Online comparison degree forms. Degrees of comparison of adjectives in Russian

Degrees of comparison are a variable morphological feature of qualitative adjectives. There are different forms of positive, comparative and superlative degrees: new - newer - newest; warm - more/less warm - the warmest.

The initial form is a positive degree, naming a feature without correlating it with homogeneous features of other objects ( new house); from it, by adding inflectional suffixes or auxiliary words, simple and compound forms of comparative and superlative degrees are formed.

The comparative degree indicates that the designated attribute is characteristic of a given object in to a greater extent than for another object (or for the same object, but in a different period of time): Our apple tree is taller than the neighbor’s; Today this girl was more talkative than yesterday.

Simple form comparative degree is formed by adding to the base of the adjective the inflectional suffixes -ee/-ee, -e, as well as the non-productive suffix -she: warm - warmer, warmer (colloquial); loud - louder; thin - thinner. The form deeper (from deep) uses the suffix -zhe. If there is a suffix ‑k- or ‑ok- at the end of the stem, it is often truncated: low - lower; distant - further. From the adjectives small, bad, good, the comparative forms are formed by changing the root: less, worse, better. IN colloquial speech to the simple form of the comparative degree the prefix po- is often added, meaning the incompleteness of the manifestation of the attribute (`a little`): older - older, less - less.

Often the formation of a simple form of the comparative degree is prevented by the lexical meaning of a word; for example, it is not formed from adjectives with an “absolute” qualitative meaning such as deaf, bald, dead, blind, or from adjectives denoting the speaker’s subjective assessment of the attribute: enormous, blue.

The compound form of the comparative degree is formed using the auxiliary words more, less: more beautiful, less loud. The meaning of this form is broader than the meaning of forms of the louder type, since not only a greater, but also a lesser degree of intensity of the attribute is expressed (the simple form of the comparative degree indicates only a greater degree of the attribute).

The syntactic functions of the compound form are also wider than those of the simple comparative form. The simple form is usually part of a compound predicate: This essay was more meaningful than the previous one. The compound form can perform the functions of not only a predicate, but also a definition: This time the student wrote a more meaningful essay. The compound form can be formed from almost any qualitative adjective, but is perceived as a somewhat bookish form and is used less often in colloquial speech than simple form comparative degree.

The superlative degree of adjectives indicates that the attribute of an object, denoted by this form, is presented in its maximum manifestation, to the highest degree compared to the same attribute in other compared objects: the smartest student in the class, the brightest room, or for this object in other periods of its existence: Today workers received their highest wages in six months.

Superlatives can also be simple or compound. The simple form is formed by adding to the base of the adjective the inflectional suffix -eysh-: beautiful - the most beautiful or -aysh- (the latter suffix is ​​attached only to the stems on k, g, x): thin - the thinnest. The prefix nai- is often added to this form: the most beautiful, the thinnest. From adjectives small, bad, good form superlatives formed with a change in the root: smaller, worse, better.

The superlative compound form is formed in several ways:

1) by adding to the form of the positive degree the auxiliary word most: the smartest;

2) by adding to the form of the positive degree the auxiliary words most, least: most intelligent, least capable;

3) by adding to the simple form of the comparative degree the auxiliary word all (if the characterized object is inanimate) or all (if the characterized object is animate): The smartest thing was the investigation conducted by a private detective; The student Ivanov turned out to be the most capable.

The most common compound form is the most intelligent type, used as both a predicate and a definition. Forms like smartest/all are used only as a predicate. Forms of the most/least capable type have the broadest meaning, denoting both the highest and lowest degree of manifestation of a characteristic, however, these forms are used primarily in book speech (in business, scientific, newspaper and journalistic styles).

Modern Russian literary language / Ed. P. A. Lekanta - M., 2009

Adjectives (Adjectives) are words that express qualities, characteristics of objects. They answer the question Which?. In a sentence, they usually define a noun. IN English language they do not change either by gender, or by number, or by case:

a little girl - little girl

a little boy - little boy

little children - little children

With a little boy - with a little boy.

Adjectives change only by degrees of comparison (Degrees of Comparison). There are three degrees of comparison of adjectives: positive (Positive Degree), comparative (Comparative Degree), excellent (Superlative Degree).

Rules for the formation of degrees of comparison of adjectives.

Adjectives in the positive degree do not have any endings, for example: quick (fast), slow (slow), old (old), new (new). The comparative and superlative degrees are formed using the suffixes -er and -est or by adding the words more (more) and most (most). The choice of method depends on the original form of the adjective.

Monosyllabic and some two-syllable adjectives form the comparative degree with the suffix -er, and the superlative degree with the suffix -est. Using the suffixes -er, -est, degrees of comparison are formed into two-syllable adjectives ending in -er, -ow, -y, -le (clever, narrow, early, simple).

Here are some examples:

One- and two-syllable adjectives

When writing you must comply certain rules spelling.

1. If an adjective has a short vowel and ends in one consonant, then in the comparative and superlative degrees this consonant is doubled:

big – bigger – biggest

big - bigger - biggest, biggest

Fat – fatter – fattest

thick, fatty – thicker – the thickest

Wet-wetter-wettest

wet, humid – more humid – the most humid

Sad – sadder – saddest

sad, sad – sadder – saddest

thin – thinner – thinnest

thin, thin – thinner – thinnest

2. If the adjective ends with a letter -y with a preceding consonant, then in the comparative and superlative degrees the letter y changes to i:

Easy – easier – easiest

light - lighter - lightest, lightest

early – earlier – earliest

early – earlier – earliest

dry – drier – driest

dry, arid – drier – driest

But the word shy (shy, fearful) does not obey this rule and forms degrees of comparison as follows:

shy – shyer – shyest.

3. If the adjective ends with a letter -e, then in the comparative and superlative degrees it is added -r, -st:

wide – wider – widest

wide - wider - widest, widest

late – later – latest

late – later – the latest

fine – finer – finest

good, wonderful – better – the best

simple – simpler – simplest

simple - simpler - simplest

Polysyllabic adjectives, i.e. Adjectives consisting of three or more syllables form degrees of comparison using the words more for the comparative degree and most for the superlative degree. Consider the following examples:

Polysyllabic adjectives

In the same way, i.e. using the words more for the comparative degree and most for the superlative degree, we form some degrees of comparison two-syllable words that end in -ed and -

Adjectives can have degrees of comparison: comparative and superlative. The comparative degree shows that in one or another object the characteristic is manifested to a greater extent than in another, for example: Left bank of the river cooler right; Left bank of the river cooler than the right one.

The superlative degree shows that this or that object is superior to other objects on some basis, for example: Baikal - deepest lake on Earth; Baikal - the deepest lake on Earth.

Adjectives in the comparative form in a sentence are predicates, and in the superlative form they are modifiers.

281 . Write, underlining adjectives in the comparative and superlative form as parts of a sentence. Above adjectives in the comparative form write compare, in the superlative form - prev. Is it possible to insert its synonyms in place of the highlighted word? Why?

1. On the territory.. of our Motherland, that is, the most big river to Europe.. - Volga. 2. Central Siberian plateau - one of the largest in the world... 3. Klyuchevskaya Sopka - the most high volcano in Asia.. 3 . 4. The origin of the Northern.. Urals is more severe than the origin of the Middle.. and Southern.. Urals.

The comparative degree of adjectives has two forms: simple and compound.

The simple form of the comparative degree is formed by adding to the base initial form adjective suffixes -her(s) , for example: friendly - more friendly (to her); -e(there is an alternation of consonants before it), for example: louder - louder; -she, for example: thin - thinner.

Sometimes when adding suffixes -e And -she the suffix is ​​cut off from the base of the initial form -k- (-ok, -yok), for example: sweet - sweeter, thin - thinner.

The adjectives small (small), bad, good form a simple comparative form from other stems: less, worse, better.

Adjectives in the form of the simple comparative degree do not change either by gender, or by number, or by case. In a sentence they are predicates.

282 . Form the simple comparative form of adjectives. In what meaning is the highlighted word taken when forming the comparative form in paragraph 2? in the 3rd?

1. Handsome - more beautiful; nice, happy, calm, comfortable, terrible, pr..red, pr..lying, pr..wonderful, pr..attractive, pr..visual, old, skillful, free..free.
2. Long - longer; early, old, thin, distant, bitter.
3. Small - less; bad, good.

283 . Write down, forming a simple comparative degree from the adjectives given in brackets. Underline them as parts of the sentence. Which adjectives take the simple comparative form from another stem?

1. Health (expensive) gold. 4 2. Good words..va (good) my..whom p..horns. 3. After work 3 food (delicious). 4. True (light) sun. 5. Rainy, summer (bad) autumn...

(Proverbs.)

The compound comparative form is usually formed by adding the word more to the initial form of the adjective: friendly - more friendly, loud - louder.

In adjectives in the form of a compound comparative degree, the second word changes according to gender, case and number, for example: at a higher price.

In a sentence, adjectives in the form of the compound comparative are usually predicates and modifiers, for example: This year the winter is snowier than last; We returned home along a wider road.

The compound form of the comparative degree is more often used in scientific style.

284 . Form a compound comparative form using adjectives in all three births. Make 2-3 sentences with the words written down.

Sad(?)ny, clear(?)nyy, dangerous(?)nyy, ruthless(?)nyy, lazy.

285 . Write it down using missing commas. Underline the adjectives as parts of the sentence. Name the types of spelling in place of spaces and brackets.

My Fatherland Russia

Ural

I live in the depths of Russia...
In the land of lakes and ore rocks.
Here the rivers are blue, the mountains are blue
And in blue 3 o..lights meta(l, ll).
Regardless of the hidden forces...
I have nothing to compare my Ural with.
Russia looks different here,
More severe, perhaps.
Or maybe she's younger here...
It’s a holy time here..no boundary(?).
But the Russian heart is still the same.
And kindness. And the same songs!
And the faces are the same as in Ryazan...
And we sound the same (?) to them..on.
Like the sun in a precious stone...
In the Urals.. Rus' is reflected.

(L. Tatyanicheva.)

Comparison of two objects on any basis can be expressed in different ways, for example: Brother is more attentive than sister; Brother is more attentive than sister.

286 . Compare the following items in some respect. Write down the resulting sentences. Identify the members of the sentence in them. How did you express the comparison? Express the same thoughts in a different way.

Sun and Earth. Moon and Earth. Ural and Caucasus Mountains. Barents Sea and Black Sea. Vegetation 3 tundra and taiga vegetation. Yenisei and Volga.

The superlative degree of adjectives has two forms: simple and compound.

The simple superlative form is formed by adding a suffix to the initial form of the adjective. -eysh- (-aysh-) , for example: fair - fairest. Before -aysh- consonant alternation occurs, for example: deep - deepest. This form of adjectives is most often used in book speech.

Adjectives in the simple superlative form are declined.

The superlative compound form is a combination of the words most, most and the initial (original) form of the adjective, for example: the most fair, the most strict.

In the compound superlative degree of adjectives, the word most is unchangeable, for example: in the most inaccessible place.

Adjectives in the superlative form in a sentence are most often adjectives.

287 . Write the adjectives in simple and compound superlative form. Highlight the suffix, underline the alternating consonants.

288 . Copy by inserting the missing adjectives in the compound superlative form. Write the words in brackets into in the required form. Why some proper names are they enclosed in quotes? Which proper names are not declined? What case are they in?

At the meeting of the “Famous Captains Club,” sailors, travelers, and characters from adventure novels gathered 4. - - among them was Dick Sand, g..roy r..mana (Jules Verne) “The Fifteen-Year-Old Captain.” - - everyone considered Tartarin of Tarascon, the hero of the novel (Alphonse Daudet), and - - was, of course, Baron Munchausen from the books.. (Raspe). All members of Club 3 took into account the opinion - - of them Captain Nemo, one of the heroes of the books.. (Jules Verne) “The Mysterious Island”.

Reference: wise, cheerful, young, “truthful”, famous.

289 . What rivers, lakes, mountains, cities are there in your area? Compare rivers by width and length, mountains by height, lakes by depth, cities and villages by size. Use synonyms when making sentences high-water, full-flowing; deep, bottomless; shallow, shallow, shallow. Underline the adjectives in the comparative form.

Here
Adjectives can have degrees of comparison: comparative and superlative.

The comparative degree of an adjective indicates that a characteristic characteristic of an object is manifested in it to a greater or lesser extent than in another object or objects:

Your briefcase is heavier than mine.
Your briefcase is heavier than mine.

The superlative degree indicates that in some one way the subject is superior to all other subjects:

Yerevan is the most ancient city peace.

The comparative degree of adjectives has two forms:
simple and compound.

Simple form of comparative adjective
is formed by adding the suffixes -ee (-ee), -e, -she to the base of the initial form of the adjective:
kind - kinder, young - younger, thin - thinner.

The suffix of adjectives -k- (-ok-, -ek-) can be dropped if a simple
the comparative form is formed using the suffixes -e, -she.
In this case, there is also an alternation of consonants in the root:
low - lower, high - higher, thin - thinner.

Some adjectives have a comparative form with a different stem:

good is better, bad is worse, small is smaller.

The forms of the comparative degree in -ee(s), -e, -she can be joined by the prefix po-, which enhances or softens the degree of manifestation of the characteristic in one of the objects:

kinder (s), softer, thinner.

These forms, as well as forms like bolder, are characteristic of colloquial speech:

By nightfall the wind became stronger. The nights have become warmer.

The simple form of the comparative degree is unchangeable,
has no endings, but acts as a predicate in a sentence
or (less commonly) definitions:
Good words better than a soft pie. Wear a warm coat.

The simple form of the comparative degree cannot be formed from all adjectives (timid, tall, businesslike, etc.).

The compound form of the comparative degree is formed by adding the words more or less to the initial form of the adjective:

fast - faster, loud - less loud.

The second word in the compound form of the comparative degree changes according to gender, case and number:

deeper snow, deeper river, more deep rivers.

Adjectives in the compound form of the comparative degree in a sentence can be predicates and modifiers:
Our arguments are more subtle and profound. No one could give more convincing arguments.

When forming a compound comparative form
Avoid mistakes like more beautiful.

The superlative degree of adjectives has two forms:
simple and compound.

The simple superlative form of adjectives is formed by adding the suffixes -eysh- (-aysh-) to the base of the initial form of the adjective:
modest - the most modest, great - the greatest.

Before -aysh- there is an alternation of consonants:
strict - the strictest, quiet - the quietest.

The suffix -k- may appear: close - closest.

The simple form of the superlative degree changes according to gender, number,
cases. In a sentence it is a predicate or (less often) a definition:
The journey is most interesting. This was a story about an interesting journey.

The simple superlative form is most often used in literary speech.