural technology, you can increase its fertility. And, conversely, improper use of land, especially on slopes, non-compliance with the rules for laying roads and construction leads to their deterioration. Land resources are very limited and expensive resources; they must be protected and used sparingly.

FOREST RESOURCES.

Most of the territory of Primorsky Krai (about 75%) is covered with forests. The forested area is 12.3 million hectares, and the total wood reserve on it is 1.75 billion cubic meters. m. The forests of Primorye consist of many tree species. Conifers grow here - cedar, fir, spruce, larch; soft-trunk species - white birch, aspen, linden, hardwood species - oak, ash, elm, yellow birch. All these species are used on the farm, but coniferous species, especially cedar, have more valuable wood. Therefore, cedar cutting is now prohibited.

Forests are made of trees different ages: some are very young trees, others are already large and reaching maturity, and others, as foresters say, are ripe and even overripe. These are the ones that need to be cut down during logging. Otherwise, such trees themselves begin to dry out, die, and rot. Trees, especially conifers, grow slowly, taking more than 100 years. It grows to 1.3-1.5 cubic meters per year. wood per 1 hectare, and in the whole region - about 17 million cubic meters. The largest reserves of wood per 1 hectare are in cedar-broad-leaved forests (more than 200 cubic meters/ha). On average along the edge they are about 150 cubic meters/ha. Forests perform many useful functions for humans: from the ability to obtain wood, nuts, mushrooms, berries, medicinal plants, meat and fur of wild animals - to environmental functions and replenishment atmospheric air oxygen. Therefore, from the point of view of nature conservation and rational environmental management, all forests are divided into three groups.

The first group includes forests in which tree felling is strictly prohibited, in the second group logging is limited, and only the forests of the third group are operational, where the main logging is carried out. Forests of the third group in Primorye occupy about 60% of the forested area, and forests where logging is possible - about 75%. In order to be able to use continuously forest resources, experts calculate the rules and regulations for annual felling. For the Primorsky Territory, this norm is about 10 million cubic meters. per year. In fact, in some areas, much more is cut down than is sustainable, and in hard-to-reach areas, the forest may not be cut down at all.

Coastal forests are a whole storehouse of the most valuable products, the so-called non-timber forest resources. These are pine nuts and various berries(schisandra, grapes, blueberries, viburnum, rowan) mushrooms, ferns, medicinal plants, including the famous ginseng. Very valuable birch sap is harvested in birch forests. Linden trees produce a lot of highly valuable honey. In addition, in the forests of the region, since ancient times there has been hunting for wild animals - sable, squirrel, wapiti, wild boar, etc. Furs and meat of wild animals and birds, which are in great demand among the population, are harvested. Attempts are being made to cultivate ginseng, lemongrass, eleutherococcus, as well as some species of game animals and birds.

WATER RESOURCES.

Primorye as a whole is rich in water resources. About 600 rivers more than 100 km long flow through its territory. Of these, 90 rivers are more than 50 km long. The total river flow in the region (in a year with average climatic conditions) is 64 cubic meters. km. However, the river flow is unevenly distributed throughout the region. The Pozharsky, Krasnoarmeysky and Terneysky districts are characterized by the highest water content. Areas with smaller runoff volumes are Khorolsky, Chernigovsky, Khankaysky, Spassky, Mikhailovsky, Oktyabrsky, Ussuriysky, Nadezhdinsky, Shkotovsky, the cities of Artem and Vladivostok. At the same time, the territory is most developed and populated here, and there is a high demand for water from industry, agriculture, and the population. Therefore, in these areas there are acute problems of water pollution and fresh water supply.

Large reserves of underground fresh water have been identified in the region. Three hydrological provinces have been identified: North Primorskaya, Prikhankaiskaya and South Primorskaya with predicted reserves of about 3 million cubic meters. m. per day. In Southern Primorye, a large Pushkinskoye groundwater deposit has been explored near Vladivostok. It will help improve water supply to the city's population.

Primorsky Krai has significant marine biological resources. They consist of various species of fish (herring, flounder, navaga, pollock, salmon, greenling, smelt), invertebrate animals - crabs, shrimp, mollusks (scallop, mussel, oysters), sea cucumber, squid, whelk, octopus, sea urchin, etc. .; algae (kelp or seaweed, ahnfeltia, gracilaria and others).

The areas of the Sea of ​​Japan adjacent to northern Primorye, as well as Peter the Great Bay, are characterized by high productivity. With rational management of marine fishing in the waters washing Primorye, it is possible to annually catch, according to experts, tens of thousands of tons of invertebrates and algae, and up to 250 thousand tons of fish. Many bays and bays of Southern Primorye have favorable conditions for artificial cultivation of the most valuable species of mollusks and algae. Many freshwater bodies of water are also rich in fish. Here you can find carp, crucian carp, pike, catfish, leopard, and rudd. There is a lot of fish in the largest lake of the Far East - Khanka, where stocks of Khanka pink salmon are of commercial importance.

RECREATIONAL RESOURCES.

In Primorye, recreational resources are created by a combination of favorable natural and climatic conditions, the attractiveness of mountain-taiga landscapes, and the presence of natural sources of mineral waters and medicinal mud. Of particular value are the recreational resources of the southern coastal areas with warm sea water, beaches and picturesque bays and bays. There are more than 100 mineral water springs in the region that have medicinal properties. They are most developed in the Kirov region, where large resorts are located.

A variety of therapeutic muds are known: sea mud (in the Amur Bay, near Nakhodka) and lake mud (Khanka mud). The islands in Peter the Great Bay have unique recreational potential. They attract numerous tourists in the summer, when you can combine walks along the beautiful mountain-forest coast with swimming in clear sea water. In winter, you can also enjoy the beauty of nature and exciting fishing from under the ice.

The variety of recreational resources in the region allows organizing various types of recreation and tourism here, including special tourist routes with licensed hunting and fishing, rafting along mountain rivers, along the sea coast. However, excessive "tourist" loads on the most beautiful natural landscapes can lead to their degradation. Therefore, here too it is necessary to adhere to the norms and rules of rational environmental management.

TERRITORIAL COMBINATIONS OF NATURAL RESOURCES.

When developing any territory, not one type of natural resource is always used, but several. For example, during the construction and operation of any enterprise, land resources, water, air, that is, a combination of natural resources, are always needed. Several different enterprises, located close to each other - in one industrial area, use a territorial combination of natural resources that are interconnected through the natural environment. Thus, open-pit seams are connected to groundwater, and when coal is mined by open-pit mining, connections between coal and land resources and forest resources are discovered. The extraction of one changes the reserves of other resources associated with it.

In coastal areas there are close connections between the natural resources of land and sea. Every year, salmon fish enter rivers to spawn. If a placer deposit of gold or polymetals is being developed in the valley of such a spawning river, it will be polluted by dumps and petroleum products, which will negatively affect spawning conditions. At the same time, the biological resources of the coastal part of the sea may also decrease.

The Ussuri taiga is a complex combination of natural resources: wood reserves, nuts, sable, squirrel, wild boar, lemongrass, and medicinal plants. If you cut down a cedar without touching everything else, then over time, the reserves of other resources will decrease or dry up completely. Therefore, before developing any territory or extracting certain types of natural resources, it is necessary to first study and evaluate natural resources separately (land, water, forest, etc.), then study inter-resource connections, draw up options for developing the territory in the form calculations, models. This will help you choose the most best option developing the territory taking into account environmental management rules. Such tasks are performed by scientists, primarily geographers. Baklanov P.Ya. and others. Geography of Primorsky Krai. Publishing house "Ussuri". Vladivostok, 1997. Pacific Institute of Geography, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

The narrow eastern coast of the Pacific Ocean stretches from north to south. This region in the geopolitical concept was called the Far East. This region is one of the constituent parts of the Asia-Pacific region. Unites Southeast, Northeast and East Asia into one subregion.

Description of the Far East

The Far East region includes 20 states. These are the Pacific Island countries: Japan, Philippines, Taiwan, Singapore, Indonesia, East Timor and Brunei. States located on the Malay and Indochina peninsulas: Malaysia, Myanmar, Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam. Countries belonging to mainland Asia: China, Mongolia, Hong Kong, North Korea, South Korea and partly Russia.

The Russian Far East includes 9 administrative units: the Amur, Magadan, Sakhalin and Jewish Autonomous Regions, the Republic of Sakha, the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, as well as the Khabarovsk, Primorsky and Kamchatka Territories.

Geographically, the region is a seismically active zone. The terrain is predominantly mountainous. Moreover, the mountains here are underwater. Earthquakes and tsunamis are a frequent occurrence, causing catastrophic destruction to countries. The internal waters of the Far East of the mainland is a separate topic, which is very interesting and long-lasting.

Climate of the Far East

The climatic features of this region are very contrasting. Such diversity is observed here due to the fact that the region stretches from the polar pole to the equator. All climate zones change from north to south. In addition to them, the region is characterized by five different ones. The most common one here is marine. This is facilitated by its close location to the ocean, as well as the constant circulation of monsoon air masses here. The climate and inland waters of the Far East are strongly interconnected.

In the southern part of the region, in addition to being humid, there is also a large annual amount of precipitation.

Mainland

On the mainland the climate is temperate continental. The continental air masses of the continent predominate here, and the mountains protect the territory from the constant influence of oceanic

The northern regions of the Far East (part of Russia) are particularly harsh. Winter here lasts more than 9 months. It has little snow, but is frosty.

If you do not take into account the northern Arctic regions, then the rest of the Far East is characterized by a monsoon type of climate. In winter, air masses come from the mainland (westerly winds). They bring frosty and snowy weather to the mainland and damp, cool weather to the islands, affecting the inland waters of the Far East, influencing them. In summer, the flow of air masses changes, and the regions are blown by monsoon winds blowing from the east. They bring hot summers with high rainfall to the islands and moderate heat to the mainland.

Precipitation

The annual precipitation regime also changes regionally, from north to south. It is worth noting that they directly affect inland waters. At the extreme northern points, precipitation falls within the range of 100-200 mm/year. Sakhalin can be considered an exception. Due to the fact that these are coastal areas of the ocean, the amount of precipitation here increases sharply. The inland waters of the Russian Far East suffer greatly from such events. The Aleutian Low, colliding with warm air masses, brings large amounts of snowfall to these regions. In winter, the snow cover on the peninsulas reaches 6 meters.

In the temperate climate zone of the Far East, precipitation varies between 800-1000 mm/year. For the subtropics and tropics, this amount increases to 1300-1500 mm/year.

Territories of the Far East related to the equatorial climatic zone, suffer from heat and moisture all year round. The average annual precipitation in the region is 2500 mm/year. There are areas where their number increases to 5000-6000 mm/year.

The temperature regime has its own peculiarity - during the cold season, the temperature drops sharply inland of the continent. Average January temperatures in the Khabarovsk Territory are -32°C...-35°C, when on island territories average January temperatures are rarely frosty. Climate, inland waters and natural areas Far East - all this changes greatly under the influence of precipitation.

Hydrology of the Far East

Due to the fact that the Far East region is mountainous over most of its territory, the rivers here are short and predominantly mountainous. The river system of the Far East is very developed. This is largely influenced by large amounts of precipitation and monsoon wind bringing them. During the rainy season, which comes to these lands in the spring, rivers overflow their banks. Sometimes the internal waters of the Far East overflow so much that they cause natural disasters in the territories.

Large rivers

The largest rivers of the mainland part of the region: Amur, Lena (Russia), Kolyma (Russia and China), deep-water Yellow River and Yangtze (China), Mekong and Salween (flow through the territories of China, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam and Cambodia). These long rivers - the Yellow River and the Yangtze - are considered to be among the largest rivers in the world. Their economic importance is invaluable. They are used for irrigation and hydropower, and are rich in ichthyofauna. The inland waters of the Far East, which also belong to the territory of China, Vietnam, and Laos, are used for growing rice. There are lakes on the mainland, mostly of volcanic origin.

The rivers of the island and peninsular states of the Far East are short and mountainous. In Japan, the longest rivers are Tone, Ishikari, Sinamo, Kitakami, in Malaysia - the Kinabatangan and Rajang rivers. All island inland waters of the Far East are deep and wild all year round. During floods they tend to overflow their banks. Used for economic use and irrigation.

The basis of the natural healing resources of the Far East are favorable climatic conditions, mineral waters and reserves of sulfide silt mud.

For many centuries, the hot healing waters of the Kamchatka resort of Paratunka healed the wounds of great travelers - the discoverers of this mysterious land of geysers and volcanoes. Suffice it to recall the footage from the film “Sannikov Land”, which depicted swimming in thermal springs. Plunging into the bliss of thermal waters, travelers noticed how quickly their strength was restored. Only today, in the thermal springs of Kamchatka, tired skiers relieve tension after skiing on the slopes of Mount Goryachaya. The pool with thermal water is noticeable from afar, with clouds of steam. The water temperature in the springs and hot waterfall is from 39 to 70 0 C. In the Kuril Islands you can take sulfur baths at the foot of the Mendeleevsky volcano - hot springs are everywhere and some of them are tiled like a mini-pool. Hot water can also be found right near the sea - hot springs sometimes come out right in the surf - you can find yourself with one foot in hot water of 30-40 0 C, and the other in cool water of 15 0 C.

The first written mentions of a hot spring beyond the Arctic Circle are found in documents from the church archives of the village of Yamsk for 1905-1906. They say that the Talsky spring, 256 km northeast of Magadan, was discovered in 1868 by the merchant Afanasy Bushuev. An enterprising merchant who found the source, according to local residents, froze Tal water and sold it to the population as a healing agent. In the mid-50s. The Talaya resort was opened on hot (up to 98 0 C) springs of nitrogen chloride-bicarbonate sodium waters.

Resorts and sanatoriums were built on deposits of carbon dioxide mineral waters: Shmakovka, Sinegorsk Mineral Waters, Sakhalin)

Nitrogen-siliceous thermal waters are the basis of the natural resources of the Kuldur resorts, Jewish Autonomous Region; Paratunka, sanatorium “Pearl of Kamchatka”, sanatorium-preventorium “Sputnik, Kamchatka; resort Talaya, Magadan region. The waters are effective for diseases of the musculoskeletal system, peripheral nervous system, skin and gynecological diseases.

Therapeutic muds are various types of silt deposits that form at the bottom of reservoirs, sea estuaries and lakes. Silt sulfide mud (sanatoriums “Sadgorod”, “Oceansky Military”, “Primorye”, “Ocean” - Vladivostok resort area; “Sinegorsk Mineral Waters”, “Sakhalin”, “Gornyak” - Sakhalin; “Paratunka”, “Pearl of Kamchatka” , "Sputnik" - Kamchatka) contain hydrogen sulfide, methane, carbon dioxide. Sapropel mud (sanatorium "Talaya", Magadan region) has a high content organic matter, but a little salt.

Primorsky Krai

The waters of the Primorsky Territory are not only rivers and lakes, but also mineral, medicinal springs that come to the surface from the very heart of the mountain ranges, saturated chemical elements that have medicinal properties.

Primorye mineral springs are diverse in composition, origin, medicinal use and effects on the body. More than a hundred mineral water sources have been studied in the region; their reserves are so huge that they are sufficient to satisfy the needs of the entire Far East and Siberia. There are several types of mineral waters, such as: cold carbonic water, nitrogen thermal water, nitrogen-methane water.

Carbon dioxide cold waters are used in the Primorsky Territory for indoor and outdoor use. They have a local distribution within the Sikhote-Alin hydrogeological massif of pressure-free waters, and in the zones of the Primorsky artesian basin. Carbon dioxide waters are intended mainly for patients with diseases of the cardiovascular system. Carbonated waters have a unique effect on the nervous system; they increase the excitability of the central nervous system and have a calming effect on the cerebral cortex. Mineral carbon dioxide waters are intensively used by the population in areas where they naturally come to the surface. Nitrogen thermal waters in the Primorsky Territory are represented by 12 springs with water temperatures above 20 degrees, emerging to the surface in the eastern part of the Sikhote-Alin hydrogeological massif. The main deposits of such waters are represented by Chistovodnye, Amginskie, Sinegorskie and several other sources. Nitrogen siliceous thermal waters are used in the form of baths. bathing, showers, inhalations, intestinal lavages. Their therapeutic effect is associated mainly with nitrogen gas, which, while the patient is in the bath, settles on the surface of the skin, exerting a unique physico-thermal effect. Nitrogen penetrating through the skin has an analgesic effect.

If you follow the map of mineral springs, then almost throughout the entire territory of Primorsky Krya you can detect their presence, differing only in the chemical composition and degree of mineralization. And if we talk about sources in general, there are simply a great many of them in the region.

At large mineral springs in Primorye, medical sanatoriums are being built to help people get rid of various diseases, or undergo a course of treatment for preventive purposes. There are medicinal springs where people self-medicate with mineral waters, arranging the territory, each little by little contributing to the common cause.

Over 40 sanatoriums are located in the Primorsky Territory. They can simultaneously accommodate more than 6.5 thousand people.

The Shmakovka resort is located in the valley of the Ussuri River, in one of the most beautiful corners of the central part of Primorye. Natural healing factors: dry and warm summers, windless and sunny winters, rich vegetation and carbon dioxide mineral waters similar to Narzan. There are four sanatoriums in Shmakovka: “Pearl”, “Izumrudny”, the Shmakovsky military sanatorium of the Far Eastern Military District and the sanatorium named after. 50th anniversary of October. The rest of the seaside health resorts are mainly concentrated in the suburban area of ​​Vladivostok. Among them are both well-known sanatoriums (“Sadgorod”, “Amur Bay”, “Oceansky Voyenny”, “Primorye”, etc.), as well as quite young ones - former departmental boarding houses and rest homes that have created their own medical base (“Sailor”, “Ocean”, “Builder”, etc.). The main healing factor of most Vladivostok sanatoriums is sea silt sulfide mud, mined from the bottom of Uglovoye Bay, on the shore of which the Sadgorod sanatorium is located with the only department for spinal patients in the Far East. “Amur Bay” is considered the best cardiological sanatorium in the region with a department for the rehabilitation of patients who have suffered a heart attack. There is a similar department in the Ocean Military Sanatorium, not far from which, almost at the very seashore, there is a former rest home, and now the Pacific sanatorium, the only one in the Far East in which the main method of treatment is homeopathy.

Khabarovsk region

Anninsky mineral thermal waters are a hydrogeological natural monument of federal significance. Anninsky waters are located in the Ulchsky district in the valley of the Amurchik stream, 6.5 km from the village of Susanino.

The water in the source is alkaline (PH = 8.5-9.4), slightly mineralized (0.32 g/l) and has a temperature of 53 0 C. The composition of the water is sulfate-hydrocarbonate, sodium with a high content of fluorine and silicic acid (60-96 mg/l).

Since 1966, the Anninskie Vody resort has been operating on the basis of a mineral spring - the first in the Russian Far East. There is also a balneological clinic and a children's sanatorium near the waters. The waters of the Annensky spring are used in the treatment of diseases of the musculoskeletal system, skin and gynecological diseases.

Mineral spring "Teply Klyuch" is located 17 km from the city of Vyazemsky, Khabarovsk Territory and is included in the list of specially protected areas. The waters of the source flow into the Third Seventh River, which, in turn, flows into the Ussuri.

The source is a small pit measuring 2 by 3 meters, from the bottom of which underground mineral waters and gases rise. Then the water flows into a slightly larger reservoir and goes into the stream.
The source was first discovered by prisoners of Stalin's camps who worked in the vicinity of these places. It was they who first noticed the surge of strength and health after drinking the spring water. The fame of the source quickly spread around and residents of many other regions began to come to the source and take away whole flasks of healing water. Currently, few people use this mineral water for internal use, preferring more water procedures.

The water in the source rarely drops below 16-18 degrees Celsius even in the most severe frosts. Therefore, bathing in the spring is especially popular during Epiphany holidays. According to people who took winter baths in the spring, it is simply impossible to convey the positive emotions and huge surge of strength and health that you experience after bathing. The healing effect is enhanced by the fish that live in the spring all year round. Their pleasant bites enhance the healing effect.

The only inconvenience for visiting the source is the unsatisfactory condition of the road. Therefore, it is recommended to go here in an all-terrain vehicle even after the Great Holiday - at this time the road condition is the best and there is the least chance of getting stuck in a rut.

Tumninsky thermomineral spring is located in the valley of the Chope River, 9 km from the Tumnin railway station (Vaninsky district). The source water is clear, bluish, slightly mineralized (0.21 g/l), alkaline (PH = 8.65), with a temperature of 46 0 C. The composition of the water is sodium sulfate-hydrocarbonate with a high content of fluorine and silicic acid.

The Tumninsky hot spring was discovered in 1939 by engineer Cherepanov. Although in fact, wild animals were the first to discover its healing properties, and they came to him in large numbers to heal their wounds. Local hunters took advantage of this, always hunting animals here. It was precisely in order not to reveal the rich hunting ground that they tightly kept the secret about the hot spring.

Currently, the source is very popular among the population of the Khabarovsk Territory and other regions of Russia.

The Jewish Autonomous Region has several healing sources. The most famous is Kuldursky, on the basis of which the Kuldur resort complex operates, which includes several sanatoriums, including for mothers with children. Kuldur sanatoriums are health resorts of national importance, where treatment is carried out using hot mineral springs containing silicic acid. The source water, after cooling to 35-38 0 C, is used in the treatment of radiculitis, polyarthritis, skin, gynecological diseases, etc. According to its chemical composition, it belongs to nitrogen-siliceous weakly mineralized hydrocarbonate-chloride-sodium alkaline waters with a high fluorine content. Radon water was discovered in one of the wells, which makes it possible to organize a radon clinic.

Kamchatka region

The sanatorium-resort zone of Kamchatka is the region of Paratunsky hot geothermal springs. The main therapeutic factors of Kamchatka sanatoriums: nitrogen, low-mineralized siliceous water of the Nizhneparatunsky deposit and sulfide mud. Specialization - treatment of diseases musculoskeletal system, nervous system, skin and gynecological diseases.

Hot springs of the Nalychevo Valley

Talovsky springs Along the left bank of the Vershinskaya River of the Nalychevsky Natural Park there are 3 groups of springs, the water temperature in which remains constant at 38 degrees. The springs of Kamchatka are highly mineralized, which is why they deposit large amounts of red sediment. The combination of the greenery of the surrounding forest and the red deposits create a spectacular picture.

Aag mineral springs

Among tourists, Aag mineral springs are called “Aag Narzans”. They lie at the foot of the inactive Aag volcano. The site with the springs is located at the bottom of the valley of the source of the Shumnaya River. The path to them is incredibly picturesque. Among the stones covered with a white coating of mineral deposits, cold water breaks through in thin streams. Some of them break out in the form of small fountains, others more quietly. The water in them has a slightly sour taste, with a slight smell of sulfur compounds.

Timonovsky hot springs

There is a legend about the seriously ill elder Timon, who was one of the first clergy of the 18th century to preach the Christian faith in Kamchatka. One day he was offered to cure a disease in hot water, which was supposedly heated by spirits. Timon agreed to try his luck. The people took him to the bear's corner, leaving him there alone. A little time passed and in the spring they came to visit Timon’s father to check if he was alive. To their great surprise, he was not only alive, but also healthy and strong. That is why people took him for a saint and sanctified everything in the area in his name. No one can confirm whether this story is true or just a story, but it is a fact that the waters in this area are especially useful. Here it is useful to take general baths, as well as drink water. You can stay in cabins.

Khodutkinsky thermal springs

At the foot of the extinct volcanoes Priemysh and Khodutka, one of the most beautiful places are the Khodutkinsky hot springs of Kamchatka. Some of the largest springs are located directly in the volcanic crater. Water flows out of numerous holes and forms a stream. There are springs “scattered” throughout the clearing, which, when collected together, turn this stream into a whole river, the depth of which is 1.5 meters and the width of almost 30 meters. At the very base of the griffins, the water temperature is high and amounts to 80 degrees; gradually the temperature drops downstream. These springs of Kamchatka have become a famous natural monument, which more and more people come to visit every year.

Zhirovsky hot springs

The mountain, tundra, and sea landscapes of the Zhirovaya River area attract attention with a variety of rare species of vegetation and wildlife. The air here is transparent and clean, and the varied microclimate and long snowy winter period fuel tourists' interest in this fabulous place. Medical and health tourism is well developed here. Here, in the valley with two thermal springs, fishermen and hunters come to relax and be treated. These sources of Kamchatka are located only 10 km from the ocean coast.

Vilyuchinsky hot springs

These Kamchatka springs lie at the very foot of the Vilyuchinsky volcano. Thanks to this, the Vilyuchinskaya Valley looks even more picturesque. In addition, on the slope there is a view of the ocean bays.

Country hot springs

To the north of the Mutny volcano, near the Skalistaya hill, you can see the Kamchatka Dacha hot springs. There are several groups of them scattered throughout the hollows and ravines. The largest of them can be called the western group, which is located in a large ravine. Steam flows on the slope of the volcano, and powerful steam-water fountains burst out from its bottom. These sources remove the most heat from the depths of the hydrothermal Mutnovsky basin, which is why a geothermal power plant was built very close by.

Bath thermal springs

Bath thermal springs are hot springs in Kamchatka, located in the upper reaches of the Bannaya River. These are one of the largest places where mineral waters originate. The thermal water in these springs is healing. In addition to wellness treatments, you can have a good rest here. In winter you can travel by snowmobile, in summer you can walk and ride quad bikes. The path runs through Nakchinskoye, one of the many lakes in the region. The Khazlan ridge adjoins the lake on the western side, and the Bystrinsky ridge on the eastern side. The inactive Vazhkazhets volcano is also located here, a natural monument whose height is more than 1500 m.

Sakhalin region

Resort resources of the Sakhalin region are represented mainly by mineral waters and medicinal silt mud. 22 km from Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk there are unique Sinegorsk mineral springs of carbon dioxide hydrocarbonate-chloride sodium water with a high arsenic content, similar to the carbon dioxide arsenic waters of Chvizhepse and Sochi. In the area of ​​the springs, in a picturesque valley sheltered from the sea winds, the leading sanatoriums of the region are located - “Sinegorsk Mineral Waters” and “Sakhalin”. They have a modern medical facility.

The Chaika sanatorium is located 22 km from Kholmsk, on the shore of the Tatar Strait, and the Gornyak sanatorium is located in the vicinity of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk. Marine silt sulfide mud is used as a therapeutic factor in both health resorts.

Mud volcano. Located 18 km from Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk natural monument- mud volcano. This is a geological formation that periodically erupts mud and gases, often with water and oil. Typically, mud volcanoes are located in areas of oil and gas fields. The largest mud volcanoes in Russia are located on the Taman Peninsula and Sakhalin. There are similar ones in Azerbaijan, Spain, Italy, New Zealand, and Central America. The waters of such volcanoes contain bromine, iodine, and boron. This allows the mud to be used for medicinal purposes. Three areas with active mud volcanoes are concentrated on Sakhalin Island.

Daginsky thermal springs. In the eastern part of Sakhalin in the area bay Dagi thermal springs are located near the village of Goryachiye Klyuchi. The Orochi reindeer herders were the first to notice their healing properties. The outlet of the springs is a funnel-shaped depression in the muddy shore of the bay. Act here five hot springs, two of them are drinkable. The composition of the water differs from other Sakhalin sources in its high content of silicic acid and high alkalinity. There is a sanatorium located not far from the exits.

Magadan region

The Talaya resort is the only sanatorium and resort establishment in Russia located beyond the Arctic Circle, in the permafrost zone. The climatic conditions of Talaya, despite their general severity, compare favorably with the surrounding areas. The number of hours of sunshine is 710. The wealth of the resort is hot, almost boiling (98 ° C) low-mineralized nitrogen waters and silt mud.

The first written mentions of the Tal source are found in documents from the church archives of the village of Yamsk for 1905-1906. They say that the Talsky spring was discovered in 1868 by the merchant Afanasy Bushuev. An enterprising merchant who found the source, according to local residents, froze Tal water and sold it to the population as a healing agent.
In 1940, a neurological resort was founded. The beautiful surroundings of the resort, the silence, cleanliness and transparency of the air have a beneficial effect on a person and have a calming effect on the nervous system.

Indications for treatment: diseases of the skin, musculoskeletal system and peripheral nervous system, gastrointestinal tract and liver. The main healing factor: healing mud and mineral waters. The resort is located a little away from the Kolyma Highway, which connects it with Magadan.

For a region with a harsh climate, picturesque corners with a special microclimate in places where hot waters emerge are noteworthy. There are many thermal water outlets known in the Magadan region. The hot springs closest to Magadan are located on the Khmitevsky Peninsula. This

Motyklei hot springs. It is interesting to visit the springs in the spring, to swim in the springs when there is snow all around. On the summer walking route you will have to stock up on mosquito repellent - a significant part of the route passes through swampy areas. Having a boat at your disposal, you can visit the springs in 2 days.

Tanon Lakes near the village of Serdyakh - a picturesque corner, long chosen by Magadan hunters and fishermen. Summer evenings Above this vast plain, where many rivers and hundreds of lakes have found shelter, there is an extraordinary silence. Only the water flows lazily, and restless birds call to each other. And there, on the plain, in the gray twilight, not only the saucers of the lakes glow in spots, but the fog rises above them. A little later, the spots merge into a continuous strip, covering the lakes and the river for the night. It is impossible to go around all the lakes - there are many of them. Moving approximately in a southerly direction (heading towards Mount England) you can visit the most significant lakes. Here and there there are weak trails, but mostly you have to walk along the hummocks. You are constantly accompanied by the tart smell of wild rosemary. In the depressions not occupied by lakes, there are clearings of snow-white cotton grass. These places are much more comfortable than the Serdyakh lakes - there are forests everywhere. Trees surround the lakes. Frozen in the calm, they seem bewitched. In summer, small lakes warm up. Near the large ones, on dry, elevated places, there are hunting tents. You will often see duck broods on the lakes.

Amur region

Widespread fresh, mineral and thermal groundwater. Fresh groundwater is found everywhere. In the region as a whole, the use of underground sources for water supply purposes is 65%, while in rural settlements water supply is based exclusively on groundwater. 25 deposits (areas) of fresh groundwater have been explored, 13 of them are in operation. The explored operational reserves of groundwater amount to 551.6 thousand m 3 /day. There are 42 known mineral water springs and wells.

Of all the Amur sources, four have been studied: Gonzhinsky, Ignashinsky, Byssinsky and Esaulovsky.

Gonzhinsky used for medicinal purposes. Located in middle lane region, in the western part of the Amur-Zeya plateau. The first literary information about the source dates back to the period of research and construction of the railway in 1912 (A.V. Lvov, A.V. Gerasimov). In 1916, according to archival data, the journal of meetings of the railway medical council considered the issue of a medical institution at the Gonzhinsky spring. In 1939, geologists A.G. Frank-Kamensky and N.M. Vaksberg published brief information about the Gonzhinsky source in reports of the USSR Academy of Sciences. The water's chemical composition is cold, low-mineralized, hydrocarbonate-calcium-magnesium. Of particular importance in the therapeutic effect are carbon dioxide, calcium, magnesium, lithium, iron cations, as well as trace elements included in its composition.

There is evidence of its multifaceted effects on the body. Urination sharply increases, the amount of chlorides, cholesterol and urea in the blood decreases, water has a pronounced anti-inflammatory effect, analgesic and antihistamine effect. With kidney and liver diseases, patients experience a significant restoration of impaired functions. In terms of chemical composition, the water of the Gonzhinsky spring is close to Kislovodsk Narzan, but differs from it in lower temperature, the absence of sulfate anions, and better taste.
It has a pronounced diuretic effect due to the content of carbon dioxide and a number of microelements, enhances urodynamics, promotes the evacuation of sand, salts, small stones from the urinary tract, and increases the motor function of the urinary and gastrointestinal tracts. A good therapeutic effect was noted for some liver diseases, polyarthritis, and radiculitis.
Ignashinsky located in the Skovorodinsky district - in a picturesque area, 8 km from the village of Ignashina. Ignashino is the last pier on the Amur within the Amur region. There is a road leading from the pier to the source.

Ignashinskaya mineral water is widely used for medicinal purposes in the local hospital. However, the medicinal properties of this water have not yet been fully studied. At a congress of medical workers back in 1919, indications for treatment were established: “anemia, diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, urinary sand, urinary stones, gallstones, nervous diseases, kidney diseases, compressed heart defects, catarrh of the bladder and some others” ( Protocols of the VIII Congress of Workers of the Amur Region, 1920, p. 282).

Excellent natural conditions and pine forest make the Ignashinsky mineral spring very promising for development not only as a health resort in the Amur region, but also as a resort in the Far East.

Byssinsky

There is no source as such here. Mineral waters, released from the Byssa River, saturate the coastal sand. It is enough to dig a hole, and hot water accumulates in it.

This is what the people who came here did - they dug deep holes, up to one and a half meters, and reinforced their walls with logs (so that the sand would not collapse). Hot water accumulated in the log houses. There are several such holes. The water temperature ranges from 37 to 42 0 C. In winter, the water in these pits does not freeze. They are covered with snow on top, but the water temperature remains within 18 0 C.

The waters are slightly mineralized (up to 450 mg/l), carbonated with nitrogen (96.2%), hydro-carbonate-chloride-sulfate composition, with the smell of hydrogen sulfide. Fluorine content - up to 0.3 g/l, silicic acid - up to 73.6 mg/l, carbon dioxide - 24 mg/l. Microelements: arsenic, manganese, titanium, gallium, vanadium, chromium, molybdenum, lithium, copper.

Esaulovsky located in the southeast of the region, 5 km from the Esaulovka railway station. The source emerges in the wide valley of the Udurchukan River, the right tributary of the Khingan. Hills overgrown with Korean cedar and birch, Amur velvet and linden, Manchurian walnut and hazel make this area exceptionally picturesque.

The water of the source is colorless and amazingly transparent. The slight smell of hydrogen sulfide indicates the presence of sulfur compounds in it. In terms of the composition of the water, this source is close to the Kuldur springs, differing from them in lower hydrogen sulfide content and low temperature, equal to only 4 0 C. The source is used by local residents for treatment.

Being low-mineralized, it has no strict contraindications and is used as a dining room. This is a delicious, refreshing drink that healthy people can drink for preventive purposes: it promotes normal digestion and removes toxins from the body.

Materials from various Internet sources

Primorye as a whole is rich in water resources. About 600 rivers more than 10 km long flow through its territory. Of these, 90 rivers are more than 50 km long. The total river flow in the region (in a year with average climatic conditions) is 64 cubic km. However, the river flow is unevenly distributed throughout the region. The Pozharsky, Krasnoarmeysky and Terneysky districts are characterized by the highest water content. Areas with smaller volumes of river flow are Khorolsky, Chernigovsky, Khankaysky, Spassky, Mikhailovsky, Oktyabrsky, Ussuriysky, Nadezhdinsky, Shkotovsky, the cities of Artyom and Vladivostok. At the same time, the territory is most developed and populated here, and there is a large demand for water from industry, agriculture, and the population. Therefore, in these areas there are acute problems of water pollution and fresh water supply.

Large reserves of underground fresh water have been identified in the region. Three hydrogeological provinces have been identified: North Primorskaya, Khantayskaya and South Primorskaya with predicted reserves of about 3 million cubic meters. m per day. In Southern Primorye, a large Pushkinsky groundwater deposit has been explored near Vladivostok. It will help improve water supply to the city's population.

If you look at the hydrographic map of Primorye, that is, at a map on which even the smallest rivers and watercourses are plotted, you will immediately notice the great density of the river network. Only in the west of the region around Lake Khanka is a relatively small thinning of the network noticeable.

The density of the river network of the Primorsky Territory is indeed a record for the territory of Russia. On average, along the edge there are about 0.65 kilometers of rivers per square kilometer of territory, and in the upper reaches of the Ussuri and Bikin and along the coast of the Sea of ​​Japan it reaches 0.9 kilometers per square kilometer. On the Khanka Plain, the density of the network is only 0.2-0.3 km. Such density of rivers is typical for the vast majority of Russian territory.

Such a dense network of rivers is due mainly to the mountainous, small-hilly topography of the Sikhote-Alin mountain system, which covers almost the entire territory of the region. This relief, in turn, owes much to the eroding effects of thousands of streams, often called pads or springs. And they are called mainly “tiger”, “bear”, “boar”, or “cedar”, “spruce”, “oak”, without at all avoiding countless repetitions. You can cross a steep pass and from one Kabany spring get into another Kabany spring. It is from these thousands and even tens of thousands of falls that the river network of Primorye is made up.

All the rivers of our region can be divided into two large and approximately equal groups in total area: the rivers of the Ussuri River basin, carrying their waters through the lower Amur in the Sea of ​​​​Okhotsk, including the rivers flowing into Lake Khanka, since the lake flows from it as a river Sungachoy is connected to Ussuri, and rivers flow from the eastern and southern slopes of the Sikhote-Alin, East Manchurian and Black Mountains into the Sea of ​​Japan.

The rivers of Primorye have no transport significance, since the ice regime here is severe in winter and the water regime is too unstable in summer. Huge fluctuations in water levels and flows complicate the construction and operation of piers and require constant changes in ship conditions and the maintenance of a powerful dredging fleet.

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Climate

According to the classification of B.P. Alisova (1974) The Far East (including Primorsky Krai) belongs to the monsoon region of the temperate zone. It is characterized by a seasonal change in air currents that arise under the influence of thermal contrasts between the continent and the ocean, as well as changes in the location of seasonal centers of atmospheric action (ACAs) and tropospheric fronts (polar and arctic).

Atmospheric processes characteristic of winter prevail from November to March. In September, a vast area of ​​high pressure begins to form on the Asian continent - the winter Asian anticyclone.

The second CDA, which determines the circulation and weather conditions During the cold season, over East Asia and the North Pacific Ocean, is the Aleutian depression centered over the southwestern Bering Sea and the Aleutian Islands.

Winter processes reach their greatest development in January. Between these centers of atmospheric action, a powerful high-altitude frontal zone (HFZ) is formed on the border of Eurasia and the Pacific Ocean, which is associated with exceptionally active cyclonic activity over the Far Eastern seas and the northern part of the Pacific Ocean. The central part of the WFZ is most often located over Japan. Cyclones that arise in the WFZ area quickly move to the northeast, i.e., to the northwestern part of the Pacific Ocean and to the Bering Sea, where the Aleutian depression is formed.

Thanks to this distribution of pressure fields throughout the winter, the central and eastern regions of the Asian continent (including Primorsky Krai) are under the influence of the eastern periphery of the winter Asian anticyclone. As a result, the region is dominated by dry and cold continental air, which determines clear frosty weather with a predominance of northern and northwestern winds - winter monsoon. Monsoon circulation in winter causes lower air temperatures in the Primorsky Territory than at the same latitudes in the European part of Russia. For example, average annual temperature air temperature in Vladivostok is 4.0°C, and in Sochi, located at the same latitude (about 43°N), 14°C.

The winter monsoon is characterized by clear, dry weather with little precipitation: only 8–20% of annual precipitation (from 40 mm on the Khanka Plain to 150–200 mm on the coast of the Sea of ​​Japan.

Snow cover persists during the cold season from 2 months in the southern regions of the coast of the Sea of ​​Japan and up to 3 months in the north of the Primorsky Territory. The highest snow cover is observed in protected areas in the foothills of the Sikhote-Alin and ranges from 41 to 54 cm; in the northern regions of the region it is 28–52 cm, and in the rest of the region – 11–30 cm.

In the foothills of Sikhote-Alin there are such dangerous phenomena, How avalanches, and in hurricane winds "wind blows"– vast areas of fallen forests (Korotky et al., 2005).

In spring (April-May) favorable conditions for anticyclones disappear. The Asian anticyclone begins to collapse and completely disappears in May.

The weather in the Primorsky Territory in the spring months is determined by cyclonic circulation on 62% of days.

Southern and southeastern winds, caused by anticyclones forming over the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, bring cold and humid air. Therefore, on the coast of the region, the spring months (the second half of April and May) are cold and cloudy, with frequent fogs and drizzling rains.

Summer (June-August) is characterized by active development of cyclonic activity over the Asian continent (Far Eastern depression over the Amur basin) and anticyclogenesis (North Pacific and Okhotsk anticyclones). On average, the weather in the summer months in the Primorsky Territory is determined by a low pressure field on 66% of days.

The interaction of the summer Far Eastern depression with the North Pacific and Okhotsk anticyclones causes intensive transfer of warm and humid air masses from the ocean to the mainland during the summer monsoon, starting from the Far Eastern regions.

Summer monsoon Over time, it goes through two stages of development. In the first stage, these winds take a south-easterly direction. Winds bring relatively cold sea air from the Sea of ​​Japan and Okhotsk to the coast of Primorsky Krai, causing cool cloudy weather with fog and drizzling rain on the coast of Primorsky Krai. In June there is a maximum number of days with fogs - up to 19–20.

The second stage of the summer monsoon lasts from July to September, i.e. during the period of sufficiently good warming up of everything northern hemisphere. A vast area of ​​high pressure is intensifying over the Pacific Ocean, facilitating the powerful removal of air masses from the ocean, the moisture content of which is significantly higher than the moisture content of air masses of the first stage monsoon. Unlike the first stage, circulation factors play a major role in the development of the second stage monsoon.

Southeast winds during cyclones, including tropical cyclones (typhoons), bring to the Primorsky Territory very humid and warm oceanic masses of not only temperate sea air, but also tropical sea air. Therefore, from the second half of July until September, heavy and heavy rainfall occurs. The maximum daily precipitation that falls at this time in Primorye reaches up to 90–100 mm in intermountain valleys, and up to 260 mm in the south of the region.

An important feature of the summer Far Eastern processes is the outbreak of typhoons in the regions of the Far East, which are associated with the peak of floods in the annual cycle.

Typhoons reach the Primorsky Territory and the Sea of ​​Japan along southern parabolic trajectories (Fig. 1.11).

The main typhoon season is temperate latitudes in the Far East (including the Primorsky Territory) lasts from July to September.

Rice. 1.11. Cyclone trajectories over the Sea of ​​Japan ( Physical geography…, 1990)

Typhoons affecting the Primorsky Territory and other areas of the Far East cause great material damage to the national economy. Maximum speeds winds are observed mainly on the coast, where the intensification of the wind is largely influenced by the influence of the orography of the area and cape effects. Maximum wind speeds in the Primorsky Territory caused by typhoons are observed in the range from 20 to 35 m/s on the coast, especially on the islands.

During the period of influence of typhoons (1–2 days), up to 350–400 mm of precipitation may fall at individual weather stations of the Primorsky Territory (Posiet, Kraskino, Vladivostok, etc.). The most intense rains are also observed in August and September.

In autumn (September-November) there is a transition from the summer type of circulation to the winter one. In the Primorsky Territory, the weather in the first half of autumn is usually relatively warm, dry and sunny. The end of summer and the beginning of autumn are the best and most favorable times of the year for relaxation. This is explained by the fact that in the autumn months, as in the spring, there is a frequent movement of western anticyclones in the zone of 50° N latitude, which determine good weather. Already in September in the Primorsky Territory (especially on the coast) there is a high frequency of northern winds (34%), in November they become predominant (70%). In October, a winter type of atmospheric circulation is established over the Far East. Despite this, even in October, and in some years even in the first ten days of November, the air in the south of the region warms up to +18...+22°.

Significant wind parameters of the territory, especially on the coast, create good conditions for the development of wind energy.

Compared to the corresponding latitudes of the European part of Russia, the Primorsky Territory is distinguished by large monthly values ​​of total and direct solar radiation in winter, which is explained by the greater frequency of clear weather during the winter monsoon: in December, the differences reach up to 50%.

At real conditions cloudiness, the annual amount of total radiation fluctuates between 4609-5028 MJ/m² (as in Crimea). This is a serious prerequisite for the development of solar energy.

The greatest amount of sunshine per year occurs in the continental regions of the region. Thus, on the Khanka Plain, the annual number of hours of sunshine increases from north to south from 2120 to 2490 hours. The smallest annual number of hours of sunshine (1910–2050) is observed in the northern part of the Sea of ​​Japan from station. Belkin to st. Golden, due to heavy clouds and frequent prolonged fogs.

South of the station. Belkin hall along the entire coast of the Sea of ​​Japan. Peter the Great, the number of hours of sunshine increases from 2050 to 2390 hours.

The nature of atmospheric circulation and the terrain mainly determine the temperature regime of the territory of the Primorsky Territory.

The average annual temperature at the northernmost coastal point (Cape Zolotoy) is 1.9°, and at the southernmost (Cape Gamov) +5.6°.

Winter is too cold for such relatively low latitudes, especially in areas open to free access of cold continental air from the central continent. This is the river valley. Ussuri, the region of the Khanka lowland and the south of Primorsky Krai. In Vladivostok, thanks to the free access of cold northern winds along the river. Ussuri and Razdolnaya, the average air temperature in January is -14.4°, i.e. 10° colder than the corresponding latitudes on the US coast, and 20° colder than the south of France.

Frosts in the middle of winter are associated with the dominance of cold continental air. Average January temperatures in these areas are about -20, -24°. The absolute minimum is -49° (Dalnerechensky district), in Vladivostok -30°.

Average winter temperatures vary from -20° in the north to -10, -12° in the Peter the Great Bays (Fig. 1.12). Frequent thaws are also characteristic of winter. Rapid temperature transitions beyond 0° create conditions for ice. Its danger increases sharply given the predominance of mountain slopes.

Sikhote-Alin is a natural climatic boundary between the eastern coastal and western foothill regions. Extending generally from the southwest to the northeast, the Sikhote Alin plays a dual role in the distribution of both winter and summer temperatures on the western and eastern slopes of the mountains. It is a barrier that prevents the free flow of cold air from the continent into the Sea of ​​Japan in winter and the transfer of warm air there in summer. The same mountain barrier does not allow cold sea air in summer and relatively warm sea air in winter to penetrate deep into the continent. At the same time, Sikhote-Alin contributes to air stagnation and strong cooling during the night hours of winter. As a result, average monthly air temperatures in January on the western slopes of Sikhote-Alin are 10–11° lower than on the eastern slopes.

During the warm period of the year, the temperature distribution throughout the region is quite unique. The average summer temperature is from June to August on the coastline. Peter the Great is 15.5–17.8°, on the eastern foothills of Sikhote-Alin 12.9–17.2°, on the western foothills of Sikhote-Alin – 16.5–18.8°.

Absolute maximum temperatures air temperatures in the summer vary throughout the region from 32 to 40°, in Vladivostok 35°.

The average duration of the frost-free period in the region varies widely: from 90 days in the northern part of the Sikhote-Alin mountains to 195 days in the southern part of the coastline. Peter the Great (Fig. 1.11). The amount of precipitation increases from west to northeast and southeast from 500 to 900 mm. The highest annual precipitation – 800–900 mm – is observed on the western coast of the bay. Peter the Great, on the western slopes of the northern part of Sikhote-Alin. In the northern part of the river valley. Ussuri, the annual amount is 700 mm and decreases to 550 mm in the central part of the Khanka Plain.

Of the annual precipitation, the cold period accounts for approximately 10–20%, the warm period accounts for up to 80% of the annual precipitation, and the minimum occurs in January-February. Maximum precipitation over almost the entire territory occurs in August.

The earliest (in the first ten days of October) snow cover appears on the peaks of Sikhote-Alin. On the coast of the Sea of ​​Japan, snow cover appears at the end of the second ten days of November in the north, and in the middle of the third ten days of November in the south.

The average number of days with snow cover in the territory under consideration during the winter is 140–210 in the foothills and on the peaks, 85–140 on the Khanka Plain, and on the coast of the Sea of ​​Japan from 45 in the south to 140 in the north. These features determine the duration ski season in the south of the region 3–3.5 months, in the north – up to 5 months.

Inland waters. About 6,000 rivers more than 10 km long flow through the territory of the Primorsky Territory (Resources..., 1972). This creates conditions for active development small hydropower.

A large amount of precipitation, mountainous terrain, and relatively low evaporation determine the significant density of the river network. The density of the river network is relatively large: for every square kilometer of surface there is 0.73 km of the river network: the maximum density (up to 1.8 km/km 2) is confined to the southwestern part of the region, including Peter the Great Bay. A characteristic feature of the Far Eastern rivers is their relatively short length, this is due to the fact that the world watershed line runs near the Pacific coast.

There are significant differences in the structure of the river network of Primorye, which is due to the asymmetrical position of the main watershed. Thus, rivers flowing into the Sea of ​​Japan are characterized by small sizes, channels with the presence of rapids, rapids and waterfalls, and fast flow where there are narrow steep slopes of valleys. The rivers flowing from the western slope of the Sikhote-Alin are characterized by a large length and relatively calm flow in the middle and lower reaches, where they flow in wide valleys with low, swampy slopes.

The monsoon climate determines mainly rain power rivers, because snow cover is small and groundwater recharge is relatively poor. The characteristic features of the rivers of Primorye are the flood regime in the warm period of the region and extreme unevenness and instability in the cold period.

Frequently recurring large floods, the formation of which occurs relatively quickly and reaches a significant height, are the cause of floods, often catastrophic. Their characteristics are given below.

For water regime The rivers are characterized by spring floods, which are superimposed by rain floods. It takes place in April-May (spring flow is 20–30% of the annual volume). The warm period of the year is characterized by an intense flood regime, with floods almost continuously following one another, in some years they occur in October and even early November.

Floods in Primorye are caused mainly by summer-autumn rains, which are associated with the entry of tropical cyclones into the territory and the removal of humid sea air masses. Primorsky Krai is one of the rain-prone areas of the country. More than half of all observed catastrophic floods in the Primorsky Territory occur in August–September.

Floods, which do not lead to significant flooding of developed territories, are observed almost every year, and in some years the territory is flooded two or three times. Catastrophic, simultaneously covering several large basins and leading to significant or complete flooding of populated areas, industrial enterprises and agricultural lands, repeat once every 7–12 years.

For 1975–2002 18 floods occurred in the region (Kulikova, 2005), of which 8 were major, and among the last 3 were catastrophic (1989, 2000 and 2001).

Floods cause the following negative phenomena: flooding of agricultural fields and populated areas, destruction of infrastructure (roads, bridges, pipelines, power and communication lines), buildings and structures, soil layer, pollution, as well as loss of property and crops, etc. In this case 178 settlements are subject to flooding, including the cities of Vladivostok, Ussuriysk, Nakhodka, Partizansk, Spassk-Dalniy, Lesozavodsk, Dalnerechensk. More than 200 thousand people live in the flood zone and there are 320 thousand hectares of agricultural fields. River water levels rise to 8.5 m(1989 Typhoon Judy).

Note that according to statistics in the world from natural processes the greatest damage is caused by floods – 40%, tropical cyclones - 20%, earthquakes and droughts - 15%, others - 10% (Daneva, 1991). In Primorye, floods also rank first in terms of damage caused.

In winter (December - March) the flow is low, but quite stable; its value is 4–5% of the annual volume.

The rivers of Primorsky Krai are full of water. Much more water flows here per square kilometer per year (from 10 to 20 l/s) than the Russian average. The exception is the Western Primorsky Plain, where 1 km 2 flows from 0.5 to 5 l/s. The rivers of the region are predominantly mountainous, with high flow speeds, with rapid and high rises in water levels during heavy rains.

Main water artery – Ussuri River, which is flat. It crosses almost the entire territory of the region from south to north and collects most of the water flowing from the western slope of the Sikhote-Alin. Its catchment area within Russia is 136 thousand km 2. Length before confluence with the river. Amur is 897 km, of which 600 km is located in the Primorsky Territory. The largest right tributaries within the Primorsky Territory are mountain rivers Bol. Ussurka and Bikin. The second largest watercourse is the river. Razdolnaya, the sources of which and the upper reaches are located on the territory of the People's Republic of China. This determines the transboundary nature of pollution by its waters in the Primorsky Territory. The length of the river is 245 km; 191 km is located on the territory of the Primorsky Territory. The catchment area within the region is 6.82 thousand km 2. It brings an average of about 2.5 km 3 of water per year to the Amur Bay. Another large river is the river. Tumanaya, with a catchment area equal to 33.8 thousand km 2. It flows almost entirely through the territory of the PRC, which also determines the transboundary nature of pollution for the region. The mouth of this river with a drainage area of ​​25.8 km 2 is located in Primorye. Nevertheless, it brings a huge volume of water to its territory - 4.9 km 2, which is almost 50% of the river water reserves in the south of Primorye.

A relatively large river in Southern Primorye and the most economically important is the river. Partisan. Its drainage area is 4140 km 2, the length of the river is 142 km. It carries about 1 km 3 of water per year into the Gulf of America.

In total, all rivers carry 10.3 km 3 of water into the Peter the Great Bay (including the flow of the Tumannaya River). For the prospect of economic development, this amount will not be enough for the most densely populated and industrially developed territory of the region, which makes water supply especially important.

A characteristic feature of all rivers of the Primorsky Territory is the extreme uneven distribution of their flow throughout the year. On the one hand, they have very little water in winter, until the flow disappears almost completely even on large rivers. On the other hand, they are full of water during summer-autumn showers. When they overflow, they flood the main territories, causing enormous damage to the economy of the region. The great unevenness of river flow makes it difficult for sectors of the national economy to use their waters.

The rivers of Primorye are the habitat and spawning grounds for many valuable fish species, mainly salmon. They also have a large reserve of hydropower resources and there is a plan for the construction of small hydroelectric power stations, but so far this potential of the region has been practically not used.

Lakes and swamps distributed mainly within the lowlands. There are 4,684 lakes in Primorye. There are especially many of them in the valleys of the Razdolnaya and Ussuri rivers.

Oz. Hanka – the largest of the Far Eastern lakes - located in the center of the Khanka Lowland (the northern part of the lake is located within the PRC). The total catchment area of ​​the lake. Khanki (without the lake mirror) is 16,890 km 2, including 15,370 km 2 on the territory of Russia.

In plan, the lake is pear-shaped with an expansion in the northern part. The mirror area at the highest, middle and lowest levels is 5010, 4070, 3940 km 2, respectively. Despite the fact that 24 rivers flow into the lake (Ilistaya, Melgunovka, Komissarovka, Spasovka, etc.), and only one flows out (the Sungach River), it is shallow: the average depth of the lake. The Khanka is 4.5 m, and the maximum depth at the steep northwestern shores is 6.5 m.

The water in the lake is cloudy, because... Frequent winds form powerful drift and compensation currents, causing active circulation of the lake’s water masses in the vertical plane. The lake is very ecologically vulnerable, given its extreme shallowness and the predominance of aleuropelites in the bottom sediments, which deposit pollutants well.

The climate of the Primorsky Territory is not conducive to the formation of swamps, as a result of which the area of ​​swamps and wetlands here is small. Temporarily waterlogged meadows with mineral soils, widespread on the plains of Primorye, cannot be classified as swamps. In intermountain valleys the peat thickness reaches 3.5 m.

The main part of the swamp massifs is located in the Khanka-Ussuri lowland, east and south of the lake. Hanky.

On the map of erosion areas of Primorye compiled by A.I. Stepanova, three erosion areas were identified. The first erosion region includes rivers flowing from the eastern slope of the Sikhote-Alin. This area is characterized by weak development of erosion processes (erosion coefficient A less than 2 tons (km 2 / year). The low intensity of erosion processes is a consequence of dense forest cover (up to 95%) and the presence of difficult-to-erode bedrock. The sediment runoff of rivers in this area is formed mainly due to processes of channel erosion.

The second erosion region includes the central part of the territory of Primorye (including the basins of the Ussuri, Bolshaya Ussurka, Bikin, and Khor rivers). The average erosion coefficient is 8 t/km 2 per year. Increased erosion in this area is facilitated by partial plowing of catchment areas and disruption of the integrity of the vegetation cover. In some places, the erosion coefficient increases to 12 t/km 2 (Khor River).

Sediment runoff is formed mainly due to rain washout of soils and channel erosion. The third area includes the river basin. Razdolnaya, where the most favorable conditions for erosion occur. The erosion coefficient is more than 10 t/km 2 per year. The high intensity of erosion processes is due to anthropogenic impact.

The intensity of washout by rainwater is determined by the value of fictitious turbidity. Fictitious turbidity is understood as the ratio of the average annual rainfall to the volume of liquid precipitation. The rivers of Southern Primorye are characterized by the highest values ​​of fictitious turbidity, which is 0.027–0.045 kg/m 3, which is associated with a significant intensity of liquid precipitation and the loose composition of alluvial sediments, when river valleys are widely used in agriculture. The lowest value of fictitious turbidity - 0.007 kg/m3 is observed on the rivers of the east coast. The basins of these rivers are more than 90% covered with forest.

Geographically, three areas were identified based on the intensity of rain washout. The first includes the rivers of the eastern coast of the Sea of ​​Japan and the rivers of the lake are captured. Khanki; the annual flush is 4–5 t/km 2 . The second (5 – 10 t/km 2) belongs to the rivers of the Ussuri basin. The third includes the rivers of the most economically developed south of Primorye: Artemovka, Razdolnaya, where rainfall reaches 10–20 t/km 2 .

Groundwater are of great strategic importance for the water supply of the population during war years and in emergency situations.

The hydrogeological conditions of the Primorsky Territory are very diverse. Various types of groundwater are developed here. In mountainous regions, fissure waters of the weathering crust of metamorphic rocks are most developed. In areas with developed tectonic fracturing, fissure-vein waters are found, and in areas of basalt plateaus of volcanic origin, fissure-stratal groundwater is developed. Within the loose colluvial deposits on mountain slopes, perched water occurs, existing for a short time after rainfall. In flat areas located within artesian basins of tectonic troughs and intermountain depressions, various types pore and pore-stratal free-flow waters in loose sedimentary Cenozoic deposits. In areas where karst limestones are developed, karst waters may occur.

sea ​​waters. Among them, the Peter the Great Bay (see Fig. 1.12) - the southernmost water area of ​​the Russian Far East - stands out especially. Its western border is the mouth of the river. Tumannaya (Tyumen-Ula, Tumangan), and eastern - Cape Povorotny. The area of ​​the bay is 9,750 km2, the length of the coastline including the islands is about 1,500 km. The bay includes water areas of a lower order. In total, there are 137 bays and bays, of which the 2nd order bays stand out: Posieta, Amursky, Ussuriysky, Strelok, Vostok, Nakhodka; and 3rd order: Slavyanka and Uglovoy. There are numerous islands in the bay - Russky, Popova, Putyatina, Reineke, Askold, Ricarda, Bolshoi Pelis, Furugelma, Lisiy and others, 54 in total. The bay is named N.N. Muravyov-Amursky in 1859 in honor of Peter I.

The sea area of ​​the region north of Cape Povorotny is less favorable in terms of temperature and climate. There are mostly open shores here, although small bays (Olga, Vladimir, Rynda) and bays (Kievka, Sokolovskaya, Rudnaya Pristan, Valentin, etc.) stand out.

The water mass of Peter the Great Bay has a complex structure that changes with the seasons (Yurasov, 1987). Its hydrological regime is formed by the monsoon climate and water exchange with the vast water area of ​​the Sea of ​​Japan. In winter, the hydrological characteristics from the surface to the deep-water part of the bay are relatively uniform, which contributes to the uniform distribution of pollutants. In summer, the water mass is highly differentiated, which makes it possible to distinguish within it “secondary water masses” or modifications of water - estuarine, coastal surface and subsurface.

IN coastal zone Lenses of estuarine and coastal surface waters are formed, which differ from each other in the heterogeneity of the horizontal and vertical structure associated with differences in thermal, chemical and wave regimes. The living conditions of the benthos and the distribution of hydrochemical parameters depend on the thermal regime. Temperature is a limiting habitat factor for many species of benthic plants and animals.

The surface layer of water has a clear annual cycle, in which the minimum average monthly temperature (-1.6–1.9º) occurs in the period January-February (Lastovetsky, 1978), and the maximum value in August (monthly average value 19–23º). In closed bays the water warms up to 28–30º. In a vertical section of the water column, the temperature gradually decreases to a depth of 40–50 m, and below it remains constant - about 2º. The shallow part of the bay is characterized by the greatest contrast in seasonal temperatures: in summer the waters are strongly heated (up to 23º), and in winter they are intensely cooled (down to -1.9º).

Salinity is largely determined by river runoff, water exchange with the open sea, and ice formation. The average long-term annual salinity in the bay increases in a southerly direction from 26.5 0/00 to 33.5 0/00 (Lastovetsky, 1978). The minimum salinity is observed in July-August, the maximum in January-February.

A significant contrast in salinity values ​​is characterized by coastal waters closed bays and low-order bays (Vostok, Strelok and others). Among them, the maximum contrast is observed in the Amur Bay, where at its top during the period of maximum continental runoff (July-August) the salinity is 2–9 0/00, while in the open part near Cape Gamow it is 27–30 0/00 (Vinokurova, 1977). A water layer up to 15 m thick is subject to summer desalination; at depths greater than 30 m, the salinity is constant and amounts to 33–34 0/00 (Podorvanova et al., 1989).

The natural conditions of the bay contribute to the abundant saturation of water with oxygen, but anthropogenic activity strongly interferes with this process, especially noticeable in closed areas, where its content often decreases (Dulepov et al., 2002).

The waves in the bay depend on the wind regime and the topography of the coastal zone. In summer (from May to August) waves prevail in the southern directions, mainly south-east, in winter (from November to March) in the north and north-west. In spring and autumn, winds blow in varying directions. It was already indicated above how this affects the ecological situation of the water area.

According to the “Handbook of waves in the coastal zone of Primorye” (1976), in the characterized water area there are three types of areas that differ in wave regime: protected, semi-protected and open.

Protected areas are closed water areas that have limited communication with the open sea (Zolotoy Rog, Chazhma, Nakhodka, Wrangel bays and others). They are clearly dominated by wind waves (90–99%). In winter, these waters are covered with ice, which is periodically broken up by ships, and in summer, waves from the southern direction (50–70%) predominate. In spring and autumn, the share of southern (20–50%) and northern (30–50%) disturbances is approximately equal. In this case, the prevailing wave height is up to 0.25 m (48–61%) with an observed maximum of 2–2.5 m (Nakhodka Bay). The repeatability of calms reaches 30%.

Semi-protected areas have a greater connection with the open sea (Trinity Bay, Slavyanka Bay, Anna Bay and others). Wind waves also prevail here (70–90%), mostly up to 0.25 m (23–50%). The maximum recorded wave height reached 3 m. In the annual cycle, waves in the northern, northeastern and southeastern directions have the greatest frequency.

Open areas (Boisman, Rudneva, Rifovaya and others) have free water exchange with the open sea. The wave regime here is determined by swell waves, which predominate in the summer (60–70%) and wind waves with the greatest frequency (60–70%). In winter, disturbances in the northwestern (30–60%) and western (20–40%) directions dominate, and in summer in the southern and eastern (70–90%) directions. Here, the most frequent waves are 0.25–0.75 m (40%) and 0.75–1.25 m (30%) high, with a maximum in the bay of 3.5–6 m with a frequency of 1–2%. Moreover, in the Sea of ​​Japan, wave heights can reach 12 m (Atlas..., 1968). Such high waves are caused by the passage of typhoons, causing severe destruction, especially along the coastline.

From these data it follows that the lowest hydrodynamic activity is characteristic of closed areas, which determines their greatest environmental vulnerability.

Tidal phenomena in the bay have an irregular semidiurnal pattern with an amplitude of 0.19–0.34 m.

Surge level fluctuations (up to 25 cm) are influenced by monsoons and are seasonal. In summer, southern winds correspondingly cause a rise in sea level; in winter, northern winds cause surge phenomena.

The constant current of the bay is a branch of the cold Primorsky Current, the waters of which, at a speed of 0.3–0.5 m/s, passing from the northern part of the sea along the eastern shores, circle counterclockwise and go along the western shore again into the open sea. In the bay itself, the branches of this current collide with a thin warm stream from the East Korean Current (Fig. 1.13).

Rice. 1.13. Scheme of constant surface currents into the hall. Peter the Great (based on materials from the hydrographic service of the Pacific Fleet, Atlas of Peter the Great Bay..., 2003)

Alongshore currents, excited by waves, are developed in the narrow coastal part. Their direction depends on the waves, which determines strong variability. These currents generate along-shore movements of sediment, which is especially clearly visible on the accumulative sections of the coast (Khasan seaside and the tops of the bays). They show the transfer of contaminated fine fractions from environmentally unfavorable zones (from Razboinik, Abrek, Nakhodka bays).

Runoff currents, with a speed of 0.2–0.5 m/s, are determined by the hydrological regime of the rivers. They are most developed in the northern and western parts of the bay, especially during periods of floods. Ice in the coastal zone of the bay appears in November-December and can persist until March; maximum ice formation is observed in February, especially widespread at the top of the Amur Bay, which contributes to the phenomenon of fish death from oxygen starvation.