Where does the Fahrenheit scale come from? "Creounity Time Machine" - universal date converter Formula for converting Celsius to Fahrenheit

Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (05/24/1686 - 09/16/1736) - German physicist. Born in Danzig (now Gdansk). From 1707 he traveled around Germany and acquired a profession as a manufacturer of various instruments. In 1717 he moved to Amsterdam, where he established himself as a master maker of tools and instruments. He lived most of his life in Holland.

Fahrenheit met and corresponded with the leading scientists of his time, in particular with P. Muschenbroek, V. Gravesande and others. He organized a mechanical workshop in which he made thermometers, barometers, hydrometers and other physical and astronomical instruments. In 1709 he made an alcohol thermometer, in 1714 - a mercury thermometer. He proposed (1710 or 1714) a temperature scale (Fahrenheit scale), in which the temperature interval between the melting points of ice and the boiling point of water was divided into 180 parts (degrees) and the melting point of ice corresponded to a value of 32oF, and the boiling point of water - 212oF. Fahrenheit thermometers were the first practical thermometers.

Fahrenheit studied the phenomenon of supercooling of water (1721) and the dependence of the boiling point of a liquid on pressure and the content of salts dissolved in it. He designed a thermometer that made it possible to determine pressure using boiling point data. Determined the temperature of a mixture of hot and cold water. He improved the weight hydrometer and compiled tables of specific gravities of bodies (1724).

Member of the Royal Society of London (1724).

Fahrenheit is a unit of temperature measurement with a linear scale. For a long time, the Fahrenheit scale was the main one in English-speaking countries, but in the late 1960s and early 1970s it was almost replaced by the Celsius scale. Only in Jamaica, the USA and Belize is the Fahrenheit scale still widely used for domestic purposes [source not specified 335 days].

The scale is named after the German-Polish scientist Gabriel Fahrenheit who proposed it in 1724.

On the Fahrenheit scale, the melting point of ice is +32 °F, and the boiling point of water is +212 °F (at normal temperatures). atmospheric pressure). Moreover, one degree Fahrenheit is equal to 1/180 of the difference between these temperatures. The range 0°...+100° Fahrenheit roughly corresponds to the range −18°...+38° Celsius. Zero on this scale is determined by the freezing point of a mixture of water, ice and ammonia, and 100 °F is the normal temperature human body(However, Fahrenheit was wrong in the last measurement: normal human body temperature is 97.9 °F). According to one version, 100 degrees temperature scale Fahrenheit took the body temperature of his wife, who at the time of measuring the temperature was sick with fever [source not specified 335 days] - it was this, and not the error of the measurement itself, that caused the centigrade point to shift by 2.1 °F.

Story

The word "temperature" arose in those days when people believed that hotter bodies contained large quantity special substance - caloric, than in less heated ones. Therefore, temperature was perceived as the strength of a mixture of body matter and caloric. For this reason, the units of measurement for the strength of alcoholic beverages and temperature are called the same - degrees.

From the fact that temperature is kinetic energy molecules, it is clear that it is most natural to measure it in energy units (i.e. in the SI system in joules). However, temperature measurement began long before the creation of the molecular kinetic theory, so practical scales measure temperature in conventional units - degrees.

Kelvin scale

Thermodynamics uses the Kelvin scale, in which temperature is measured from absolute zero (the state corresponding to the minimum theoretically possible internal energy body), and one kelvin is equal to 1/273.16 of the distance from absolute zero to the triple point of water (the state in which ice, water and water vapor are in equilibrium). Boltzmann's constant is used to convert kelvins into energy units. Derived units are also used: kilokelvin, megakelvin, millikelvin, etc.

Celsius

In everyday life, the Celsius scale is used, in which 0 is the freezing point of water, and 100° is the boiling point of water at atmospheric pressure. Since the freezing and boiling points of water are not well defined, the Celsius scale is currently defined using the Kelvin scale: a degree Celsius is equal to a kelvin, absolute zero is taken to be −273.15 °C. The Celsius scale is practically very convenient because water is very common on our planet and our life is based on it. Zero Celsius is a special point for meteorology, since the freezing of atmospheric water significantly changes everything.

Fahrenheit

In England and especially in the USA, the Fahrenheit scale is used. In this scale, the interval from the temperature itself is divided into 100 degrees. cold winter in the city where Fahrenheit lived, to the temperature of the human body. Zero degrees Celsius is 32 degrees Fahrenheit, and a degree Fahrenheit is 5/9 degrees Celsius.

The current definition of the Fahrenheit scale is as follows: it is a temperature scale in which 1 degree (1 °F) is equal to 1/180th the difference between the boiling point of water and the melting temperature of ice at atmospheric pressure, and the melting point of ice is +32 °F. Fahrenheit temperature is related to Celsius temperature (t °C) by the ratio t °C = 5/9 (t °F - 32), that is, a change in temperature of 1 °F corresponds to a change of 5/9 °C. Proposed by G. Fahrenheit in 1724.

Reaumur scale

Proposed in 1730 by R. A. Reaumur, who described the alcohol thermometer he invented.

The unit is the degree Reaumur (°R), 1 °R is equal to 1/80 of the temperature interval between the reference points - the melting temperature of ice (0 °R) and the boiling point of water (80 °R)

1 °R = 1.25 °C.

Currently, the scale has fallen out of use; it survived longest in France, the author’s homeland.

Conversion of temperature between main scales
	Kelvin	Celsius	Fahrenheit
Kelvin (K)		C + 273.15	= (F + 459.67) / 1.8
Celsius (°C)	K − 273.15		= (F − 32) / 1.8
Fahrenheit (°F)	K 1.8 − 459.67	C 1.8 + 32

Comparison of temperature scales

Description	Kelvin	Celsius	Fahrenheit	Newton	Reaumur
Absolute zero		−273.15	−459.67	−90.14	−218.52
Melting temperature of a mixture of Fahrenheit (salt and ice in equal quantities)	255.37	−17.78		−5.87	−14.22
Freezing point of water (normal conditions)	273.15
Average human body temperature ¹	310.0	36.8	98.2	12.21	29.6
Boiling point of water (normal conditions)	373.15
Solar surface temperature	5800	5526	9980	1823	4421

¹ Normal temperature human body - 36.6 °C ±0.7 °C, or 98.2 °F ±1.3 °F. The commonly quoted value of 98.6 °F is an exact conversion to Fahrenheit of the 19th century German value of 37 °C. Since this value is not within the range of normal temperature according to modern concepts, we can say that it contains excessive (incorrect) accuracy. Some values in this table have been rounded.

Comparison of Fahrenheit and Celsius scales

(oF- Fahrenheit scale, oC- Celsius scale)

oF	oC		oF	oC		oF	oC		oF	oC
459.67 -450 -400 -350 -300 -250 -200 -190 -180 -170 -160 -150 -140 -130 -120 -110 -100 -95 -90 -85 -80 -75 -70 -65	273.15 -267.8 -240.0 -212.2 -184.4 -156.7 -128.9 -123.3 -117.8 -112.2 -106.7 -101.1 -95.6 -90.0 -84.4 -78.9 -73.3 -70.6 -67.8 -65.0 -62.2 -59.4 -56.7 -53.9		60 -55 -50 -45 -40 -35 -30 -25 -20 -19 -18 -17 -16 -15 -14 -13 -12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5	51.1 -48.3 -45.6 -42.8 -40.0 -37.2 -34.4 -31.7 -28.9 -28.3 -27.8 -27.2 -26.7 -26.1 -25.6 -25.0 -24.4 -23.9 -23.3 -22.8 -22.2 -21.7 -21.1 -20.6		4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19	20.0 -19.4 -18.9 -18.3 -17.8 -17.2 -16.7 -16.1 -15.6 -15.0 -14.4 -13.9 -13.3 -12.8 -12.2 -11.7 -11.1 -10.6 -10.0 -9.4 -8.9 -8.3 -7.8 -7.2		20 21 22 23 24 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 125 150 200	6.7 -6.1 -5.6 -5.0 -4.4 -3.9 -1.1 1.7 4.4 7.2 10.0 12.8 15.6 18.3 21.1 23.9 26.7 29.4 32.2 35.0 37.8 51.7 65.6 93.3

To convert degrees Celsius to Kelvin, you must use the formula T=t+T 0 where T is the temperature in kelvins, t is the temperature in degrees Celsius, T 0 =273.15 kelvins. The size of a degree Celsius is equal to Kelvin.

Celsius and Fahrenheit.

Temperature in Russia has historically been measured in degrees Celsius. Everyone understands that it’s hot at + 27 o C, but at - 35 o C you don’t have to go to school... If you take your temperature and the thermometer says 36.6 o C, then you can’t avoid a test, you can’t pretend to be sick.

But in the USA or England, no one knows how to use our thermometers, because there they measure temperature in degrees Fahrenheit. Why?

It happens that the same scientific problem is developed independently by different scientists. So, in the eighteenth century, several scientists worked almost simultaneously to study the properties of temperature, and each of them created their own scale; today only two temperature scales are used everywhere - Celsius and Fahrenheit.

Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit was a German physicist who was engaged in the manufacture of physical instruments and instruments. Invented alcohol and mercury thermometers. Created my own temperature scale.

Anders Celsius - Swedish astronomer and physicist. Celsius was the first to measure the brightness of stars and establish the relationship between the northern lights and fluctuations in the Earth's magnetic field. Created my own temperature scale.

How do these temperature scales differ from each other?

When Fahrenheit conceived his temperature scale, he wanted it to be as convenient as possible for humans and not have negative values. Therefore, for the lower end of the scale, he chose the lowest temperature known at the time - the melting point of a mixture of snow and ammonia - and designated it 0˚F ("zero" degrees Fahrenheit).

Celsius introduced 0˚С (Celsius) - this is the temperature at which water freezes and ice melts, and 100˚C is the boiling point of water.

Thermometers “Fahrenheit” and “Celsius” turned out to be very different:

There are different formulas that can be used to convert degrees Celsius to Fahrenheit and vice versa. But usually no one uses them - why? After all, today in any country in the world you can buy your usual thermometer, many thermometers are marked on both scales at once, and on the Internet weather forecasts are published in different units of measurement!

But from the title of this book by science fiction writer Ray Bradbury, the whole world knows exactly the burning temperature of paper - 451 o Fahrenheit.

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Physical Anthropology. Illustrated Dictionary
- temperature unit; designation °F; named after D. G. Fahrenheit. On the Fahrenheit scale, at normal atmospheric pressure, the melting point of ice is +32 °F, and the boiling point of water is +212 °F; 1 °F = 1/180 of the difference between these temperatures...
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- a scale on which the melting point of ice represents a temperature equal to 32Source: "Medical...
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- proposed by Baturin for granulometric analysis of sandy-siltstones. Members of Sh.γ are decimal logarithms fraction sizes, increased tenfold and taken with the opposite sign: γ = -10lgε...
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- units temperature equal to 1/180 of the temperature interval between the melting points of ice and the boiling point of water at normal temperatures. atm. pressure, tc =/1.8. where tc is the temperature in °C, tF is the temperature pa in °F. By size 1 °F = 1 °R == 5/9 °C = 5/9K...
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- a temperature scale based on the freezing point and boiling point of water. The interval between these points was divided into 180 equal parts...
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- a temperature scale, 1 degree of which is equal to 1/180 of the difference between the boiling point of water and the melting temperature of ice at atmospheric pressure, and the melting point of ice is taken to be +32°F...
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- temperature scale, 1 degree is equal to 1/180 of the difference between the temperature of boiling water and melting ice at atm. pressure, and the melting point of ice has a temperature of +32 T. Temperature according to F. latitude. is related to the temperature on the Celsius scale by the relation toC...
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- a temperature scale in which the temperature interval between the melting point of ice and the boiling point of water is divided into 180 parts - degrees Fahrenheit, with the melting point of ice assigned a value of 32 ° F, and the boiling point ...
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"Fahrenheit scale" in books

GEOCHRONOLOGICAL SCALE

From the book Amazing Paleontology [The History of the Earth and Life on It] author Eskov Kirill Yurievich

GEOCHRONOLOGICAL SCALE The numbers indicate the boundaries between units: million years ago. Table 1 Notes.1. The rank of Precambrian units (era, period, etc.) correlates with the rank of the corresponding Phanerozoic units very conditionally.2. Cryptozoic (Precambrian):

GEOCHRONOLOGICAL SCALE

From the book Evolution author Jenkins Morton

GEOCHRONOLOGICAL SCALE

Love scale

From the book Why We Love [Nature and Chemistry romantic love] by Helen Fisher

The love scale Our experiment also had one more, additional stage. Before subjecting subjects to magnetic resonance imaging, we asked them to answer several questionnaires, including one we administered to 839 Japanese and American subjects, as well as

Fahrenheit

author Blau Mark Grigorievich

Fahrenheit is a unit of temperature; designation °F; named after D. G. Fahrenheit. On the Fahrenheit scale, at normal atmospheric pressure, the melting point of ice is +32 °F, and the boiling point of water is +212 °F; 1 °F = 1/180 of the difference between these temperatures. Range 0°…+100° Fahrenheit

Fahrenheit degree

From the book The Fate of Eponyms. 300 stories of the origin of words. Dictionary-reference book author Blau Mark Grigorievich

Fahrenheit degree see Fahrenheit degree.

Fahrenheit scale

From the book The Fate of Eponyms. 300 stories of the origin of words. Dictionary-reference book author Blau Mark Grigorievich

Fahrenheit scale see Degree Fahrenheit.

Fahrenheit

From the book The Fate of Eponyms. 300 stories of the origin of words. Dictionary-reference book author Blau Mark Grigorievich

For the Fahrenheit scale, see Degree Fahrenheit.

1. Why did they “offend” the temperature? Fahrenheit error. Order and disorder. When the way down is harder than the way up. Ice boiling water. Do “cold liquids” exist on Earth?

From the book Assault on Absolute Zero author Burmin Genrikh Samoilovich

1. Why did they “offend” the temperature? Fahrenheit error. Order and disorder. When the way down is harder than the way up. Ice boiling water. Do “cold liquids” exist on Earth? We measure length in meters, mass in grams, time in seconds, and temperature in degrees. Distance

Sliding wage scale and sliding hour scale

From the book Stalin against Trotsky author Shcherbakov Alexey Yurievich

Sliding scale wages and a sliding scale of working hours The masses continue, even under the conditions of disintegrating capitalism, to live the everyday life of the oppressed, who are now more than ever in danger of being thrown back to the bottom of pauperism. They have to

Relation between Fahrenheit and Celsius temperature scales:

From book Practical guide Aboriginal knowledge of survival in emergency situations and the ability to rely only on oneself by Bigley Joseph

Relation between Fahrenheit and Celsius temperature scales: When converting from Fahrenheit to Celsius, subtract 32 from the original figure and multiply by 5/9. When converting from the Celsius scale to the Fahrenheit scale, the original figure is multiplied by 9/5 and added 32.

Mineralogical hardness scale (Mohs scale)

From the book A Brief Guide to Essential Knowledge author Chernyavsky Andrey Vladimirovich

Mineralogical hardness scale (scale

Fahrenheit scale

From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (FA) by the author TSB

Scale

From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (SHK) by the author TSB

2. Binet-Simon scale. The concept of "mental age". Stanford–Binet scale

From the book Psychodiagnostics: lecture notes author Luchinin Alexey Sergeevich

2. Binet-Simon scale. The concept of "mental age". Stanford-Binet scale The first Binet-Simon scale (series of tests) appeared in 1905. Then it was revised several times by the authors, who sought to remove from it all tasks that required special training. Binet

4. Binet-Simon scale. The concept of "mental age". Stanford-Binet scale. The concept of “intellectual quotient” (IQ). Works by V. Stern

From the book Psychodiagnostics author Luchinin Alexey Sergeevich

4. Binet-Simon scale. The concept of "mental age". Stanford-Binet scale. The concept of “intellectual quotient” (IQ). Works of V. Stern The first scale (series of tests) of Binet-Simon appeared in 1905. Binet proceeded from the idea that the development of intelligence occurs

). Moreover, one degree Fahrenheit is equal to 1/180 of the difference between these temperatures. The range of 0...+100 °F on the Fahrenheit scale roughly corresponds to the range of -18...+38 °C on the Celsius scale. Zero on the Fahrenheit scale is determined by the freezing point of a 1:1:1 mixture of water, salt and ammonia (corresponding to approximately −17.8 °C). The normal human body temperature (36.6°C) is 97.88°F. The Celsius and Fahrenheit scales intersect numerically at −40 degrees.

Conversion

From Fahrenheit to Celsius:

t_C = (5 \over 9) \cdot (t_F-32).

From Celsius to Fahrenheit:

t_F = (9 \over 5) \cdot t_C + 32.

Temperature conversion chart

Period = from:-50 till:110 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:10 start:-50 ScaleMinor = unit:year increment:1 start:-50

At:start color:green layer:front at:end color:green layer:front at:-40 color:lightline layer:back at:-20 color:lightline layer:back at:0 color:lightline layer:back at:20 color:lightline layer:back at:40 color:red layer:back at:60 color:lightline layer:back at:80 color:lightline layer:back at:100 color:lightline layer:back

Fontsize:10 textcolor:blue pos:(0.13) text:Celsius °C