The residential buildings of the peoples of Siberia were distinguished by a variety of architectural forms and structures. The peculiarities of the dwelling were determined by the huge scale of the settlement territory, the diversity of natural and climatic conditions, the geographical habitat and the difference in economic and cultural types to which the peoples of Siberia belonged.

Yaranga

The main type of dwelling of the northeastern Paleo-Asian peoples (Chukchi, Koryaks and Eskimos) was the yaranga - portable among the reindeer Koryaks and Chukchi and stationary among the Asian Eskimos and coastal Chukchi. Characteristic feature The Chukchi-Eskimo yaranga, which distinguished them from the dwellings of other peoples of Siberia, was two-chambered: the presence of canopies inside. Yaranga with a canopy is an amazing invention of the Koryaks and Chukchi, who literally called their home “real home.”

The yaranga of the reindeer Koryaks and Chukchi was a winter and summer dwelling. Its basis consisted of three poles from 3.5 to 5 meters high, connected at the top with a belt. Tripods made of two poles with a crossbar were installed around them, forming the skeleton of the walls. The basis of the roof was long poles tied to the crossbars. The top of the yaranga frame was covered with tires made of reindeer skins. From the outside, the tires were pressed down by vertically placed sleds so that they would remain in place in strong winds. The entrance to the yaranga was located on the northeastern or eastern - the vital, as the Chukchi and Koryaks believed, side. Inside the yaranga there was a canopy - a rectangular structure made of winter deer skins, suspended with the bottom up and the open part down. It was not only a sleeping area, but also a living space in cold weather. Temperature in the canopy due to heat human body was high enough that even in cold weather you could sleep here without clothes.

WITH early XVIII century, the frame-type yaranga, borrowed from the Chukchi, became widespread among the Asian Eskimos and coastal Chukchi - hunters of sea animals. The Eskimo yaranga differed from the reindeer herders' yaranga: it was larger size, practically could not be understood, its walls were often covered with turf. Tires made from walrus skins were secured in strong winds with large stones suspended on ropes. Inside the dwelling there was a fur canopy made of deer skins, which served as a sleeping area, and in cold weather, a living space. It was heated and illuminated using a fat lamp - a lamp made of stone or clay with seal oil and a moss wick. Food was prepared on it. The Evens of all areas of their habitat have long had two main types of housing: the Evenki conical tent and the so-called “Even yurt”, similar to the Chukchi-Koryak yaranga. IN winter time Reindeer skins were used as tires, and rovduga or birch bark in the summer. The Evens, who lived on the coast of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, also used fish skin as material for tires.

The ancient traditional dwelling of the Asian Eskimos was a half-dugout with a frame made of bones, ribs and jaws of whales.

A large patriarchal family of up to 40 people lived in such a semi-dugout. Large half-dugouts were communal houses in which several families lived; meetings and holidays were held here. A semi-dugout of the same type, but with a wooden frame, was the main dwelling of the sedentary Koryaks - inhabitants of the eastern and western coasts of Kamchatka. A special feature of the Koryak semi-dugout was a funnel-shaped bell made of tightly folded thin boards, which served as additional protection from snow drifts at the upper entrance to the dwelling.

Chum

Among hunters and reindeer herders of the taiga (Evenks, Tofalars), tundra and forest-tundra (Nenets, Enets, Dolgans, Nganasans), the most common dwelling was a conical tent, the frame of which consisted of inclined poles, crossing at the top and forming the shape of a cone.

Taiga peoples usually made poles for the frame at the site of the camp, and during migrations they transported only tires. In the tundra and forest-tundra, where there is little forest, reindeer herders transported their entire dwelling, along with poles (by drag in the summer, on sleds in the winter) and could put it in a new place in a few minutes. The material of the tires depended on the time of year and the availability of natural materials. The taiga peoples used birch bark and rovdug tires in the summer, and those made from deer skins in the winter. Less wealthy families lived in bark or pole tents. IN harsh conditions In the tundra, reindeer herders used tires made of reindeer fur in the summer, but in winter they were double tires - with fur inside and outside.

The interior of the tent was distinguished by the simplicity and sparse decoration typical of the life of hunters and reindeer herders. A fireplace was built in the center of the dwelling. To his left was the female half, and to his right was the male half. The place of honor for male guests was behind the fireplace opposite the entrance.

From the middle of the 19th century, the Nganasans, Dolgans and Enets began to use the so-called narten chum (beams), borrowed from Russian peasants. It was used as a winter dwelling and was a movable light frame structure placed on skids. Deer skins were used as tires, which were covered with a canvas or tarpaulin cover. Such a dwelling was transported from one camp to another by a team of 5-7 deer.

Such a home can be built anywhere.

The chum was built from six-meter poles (from 15 to 50 pieces), sewn deer skins (50-60 pieces), and mats made of grass and twigs.
Nenets women installed tents. A fireplace was built in the center of the dwelling. Floor boards were laid around it. Then the two main poles were installed. The lower ends were stuck into the ground, and the upper ends were tied with a flexible loop. The remaining poles were placed in a circle.
Two horizontal poles were attached to the inner pole (simza). An iron rod with a hook for the boiler was placed on them. Then they pulled on the tires - nukes. The main element of the plague is the pole. It was processed so that it thickened from both ends to the middle. The deer hair on the tires was trimmed to prevent snow from getting into the long fur in winter.

On the outside, the chum has a conical shape. She is well adapted to open spaces tundra Snow easily rolls off the steep surface of the chum. The air in the plague is always clean and transparent. Smoke hangs only at the very hole in the upper part of the tent - makodasi.
After lighting the fireplace, the smoke fills the entire space of the chum, and after a few minutes it rises up the walls. The heat also rises. It prevents cold air from the street from entering the tent. And in the summer, mosquitoes and midges cannot fly into the tent.

The winter plague is called raw mya. This is a traditional chum;
- summer chum - tany me. It is distinguished by its covering - muiko - old winter coverings with fur inside. Previously, birch bark coverings were used for summer chum.

The Nenets tent is never locked. If there is no one in the tent, a pole is placed at the entrance.

The only furniture in the tent is a low table (about 20 cm), at which the family dine.

In the plague great value has a hearth - a stove, which is located in the center of the tent and serves as a source of heat and is adapted for cooking.

After the chum is installed, the women make the beds inside. Deer skins are placed on top of the mats. Soft things are placed at the very base of the poles. Reindeer herders often carry feather beds, pillows and special warm sleeping bags made of sheepskin. During the day, all this is rolled up, and at night the hostess unrolls the bed.

The tent is illuminated by fat lamps. These are cups filled with deer fat. A piece of rope is placed in them. Nenets national household items include bags made of reindeer skins. They are used for storing fur clothing, pieces of fur, and skins. The front side of the bag was always richly ornamented, sewing patterns from kamus with inserts from strips of cloth. The back side had no decorations and was often made of rovduga.

In chums, bags sometimes served as pillows. A necessary accessory of Nenets life are wooden beaters, both for men and women. The men's ones are used to shovel snow from the seat of the sled. They use them to dig up snow when inspecting a site. Women's beaters are used to knock snow off shoes and fur items and have a saber shape.

Wooden house

Among the fisher-hunters of the Western Siberian taiga - the Khanty and Mansi - the main type of winter dwelling was a log house with a gable roof covered with boards, birch bark or turf.

Among the Amur peoples - fishermen and hunters, leading sedentary image life (Nanais, Ulchi, Orochs, Negidals, Nivkhs) - quadrangular single-chamber houses with a pillar frame and a gable roof were used as winter dwellings. Two or three families usually lived in a winter house, so there were several fireplaces. Summer dwellings were varied: quadrangular bark houses with a gable roof; conical, semi-cylindrical, gable huts, covered with hay, bark, birch bark.

Yurt

The main dwelling of pastoral peoples Southern Siberia(Eastern Buryats, Western Tuvinians, Altaians, Khakassians) was a portable cylindrical frame-type yurt, covered with felt.

It was maximally adapted to nomadic life: it was easily disassembled and transported, and its installation took a little more than an hour. The skeleton of the yurt consisted of walls made of sliding wooden gratings and a dome formed of poles, the upper ends of which were inserted into the circle of the chimney. To cover a yurt, 8-9 felt cavities were required. Like all Mongol-speaking peoples, the dwellings of the Buryats were oriented to the south.

The internal structure of the yurt was strictly regulated. There was a hearth in the center. The place opposite the entrance was considered the most honorable and was intended for receiving guests; there was also a home altar here. The yurt was divided into male (left) and female (right) halves (if you stand facing the northern part). The men's part contained harnesses, tools, weapons, and the women's part contained utensils and food. The furniture was limited to low tables, benches, chests, a bed, and a shrine.

Among pastoralists who switched to a semi-sedentary lifestyle (Khakass, Western Tuvans, Western Buryats), a stationary log polygonal yurt with a gable or multifaceted roof became widespread.

Balagan and urasa

The housing of the Yakuts was seasonal. Winter - "balagan" - a log yurt of a trapezoidal shape with a flat roof and an earthen floor. The walls of the booth were coated with clay, and the roof was covered with bark and covered with earth. To late XIX century, the traditional summer home of the Yakuts was the urasa - a conical structure made of poles covered with birch bark. Pieces of glass or mica were inserted into birch bark window frames, and in poor families in winter - pieces of ice. The entrance to the house was on the east side. Along the walls there were plank bunks - “oron”. The dwelling was divided into right (male) and left (female) halves. In the northeastern corner there was a fireplace - a primitive hearth made of poles and logs coated with a thick layer of clay; diagonally there was an honorary (southwestern) corner.

The Yakuts always surrounded the residential and utility premises of the estate with a continuous low fence of horizontal poles. Inside the estate they placed carved wooden posts - hitching posts, to which horses were tied.

Chukotka reindeer herders do not live in tents, but in more complex mobile dwellings called yarangas. Next, we propose to get acquainted with the basics of construction and structure of this traditional dwelling, which Chukchi reindeer herders continue to build today.

Without a deer there will be no yaranga - this axiom is true in the literal and figurative sense. Firstly, because the material needed for “construction” is deer skins. Secondly, without deer, such a house is not needed. Yaranga is a mobile, portable dwelling for reindeer herders, necessary for areas where there is no timber, but there is a need for constant migration for the reindeer herd. To build a yaranga you need poles. Birch ones are best. Birches in Chukotka, strange as it may seem to some, are growing. In the continental part along the banks of rivers. The limited area of ​​their distribution was the reason for the emergence of such a concept as “scarcity”. The poles were taken care of, they were passed on and are still passed on by inheritance. Some yaranga poles in the Chukotka tundra are more than a hundred years old.

Encampment

Yaranga frame prepared for the filming of the film "Territory"

The difference between a yaranga and a chum is the complexity of its design. It's like an airbus and a corn truck. A chum is a hut, vertically standing poles, which is covered with waterproof material (birch bark, skins, etc.). The structure of the yaranga is much more complicated.

Pulling the tire (ratham) onto the yaranga frame

The construction of a yaranga begins with determining the cardinal directions. This is important because the entrance should always be in the east. First, three long poles are placed (as in the construction of a tent). Then, small wooden tripods are installed around these poles, which are fastened together with horizontal poles. From the tripods to the top of the yaranga there are poles of the second tier. All the poles are fastened to each other with ropes or belts made of deerskin. After installing the frame, a tire (ratem) made of skins is pulled on. Several ropes are thrown over the upper poles, which are tied to the awning tire and, using the elementary laws of physics and the command “eee, one,” only in the Chukotka version, the tire is put on the frame. To prevent the tire from blowing off during a snowstorm, its edges are covered with stones. Stones are also hung on ropes to the tripod posts. Poles and boards that are tied to the outside of the yaranga are also used as anti-sails.

“Strengthening” the yaranga to prevent the tire from blowing off

Winter tires are definitely made from hides. One ratem takes from 40 to 50 deer skins. There are options with summer tires. Previously, old rathams, sewn and altered, with peeling wool, were used for summer tires. The Chukotka summer, although harsh, forgives a lot. Including an imperfect tire for the yaranga. In winter, the tire must be perfect, otherwise a huge snowdrift will blow into the small hole during a snowstorm. IN Soviet era The lower part of the tire, which is most susceptible to moisture, began to be replaced with strips of tarpaulin. Then other materials appeared, so today’s summer yarangas are more reminiscent of a grandmother’s colorful blanket.

Yaranga in the Amguem tundra

Third brigade of MUSHP "Chaunskoe"

Yaranga in the Yanrakynnot tundra

Externally, the yaranga is ready. Inside, a large 5-8 meters in diameter sub-tent space appeared - chottagin. Chottagin is the economic part of the yaranga. In the chottagin, the cold room of the yaranga, in winter the temperature is the same as outside, except that there is no wind.

Now you need to make a room for living. On the wall opposite the entrance, a rectangular frame is attached using poles, which is covered with skins and wool inside. This canopy is a living space in a yaranga. They sleep in the canopy, dry clothes (through natural evaporation of moisture), and in winter they eat. The canopy is heated using a grease stove or kerosene stove. Due to the fact that the skins are tucked inward, the canopy becomes almost airtight. This is good in terms of heat retention, but bad in terms of ventilation. However, frost is the most effective fighter against natures with a refined perception of smells. Since it is impossible to open the canopy at night, they relieve themselves in a special container right there in the canopy. Believe me, this won’t bother you either if you find yourself in the tundra without transport for more than two days. Because one of the main human needs is the need for warmth. But it’s warm in the tundra, only in the canopy. Nowadays, a yaranga usually has one canopy; previously there could have been two or even three. One family lives in the canopy. If a family has adult children who already have their own families, a second canopy is placed in the yaranga for the first time. But over time, the young will need to assemble their yaranga.

Canopy outside

Canopy inside. Lighted and heated by a grease stove or kerosene stove

The hearth is organized in the center of Chottagin. The smoke from the fire escapes through a hole in the dome. But despite such ventilation, it is almost always smoky in Chottagin. Therefore, standing in a yaranga is not recommended.

Making a fire

Where can you get firewood for a fire if trees don’t grow in the tundra? There are really no trees (with the exception of floodplain groves) in the tundra, but you can almost always find shrubs. Actually, the yaranga is mainly placed near a river with bushes. The fireplace in the yaranga is built exclusively for cooking. Heating chottagin is pointless and wasteful. Small twigs are used for fire. If the branches of the bush are thick and long, they are cut into small logs 10-15 cm in length. The amount of firewood that a taiga resident burns per night will last a reindeer herder for a week, or even more. What can we say about the young pioneers with their bonfires? Economy and rationality are the main criteria for the life of a reindeer herder. The same criterion is used in the design of the yaranga, which is primitive at first glance, but very effective upon closer examination.

The kettle is suspended above the fireplace on chains, vats and pots are installed on bricks or stones. They stop adding firewood to the fire as soon as the container begins to boil.

Firewood harvesting

Utensils. Small tables and small stools are used as furniture in the yaranga. Yaranga is a world of minimalism. Furniture in the yaranga also includes cabinets and shelves for storing food and utensils. With the advent of European civilization in Chukotka, especially in Soviet period, in the life of reindeer herders such concepts as kerogas, primus, and abeshka (generator) appeared, which somewhat simplified some aspects of life. Cooking food, especially baked goods, is now done not on a fire, but on primus stoves or kerosene gases. In some reindeer herding farms, in winter, stoves are installed in yarangas, which are heated with coal. Of course, you can live without all this, but if you have it, why not use it?

Afternoon

Evening leisure

In each yaranga there is always meat or fish hanging on the top and side poles. Rationalism, as I said above, is a key aspect of human life in traditional society. Why should the smoke go to waste? Especially if it, smoke, is an excellent preservative.

Yaranga's "bins"

4.2 Traditional Chukchi dwelling

The villages of the coastal Chukchi usually consisted of 2-20 yarangas, scattered at some distance from each other. The size of the village was determined by the fishing capabilities of a particular area. By the time the Russians arrived, the Chukchi lived in semi-dugouts. The round frame of the dwelling was made from the jaws and ribs of a whale. Hence its name valkharan - “house made of whale jaws” [Levin N.G., 1956: 913]. The frame was covered with turf and covered with earth on top. The dwelling had two exits: a long corridor, which was used only in winter, since in the summer it was flooded with water, and a round hole at the top, closed with a whale’s shoulder blade, which served only summer time. In the center of the dwelling there was a large grease pit that burned all day long. On all four sides of the semi-dugouts, elevations were arranged in the form of bunks, and on them, according to the number of families, canopies of the usual type were built [Golovnev A.I., 1999: 23]. The tires were deer skin and walrus skin, which were tied with leather straps wrapped around stones so that the raging winds in Chukotka would not destroy or overturn the dwelling.

The main form of settlements of reindeer herders were camps, consisting of several portable tent-type dwellings - yarang. They were located in a row stretched from east to west. The first in the row from the east was the yaranga of the head of the nomadic community.

The Chukotka yaranga was a large tent, cylindrical at the base and conical at the top (See Appendix, Fig. 4). The frame of the tent consisted of poles placed vertically in a circle, on the upper ends of which crossbars were placed horizontally, and other poles were tied to them at an angle, connecting at the top and forming a cone-shaped top part. Three poles were placed in the center in the form of a tripod, on which the upper poles of the frame rested. The frame was covered on top with tires sewn from reindeer skins with the hair facing out, and tightened with belts. The floor was covered with skins.

Inside the yaranga, a fur canopy was tied to one of the horizontal crossbars (usually at the back wall) using additional poles. The canopy was a specific feature of the dwellings of the Chukchi, Koryaks and Asian Eskimos. It was shaped like a box turned upside down. Usually there were no more than four canopies in a yaranga. It could accommodate several people (separate married couples). They penetrated the canopy by crawling, lifting the front wall. It used to be so hot here that we sat there, stripped to the waist, and sometimes naked.

For heating and lighting the canopy, a fat pot was used - a stone, clay or wooden cup with a moss wick floating in seal oil [Levin N.G., 1956: 913]. If there was wood fuel in the cold part of the yaranga, a small fire was lit for cooking food.

In the yaranga they sat on spread skins. Low three-legged stools or tree roots were also common. Deer antlers, cut together with the parietal bone, were used for the same purpose.

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The camps of the Chukchi reindeer herders numbered from 2 to 10 tents (yarans). They were usually located one after the other in a line according to the degree of prosperity of the owners from east to west. The first from the east was the yaranga of the owner of the camp, the last - the poor man.

The villages of the coastal Chukchi usually consisted of 2-20 (sometimes more) yarangas, scattered at some distance from each other. The size of the village was determined by the fishing capabilities of a particular area.

The Chukotka yaranga was a large tent, cylindrical at the base and conical at the top. The frame of the tent consisted of poles placed vertically in a circle, on the upper ends of which crossbars were placed horizontally; Other poles were tied to them obliquely, connecting at the top and forming a cone-shaped upper part. Three poles were placed in the center in the form of a tripod, on which the upper poles of the frame rested. The frame was covered with special tires. The reindeer Chukchi sewed a tire from old reindeer skins with cut hair; coastal people covered the yaranga with tarpaulin or walrus skins. To prevent the raging winds in Chukotka from destroying and overturning the yaranga, it was tied around the outside with belts with large stones attached to them, and the reindeer herders placed cargo sleds against it. The yarangas of the reindeer Chukchi, due to the need for migrations, were smaller and lighter than those of the coastal ones. Inside the yaranga, a fur canopy was tied to one of the horizontal crossbars (usually at its back wall) using additional poles. The canopy was a specific feature of the dwellings of the Chukchi, Koryaks and Asian Eskimos. It was shaped like a box turned upside down. Usually there were 1-3, rarely 4, canopies in a yaranga. The canopy could accommodate several people. They penetrated it by crawling, lifting the front wall. It was so hot here that they sat stripped to the waist, and sometimes naked. For heating and lighting the canopy, a fat pot was used - a stone, clay or wooden cup with a moss wick floating in seal oil. The coastal Chukchi cooked food on this fire, hanging the pot on a peg or hook. If wood fuel was available, a small fire was built in the cold part of the yaranga for cooking food.

In the yaranga they sat on spread skins. Low chairs or tree roots were also used. For the same purpose, horns were cut off along with the parietal bone.

To half of the 19th century V. The coastal Chukchi had an ancient type of dwelling - semi-dugouts. Their ruins have survived to this day. The round frame of the semi-dugout was made from the jaws and ribs of a whale (hence its Chukchi name valkaran - “house of whale jaws”), then it was covered with turf and covered with earth on top. Sometimes the bone frame was placed in a recess, then the result was a semi-underground dwelling with a roof protruding to the surface. The semi-dugout had two exits: a long corridor, which was used only in winter, since in the summer it was flooded with water, and a round hole at the top, closed with a whale’s shoulder blade, which served only in the summer. The floor of the half-dugout, or at least the middle of it, was covered with large bones; in the center there was a large grease pot that burned around the clock. On all four sides of the semi-dugouts, elevations were arranged in the form of bunks and 2-4 (according to the number of families) canopies of the usual type were built on them. As a result of replacing the half-dugout with a yaranga, the living conditions of the coastal Chukchi improved significantly. But the lack of windows, exceptional crowding in the canopy, constant soot from the grease pit, the presence of dogs in the yarangas, etc. did not make it possible to maintain the necessary cleanliness. The canopies of the Chukchi reindeer herders, as a rule, were cleaner than those of the coastal Chukchi: due to frequent migrations, the canopies were dismantled and knocked out, while the coastal Chukchi did this only twice a year - in spring and autumn. Knocking out yaranga tires and canopies is one of the difficult jobs of Chukchi women. For this purpose there were special upholsteries. The upholstery was made from deer antler or wood and was a stick slightly curved at one end, 50 to 70 cm long.

In the summer, some of the coastal Chukchi lived in tents during their travels along the seashore and some reindeer herders during their migrations to the tundra. In the absence of a tent, the coastal Chukchi built a tent-like dwelling from three oars and a sail or spent the night under an overturned canoe.

The Chukchi reindeer herders “did not have any outbuildings. They stored all the extra things and food supplies inside the yaranga, and in the summer they put unnecessary things on cargo sleds installed near the home, and covered them with a rovduga to protect them from the rain.

The coastal Chukchi near the yarang usually installed 4 whale ribs with crossbars at a height of about 2 m from the ground. In the summer, sledges were placed on them, and in winter, canoes, so that the dogs would not eat the straps holding the sledges together and the leather tires of the canoes. The coastal Chukchi kept the rest of their property inside the yaranga.

The Chukchi had two types of dwellings: portable and permanent. The “sedentary”, or sedentary, had winter and summer dwellings. In winter they lived in half-dugouts, the type and design of which were borrowed from the Eskimos.

The most detailed information about the structure of semi-dugouts of sedentary Chukchi is reported by Merck: “The outside of the yurts are covered with turf, rounded and rise several feet above the ground level. There is a quadrangular opening on the side through which you can enter. Around the entrance there are uprights placed around the entire circumference of the dugouts, except for only a place for passage, whale jaws... up to 7 feet. On top they are covered with whale ribs, and on top of that, through the mentioned entrance you first enter a corridor the length of the entire dugout, about 6 feet high, about a fathom wide or more, and slightly deeper than the floor level of the dugout.

The dugout itself is always quadrangular in shape, its width and length are 10-14 feet, and its height is 8 feet or more. Closer to the walls, the height of the room decreases due to the bending of the ceiling. The dugout was sunk 5 feet into the ground, and on top of that, an earthen wall was laid three feet high, with whale jaws on top, mounted on all sides. On the mentioned whale jaws rest four separate identical whale jaws, laid lengthwise from the entrance itself at some distance from each other and forming the ceiling of the yurt.

Whale ribs are laid across them across the entire ceiling. At a height of three feet from the floor level, one rib is attached to the four corners of the yurt, which rest on supports in the middle of their bend, and boards are laid on them along all four walls. They represent the bunks on which the Chukchi sleep and sit. The floor is also covered with boards, and under the bunks, instead of flooring, walrus skins are placed. Near the entrance there is a lattice opening in the ceiling covered with a whale liver bladder.

Near the window there is another small hole in the ceiling in the form of a vertebra pressed into the roof; it is intended to release smoke from the lamps located at the four corners of the yurt. Some of the whale ribs that form the roof are painted on the sides white and figures are depicted on them, such as whales, canoes, and so on... The canopy is illuminated by the same window built into the ceiling near the dugout itself" (MAE Archives. Col. 3. Op. 1. P. 2. P. 15- 17).

When comparing this description with materials from archaeological excavations, a striking similarity is revealed with the dugouts of the Punuk period (VII-XVII centuries AD). The material from which the dugouts were built also coincides. The modern population of Chukotka has preserved the memory that there used to be two types of half-dugouts: valkaran (“dwelling of jaws”) and klergan (“men’s dwelling”). Clergan, despite this name, was simply a winter dwelling in which several families of close relatives settled. Valkaran is also a winter home, but for one family. According to informants, orphans or strangers lived in Valkaran, whom she could settle near her big family. Summer dwellings of sedentary Chukchi in the 18th century. differed in that their inhabitants were usually members of the same family. According to K. Merk, for one winter yurt there were several summer yarangs. For example, in Uelene there were 26 summer yurts and 7 winter ones (Ethnographic materials, 1978. P. 155). Approximately this ratio of winter and summer dwellings is typical for all sedentary Chukchi settlements.

Yarangas of the coastal Chukchi appearance and the internal structure was reminiscent of the yarangas of the reindeer Chukchi2. While retaining the structural basis of the reindeer herders' yaranga, the summer home of the sedentary Chukchi also had some differences. It did not have a smoke hole. In the treeless area, the Chukchi did not even build a fireplace. Food was prepared on fat lamps or in specially constructed “kitchens” near the yaranga, where they burned the bones of sea animals and doused them with fat. During voyages, if necessary, canoes were used for shelter from bad weather for temporary housing. They were pulled ashore, turned upside down and placed under their shelter.

At the end of the 18th century. winter dugouts began to fall out of use. Later A.L. Lazarev noted: " We did not see winter yurts among the Chukchi; summer ones are quite round at the bottom, from 2 and a half to 4 fathoms in diameter, and convex at the top, which is why from a distance they look like a haystack. We were told that the Chukchi live in these yurts in winter, which we did not believe at first, but they assured us that it is not cold in them in winter"(Notes on navigation, 1950. P. 302).

In the 19th century The semi-underground dwellings of Valkaran and Klegran finally disappear. Instead, in winter, yarangas with sleeping canopies made of deer skins are used. F.P. Wrangel, who rode on dogs from Cape Shelagskoye to Kolyuchinskaya Bay, saw only the ruins of old dugouts, but nowhere does he say that the Chukchi live in them. " Sedentary Chukchi live in small villages, he wrote. - Their huts are built on poles and whale ribs, covered with deer skins."(Wrangel, 1948. pp. 311-312).

The reindeer Chukchi lived in yarangas both in winter and summer. The only difference between them was the quality of the skins from which the tire and canopy were made. Descriptions of the dwellings of Chukchi reindeer herders of the 18th century. indicate that with the development of production and changes public relations The yaranga also underwent changes, primarily its size.

“In yarangas they unite in the summer, as well as in winter, during long stays in one place, all connected by at least distant kinship. Such yarangas contain several canopies made of reindeer skins and therefore have significant dimensions” (MAE Archive. Col. 3. Op. 1. P. 2. P. 5-14). Community yarangas of the reindeer Chukchi existed here and there in the first quarter of the XIX V. By the 40s and 50s of the 19th century. the individual family becomes the main economic unit of Chukotka society; Apparently, there was a complete isolation in everyday life. In this regard, collective housing has lost its significance.

In the book Z.P. Sokolova"Dwelling of the Peoples of Siberia (Typology Experience)" is given detailed description devices of the Chukotka yaranga: "(yaran.y) - a frame cylindrical-conical non-lattice dwelling. For reindeer herders it was portable, for sea hunters it was stationary. The frame of the yaranga consists of vertical poles placed in a circle. In a portable yaranga these poles stand in the form of tripods , tied with belts, in a stationary one they alternate singly or are connected in pairs by diagonal crossbars.

The upper parts of the vertical poles or tripods are connected by vertical poles forming a hoop, to which are attached poles of a conical covering, crossing the tops of each other and resting (in a stationary dwelling) on ​​a central support pole with a crossbar at the top or on three poles in the form of a tripod (three poles, connected by vertices). The poles of the conical covering are sometimes secured from the inside with a hoop and covered with inclined poles. In some yarangas, the top is slightly shifted from the center to the north... On top of the yaranga frame it is covered with tires made of deer or walrus skins, in the summer - with a tarpaulin. Outside, the yaranga is tied with belts to protect from the wind, to which stones are attached. The lower part of the frame of the stationary yaranga at the base and the entrance are covered by the Primorye Chukchi with turf or stones in the form of a low wall. The entrance hole is closed with a piece of leather or a wooden door only during snowstorms.

The interior space is divided into separate rooms for married couples or parents and children by three or four fur canopies (in the form of a rectangular box), heated by stone lamps with seal oil (zhirnik). The canopies are tied using poles to a horizontal pole at the back wall of the dwelling. They crawl into the canopy, lifting its front wall. A fire is lit in the cold front part of the yaranga (Sokolova, 1998, pp. 75, 77).

I.S. Vdovin, E.P. Batyanova
(from the book Peoples of North-East Siberia)

Dwelling of the reindeer Chukchi.

Dwelling of the reindeer Chukchi yaranga a tent, round at the base, with a height in the center from 3.5 to 4.7 m and a diameter from 5.7 to 7 8 m. The wooden frame consisted of poles resting on a tripod firmly standing on the ground from thick poles tied with a leather belt through holes into their top parts. Below, meter-long bipeds and tripods were tied to the poles and poles with straps, forming a wide circle of the base of the yaranga and supporting the transverse crossbars attached to them at their ends. A circle made of them, smaller in diameter than the base, strengthened the frame of the yaranga in its middle part.

At the top, closer to the smoke hole, there is another row of pepper bars. The wooden frame of the yaranga was covered (fur side out) with deer skins, usually sewn into 2 panels. The edges of the skins were placed one on top of the other and secured with straps sewn to them. The free ends of the belts in the lower part were tied to sledges or heavy stones, which ensured the immobility of the covering. For 2 halves of the outer covering, about 40 - 50 large deer skins were required. The yaranga was entered between the two halves of the cover, folding their edges to the sides. For winter we used new coatings, for summer - those that were used last year.

In winter, during periods of frequent migrations, the canopy was made from the thickest skins with the fur inside. Shepherds driving their flock to the new one. pasture, lived in yarangas with a light covering and a small sleeping canopy. The hearth was in the center of the yaranga, under the smoke hole. Opposite the entrance, at the back wall, a sleeping area was installed - a canopy - in the form of a parallelepiped sewn from skins.