Where is the Indus River located on the map. Large rivers that are gradually disappearing

Indus Length: 3,180 kilometers.

Area of ​​the Indus Basin: 960,800 square kilometers.

Indus food method: in the upper reaches mainly from melting, in the middle and lower reaches - from melting snow and precipitation.

Tributaries of the Indus: Gartok, Zanskar, Dras, Shaisk, Shigar, Gilgit, Kabul, Panjnad.

Inhabitants of the Indus: snakehead, yellowcheek, eight-whiskered minnows, white carp, silver carp...

Indus Freeze: doesn't freeze.

Where does the Indus flow? The Indus originates in Tibet at 32° and 81°30` east longitude (from Greenwich), at an altitude of 6,500 meters, on the northern slope of Mount Garing-boche, near the northern end of Lake Manassarovar, to the West of which are the sources of the Setledge, and to To the east - Bramaputra. the Indus flow heads to the North-West, after 252 km of flow it receives the Gartok on the left, which flows down from the western slope of Garing-boche, after which the Indus cuts through the plateau, and at the La-Kiel pass it invades the narrow valley separating Kuen-lun from the Himalayan mountains, flows through Ladakh below its capital, the city of Leh, receives the rapid Zanskar at an altitude of 3,753 meters, then the tributary Dras and enters Baltistan, where Shayok flows into it from the right, descending from the Karakorum mountains, and where India receives the name Aba-Sind , that is, the father of rivers. Somewhat higher than Iskardo, or Skardo, the capital of Baltistan, I. receives the Shigar on the right, and then a number of other mountain tributaries. From Skardo, the Indus flows north-northwest for 135 kilometers, at 74° 50` east longitude it turns to the southwest and then receives Gilgit on the right. Somewhat lower, the Indus rushes into the gorge of the Himalayan mountains, 3,000 meters deep, where the “sources of the Indus” were previously believed, although the river is located in this place at a distance of more than 1,300 kilometers from its actual beginning.

Upon leaving the mountains, the Indus first flows into a wide channel among a vast plain, which was once a lake, and connects with the Kabul River, the most significant of its right tributaries; here the width of the Indus is 250 meters, the depth is: in high water 20-25 meters, and in shallow water 10-12 meters. Somewhat below the Indus hits the rocks, from which the city protecting the river crossing received the name Attock (delay). From here the river must again make its way for 185 kilometers long row gorges between steep, stone walls, until finally, at the exit from the Karabakh gorge, or Garden, the Indus finally leaves the region of the mountains and snakes along in long meanders, bordered by side streams or branches and false rivers indicating the former channels main river. Here Indus without getting significant tributaries, gradually decreases from evaporation to Mithan-kot, near which it again receives Panjnad, formed from the confluence of Jilam, Chenab, Rava and Setledge, the upper course of which, together with the Indus, forms the famous Pyatirechye. At its confluence with the Indus, Panjnad is 1,700 meters wide, while the width of the Indus itself, with equal depth (4-5 meters), does not exceed 600 meters. Above Rori, in the Sindh region, where the Indus turns to the South, the Happa (East Happa) branch separates from it, which flows to the Southeast, but reaches the sea only in high water. Once Happa, apparently, served as the main channel of the Indus. Other hollows, wide and deep, testify to the incessant wanderings of the river, looking for the most convenient path to the sea. The study of this area leads to the conclusion that the Indus was constantly moving further and further from East to West, either due to a rocking movement in this direction, or due to rotation globe forcing the rivers northern hemisphere deviate to the right from the normal direction. This gradual movement of the Indus to the West leads to the fact that the neighboring areas lying to the East of it are increasingly dried out, and many freshwater streams, separating from the main river, turn into. At Hyderabad, 150 kilometers from the sea, the Indus delta begins, forming a triangle of 8,000 square kilometers, the base of which stretches over an area of ​​250 kilometers along the coast. The number of Indus mouths cannot be determined with accuracy, since it changes with each flood. During this century, the main channel changed its location many times.

Length: 3,180 kilometers.

Basin area: 960,800 square kilometers.

Where it flows: The Indus originates in Tibet at 32° northern latitude and 81°30` east longitude (from Greenwich), at an altitude of 6,500 meters, on the northern slope of Mount Garing-boche, near the northern end of Lake Manassarovar, to the West of which are the sources of the Setledge, and to the East - the Bramaputra. The upper course of the Indus heads to the North-West, after 252 km of flow it receives on the left the Gartok River, which flows down from the western slope of Garing-boche, after which the Indus cuts through the plateau, and at the La Gans-Kiel passage it invades the narrow valley separating Kuen- Harrier from the Himalayan Mountains, flows through Ladakh below its capital, the city of Leh, receives the rapid Zanskar at an altitude of 3,753 meters, then the tributary Dras and enters Baltistan, where Shayok flows into it from the right, descending from the Karakorum mountains, and where India receives its name Aba-Sind, that is, the father of rivers. Somewhat higher than Iskardo, or Skardo, the capital of Baltistan, I. receives the Shigar on the right, and then a number of other mountain tributaries. From Skardo, the Indus flows north-northwest for 135 kilometers, at 74° 50` east longitude it turns to the southwest and then receives Gilgit on the right. Somewhat lower, the Indus rushes into the gorge of the Himalayan mountains, 3,000 meters deep, where the “sources of the Indus” were previously believed, although the river is located in this place at a distance of more than 1,300 kilometers from its actual beginning.

Upon leaving the mountains, the Indus first flows into a wide channel among a vast plain, which was once a lake, and connects with the Kabul River, the most significant of its right tributaries; here the width of the Indus is 250 meters, the depth is: in high water 20-25 meters, and in shallow water 10-12 meters. Somewhat below the Indus hits the rocks, from which the city protecting the river crossing received the name Attock (delay). From here the river, for 185 kilometers, must again make its way through a long series of gorges between steep, stone walls, until finally, at the exit from the gorge of the Karabakh, or Black Garden, the Indus finally leaves the region of the mountains and snakes in long meanders across the plain, bordered by side streams or branches and false rivers , indicating the former channels of the main river. Here the Indus, without receiving significant inflows, gradually decreases from evaporation to Mithan-kot, near which it again receives Panjnad, formed from the confluence of Jilam, Chenab, Rava and Setledge, the upper course of which, together with the Indus, forms the famous Pyatirechye. At its confluence with the Indus, Panjnad is 1,700 meters wide, while the width of the Indus itself, with equal depth (4-5 meters), does not exceed 600 meters. Above Rori, in the Sindh region, where the Indus turns to the South, the Happa (East Happa) branch separates from it, which flows through the desert to the Southeast, but reaches the sea only in high water. Once Happa, apparently, served as the main channel of the Indus. Other hollows, wide and deep, testify to the incessant wanderings of the river, looking for the most convenient path to the sea. A study of this area leads to the conclusion that the Indus was constantly moving further and further from East to West, either due to the rocking movement of the soil in this direction, or due to the rotation of the globe, causing the rivers of the northern hemisphere to deviate to the right from the normal direction. This gradual movement of the Indus to the West leads to the fact that the neighboring areas lying to the East of it are increasingly dried out, and many freshwater streams, separating from the main river, turn into salt lakes. At Hyderabad, 150 kilometers from the sea, the Indus delta begins, forming a triangle of 8,000 square kilometers, the base of which stretches over an area of ​​250 kilometers along the coast of the Arabian Sea. The number of Indus mouths cannot be determined with accuracy, since it changes with each flood. During this century, the main channel changed its location many times.

Feeding method: in the upper reaches mainly from the melting of glaciers, in the middle and lower reaches - from the melting of snow and precipitation.

Tributaries: Gartok, Zanskar, Dras, Shaisk, Shigar, Gilgit, Kabul, Panjnad.

Inhabitants: snakehead, yellowcheek, eight-whiskered minnows, grass carp, silver carp...

Freezing: does not freeze.

These two rivers are located in India and are essentially the same twins as the Tigris and Euphrates in Mesopotamia, and the Yangtze and Yellow River in China. Having great significance for the life of all living things in their valleys, the Indus and Ganges are deified in India and revered as sacred rivers Hindustan. All this is completely justified. The Ganges is the first most important river in India and one of the deep rivers Asia. The Ganges basin area is extremely favorable for the formation of a powerful river system. The river begins in the high mountainous regions of the Himalayas, rich in rainfall and snow, and then enters the vast lowlands and is also abundantly moistened. The length of the Ganges is 2,700 kilometers, and the area of ​​the basin is 1,125 thousand square kilometers. The average river flow is five times higher than the Yellow River. The Ganges begins with two sources (Bhagirathi and Alaknanda) at an altitude of 4500 meters. It cuts through the northern ridges of the Himalayan mountains with narrow gorges and breaks out onto the plain. There its flow is already slow and calm.

From the Himalayas, the Ganges collects many deep tributaries, including its own major influx Dzhankoy river. The Ganges receives significantly fewer tributaries from the Deccan plateau. When it flows into the Bay of Bengal, the Ganges, together with the Brahmaputra, forms a vast delta. This delta begins 500 kilometers from the sea. Within the delta, the lower Ganges splits into many branches. The largest of them are Meghna in the east (the Brahmaputra flows into it) and Hooghly in the west. The distance between them in a straight line is 300 kilometers.
The branches of the Ganges and Brahmaputra change their direction, wandering within the delta plain. Typically, these changes occur during severe floods, which affect the population of the Ganges basin almost every year.
The Ganges is fed by melting snow and ice in the Himalayas and mainly by summer monsoon rains. Therefore, the rise in water level begins in May, gradually increases and reaches a maximum in July - September due to monsoon rains. During this period, the width and depth of the Ganges channel in some areas is twice the width and depth after the flood.
Flooding within the delta also occurs due to surges hurricane winds from the sea. Such floods do not occur often, but they are particularly severe and cause catastrophic disasters.
Under different conditions, the third major river after the Ganges and Brahmaputra was formed south asia- Ind. The Indus is somewhat longer than the Ganges and the Brahmaputra, but significantly inferior in terms of basin area. Its length is 3180 kilometers. Like the Brahmaputra, the Indus originates in the south of Tibet at an altitude of 5300 meters above sea level. Breaking through the ridges of the Himalayas, the Indus forms a system of deep gorges several tens of kilometers long, with almost vertical slopes and a narrow channel in which the river rages, forming rapids and rapids. Coming out onto the plain, the Indus splits into branches, which partially dry up during the dry season. But during rains they merge again, reaching a total width of 22 kilometers.
Within the plain, the Indus receives its main tributary - the Pajnad, which is formed from five sources. Therefore, the entire area is called Punjab, which means Pyatirechye. The Indus Delta, when it flows into the Arabian Sea, is significantly smaller in area than the deltas of other rivers in South Asia. Earthquakes, which often occur in the Indus basin, sometimes significantly affect the change in the direction of the river's flow. For example, in the mid-19th century, as a result of an earthquake, a collapse occurred in the middle reaches of the Indus. He dammed a large section of the river and turned it into a lake. A few months later, the river broke through the dam and the lake was drained in one day, causing a severe flood.

Like other rivers in Asia, the Indus receives its nourishment from the melting of snow and ice in the mountains and from the summer monsoon rains. But the amount of precipitation in the Indus basin is much less than in the Ganges-Brahmaputra basin, and evaporation is much greater. Therefore, the Indus is less deep than these rivers. Between the period of spring flood associated with melting snow and the period of monsoon flood, there comes a time of significant decline in water and the summer rise is not as great as on the Ganges or Brahmaputra. Due to the aridity of most of the basin, the importance of the Indus as a source of irrigation increases.

Information

• Length: 3180 km
• Pool: 960,800 km²
• Water consumption: 6600 m³/s

The Indus originates in the Himalayas, in China, and mostly flows through the lands of India and Pakistan. The mouth of the river is located in, near the city of Karachi. This river has a length of 3180 km, the area of ​​its basin is 960,800 square meters. km.

There is historical and physiographic evidence that the river changed the position of its channel several times. Its delta especially moved to the west. Over the past seven hundred years, in its upper part, the Indus has moved thirty kilometers to the west.

Climatic conditions

The mountainous section of the river is filled by melting glaciers and falling snow. In the lower part of its basin, the Indus is replenished with water from the monsoon rains, which provoke and feed the spring-summer flood. At this time, the water level in the mountains rises by ten meters and by seven in the plains. Once on the plain, the Indus loses its flow and water due to seepage and evaporation. During particularly dry periods, the river dries up and does not reach the shores of the Arabian Sea.
With the exception of the Pakistani section, the river valley belongs to the driest part of the Indian subcontinent. Average annual precipitation along the entire length water artery ranges from 150 to 500 mm. In the northernmost part of the basin winter temperatures falls below zero, and summer temperatures rise to 38 °C. This river never freezes.

Industrial and economic significance

The river's hydropower capacity is measured at 20 million kW. Fourteen dams have been built to this day, the largest of which is Sukkur. The river bed is embanked to protect against natural floods.
In its lower part, the Indus River irrigates more than 12 million hectares of land, due to this economic activity Less than half of the river's flow reaches the mouth. The total length of irrigation canals is more than 65 thousand kilometers. This river is navigable from its mouth to the city of Deraismailkhan, that is, at a distance of about 1200 km. Only small and flat-bottomed vessels can reach the mouth of the Kabul River.

The Indus Valley is a place where, more than five thousand years ago, a special civilization arose, which is called the Indus (Harappan).

Story

For modern humanity it was discovered only in the 20th century, when, after 1920, systematic excavations of the cities of the Indus civilization began. Obviously, the heyday of this agrarian civilization was closely connected with the Indus River, in the basin of which high-yield irrigated agriculture was possible.
The level of progress in the cities created by this civilization was so high that at first scientists assumed that this culture was not of local origin, but was brought, say, by people from Mesopotamia. However, further excavations have confirmed the continuity between the earlier settlements and the Indus civilization.
The archaeological complexes of Harappa and the Indus Valley are the most famous in the world today, although several hundred settlements of this culture, which is sometimes also called Harappan, have already been found.
The cities of the Indus civilization were carefully planned and clearly built according to uniform standards. Wheeled carts drove along straight streets, up to ten meters wide, and the city was divided into separate rectangular blocks. The bricks that the ancient inhabitants of the Indus Valley used for construction were so well made that late XIX V. workers simply dismantled the ruins of Harappa to build the railway.
Many houses of the Indus civilization were built with rooms for ablution in special septic tanks. The sewerage system was carefully planned and lined with bricks. Large pools with waterproof walls are also a sign of the Indus civilization. Water clearly played a role in the formation of this culture in the pool great river decisive role.
Excavations have shown that wheat, millet, barley, and cotton were grown here, bulls and buffaloes were used as draft animals, and poultry was also raised. The artisans of the Indian cities made beautiful ceramics and textiles, as well as jewelry from bronze, gold, silver, carnelian, agate, lapis lazuli, and turquoise. Numerous finds show that many products were exported. By the way, the system of standards of the Indus civilization is extremely convenient - it was used one system scales, bricks were of the same size, trade clay seals were of the same type, craft tools of the same type. Stone rectangular seals, characteristic of the Indus civilization, are found far from the Indus Valley, indicating active trade.
The writing of the Indus civilization has not yet been deciphered - bilingual texts cannot be found.
Work on deciphering the writing continues. Perhaps, when this can be done, the veil of mystery about the decline of the Indus civilization will be lifted. It ceased to exist by the end of the 18th century. BC e., although no sudden catastrophe happened. The version that the Indus civilization was destroyed by the Aryans who arrived in the Indus Valley at that time is not confirmed by excavation materials. No traces of mass graves or brutal battles were found. It is possible that it was the Indus that was the reason for the decline of one of the richest cultures; one of the hypotheses for its disappearance is a change in the river bed.

After the partition of the formerly unified territory of British India in 1947, some hydraulic structures that provided water for canals in Pakistan ended up in India. Almost immediately in 1948, the Indian administrator cut off the water supply to many canals irrigating fields in the Pakistani province. Indian authorities later cited bureaucratic difficulties.
In 1952, India and Pakistan, who could not reach an agreement, accepted the World Bank's offer of mediation in the negotiations. Long negotiations ended in September 1960 with the signing of the Indus Waters Treaty by Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and Pakistani President Ayub Khan.
Under this agreement, India received the right to control the flow of the “eastern” rivers Ravi, Beas and Sutlej, and Pakistan over the water of the “western” rivers - Indus, Jhelum and Chenab. India retained the right to use the water of the “western rivers” for domestic purposes, that is, for drinking, navigation, agriculture and power generation, provided that it did not accumulate water in too large quantities.
The treaty gave Pakistan 80% of the water in the Indus River system and did not cause Pakistani protests until India began building hydroelectric dams.
In 2005, there was a break in the “water truce”. The Government of India has announced its intention to build a hydroelectric complex on the Chenab River (a tributary of the Sutlej). The case was transferred World Bank, as a result, independent experts rejected some of the accusations, but recognized some as fair.
Now in Pakistan, India is being accused of stealing millions of cubic meters of water for electricity generation from the Chenab River, where the huge Baglihar Dam was built. In 2009, local villagers complained to the Pakistani government that water levels had dropped by more than 10 m.
What worries Pakistan most is a repeat of the 1948 situation. Given that the country has the world's largest continental irrigation system, Agriculture accounts for a quarter of Pakistan's GDP and employs half of the country's working population, the concerns are understandable. In May 2010, Pakistan filed a claim with the International arbitration court to stop the construction of the Indian hydroelectric complex.
India really needs to develop hydropower, since the lack of electricity creates considerable difficulties for industrial growth, and 40% of the population does not have access to electricity at all.
Pakistan rejects accusations that India could manipulate water flow by reducing it, for example during the planting season. Theoretically, after the entire construction complex is completed, India will be able to contain about a month's volume of river flow during the critical dry season. And of course, this will be enough to destroy the crops in Pakistan.
The “water” conflict is unlikely to be resolved in the near future - all the circumstances of the case speak against it. Moreover, since the middle of the 20th century. in India quantity fresh water per capita decreased from 5 thousand cubic meters to 1.8 thousand, and in Pakistan - from 5.6 thousand cubic meters to 1.2 thousand. Considering that the figure of 1 thousand cubic meters is considered critical, then the struggle for control over the Indus between two nuclear states threatens unpredictable consequences in the future.

general information

Indus, a major river in South Asia.
Source:, northern slope of Mount Garing-boche.
Mouth: northern Arabian Sea.
Main tributaries: Sindhu and Ghar-Dzangbo, Hanle, Zanskar, Sangeluma-Chu, Shingo, Shayok, Shigar, Gilgit, Astor, Kandin, Chaurudara, Khan-Khwar, Kabul, Kharo, Kohattoy, Soan, Kurram, Sutlej (Panjnad).

Countries through which the river flows: China, India, Pakistan.

Major airports: Benazir Bhutto International Airport (Islamabad), Faisalabad International Airport, Karachi Jinnah International Airport, Allama Iqbal International Airport (Lahore).

Main port: Karachi.

Large lakes of the basin: Manasarovar, Langak (China), Kinjhar Lake, Rawal, Tarbela, Manchar (Pakistan).

Numbers

Pool area: 960,800 km 2.

Population: about 180,000,000 people.

River length: 3180 km.

Delta area: 30,000 km2.
Water flow: 6600 m 3 /s.

Economy

Shipping from Karachi to Dera Ismail Khan (Pakistan).
Hydroelectric power stations (14 dams), irrigation of agricultural lands - about 13,700,000 hectares.
Fishing.

Climate and weather

Tropical dry.

Average temperature in July:+30°С... +36°С, January: +12°С... +20°С (in the northern part of the basin it drops below 0 in winter).

Average annual precipitation : 125-500 mm.

Attractions

■ (China): monasteries Jokhang Ganden, Sera, Drepung Potala Palace;
■ Lech(India): Leh Palace, Alchi Monastery, Lamayuru Monastery, Hemis Monastery;
■ Karachi: Old city, Wazir mansion. Quaid-e-Azam Mazar Mausoleum, Masjid-e-Touba Mosque, Holy Trinity Cathedral, St. Andrew's Church, National Museum of Pakistan, Chaukandi Art Gallery;
■ Thatta city(Pakistan);
■ Sukkur(Pakistan): minaret and mausoleum of Mazum Shah, mausoleum of Shah Khairuddin Jilani;
■ Archaeological complex of Mohenjo-Daro;
■ Archaeological complex of Harappa;
■ Lahore: underground Ram Temple, Royal Fort, Lahore Fort, Old City, Lahore Museum, Fakir Khan Museum;
■ Islamabad: Shah Faisal Masjid, National Art Gallery, National Heritage Museum, Islamabad Museum;
■ Rawalpindi: Rawat Fort, Giri Fort, Pharwala Fort;
■ Taxila city(Pakistan);
■ National Park Kirthar(Pakistan).

Curious facts

■ The historical name of the Indus is Sindhu (in Sanskrit, this is what one of its tributaries is now called), later, in ancient Persian, it sounded like Hindu and gave the name to the country of India, the Hindi language, as well as Hindustan and Hinduism.
■ In the waters of the Indus there lives a blind dolphin - susuk. Adults are already very rare species reach a weight of 70-90 kg.
Susuks lack lenses in their eyes and rely entirely on echolocation. IN troubled waters Indus this is quite justified. Blind dolphins do not have natural enemies, but every year there are fewer and fewer of them, despite protection and conservation programs. Human activity - dam construction, discharge Wastewater, fishing is destroying the susuk's habitat.
■ The Indus cannot be called a navigable river - there are many shallow sections in its course.