Mushrooms that make you sick. Where to look for the Psilocybe semilanceolate mushroom: places of growth

These “gifts of the forest” are classified as poisonous. inedible mushrooms. Another negative quality of Psilocybe papillary is its psychoactive effect on the human body. After eating these hallucinogens, the first negative sensations appear within the first 60 minutes.

Psilocybe papillary belongs to the category of poisonous inedible mushrooms

In order not to be poisoned by this dangerous hallucinogenic product, you need to have a good idea of ​​what it looks like.

This product of “forest hunting” belongs to the genus Psilocybe, species Psilocybe semilacentum. Psilocybe papillae is a psilocybin mushroom.

His hat looks like a bell, and its shape is sometimes compared to a cone. Diameter - from 4 to 21 cm. In old mushrooms, the cap opens almost completely. Its color can be:

• olive;
• gray;
• beige;
• light brown.

It runs along the edges large number grooves. And even if it opens, a small, blunt-shaped tubercle remains in its center. The skin is almost always slippery, sticky to the touch, and easily detaches from the pulp.

The leg of psilocybe is thin, hollow and curved inside. Scales may grow on it at the base. The color of the legs ranges from white to gray and yellow. Its height ranges from 5 to 12 cm.

The cap of Psilocybe semilanceolate is similar to a bell, and its shape is sometimes compared to a cone

The pulp is very thin, light yellow in color. If you break it, you can smell a slight smell of withered greenery, and its aroma also contains the smell of mold. The main difference between this psilocybe and its counterparts is that if the cap is broken, its color changes to blue. When dry, it also takes on a blue tint.

The reverse side of the cap is plate-type; the plates are thin, frequent, and in young mushrooms they have an ocher or gray color. As they age, the color of the plates changes to dark blue or purple, and then may turn black.

These dangerous “gifts of the forest” are unsuitable for consumption. They are not used in official or folk medicine.

Gallery: psilocybe papillary mushroom (25 photos)

Features of psilocybe (video)

The psychoactive alkaloids psilocin and psilocybin, belonging to the tryptamine family, were found in psilocybe. Due to the strong impact of these alkaloids on the human psyche, these mushrooms fall under the scope of our country's Anti-Drug Trafficking and Similar Law. And although it is believed that when psilocybe is dried, psychoactive substances decompose, it is not possible to determine their exact amount in the dried product. Therefore, Psilocybe semilanceolata should not be eaten in any form.

Psilocin affects the psyche of specific people differently; it is difficult to determine the dose at which a person shows signs of poisoning and the effect of these hallucinogens on the human psyche and nervous system. It depends on the places where the psilocybe were collected and on the individual susceptibility of the person. One thing we can say is that 15-20 mushrooms are enough for a person’s psyche to suffer.

The psychoactive alkaloids psilocin and psilocybin, belonging to the tryptamine family, were found in psilocybe.

The hallucinogenic substances that make up Psilocybe papillary affect the human body approximately 5-7 hours after the first signs of poisoning appear. Moreover the first symptoms of such effects can be observed within half an hour after consumption dishes with these mushrooms, and after a mushroom decoction, symptoms appear within 7-10 minutes. The increase in symptoms to the peak continues for approximately another 60 minutes, the peak time lasts up to 3 hours, then mental disorders begin to subside within 2 hours. In this case, a person can become completely or partially insane, and it is often impossible to get out of this state without the help of specialists (psychiatrists).

After the effect of these psychotropic hallucinogenic mushrooms on the human body ceases, the effects of their use can be visible in people for several days. This can be expressed in complete peace, and a person must make an effort in order to adequately perceive his surroundings. Sometimes during this period people fall into depression, which ends in suicide attempts.

Another negative quality of Psilocybe papillary is its psychoactive effect on the human body.

This state of the human psyche is called a trip. Those who have consumed these mushrooms say that their effects on the body are milder than synthetic drugs.

Other names for the mushroom

In our country, Psilocybe semilanceolate has other names that were given to it by the people:

• sharp conical bald spot;
• liberty cap;
• bald.

The mushroom received these names thanks to appearance caps of young fungi.

Habitat of Psilocybe semilanceolata (video)

Where does Psilocybe semilanceolata grow in Russia?

Where to look for this mushroom in our country? In our country, Psilocybe semilanceolata can be found in regions with a temperate or subarctic climate, in particular in the Moscow region and other areas with similar climatic conditions.

This mushroom loves moist, nutritious soils, therefore, it is often found in pastures, among the grass in meadows and clearings. It can be found along the banks of lakes or rivers, in irrigated fields or on swamp hummocks.

In the hot season, psilocybe is not found, usually in large quantities they begin to grow from the second ten days of August. They are not afraid of frost, so they can be found in damp places until the end of November - beginning of December.

Hallucinogenic mushrooms are pronounced neurotoxic poison, causing strong hallucinations. When using drugs of this group, they develop psychoneuroses, schizophrenia is provoked, there is an exacerbation of psychopathic personality traits, genetic disorders, etc. Systematic use can lead to drug addiction, and in some cases, fatal. Sustainable psychological dependence. Drug use has never been the norm.

Without really knowing why to eat mushrooms, without understanding their effects, without preparing for this, taking mushrooms is dangerous even physically. Under the influence of mushrooms, the body is more controlled by the subconscious. Hidden fears and psychological complexes, suppressed in the normal state by consciousness, spill out. Attacks of fear, self-doubt, and fear of the world around us arise. Self-hypnosis (often unconscious) manifests itself very strongly. In the first minutes, everything really makes a person very happy, but as soon as you doubt a little about the harmlessness of the effects of mushrooms, you begin to be afraid of everyone and everything. The danger in this case is in public places! The subway is simply hell for a person in this condition.

“Wise Indians” live only in films, books, and also occasionally (very) on our sinful land. The wisdom of a people is most often not the wisdom of each of its representatives. This wisdom - a phenomenon, a process - is akin to the elements and by its nature consists of traditions, knowledge, religions accumulated over centuries.

Regarding this, I can say the following: yes, there are different fly agarics when different preparations They really give an amazing effect, but it’s also different. White (aka pale grebes) or brindle ones lead to death (no matter how you cook them), and red, classic ones, are the least dangerous. Fly agarics (again, red ones) when consumed (even raw!) give an effect similar to vodka. In any case, there are more negative factors, not to mention the risk.

If you still want to escape from reality into the world of hallucinations? Then your path lies to the Netherlands, Germany or Spain, where you can freely and legally purchase hallucinogenic mushrooms on store shelves (). However, you should hurry, as the governments of European countries, one after another, are passing laws prohibiting the sale of cheap hallucinogenic products.

The hallucinogenic effect of mushrooms is associated with the psilocin they contain. The content of these substances is 0.1-0.6% of the weight of the dried mushroom and varies depending on the type of mushroom.

Psilocybin (and its close relative psilocin), as well as the synthetic drug LSD, belong to the group of hallucinogens. The narcotic components of mushrooms disrupt the metabolism of the neurotransmitter serotonin and disable the serotonergic systems of the brain responsible for processing information, regulating mood and critically perceiving the environment.

The effect of psilocybin when consumed in an average dose (6-10 mg) occurs after approximately 20 minutes. Most often, illusions arise at the first stage. The perception of the surrounding world becomes unnaturally heightened: sounds seem more harmonious, and colors become more vibrant. The perception of time and space is distorted. A person is able to control illusions.

The effect increases over 3 hours. Multiple auditory and visual hallucinations appear, the image becomes reticular. The feelings of a person under the influence can range from euphoria to a feeling of melancholy, horror, and the meaninglessness of life. Over the next 3-4 hours, the effect of the mushrooms gradually weakens, and the person returns to a relatively normal state of consciousness.

The behavior of people in a state of “mushroom” intoxication is unpredictable. The most dangerous are attacks of uncontrollable aggression, leading to suicide and murder.

Hallucinogenic mushrooms do not cause physical dependence; however, mental dependence is formed. When taking psilocybin more than once every 7-10 days, an increase in tolerance quickly occurs - to obtain a similar effect, a dose approximately 1.5-2 times higher than the initial one is required.

With repeated use of psilocybin or psilocin, the brain's serotonergic systems are gradually degraded, which can lead to the formation of a disease state resembling schizophrenia. The condition is characterized by an inability to think logically, loss of energy and interest in life, depression with periodic hallucinations without any drug use. “Mushroom” addicts are characterized by fruitless philosophizing at the most general topics philosophy, worldview and religion, in medical jargon called “philosophical intoxication.”

In Russia, the danger of mushrooms, which are a cheap substitute for the potent synthetic drug LSD, was recognized relatively long ago. The collection, transportation, storage and processing of mushrooms (any part of the fruiting body) containing psilocybin and/or psilocin is a criminal offense. For illegal cultivation on a large scale (from 20 fruiting bodies), Article 231 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation provides for punishment in the form of imprisonment for a term of 3 to 8 years.

Attention! The deliberate collection and use of hallucinogenic mushrooms is prohibited by the legislation of the Russian Federation and other countries.

If the consumption of poisonous mushrooms “lies” on the conscience and health of mushroom pickers only, then for the mass collection, cultivation and distribution of some species in most European countries there is a penalty criminal liability. It's about about hallucinogenic mushrooms.

According to scientific classification, these include two categories:

• mushrooms from the fly agaric family;
• psilocybin mushrooms, which have in their main composition such dangerous substances as psilocybin and psilocin (psilocybe, fibres, gymnopiles and paneolus).

How do such mushrooms act on the human body?

It is noteworthy that the “degree of danger” is different for each species: some mushrooms retain their properties after storage in a dried form, while in others they completely disappear, and there are also specimens that fresh in a closed room they cause hallucinations even without their use, by inhaling the aroma.

After consuming fly agaric representatives, within 30 minutes a sleepy state sets in, which is accompanied by vivid visions (sometimes the symptoms “linger” for 3-4 hours). It is replaced by strong excitement with hallucinations, and this happens one by one. In addition, dizziness, convulsions and confusion of speech occur. Do not forget about the muscarine contained in fly agaric species: it causes excessive salivation, lacrimation, vomiting and diarrhea, in general, all the signs of poisoning are evident.

Psilocybin mushrooms act even faster and more acutely:

• 15 minutes is enough to feel the touch of needles rolling over your entire body in waves;
• the perception of the external world, both sounds and light, and taste sensations is heightened;
• appears anxious worry turning into panic;
• strong rage and aggression rolls in, not only towards others, but also towards oneself personally, often ending in murder and suicide;
• in other cases there are also positive emotions– feeling of flight, euphoria.

This continues until the effect of the hallucinogen wears off.

It is impossible to predict what effect eating mushrooms will have, rage or euphoric freedom.

The simultaneous use of mushrooms from both categories has extremely serious consequences, leading to severe disorders nervous system and decreased blood clotting. We invite you to take a closer look at known species hallucinogenic mushrooms, so that during a quiet hunt dangerous specimens do not end up in your basket and spoil your dinner with an undesirable, and sometimes even dangerous, effect.

Sacred mushroom of the ancient Mayans - red fly agaric

One of the most famous hallucinogenic mushrooms is the red fly agaric due to the high content of ibotenic acid, muscimol and bufotenin in the pulp. Its bright red cap with white warts is clearly visible among the grass, but the white flakes are easily washed off after heavy rain. The tuberous leg near the ground is empty inside, looks like a cylinder and is ringed. After eating the poisonous white pulp, the first signs of nausea appear within 20 minutes.

Among African tribes, the fly agaric is nicknamed “eat and hear a voice from heaven.” Ancient peoples often used red fly agaric during rituals and prepared a “divine drink” based on it, which caused hallucinations.

Fun mushroom

Among the lamellar mushrooms of the strophariaceae family there are miniature and slender mushrooms called Psilocybe semilunate. They grow mainly in grass, among abandoned farms, where the soil is fertilized with animal manure. The diameter of the conical cap does not exceed 25 mm, but its height is one and a half times greater. The skin is slimy and easily peeled off, colored beige, or brown in old mushrooms. Wet environment growth contributes to the appearance of darker stripes on the cap. The leg is quite tall and thin, but very flexible, slightly lighter than the hat. The yellowish pulp turns blue when broken (and also when dried).

Psilocybe semilanceolata is also called the fungus for its hallucinogenic properties. Other names for the mushroom: sharp conical bald head, liberty cap.

The psychoactive substances contained in mushrooms have an almost irreparable effect on the nervous system and psyche. 10-20 minutes after consuming the decoction with mushrooms, consciousness begins to change, peace sets in, turning into depression and possible loss of mind. The effect of mushrooms lasts up to 7 hours, but the enhanced perception of the surrounding world persists for several more days.

Weakly hallucinogenic Paneolus moth

Another herbaceous-dung resident, Paneolus moth, is also a bit similar to the fun-loving one. Most often it can be found in grassy areas with cow or horse manure. Young mushrooms have gray-brown conical caps, slightly curved inward, with scaly remains of the cover. With age, they take on the shape of a bell, lighten, and almost all the scales fall off. The length of the leg can reach 12 cm, it is very brittle, hollow, dirty brown in color, which becomes darker when pressed. In small mushrooms, the stem is covered with a white coating, but in adults it is not. The grayish pulp is thin, odorless.

According to some sources, psilocybin is contained in a small concentration in the pulp of this mushroom, but it still causes hallucinations, albeit an order of magnitude weaker.

The fungus that causes schizophrenia syndrome is sulfur head

One of the highly active types of hallucinogenic mushrooms is sulfur head- small mushrooms growing on logs and in damp grass. In young specimens, the cap has the shape of a cone, but then completely straightens, and the edges bend upward. Its diameter does not exceed 5 cm, and the color can be either yellow or chestnut depending on the weather (it darkens during rains). The length of the yellowish leg is on average 10 cm, slightly thicker at the bottom.

If the cap is damaged, dark blue spots of irregular shape appear on its surface in these places.

A quarter of an hour after consuming sulfur head, a person falls into a delirious state, all senses are heightened, and the sense of reality is lost. The mushroom causes mental dependence when used frequently, and also disrupts the functioning of the cardiac system and causes kidney failure.

Mushroom growing in poop - poop bald spot

Stropharia shit, as this variety is also called, can not be found very often in our area (its habitat is in Central America and Mexico), but it doesn’t hurt to know about it. The poop bald head received its name for its love of animal excrement, in which it grows, as well as for its small (no more than 2.5 mm) brown semicircular cap with reflections and longitudinal strokes, decorated with a light border along the edges. Her leg is brittle, a little lighter, thicker at the bottom.

Less than half an hour after dinner with stropharia shit:

• consciousness is confused;
• limbs begin to tremble;
• hallucinations and a feeling of endless joy or, conversely, anxiety arise.

Long-term use of bald poop leads to severe mental disorders.

Bright beauty stropharia blue-green

Among the rotten wood of spruce species, small groups grow in small groups. beautiful mushroom brightly colored - blue-green stropharia. Young specimens have a conical cap that is dark blue with a green tint and is completely covered with thick mucus. A darker hill can be seen in the center, and white flakes hang from the edges - the remains of the bedspread. Old mushrooms are no longer so slimy and less colorful. The leg is the same color as the cap, scaly at the bottom and ringed at the top. When cut, the cap is bluish and the leg is yellow, the flesh smells pleasant. The total height of the mushroom does not exceed 10 cm.

Stropharia blue-green in most countries is considered edible mushroom and eat it after removing the skin and boiling it well. However, its pulp contains meconic acid, which is part of opium, and in raw or undercooked form, the mushrooms cause mild hallucinations, however, the effect disappears after two hours.

Inedible and even poisonous mycena pure

Mycena pure contains this dangerous substance, like muscarine, and can not only cause hallucinations, but even lead to death if you eat a lot of mushrooms.

First, a person loses his sense of reality and sensitivity increases, then changes occur at the level of the body, namely:

• pupils become smaller;
• Saliva and bile begin to be released abundantly;
• pulse becomes rapid;
• body temperature decreases;
• convulsions appear.

In some countries, pure mycena is protected from destruction and is listed in the Red Book.

Externally, the mushroom looks very modest: a slightly convex thin cap is painted in a soft purple color, with fibers hanging down along the edges. The hollow stem at the top is slightly lighter. The pulp is watery and smells of alkali.

Photogenic Gymnopilus Juno

In mid-summer, under the oak trees, whole families of fairly large mushrooms with orange fleshy caps on dense legs in a brown belt grow. This is Gymnopilus Juno and its yellowish, very bitter and almond-smelling pulp contains psilocybin. After dinner with such mushrooms, you can admire visual hallucinations for several hours.

The amount of psychedelics in Gymnopilus pulp depends on the area of ​​growth: the most hallucinogenic are mushrooms growing in countries Far East, but European species can be completely harmless.

Cereal crops infected with ergot can provoke an entire epidemic, because even after heat treatment(for example, baking bread) mushrooms retain their dangerous properties.

A small amount of mushrooms eaten intoxicates the mind, causing joyful euphoria or causeless rage, but large doses of alkaloids kill. At the same time, a lot has been created based on this mushroom. medicines, helping in the treatment of women's, nervous and mental diseases.

There are many more varieties of hallucinogenic mushrooms that have negative impact not only on health, but also on the human psyche. Collecting them even for good purposes, such as making homemade medicinal potions, is categorically not recommended, because it is very difficult to calculate the dosage. Self-medication is more expensive for yourself, and certainly do not use such mushrooms to “lift your mood.” Take care of yourself and collect only edible mushrooms!

How hallucinogenic mushrooms work - video

Hallucinogenic mushrooms contain tryptamine surfactant groups that affect the central nervous system. Today, almost twenty species of the genus Psilocybe are known, but American and Asian representatives are still poorly studied.

Cosmopolitans are widespread on all continents. They prefer marshy soil. They also grow on soil, branches and dead plant stems. They can be found on sawdust; some of them choose sphagnum bogs, peat, and manure.

Appearance of psilocybin mushroom

Their application is unique. Manuscripts found describing Aztec culture tell of rituals in which mushrooms were used to induce hallucinations. The Mayan priests also resorted to their help when conducting religious ceremonies. Used in Central America for a long time. According to the Indians, they are divine. Any person going into the forest should be able to recognize psilocybin mushrooms in order to protect themselves from the serious consequences of their use.

Psilocybe is easy to recognize by its appearance: the cap is yellow, olive or red, and the surface is dry or wet. Its location and microclimate play a role in this. The upper plate is adherent to the leg.

Mushrooms that affect the neurosensory parts of the cerebral cortex and cause mental disorders are called psychomimetics (i.e. psychodysleptics, psychogenics, psychedelics). They differ in external signs and the chemical composition of the active substances, but they are united by the ability to influence the mental state of a person and introduce him into a state of altered consciousness, i.e., have an entheogenic effect. People call them hallucinogenic, magic, magic mushrooms. According to some sources, regular uncontrolled use of psychogenic mushrooms can lead to dangerous negative consequences both for the psyche and for physical health. Other studies have not found any connection between the use of psychoactive mushrooms and mental health problems.

Since ancient times, hallucinogenic mushrooms have been used by humans as entheogens during religious ceremonies, and also in small doses as psychostimulants. The oldest rock paintings of rituals using psychoactive mushrooms are known from Africa and are 6,500–9,000 years old. Such designs are known in Algeria, Libya, Chad and Egypt. In the early Christian and medieval churches of Tunisia and Western Europe frescoes depicting “mushroom trees” entwined with snakes were discovered, which indicates the presence of the cult of mushrooms in the early Christian traditions. Psychotropic mushrooms (wheat grains contaminated with ergot) were also allegedly used in ancient Greece in the ceremonies of the Eleusinian mysteries (see below). The use of psychogenic mushrooms was widespread among the Indians of pre-Columbian Mexico and Central America. For example, the red fly agaric was a sacred mushroom among the ancient Mayans, and psilocybe was used in religious rituals by the Aztecs 3,000 years ago. Temples more than 2,500 years old with sculptures of a magic mushroom with human face. Rituals using hallucinogenic mushrooms have been preserved among Central American tribes until the present day.

However, for Europeans, knowledge about psychoactive mushrooms long time remained inaccessible because they were protected from spread by the Indians. The research of R. Gordon Wasson and his wife Valentina Pavlovna-Wasson played a decisive role in the discovery of the role of psilocybin mushrooms.

Fly agarics were used in the Middle Ages by the Vikings, and also for centuries by shamans northern peoples, living in Taimyr, Kamchatka and Chukotka.

In the 60s - 70s of the 20th century, the use of “magic mushrooms” spread in America, which then spread to Europe and became widespread. At the end of the 20th - beginning of the 21st century, among people who use hallucinogens, the use of mushrooms of the genus Psilocybe actively displaces other natural psychedelics.

Hallucinogenic mushrooms are very diverse in species composition and are distributed throughout the world. Over the past 60 years since the rediscovery of the cult use of hallucinogenic mushrooms by the natives of North America in the 1950s, many species of such mushrooms have been identified, and in countries where entheogenic mushrooms were previously unknown, a new culture of their use has emerged.

In the epicenter of the new wave, that is, Mexico, the history of the use of hallucinogenic mushrooms goes back to stone age, as, indeed, is the culture of using the red fly agaric in Siberia. The Indians have more than 20 traditional names for mushrooms of the genus Psilocybe(primarily species P. cubensis, P. mexicana And P. zapotecorum), reflecting the influence of these mushrooms on humans or expressing respect for them. For example, in local languages ​​they are called apipiltzin (child), atkad (chief), di nizé taaya (spirit mushroom), teotlaquilnanácatl (divine mushroom), as well as teonanácatl (sacred mushroom; this is a rare and less common local name nowadays for some reason began to be used for all hallucinogenic Mexican mushrooms without exception). Among modern Spanish-language names, the most common are san isidros (Saint Isidore of Madrid, Isidore the Peasant, is the patron saint of Madrid and several settlements in Spain and America, as well as the entire peasantry), pajaritos (birds) and derrumbes (overthrowers).

In the 1950s, a systematic study of hallucinogenic mushrooms (not only in Mexico, but throughout the world) was begun by the famous mycologists Ame, Singer and Wasson. By the end of this decade, about 20 entheogenic species, belonging mainly to the genus Psilocybe, and also Conocybe, Panaeolus, Elaphocordyceps, Claviceps And Amanita. Also at that time it was mistakenly believed that some types of edible horned mushrooms ( Clavariadelphus And Gomphus) have ergotic properties Elaphocordyceps. In 1957, the Wasson couple drew attention to the use of the red fly agaric mushroom as a sacred mushroom in Siberia ( Amanita muscaria), and conducted field research among the Chukchi, Koryaks and Kamchadals. In the 1960s, Singer, Ame and Wasson identified the entheogenic use of certain Psilocybe, Russula(russula) and a number of boletus (tubular) mushrooms among native New Guinea.

The status of hallucinogenic mushrooms is at times quite problematic. Researchers often encounter a number of difficulties in classifying a particular species as an entheogen.

For example, mushrooms are known to be natural stimulants (like cocaine leaves in small doses), and it is not always clear whether they somehow change the consciousness of the user, or simply have a long-lasting tonic effect. These fungi include some polypores containing hordenine, N-methyltyramine and tyramine ( Laetiporus spp. And Meripilus giganteus). In addition to the tonic effect, their chemistry certainly causes a certain response in the central nervous system, expressed in mild dizziness and temporary loss of orientation. However, both tonic and psychotropic effects are not noted in all places where they grow. Other tinder fungi are known with a similar dual manifestation: for example, Polyporus tubester, Poria coconuts, Ganoderma lucidum, Fomes fomentarius and others are used for religious worship in various parts of the planet as stimulants and/or entheogens, and at the same time do not exhibit any similar properties in other places. Should such mushrooms be considered psychotropic, or stimulants, or simply cultic? It's not clear yet.

Similar problems are associated with lamellar mushrooms. A number of species belonging to genera Gerronema, Hygrocybe, Gymnopilus And Inocybe, is considered psychogenic by some researchers, but not by others.

It is not always possible to separate toxicity from hallucinogenicity. It is immediately worth citing the example of fly agarics containing bufotenin ( Amanita pantherina, A. cothurnata And A. citrina). Weakly poisonous Chlorophyllum molybdites used by the African Yoruba tribe as an entheogen, and is called a jegba ariwo-orun (“eat and hear voices from heaven”). However, not all scientists consider this mushroom to be poisonous. There is a reasonable opinion that different geographical races of the fungus have varying degrees of toxicity, including safe forms.

The classification of a number of puffballs as “magical” or “non-magical” mushrooms is also debated among scientists. On the one hand, the cult use of raincoats by some tribes of the Indians of the North and South America. These include such completely harmless species in Eurasia as the pearl puffball ( Lycoperdon perlatum), and species with proven neurotropism ( Vascellum qudenii, Lycoperdon marginat um, L. mixtecorum). Moreover, in the Mixtec zone, other (in other places normal) types of raincoats are considered hallucinogenic: Lycoperdon pratense, L. curtisii, L. intermedium, L. oblongiosporum, Astraeus hygrometricus And Scleroderma verrucosum. Chemical analysis of all these mushrooms did not show the presence of psilocybin or any other psychotropic amino acids or alkaloids. As a result, until now there is no consensus on “Mixtec” raincoats. The North American Veselka is in the same situation. Phallus indusiatus (= Dictyophora indusiata), which is used as a narcotic raincoat by the Chinantec Indians (also in Oaxaca), and nowhere else. What is this? Some special climate of the state, or unique rain races, or even some special Indians living in the state with a unique physiology or psyche?..

Often, errors or inaccuracies in chemical analysis often lead to doubts or even errors when classifying mushrooms as hallucinogenic. Most often, this is mistaking other substances for psilocybin and its analogues. Thus, the “victims” of incorrect analysis were Stropharia cyanea (= Psilocybe caerulea, = S. caerulea) And Mycena pura. There are great doubts Psathyrella candolleana, Rickenella swartzii, Gerronema fibula, Gymnopilus fulgens And Hygrocybe psittacina.

Often the same type of mushroom is considered by different researchers both as psychogenic and as mentally neutral. This is, for example, Conocybe siligineoides.

Another common reason for erroneously classifying a mushroom as hallucinogenic (or non-hallucinogenic) is its incorrect species identification. This is especially common among a complex genus rich in difficult-to-distinguish species Psilocybe, and even when working with Panaeolus Similar problems often arise. Moreover, separate Panaeolus easily “merge” when collected en masse with such species as, for example, Psilocybe mexicana. Examples of such erroneous definitions were Panaeolina foenisecii (= Panaeolus foenisecii, = Psathyrella foenisecii) And Panaeolus papilionaceus (= P. campanulatus, = P. sphinctrinus), which do not and never have contained psilocybin.

And finally, the age of the fungal material being studied may influence the inequalities of the data. It has been established that with long-term storage, the percentage of psychoactive substances of mushrooms to their dry mass is significantly reduced. Therefore, an old herbarium specimen may not show the presence of psilocin or psilocybin at all. At the same time, studies have shown that in herbarium specimens of different types of mushrooms, the percentage of psilocybin or its analogues decreases in different ways. For example, baeocystin Psilocybe baeocystis And P. cyanescens disappears within two months to one year. After a year of herbarium storage, they completely or almost completely lose their hallucinogenic properties. P. mexicana And P. caerulescens. But at P. semilanceata, according to the experiment, psilocybin is detected (though in an amount of 0.01% of the “norm”) even in 130-year-old dried specimens.

Currently, more than 200 species of mushrooms containing psychoactive substances have been identified in the world. From the point of view of the chemistry of these substances, such mushrooms can be divided into a number of groups.

As it becomes clear from this “breakdown” into types of effects, the mechanism of action of the substances contained in mushrooms has a specific species orientation: some types of mushrooms predominantly increase motor activity, others have a pronounced narcotic effect, while others cause a hallucinogenic effect. Intoxication can also occur through mixed type. Depending on the manifestations of intoxication, the following main psychopathological syndromes are distinguished:

• mycoatropic(psychotonic) syndrome;
• psychodysleptic syndromes including bufotenine And psilocybin(narcotic), pyrone(stimulant with visual hallucinations) and indoleamine Kavalactones are a class of lactone compounds that exhibit a wide range of effects, including amnestic, analgesic, anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, nootropic and sedative effects, caused by a variety of interactions with the central nervous system through a variety of mechanisms.