Reserves and national parks of Mordovia interesting facts. All reserves of Mordovia

The first task of the reserve was immediate silvicultural work to restore losses from economic logging and a strong crown fire in ripe and ripening pine forests in 1938, which exposed about 2000 hectares. The main objectives of the reserve then became the conservation and restoration of the forest area of ​​the southern spur of the taiga zone with spruce plantations, which have soil and water conservation significance; conservation and enrichment of the animal world through re-acclimatization and acclimatization of the most valuable species; studying harmful entomofauna and finding the most rational methods of combating it. Currently, the goal is to preserve the natural landscapes of the southern woodlands, stretching along the border of the sod-podzolic zone with the forest-steppe.

In the reserve and its surroundings there are many settlements and human sites of the Neolithic era. In the XVII - early XX centuries. The owners of the southeastern outskirts of the Murom forests were monasteries, the treasury and private individuals. In the eastern part of the reserve there is still a point where the borders of three provinces meet, called the “golden pillar”. The owners of that time tried to preserve and even increase the productivity of forests, as evidenced by the numerous drainage ditches in swampy and waterlogged areas. Gati, which have been preserved in some areas of the reserve, were laid through these areas. The largest lake, Inorskoye, was connected to the Moksha and Pushta rivers by canals dug by hand. When death came, fish were caught in the sections of these canals. One of the monastery cells, called “Arga” (named after the river), stood until recently.

The first fragmentary information about the flora that today belongs to the territory of the MGPP is contained in the work of D.I. Litvinov, who explored, among others, the Temnikovsky district of the Tambov province. Special studies of the flora and vegetation of the newly created reserve were undertaken by Moscow professor N.I. Kuznetsov in 1936–1939. Unfortunately, these materials were published only after the death of the author; they were prepared for publication without him; there are annoying omissions and errors in the list of flora. In 1942–1943 T. L. Nikolaeva, an employee of the department of spore plants of the BIN USSR Academy of Sciences, worked in the reserve. The species composition of mushrooms in the reserve was studied by V. Ya. Chastukhin. Information on the flora and vegetation of meadows is contained in the work of A. S. Shcherbakova. Later O. Ya. Tsinger worked here, she made small additions and clarifications for the flora of the reserve. In 1980, T. B. Silaeva, as part of her dissertation work “Flora of the river basin.” Moksha" floristic collections were carried out at the Moscow State Plant, transferred to the herbarium named after. D. P. Syreyshchikova. In 1980–1985 Botanists from Moscow State University worked here sporadically. M. V. Lomonosov under the leadership of V. N. Tikhomirov, V. S. Novikov. Systematic research of the vegetation cover is carried out by the staff of the reserve. Their results are reflected in the Chronicle of Nature. The staff of the reserve have compiled a special annotated list of rare species of flora, which provides information about 18 species. The summary work is on the flora of the MGPZ, published by its employees N.V. Borodina, I.S. Tereshkin, L.V. Dolmatova, L.V. Tereshkina. It contains information on the distribution, ecological occurrence and rarity of 736 species of vascular plants. Later, employees of the reserve published works on additions to the flora.

Since the 1980s The reserve conducts regular stationary observations of the state of populations of rare species of flora at permanent survey sites, which is also reflected on the pages of the Chronicle of Nature, where there is a section devoted to rare species of MGZ. The staff of the reserve traced changes in the cenopopulation numbers of many rare species of flora in connection with natural succession processes (Glyceria lithuanica (Gorski) Gorski), Carex bohemica Schreb., C. disperma Dew., C. irrigua (Wahlenb.) Smith ex Hoppe, C. limosa L., Cypripedium calceolus L., Corallorhiza trifida Chatel., Listera cordata (L.) R. Br., Goodyera repens (L.) R. Br., Lunaria rediviva L., Trapa natans L., Moneses uniflora (L. ) A. Gray). It was revealed that boreal flora species are ecologically confined to riverine spruce forests with a wide range of environmental conditions. Rare species are usually the most sensitive component of an ecosystem. They quickly respond to environmental changes and drop out of communities as a result of endogenous ecogenetic processes. Thus, they can disappear in protected areas without any anthropogenic impact (Chronicles..., 1985–1992). Other works are also devoted to the protection of plants and their communities. There are studies on the dynamics of vegetation cover pine forests. Artistic description nature of the reserve can be found in the popular works of I.S. Tereshkina. Many valuable materials collected by the reserve’s botanists as a result of many years of research, unfortunately, remain unpublished. As part of his dissertation research, special observations on rare vascular plants in the Moscow State Plant were carried out by I.V. Kiryukhin, a herbarium was collected and stored in the Herbarium of the Department of Botany and Plant Physiology of Moscow State University named after N.P. Ogarev (GMU).

Apparently, the first information about the fauna of the territory of the reserve, which then belonged to the Temnikovsky district of the Tambov province, goes back to the names of such naturalists as A.S. Reztsov and S.A. Predtechensky. The first of them cruised the district in the summer of 1897 with the aim of studying mainly birds. The second in different years of the beginning of the 20th century. studied and collected different groups of vertebrates. At the same time, he visited the Tambov district several times. Before the organization of the reserve for applied purposes in 1927, Professor G.S. Sudeikin carefully examined the forests of two forest districts, which later became part of the protected area. He noted the severe cluttering of forests due to a huge amount of windfall, littering of cutting areas after clear cutting and failure to remove residues after the harvesting of aircraft timber. The first systematic and detailed expedition led by Professor S.I. Ognev came to the conclusion that studying the fauna of the reserve could reveal new independent species. The fauna was studied more thoroughly by an expedition in 1936 led by Professor S.S. Turov (theriologist L.G. Morozova-Turova, entomologist V.V. Redikortsev, ichthyologist F.F. Tsentilovich, ornithologist E.S. Ptushenko). In 1939, a hydrobiological expedition from the Department of Zoology of the Voronezh Zooveterinary Institute under the leadership of V.I. Shirokova worked in the reserve.

During the Great Patriotic War, the reserve harvested the local rubber plant - euonymus. At the same time, a special laboratory began searching for mushrooms containing penicillin. The first post-war expedition to the reserve was a group of soil scientists from Moscow University, who worked in 1945-1947. under the guidance of Professor N.P. Remezov. Only at the end of the 1940s did its own staff of scientists appear (I.D. Shcherbakov, Yu.F. Shtarev, since 1958 - M.N. Borodina and L.P. Borodin).

Entomological research in the mid to late 1940s. carried out by N.V. Bondarenko, N.V. Bubnov, S.M. Nesmerchuk. They were subsequently published in the posthumous work of N. N. Plavilshchikov and N. V. Bondarenko. In subsequent years, E.M. Antonova, an employee of the Zoological Museum of Moscow State University, studied the MPGZ moths, and G.A. Anufriev, a professor at the University of Nizhny Novgorod, studied cicadas. In July 1962 and 1965, employees of the forest protection department of the Moscow Forestry Engineering Institute determined the fauna of dendrophilous insects to identify pests of forest communities. In 1969, various aspects of the biology of pine beetles were studied. In the 1970s and early 1980s, a group studying ground beetles worked in the reserve under the leadership of MGPZ employee V.F. Feoktistov. At the end of the 1990s. A. G. Kamenev and Yu. A. Kuznetsov carried out hydrobiological surveys on the river. Pashte. Some of the materials stored in the museum of the reserve were processed by A. B. Ruchin and co-authors. All these studies have made it possible to significantly expand the list of insect fauna of the reserve.

In 1965–1966 Ichthyological studies were carried out, which made it possible to identify 15 species of fish living in the lakes of the MGPZ. At the same time, the famous ichthyologist M.V. Mina analyzed the structure of scales in the reserve as a method for studying interpopulation connections. Further ichthyological studies took place within the framework of the “Chronicles of Nature” and were summarized by S. K. Potapov and co-authors. Some information on the fish fauna of the river. Satis were collected by V. A. Kuznetsov.

The fauna of terrestrial vertebrates was studied especially fruitfully in the reserve. Herpetological research after E. S. Ptushenko was continued by S. P. Kasatkin, V. I. Astradamov, A. B. Ruchin and M. K. Ryzhov, as well as the famous Togliatti herpetologist A. G. Bakiev. Some information about the age structure of the gray toad living on the territory of the reserve can be found in the work of E. M. Smirina, an employee of the Institute of Ecology and Evolution of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The study of the bird fauna of the reserve is associated with the names of such ornithologists as I. D. Shcherbakov, M. A. Ledyaykina, L. I. Bryzgalina, G. F. Grishutkin, A. S. Lapshin, S. N. Spiridonov.

In the 1960s–1970s. information on the fauna of mammals, as well as the ecology of individual animal species, is generalized and supplemented. Research of theriofauna at the present stage is continued by K. E. Bugaev and S. K. Potapov.

Role in nature conservation

Main objectives of the reserve

a) implementation of the protection of natural areas in order to preserve biological diversity and maintain protected areas in their natural state natural complexes and objects;
b) organization and conduct scientific research, including maintaining the Chronicle of Nature;
c) implementation environmental monitoring;
d) environmental education;
e) participation in the state environmental assessment of projects and layouts for economic and other facilities;
f) assistance in training scientific personnel and specialists in the field of environmental protection.

Description

The reserve is located on the wooded right bank of the Moksha. From the north, the border runs along the river. Satis - the right tributary of the Moksha, further east - along the river. Arge, which flows into the river. Satis. The western border follows the Chernaya, Satis and Moksha rivers. The forest-steppe approaches from the south, naturally delineating the border of the protected area. According to natural zoning, the forest area of ​​the reserve is included in the zone of coniferous-deciduous forests on the border with the forest-steppe.

Administratively, the territory of the MPGZ is part of the Temnikovsky district of the Republic of Mordovia.

On the territory of the republic there are Mordovian Nature Reserve and Smolny National Park.

Mordovian Nature Reserve
The reserve is located on the wooded right bank of the Moksha River, the left tributary of the Oka, in the Temnikovsky district of the Republic of Mordovia. The main objectives of the reserve at the time of its creation were the preservation and restoration of the forest of the southern spur of the taiga zone, the preservation and enrichment of the animal world through re-acclimatization and acclimatization of the most valuable species, the study of harmful entomofauna and the development of rational methods of combating it.

Most of the territory of the reserve is included in the catchment area of ​​the Pushta River, which flows into the Satis on the border of the reserve. The Pushta riverbed is weakly incised along almost its entire length and already from the upper reaches it has a pronounced floodplain, often swampy, without a noticeable edge of the main bank. The hydrology of Pashta is noticeably affected by beaver dams, which flood large areas. In dry years, the river bed dries up to its lower reaches.

There are about two dozen lakes in the southwestern part of the reserve. These are the oxbow lakes of Moksha, sometimes large and deep (Picherki, Bokovoe, Taratinskoye, Inorki, Valza). The lakes are connected by channels. Flow in winter time, they are of great importance for fish habitat. In autumn, they serve as the main resting place for ducks, including migratory ducks.

The vertebrate fauna of the reserve is mixed due to its location at the border of natural zones. On the one hand, it contains species of the European taiga ( brown bear, elk, wood grouse, hazel grouse), Eastern European mixed broad-leaved forests (squirrel, pine marten, polecat, mole, European mink, forest and hazel dormouse, dormouse, yellow-throated mouse, bank vole, shrew, black grouse, jay, oriole, flycatcher -pied woodpecker, clintus, green woodpecker).

On the other hand, there are species of steppe fauna (great jerboa, steppe pied, gray hamster, common hamster, roller, bee-eater, hoopoe). The fauna includes many game animals (squirrel, pine marten, mountain hare, fox, elk, black grouse, wood grouse, hazel grouse), one rare endemic European species (muskrat), species whose numbers have been restored by long-term protection (elk, beaver, pine marten) .

Smolny National Park
The Smolny Nature Park is located on the territory of the Ichalkovsky and Bolshe-Ignatovsky districts of the Republic of Mordovia. Created with the aim of preserving the natural complex, which represents ecosystems typical of Mordovia and has special ecological and aesthetic value, and using it for recreational and cultural purposes.

Many picturesque landscapes, such as dune hills in the Alatyr floodplain, floodplain lakes, healing springs, rich forests make the park promising for the development of scientific, ecological tourism, and recreational use. On the territory of the national park there are four children's summer camps, there is a sanatorium-preventorium "Smolny".

Installation data. The Mordovian State Nature Reserve was established on March 5, 1936. In 1936, it was named after Pyotr Germogenovich Smidovich, who devoted a lot of attention and time to issues of nature conservation in the country and headed the committee on reserves under the Presidium in the last years of his life. -sidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. The area of ​​the reserve in 1936 was 32,933 hectares, currently 32,148 hectares. Administratively, the territory of the MPGZ is part of the Temnikovsky district of the Republic of Mordovia.

Historical information.In the reserve and its surroundings there are many settlements and human sites of the Neolithic era. In the XVII - early XX centuries. The owners of the southeastern outskirts of the Murom forests were monasteries, the treasury and private individuals. In the eastern part of the reserve there is still a point where the borders of three provinces meet, called the “golden pillar”. The owners of that time tried to preserve and even increase the productivity of forests, as evidenced by the numerous drainage ditches in swampy and waterlogged areas. Gati, which have been preserved in some areas of the reserve, were laid through these areas. The largest lake, Inorskoye, was connected to the Moksha and Pushta rivers by canals dug by hand. When death occurred, fish were caught in the sections of these canals. One of the monastery cells, called “Arga” (named after the river), stood until recently. The first fragmentary information about the flora that today belongs to the territory of the MGPP is contained in the work of D. I. Litvinov, who explored, along with others, the Temnikovsky district of the Tambov province. Special studies of the flora and vegetation of the newly created reserve were undertaken by Moscow professor N.I. Kuznetsov in 1936-1939. Unfortunately, these materials were published only after the death of the author; they were prepared for publication without him; there are annoying omissions and errors in the list of flora. In 1942-1943 T. L. Nikolaeva, an employee of the department of spore plants of the BIN of the USSR Academy of Sciences, worked in the reserve. The species composition of the reserve's mushrooms was studied by V. Ya. Chastukhin. Information on the flora and vegetation of meadows is contained in the work of A. S. Shcherbakova. Later, O. Ya. Tsinger worked here; she made small additions and clarifications for the flora of the reserve. In 1980, T. B. Silaeva, as part of her dissertation work “Flora of the river basin.” Moksha" floristic collections were carried out at the Moscow State Plant and transferred to the herbarium named after. D. P. Syreyshchikova. In 1980-1985 botanists from Moscow State University worked here sporadically. M. V. Lomonosov under the leadership of V. N. Tikhomirov, V. S. Novikov. Systematic research of the vegetation cover is carried out by the staff of the reserve. Their results are reflected in the Chronicle of Nature. The staff of the reserve compiled a special annotated list of rare species of flora, which provides information about 18 species. The summary is work on floraMGPZ, published by its employees N.V. Borodina, I.S. Tereshkin, L.V. Dolmatova, L.V. Tereshkina. It contains information on the distribution, ecological occurrence and degree of rarity of 736 species of vascular plants. Later, employees of the reserve published works on additions to the flora.Since 1980 The reserve conducts regular stationary observations of the state of populations of rare species of flora at permanent survey sites, which is also reflected on the pages of the Chronicle of Nature, where there is a section devoted to rare species of MGZ. The staff of the reserve traced changes in the cenopopulation numbers of many rare species of flora in connection with natural succession processes (Glyceria lithuanica (Gorski) Gorski), Carex bohemica Schreb., C. disperma Dew.,A.irrigua (Wahlenb.) Smith ex Hoppe, C. limosa L., Cypripedium calceolus L.,Corallorhiza trifida Chatel., Lister a cor data (L.) R. Br., Goodyera repens (L.) R. Br., Lunaria rediviva L., Trapa natans L., Moneses uniflora (L.) A. Gray). It was revealed that boreal flora species are ecologically confined to riverine spruce forests with a wide range of environmental conditions. Rare species are usually the most sensitive component of an ecosystem. They quickly respond to environmental changes and drop out of communities as a result of endogenous ecogenetic processes. Thus, they can disappear in protected areas without any anthropogenic impact (Leto-pis..., 1985-1992). Other works are also devoted to the issues of protection of plants and their communities. There are studies on the dynamics of the vegetation cover of pine forests. An artistic description of the nature of the reserve can be found in the popular works of I. S. Tereshkin. Many valuable materials collected by the reserve’s botanists as a result of many years of research, unfortunately, remain unpublished. As part of his dissertation research, special observations on rare vascular plants in the Moscow State Plant were carried out by I.V. Kiryukhin, a herbarium was collected and stored in the Herbarium of the Department of Botany and Plant Physiology of Moscow State University named after N.P. Ogarev (GMU).

Apparently, the first information about the fauna of the territory of the reserve, which then belonged to the Temnikovsky district of the Tambov province, goes back to the names of such naturalists as A. S. Reztsov and S. A. Predtechensky. The first of them cruised the district in the summer of 1897 with the aim of studying mainly birds. The second in different years of the early XX V. studied and collected different groups of vertebrates. At the same time, he visited the Tambov district more than once. Before the organization of the reserve for applied purposes in 1927, Professor G.S. Sudeikin carefully examined the forests of two forest districts, which later became part of the protected area. He noted the severe cluttering of forests due to a huge amount of wind blowing, littering of cutting areas after clear cutting and failure to remove wasps tatkov after preparing the avi ation wood.

The first systematic and detailed expedition under the leadership of Professor S.I. Ognev came to the conclusion that studying the fauna of the reserve could reveal new independent species. The fauna was studied more thoroughly by an expedition in 1936 led by Professor S. S. Turov (teriologist L. G. Morozova-Turova, entomologist V. V. Redikortsev, ichthyologist F. F. Tsentilovich, ornithologist E. S. Ptushenko ) . In 1939, a hydrobiological expedition of the Department of Zoology of the Voronezh Zooveterinary Institute under the leadership of V.I. Shirokova worked in the reserve.

During the Great Patriotic War, the reserve harvested the local rubber plant, euonymus. At the same time, a special laboratory began searching for mushrooms containing penicillin. The first post-war expedition to the reserve was a group of soil scientists from Moscow University, working in 1945-1947. under the guidance of Professor N.P. Remezov. Only at the end of the 1940s did its own staff of scientists appear (I. D. Shcherbakov, Yu. F. Shtarev, since 1958 - M. N. Borodina and L. P. Borodin).

Entomological research in the mid-late 1940s. carried out by N.V. Bondarenko, N.V. Bubnov, S.M. Nesmerchuk. They were subsequently published in the posthumous work of N. N. Plavilshchikov and N. V. Bondarenko. In subsequent years, E. M. Antonova, an employee of the Zoological Museum of Moscow State University, studied the MPGZ moths, and G. A. Anufriev, a professor at the University of Nizhny Novgorod, studied Cycadidae. In July 1962 and 1965, employees of the forest protection department of the Moscow Forestry Engineering Institute determined the fauna of dendrophilous insects to identify pests of forest communities. In 1969, various aspects of the biology of pine beetles were studied. In the 1970s and early 1980s, a group studying ground beetles worked in the reserve under the leadership of MGPZ employee V.F. Feoktistov. At the end of the 1990s. A. G. Kamenev and Yu. A. Kuznetsov carried out hydrobiological surveys on the river. Pashte. Some of the materials stored in the museum of the reserve were processed by A. B. Ruchin and his co-authors. All these studies have made it possible to significantly expand the list of insect fauna of the reserve.

The fauna of terrestrial vertebrates was studied especially fruitfully in the reserve. Herpetological research after E. S. Ptushenko was continued by S. P. Kasatkin, V. I. Astradamov, A. B. Ruchin and M. K. Ryzhov, as well as the famous Tolyatti herpetologist A. G. . Bakiyev. Some information about the age structure of the gray toad living on the territory of the reserve can be found in the work of E. M. Smirina, an employee of the Institute of Ecology and Evolution of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The study of the bird fauna of the reserve is associated with the names of such ornithologists as I. D. Shcherbakov, M. A. Ledyaykina, L. I. Bryz-galina, G. F. Grishutkin, A. S. Lapshin, S. N. Spiridonov.

In the 1960-1970s. information on the fauna of mammals, as well as the ecology of individual animal species, is generalized and supplemented. Research of theriofauna at the present stage is continued by K. E. Bugaev and S. K. Potapov.

Purpose of protected areas. The first task of the reserve was immediate silvicultural work to restore losses from economic logging and a strong crown fire in ripe and maturing pine forests in 1938, which exposed about 2000 hectares. The main objectives of the reserve then became the conservation and restoration of the forest of the southern spur of the taiga zone with spruce plantations, which have soil-protective and water-protection significance; preservation and enrichment of the animal world through re-acclimatization and acclimatization of the most valuable species; studying harmful entomofauna and finding the most rational methods of combating it. Currently, the goal is to preserve the natural landscapes of the southern woodlands, stretching along the border of the sod-podzolic zone with the forest-steppe.

Description of the nature of protected areas. The reserve is located on the wooded right bank of the Moksha. From the north, the border runs along the river. Satis - the right tributary of the Moksha, further to the east - along the river. Arge, which flows into the river. Satis. The western border follows the Chernaya, Satis and Moksha rivers. The forest-steppe approaches from the south, naturally delineating the border of the protected area. According to natural zoning, the forest area of ​​the reserve is included in the zone of coniferous-deciduous forests on the border with the forest-steppe.

Climatically, the reserve is included in the Atlantic-continental region of the temperate zone. The frost-free period lasts 120-135 days (from the beginning of May to the second half of September). Stable sub-zero temperatures set in November. The maximum absolute temperature is 40°C, the minimum is -48°C (winter 1978-1979). There is an average of 530 mm of precipitation per year. Average height snow cover is 50-60 cm, in snowy years - up to 80 cm.

Two glaciations gave a specific appearance to the vast forest belt. The Dnieper glaciation exposed the limestones and then covered them with a moraine. The Valdai Glacier 25 thousand years ago, with its flows, washed away the deposits of the previous glaciation, filling the depression with ancient alluvial sands. Ancient glaciations significantly changed the relief, leaving a wide strip of sand in the Dnieper-Desninsky and Oksko-Klyazma forests, partially separated by the Central Russian Upland. The Mordovian Nature Reserve is located in the south-eastern part of the Oksko-Klyazminsky forest, on the very border with the forest-steppe.

The watershed area between the Moksha and Satis rivers represents the fourth, Dnieper terrace, and on the gentle slope towards Moksha there are two more Valdai terraces (the third and second), younger ones. The moraine deposits here are washed away, and the underlying limestones are covered with a thick layer of sand. Ancient alluvial sands also cover the moraine preserved on the fourth terrace. The thickness of the sands varies, but, in general, they cover all the terraces above the floodplain. Streams of receding glaciers washed up the sands, which disrupted the flat nature of the area, especially on the most ancient terraces of the Moksha valley. Closer to the river, the young terraces are leveled, but deep karst sinkholes sometimes stand out in the flat terrain. On the territory of the reserve there are sinkholes with a diameter of up to 30 m, and closer to the watershed there are more extensive but shallow saucer-shaped sediments occupied by sphagnum-sedge bogs. Here, karst sinkholes have a peculiar shape: at the bottom of the funnel there is water, in the center there is a floating island, covered with a thick layer of sphagnum moss, held together by sedge rhizomes.

The catchment area of ​​the river basin Moksha to the border of the reserve - 15,800 km 2. The water network of the reserve is represented by small rivers (Pushta, Bolshaya and Malaya Chernaya, Arga) and streams (Shavets, Vorsklyai, Nuluy) flowing into the river. Moksha. All of them, in turn, have a network of small tributaries of a temporary order. With the exception of R. Pushta rivers do not have well-defined channels and a constant flow of water throughout the year. In summer, water is retained only in certain areas. Spring outlets also maintain a supply of water at the bottom of some karst sinkholes, in saucer-shaped depressions. The height of the annual runoff layer is about 104 mm. In 1965, the peak of the flood on Moksha reached 731 cm. Summer precipitation has little effect on the riverbed flow of Moksha. Only after heavy rains does the water level rise in the rivers of the basin, and then in Moksha. Most of the territory of the reserve is included in the catchment area of ​​the river. Pashta, flowing into the river. Satis on the border of the reserve. The Pushta channel is weakly incised along almost its entire length and from the upper reaches it has a pronounced floodplain, often swampy, without a noticeable edge of the main bank. The hydrology of the river is noticeably affected by beaver dams, which flood large areas. In dry years, the river bed dries up to its lower reaches.

In the southwestern part of the reserve there are about two dozen lakes. These are the oxbow lakes of Moksha, sometimes large and deep (Picherki, Bokovoe, Taratinskoe, Inorki, Valza). The lakes are connected by channels. The surface of the water is occupied by water lilies (Nymphaea candida J. Presl), egg pods (Nuphar lutea (L.) Smith), pondweed (Potamogeton natans L.), water grass (Hydrocharis morsus-ranae L.) and telores (Stratiotes aloides L. .). Vegetation overgrows especially significantly in the coastal part of water bodies.

The flora of the reserve includes 750 species of vascular plants, 117 species of mosses, 144 species of lichens, and more than 200 species of fungi. Among them there are boreal forest, nemoral, and steppe plants in the forests and along dry ridges in the floodplains.

The most common type of vegetation is light-coniferous subtaiga forests of various types. Pine-oak, pine-linden and steppe forests, as well as broad-leaved linden-oak forests, are very specific to this territory. The wide range of humidity and soils on the right bank of the Moksha valley provides a variety of forests - from dry lichen forests to damp spruce forests and black alder swamps. Within the reserve there are still many undisturbed areas of forest in a natural state. Pine forests now occupy about 60% of the forested area in the reserve. There are no sharp boundaries between individual types of forests, but the forests of numerous varieties are quite clearly distributed over the territory. Pine forests are especially diverse. Thus, lichen forests, which dominate the ground cover of cladoniums, occupy predominantly sandy hills and ridges. The grass cover in them is very poor: there are lily of the valley (Convallaria majalis L.), lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.), meadow grass (Melampyrum nemorosum L.), ground reed grass (Calamagrostis epigeios (L.) Roth ), hawksbill (Hieracium ssp.), cat's foot (Antennaria dioica (L.) Gaertn.). Pines (Pinus sylvestris L.) in such forests are of different ages - from seedlings and undergrowth of different heights to 300-year-old trees. In the past, lichen pine forests were more common, as evidenced by individual relict pine trees up to 350 years old in the driest elevated areas. In steppe forests above the lichen cover, the grass layer is sometimes quite dense.

On the northern slopes of ridge-hilly terrain under a more closed canopy, lichens are gradually replaced by green mosses. Lichen-moss associations are typical for the central and eastern parts of the reserve on ancient alluvial sediments. Mossy pine forests, genetically related to lichens, also have a stand of different ages. Among the green moss pine forests classified as lingonberry pine forests, bracken-reed-lily of the valley predominates. The main forest stand is formed by pine, but birch (Betula pendula Roth) is found in the same layer. Spruce of different ages grows sporadically in some cases, while in others the spruce layer clearly dominates. The layer of undergrowth and shrubs is poorly defined, but in the eastern part of the reserve there is a lot of brittle buckthorn (Frangula alnus Mill.) and mountain ash (Sorbus aucuparia L.) in the undergrowth.

A special type of mixed forest - pine-linden - has certain differences. In such places, the linden tree remains in a depressed state for a long time. At the age of 100-130 years, the pine begins to die intensively, and conditions for the linden improve. In the openings of a thinning pine forest, it grows up to 10-12 m. The ground cover changes. Poorly decomposing needles of the forest floor are increasingly being replaced by fallen linden leaves. Oxalis pine forests occupy the slopes to ravines and rivers in their upper reaches. The pines here are 35 meters high, with a diameter of 26-28 cm, in the undergrowth there is a lot of linden (Tilia cordata Mill.), and in the grass cover - wood sorrel (Oxalis acetosella L.), hairy sedge (Carex pilosa Scop.), bifolia (Maianthemum bifolium (L.) F.W. Schmidt), European lily of the valley (Trientalis europea L.), lily of the valley (Convallaria majalis L.).

Spruce, moss and forb pine forests occupy separate areas of the floodplain terraces of small rivers. The soils here are moist and damp with a peaty-humus layer, the microrelief is sharply pronounced - well-drained areas with rich soils alternate with waterlogged ones. With a high density of tree crowns, many types of grasses grow here. With insufficient drainage, swamp-grass pine forests are formed, in which there is much less spruce, and in the grass cover, depending on the topography, three-leafed grass (Menyanthes trifoliata L.), whitewing (Calla palustris L.), and gray reed grass (Calamagrostis) are found canescens (Weber) Roth), etc.

Spruce forests account for more than 3% of the area of ​​all forests. Spruce grows at the southern border of its range. Spruce forests suffered greatly from bark beetles in 1891. Spruce is very sensitive to humidity conditions and the spruce forests themselves suffered greatly during the drought of 1972, especially spruce from low-lying, damp areas. The most extensive areas of spruce forests are located on the floodplain terrace in the middle and lower reaches of the river. Push you. Among the spruce forests, green moss forests predominate. Such a forest has a closed canopy, in the ground cover against a background of green mosses grow blueberries (Vaccinium uliginosum L.), lingonberries (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.), European honeybee (Trientalis europea L.), and two-leafed commonweed (Maianthemum bifolium (L.) F.W. Schmidt), wood sorrel (Oxalis acetosella L.), northern linnaea (Linnaea borealis L.), one-sided ramishia (Orthylia secunda (L.) House).

Deciduous forests mainly arose in areas of clear cutting. In the western part of the reserve, in elevated areas and on fires, unique birch forests of the ground-reed type with signs of steppe formation have formed. Bracken-reed birch forests, as a rule, are found around swamps in a zone of moderate moisture, mainly in the Chernaya Rechka tract. On the former arable lands there are very picturesque even-aged marjanberry-broadgrass birch forests. Hairy sedge birch trees with abundant linden undergrowth are more common. The grass cover in them is varied, often dense. It is dominated by hairy sedge (Carex pilosa Scop.), chickweed (Aegopodium podagraria L.), wood grass (Mercurialis perennis L.), stonewort (Rubus saxatilis L.), lanceolate chickweed (Stellaria holostea L.), and lungwort ( Pulmonaria obscura Dum.), spring bud (Lathyrus vernus (L.) Bernh.), shadow copse (Asarum europeum L.), ivy bud (Glechoma hederacea L.). Birch trees occupy significant areas on floodplain terraces together with alder in the zone between the central floodplain and the above-floodplain terrace. The main associations of swampy birch forests are sedge-fern-mouth, sedge-grass, and nettle-meadowsweet. In the center and east of the reserve, significant areas are occupied by mixed forests of linden (Tilia cordata Mill.), spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.), warty birch (Betula pendula Roth), aspen (Populus tremula L.), pine trees (Pinus sylvestris L.). By the time the reserve was organized, part of the oak forests had been preserved: these are areas isolated from roads by lakes, swampy channels and other obstacles, and islands among alder forests (the so-called “verets”).

The forests of the reserve still maintain connections with the surrounding forests. In the north-west they merge with the forests of the right bank of the river. Oka, in the northeast - the Sur basin and in the southwest - with the southern protrusion of the Moksha forests, surrounding the flow of large left-bank tributaries of the Moksha - the Tsna and Vada rivers. The forest spurs of the Oka right bank, known as the Murom forests, in the vicinity of the reserve have the appearance of separate islands. The forests of the eastern half of the reserve imperceptibly merge with the massifs of the Alatyr basin, extending far to the east, to the river. Surahs.

According to the combined data of many researchers, about 1,500 species of insects have been registered on the territory of the reserve. Of these, the most studied groups are dragonflies, orthoptera, beetles and squamate-snouts. Unfortunately, the entomofauna is still far from being fully studied.

Their tiofauna of fish from the reservoirs of the reserve itself and the adjacent section of the river. Satis (excluding the Moksha River) has 32 species, among which the most common are tench (Tinca tinca (L.)), pike (Esox lucius L.), silver carp (Carassius auratus (L.)), perch (Perca fluviatilis L.), verkhovka (Leucaspius delineatus (Heck.)), etc. In the second half of the 20th century. New species appeared in the fish population of the reserve (lake minnow (Phoxinus perenurus (Pall.)) and sleeper sleeper (Perccottus glenii Dyb.)). The first began to be caught in 1978, the second - in 1979. Currently, these are one of the most widespread species in the ponds and floodplain lakes of the Moscow State Natural Refuge.

Among amphibians, 10 widespread species are found on the territory of the reserve: common (Lissotriton vulgaris (L.)) and crested newts (Triturus cristatus (Laur.)), gray toad (Bufo bufo (L.)) and green toad (Bufo viridis Laur.) , spadefoot (Pelobates fuscus (Laur.)), red-bellied toad (Bombina bombina (L.)), sharp-faced (Rana arvalis Nils.), grass (Rana temporaria L.), pond (Rana lessonae Cam.) and lake frog (Rana ridibunda Pall.). Some of them are quite rare. Among the reptiles, the reserve is home to the following common species: sand lizard (Lacerta agilis L.) and viviparous lizard (Zootoca vivipara (Jacq.)), spindle (Anguis fragilis L.), common grass snake (Natrix natrix (L.) ), common viper(Vipera berus (L.)) and copperhead (Coronella austriaca Laur.). In addition, for the first time in the reserve, finds of a marsh turtle (Emys orbicularis (L.)) were made. According to reports from the “Chronicles of Nature...” of the reserve (1988-1990), one adult individual was noted on April 14, 1988 on the Shavets stream in the area of ​​the Pavlovsky cordon. The authors of the Chronicles suggested that perhaps the turtle entered the stream from the Penza region along the river. Mokshe.

The avifauna of the reserve includes 215 species belonging to 17 orders and 47 families. In the 1930s, about 20 capercaillie leks were identified in the reserve. The forests are characterized by the black woodpecker (Dryocopus martius (L.)), great (Dendrocopos major (L.)) and small spotted woodpeckers (Dendrocopos minor (L.)), woodpecker (Jynx torguilla L.), nuthatch (Sitta europaea L.), wood pigeon (Columba palumbus L.), warbler (Turdus philomelos C.L. Brehm) and blackbird (Turdus merula L.), robin (Erithacus rubecula (L.)), pika (Certhia familiaris L.), warbler -chiffchaff (Phylloscopus collybita (Vieill.)), chaffinch (Fringilla coelebs L.), redstarts (Phoenicurus) nest along the edges phoenicurus (L.))), oriole (Oriolus oriolus (L.)), pied flycatcher (Ficedula hypoleuca (Pall.)), and in light birch forests— Warblers (Phylloscopus sibilatrix (Bechst.)). Alder forests and floodplain oak forests are the favorite habitats of nightingales (Luscinia luscinia (L.)). In floodplains deciduous forests In winter, 27 species of birds are recorded, in deciduous forests - 22, in mixed forests - 24, in pine forests - 23. As long-term data from 1960–1994 show, the number of grouse has not undergone significant changes. Despite sharp fluctuations from year to year, there is no general trend towards a decrease in numbers. On the contrary, there is a slight increase in the number of wood grouse and hazel grouse. Thus, if the average density of wood grouse in the 1960s was 18.7 individuals per 1000 hectares, then in the 1970s it increased to 20, and in the 1980s - to 20.6 individuals per 1000 hectares. The lowest numbers of wood grouse were observed in 1964 and 1987, the highest in 1960, 1976, 1993 and 1994. The lowest number of hazel grouse was observed in 1979, the highest in 1976.

The mammal fauna of the reserve is mixed due to its location at the border of natural zones. On the one hand, it contains species of the European taiga - brown bear (Ursus arctos L.), elk (Alces alces L.), wood grouse (Tetrao urogallus L.), hazel grouse (Tetrastes bonasia (L.)), Eastern European mixed broad-leaved forests - squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris L.), pine marten (Martes martes L.), forest polecat (Mustela putorius L.), mole (Talpa europea L.), European mink (Mustela lutreola L.).

More than 60 species of mammals are found in the reserve, of which 5 were introduced by humans or independently spread from neighboring territories - red deer (Cervus elaphus L.), sika deer (Cervus nippon Temm.), bison (Bison bonasus L.) , raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides Gray.), muskrat (Ondatra zibethica L.). The Moksha floodplain is rich in reservoirs suitable for the habitat of desman (Desmana moschata L.). The most rich fauna of rodents is represented, including 22 species. Among the felines, the lynx (Felix lynx L.) is found in the reserve. Ermine (Mustela erminea L.) and weasel (Mustela nivalis L.) are not numerous in the pine forests and in the western, floodplain part of the reserve. The reserve is home to several families of bears. Bears do not tolerate close proximity of their relatives. Dens are arranged in different places: in some cases these are simple folds of fir trees in the form of a hut over a depression in the soil lined with spruce branches, in others - niches under the trunks of windfall trees with a bedding of dry grass, sometimes - dug burrow, often under the roots of a large tree. Among other predatory mammals, the wolf (Canis lupus L.) is typical for the fauna of the reserve. The fox (Vulpes vulpes L.) is common in the reserve, but the acclimatized raccoon dog is currently extremely rare and its sightings are rare. The wild boar (Sus scrofa L.) is especially numerous and active. In 15 years after its appearance in the reserve, its number exceeded 200 animals.

Repeated importations (introductions) of various mammals were carried out in the reserve. Beavers brought from the Voronezh Nature Reserve were the first to be released for reacclimatization in 1936. Later they were released twice more. Reacclimagization turned out to be successful; beavers multiplied and spread throughout the reserve and beyond. Deer were the first of the ungulates to be introduced: four in 1937 and five in 1940. At first they were kept in a pen, and in 1941 they were released into the reserve. By 1944 there were 32 of them; in the 1980s there were no more than 12 deer left. In 1938, 53 sika deer were brought from the Far East. They were also initially kept in a pen, and since 1940 they were released in groups every year. Some deer have gone beyond the boundaries of the reserve.

The bison was brought to the Mordovian reserve in 1956 from the Central bison nursery (Prioksko-Terrasny GPZ) and was represented by seven hybrid females (bison + bison + gray Ukrainian cattle) and two purebred young males, which were used in absorption crossing in a herd of hybrid females. The work was carried out according to the general program developed by M. A. Zablotsky. The tasks included breeding a purebred group of bison through absorption crossbreeding. The importation (formation of the herd) lasted from 1956 to 1962. . The number of hybrid animals has been maintained at a level of 30 or more animals for a number of years. This species reached its peak population in 1987 (30-40 animals), after which there was a sharp decline in its population. In the territory of the Mordovian Nature Reserve and the adjacent areas of the Temnikovsky forest, it has not been recorded in the last 5-7 years.

Factors affecting protected areas. Spring fires, recreation, gathering useful plants: food, medicinal, decorative for bouquets. Picking berries and mushrooms. Poaching. Haymaking, grazing, use of pesticides, uncontrolled tourism and other forms of unorganized recreation, off-road traffic. Scientific collections are collected in small quantities, without causing harm to existing populations, while rare species listed in the Red Books are, if possible, not collected, but photographed, and the location is recorded using GPS. Methods of conducting scientific research exclude the possibility of causing significant harm to natural complexes and objects of the reserve.

Measures to preserve and improve the condition of protected areas. Organization of a security zone abolished by the Government of the Republic of Moldova. Environmental educational activities. Annual monitoring of facilities.

Ensuring the functioning of protected areas. On the territory of the reserve, measures and activities are allowed aimed at preserving natural complexes in their natural state, restoring and preventing changes in natural complexes and their components as a result of anthropogenic impact; maintaining conditions that ensure sanitary and fire safety; prevention of conditions that could cause natural disasters that threaten the lives of people and populated areas; implementation of environmental monitoring; carrying out research tasks; conducting environmental education work; implementation of control and supervisory functions.

Compilers. A. B. Ruchin, T. B. Silaeva, I. T. Myalkin, K. E. Bugaev, S. N. Spiridonov

Literature. 1. Litvinov, 1888; 2. Kuznetsov, 1960; 3. Red Book..., 2003; 4. Chastukhin, 1946; 5. Shcherbakova, 1960; 6. Tsinger, 1966; 7. Silaeva, 1982; 8. Borodina et al., 1984; 9. Borodina et al., 1987; 10. Tereshkina, 2000; 11. Sanaeva, Tereshkin, 1989; 12. Sanaeva, Tereshkin, 1991; 13. Sa-naeva, 1994; 14. Tereshkina, 2002; 15. Te-reshkin, Tereshkina, 2001; 16. Dolmatova, 2002; 17. Tereshkin, 1986; 18. Tereshkin, 2006; 19. Kiryukhin, 2004; 20. Reztsov, 1910; 21. Predtechensky, 1928; 22. Tereshkin et al., 1989; 23. Redikortsev, 1938; 24. Morozova-Turova, 1938; 25. Tsentilovich, 1938; 26. Ptushenko, 1938; 27. Plavilshchikov, 1964; 28. Bondarenko, 1964; 29. Antonova, 1974; 30. Anufriev, Abramenko, 1974;31. Anufriev, 1999a; 32. Anufriev, 2003; 33. Mozolevskaya et al., 1971; 34. Kirsta, 1974; 35. Feoktistov, 1977; 36. Feoktistov, 1978; 37. Feoktistov, 1979; 38. Feoktistov, 1979a; 39. Feoktistov, 1983; 40. Feoktis-tov, Dushenkov, 1982; 41. Kamenev, Kuznetsov, 1999; 42. Ruchin et al., 2008a; 43. Shaldybin, 1957; 44. Shaldybin, 1957a;45. Shaldybin, 1964; 46. ​​Matevosyan, 1964; 47. Matevosyan, 1964a; 48. Nazarova, 1974; 49. Nazarova, 1974a; 50. Machinsky, Semov, 1974; 51. Machinsky, Semov, 1974a; 52. Machinsky, 1983; 53. Shtarev et al., 1978; 54. Dushin, Voinova, 1970; 55. Mina, 1970; 56. Potapov et al., 1998; 57. Ruchin et al., 2004; 58. Barabash-Nikiforov, 1958; 59. Astradamov et al., 2002; 60. Kasatkin, 2006; 61. Ryzhov et al., 2005; 62. Ruchin, Ryzhov, 2004; 63. Ruchin, Ryzhov, 2006;64. Ruchin et al., 2008; 65. Smirina, 1974; 66. Shcherbakov, 1960; 67. Shcherbakov, 1960a; 68. Shcherbakov, 1967; 69. Ledyaykina, 1985; 70. Bryzgalina, 1974; 71. Bryzgalina, 1974a; 72. Grishutkin, 1998; 73. Grishutkin, 2001; 74. Grishutkin, Lozovoy, 2000; 75. Lapshin et al., 2005;76. Spiridonov, 2008; 77. Grishutkin et al., 2008; 78. Borodin, 1964; 79. Borodin, 1967b; 80. Borodin, 1967a; 81. Borodina, 1964; 82. Borodina, 1974; 83. Borodina, 1974a; 84. Kozhevnikov, 1964; 85. Borodina et al., 1971; 86. Shtarev, 1964; 87. Shtarev, 1967; 88. Shtarev, 1970; 89. Shtarev, 1974; 90. Specially Protected 1997; 91. Gafferberg, 1960; 92. Gribova, 1980; 93. Remezov, 1960; 94. Feoktistov, 2008; 95. Timraleev et al., 2008; 96. Ptushenko, 1938a; 97. Tereshkin, 1967; 98. By-tapov, Astradamov, 2006; 99. Rare plants., 2006; 100. Borodin, 1963; 101. Borodin, 1965; 102. Borodin, 1965a; 103. Borodin, 1967c; 104. Borodin, 1974; 105. Borodina, 1967; 106. Borodina, 1967a; 107. Bo-Rodina, 1967b; 108. Borodina, 1971;110. Borodina, 1971a; 111. Bugaev, 2002;112. Grishutkin, 1997; 113. Rare plants., 2007; 114. Borodin, 1967, 115. Borodin 1971; 116. Ruchin, 2008a; 117. Kurmaeva et al., 2008; 118. Ruchin et al., 2006;119. Lapshin et al., 2008.

Red Book of the Republic of Mordovia. T. 3. Specially protected natural areas/ Comp. V. A. Kuznetsov, T. B. Silaeva. Saransk: Mordovian book publishing house, 2008.