Religious wars and the strengthening of the absolute monarchy. Lesson summary: religious wars and the strengthening of the absolute monarchy in France

At the end of the 15th - first half of the 16th centuries. France was ruled by the Valois dynasty. At the same time, the collection of French lands was completed and France became one of the largest and strongest states in Europe. In the 16th century, France evolves from class-representative to absolute monarchy. The estate-representative body - the Estates General - is losing its significance, although it continues to exist. Most of all, the power of the French king was limited by parliaments - the highest judiciary in the provinces. A feature of French absolutism was the increase in the size of the bureaucracy. In the 1540s The ideas of Calvinism penetrate into France. They receive support in the south of the country, far from Paris, where political leadership was in the hands of the Chatillons, Bourbons and Condés - princes of the blood claiming the French throne. In the north, a political group of Catholics is formed, led by the Guise family, who also laid claim to the throne. The result of the country's confessional split was the religious wars in France, which lasted more than 30 years - from 1562 to 1598. The result of the religious confrontation was the conclusion of the Edict of Nantes in 1598, according to which Catholicism was proclaimed the official religion, but Huguenots (French Protestants) received the right to practice their religion and hold public office. The Edict of Nantes was revoked by Louis XIV.

Religious wars and the strengthening of the monarchy in France

By the 17th century, an absolute monarchy had developed in France, with power completely concentrated in the hands of the monarch. “The Sun King” Louis XIV said: “I am the state.”

The strengthening of the king's power in France went in parallel with the subordination of the church to the state, as well as with the suppression of the Huguenots (the French name for Protestants, see Huguenots).

Background

As a result of the spread of Protestantism, France found itself split in the 16th century. North of the country and The Royal Family remained on the side of Catholicism; Protestants predominated in the south. This created obstacles to the centralization of the country and the creation of an absolutist monarchy.

Participants

Francis I - King of France, reigned 1515-1547.

Henry II - King of France, reigned 1547-1559.

Gaspard de Coligny - statesman, head of the Huguenots

Charles IX - King of France reigned from 1560-1574.

1562 - The Duke of Guise, the leader of the Catholics, provoked a massacre of Protestants in the town of Vassy. 20 people were killed and more than 100 were injured. This became the reason for the start of religious wars.

1562-1598 - religious wars in France.

1570 - religious peace in Saint-Germain. According to the edict signed by the king, Protestant worship was allowed everywhere, and Huguenots could hold government positions.

August 1572 - dynastic marriage Huguenot Henry of Navarre and Margaret of Valois, sister of Charles IX.

Conclusion

The Edict of Nantes ended the division of the country into two warring camps. During the reign of King Louis XIII, thanks to the efforts of Cardinal Richelieu, the formation of absolutism in France was completed.

Its main features:

Centralization (subordination of most French-speaking territories to the king,
. unification of taxes,
. creation of a centralized bureaucratic system,
. restriction of the rights of the states general and parliament, subordination of the church to the state,
. creation of a regular mercenary army financed from the state budget.

Richelieu retained freedom of religion, but deprived Huguenots of the right to hold public office.

The Thirty Years' War led to French dominance in Europe.

Abstract

In the 16th century France became one of the largest centralized states Western Europe with a population of about 15 million people. In terms of development, it was significantly ahead of the then Spain, but inferior to England and the Netherlands.

France reached its greatest power under the reign of Francis I (1515-1547). All power in the country belonged to the king, who refused to convene the Estates General. He finally subjugated the Catholic Church by agreeing with the Pope on the king's right to appoint all French bishops to positions. His son Henry II began to be called "Your Majesty". The royal court played an increasingly important role. His magnificent ceremony embodied the power of royal power. In the XVI-XVII centuries. The size of the French army increased significantly, and military spending also increased. To cover them, the size of previous taxes increased and new ones were introduced. The complex state mechanism was managed by professional officials, whose numbers were constantly growing. Empty treasuries often forced monarchs to sell positions, including the right to pass them on by inheritance. Many positions gave the right to the title of nobility. Gradually their buyers formed a special “nobility of the robe”, the traditional nobility was called the “nobility of the sword”. The king put up with its spread in the country for some time, but then began persecuting Protestants. In 1540, the Inquisition was introduced in France. In the south of the country, the Calvinist church established itself, its followers began to be called Huguenots.

Francis I was succeeded by his son Henry II (1547-1559), who expanded the borders of the country, in particular, he conquered the port of Calais from England. This king died absurdly during one of the tournaments.

In 1562, Catholics massacred the Huguenots, who retaliated. Religious wars began. In 1572 there seemed to be a reconciliation. The leader of the Huguenots, the Duke of Navarre, married the sister of King Charles IX, Margaret of Valois. And then the Guises dealt a cruel blow, organizing the massacre of the Huguenots. It began in Paris on the night of the feast of St. Bartholomew and went down in history as St. Bartholomew's Night. In response, the Huguenots created their own state in the south, headed by Henry of Navarre.

Rice. 1. St. Bartholomew's Night ()

In the course of further struggle, the French royal dynasty Valois stopped; the closest heir was the Huguenot Henry of Navarre. He ascended the throne as Henry IV (1589-1610), marking the beginning of the Bourbon dynasty. He changed his religious beliefs frequently, but soon became convinced that Catholicism would win him the support of the majority of the French. Deciding that “Paris is worth a mass,” he changed his faith again, and the capital took his side.

In 1598, Henry IV issued the Edict of Nantes on Toleration. Catholicism remained the official religion of France, but Huguenots were given equal rights to Catholics. Henry IV managed to restore the country's economy, strengthen his power and the international prestige of France. However, in 1610 his life was cut short by the dagger of a fanatical Catholic.

The next French king, at the age of nine, was Henry IV's son Louis XIII (1610-1643). For some time, the country was ruled by his mother Margherita de Medici. In 1624-1642. The government was headed by Cardinal Richelieu. An unsurpassed master of intrigue, he held his post until his death. He developed a program of action to make France a powerful nation. The rights and privileges of provinces or institutions were respected only when this did not conflict with the interests of the monarchy. The Huguenots were opponents of this policy. Richelieu acted decisively: he conquered La Rochelle from the Huguenots and deprived them of their political rights. Duels were a real disaster for France; the cardinal issued edicts against duels and severely punished violators. He reformed finance, patronized the development of industry and trade, and encouraged the seizure of colonies. On his initiative, the first French newspaper began to be published.

Rice. 2. Cardinal Richelieu ()

The main opponents of France in Europe were the Spanish and Austrian Habsburgs. During the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648), France defeated Spain and became the most powerful state in Europe.

After the death of Louis XIII, his five-year-old son Louis XIV (1643-1715) ascended the throne. Real power passed to the Queen Mother Anne of Austria and the first minister, Cardinal Mazarin, who continued Richelieu's policies. The position of France, devastated by the Thirty Years' War, was unstable. The unrest continued until 1653, their participants demanded to limit the growth of taxes and stop the abuses of the authorities. When Mazarin died in 1661, 22-year-old Louis XIV declared that from now on he himself would be first minister, and from then on he did not let go of power.

Rice. 3. Louis XIV ()

He sought to strengthen the unity of the country, strengthen the primacy of France in Europe and expand its borders. The “Sun King”—as court flatterers called him—ruled the country with the help of a royal council, but made all decisions himself. The true embodiment of the spirit of absolutism was the grandiose royal residence at Versailles. Construction continued for several decades and cost the treasury an astronomical sum. The beginning of the reign of Louis XIV was marked by considerable successes. The king knew how to find capable and devoted assistants. Colbert (1619-1683) stood out among them, who for 20 years led the finances and economy of the country. He patronized the development of manufactories, the construction of a fleet, and the creation of trading companies. He managed to thoroughly replenish the treasury, but long and ruinous wars constantly devastated it.

Rice. 4. Versailles ()

Louis XIV brutally persecuted the Huguenots. In 1685, the king revoked the Edict of Nantes on Tolerance and banned the Protestant faith in the country. The country's economy suffered greatly from the mass emigration of skilled artisans and business people.

In the XVI-XVII centuries. An absolute monarchy was established in France. It relied on the nobility, but also took into account the interests of the entrepreneurial strata. Having survived severe trials During the years of religious wars, absolutism intensified under Richelieu and reached its peak during the reign of Louis XIV.

Bibliography

1. Bulychev K. Secrets of the New Time. - M., 2005

2. Vedyushkin V. A., Burin S. N. General history. History of modern times. 7th grade. - M., 2010

Objectives: (page 2) - characterize the features of religious life in France in the second half of the 16th century;

Find out how absolutism strengthened in France;

Develop the ability to work with historical sources and find the information you need

Cultivate tolerance towards other religions

Equipment:

During the classes:

1. Organizational start of the lesson.

2. Checking homework.

Game "True or False"

(if everything is done correctly, you should get the letter E)

1. The War of the Scarlet and White Roses lasted 30 years (c)

2. Three main motives pass through the 16th century: the Reformation, the strengthening of absolutism and the conquest of maritime dominance(c)

3. The beginning of the Reformation in England is associated with the name Henry VIII(V)

5. The Pope refused Henry VIII a divorce (B)

6. Henry could not marry Anne Boley because he did not receive a divorce (n, he received it from the Bishop of Canterbury)

7. In 1555, the king declared himself the head of the Anglican Church (n, in 1534, Parliament declared)

8. The Reformation in England began the same way as in Germany “from below” (n, from above)

9. Henry VIII, in order to secure the support of the church, gave them a huge amount of land (but, on the contrary, took away the lands that belonged to them)

10. Henry VIII had no supporters in the fight for the Reformation (n., Thomas More)

11. The king himself appointed bishops. (V)

12. Mary the Catholic received the nickname “bloody” because a lot of blood was shed during her reign. (c)

13. The husband of Bloody Mary ardently supported the policy of the Counter-Reformation in England (c).

14. Elizabeth's reign is called the “golden age” (c)

15. Elizabeth became Queen at the age of 25 (c)

16. The first thing Elizabeth did when she came to power was to proclaim the Anglican Church as the state church. (V)

17. Bishops during the reign of Elizabeth were not subordinate to her authority (n, they were subordinate to her)

18. Queen Elizabeth supported Protestants (n)

19. Puritans are people who adhere to the Lutheran Church (n, Calvinist)

20. The policy pursued by Elizabeth cannot be considered religiously tolerant. (n., possible)

21. Elizabeth, in order to save the country from religious wars, had to execute her relative Mary Stuart (c)

22. She patronized the development of industry and trade

23. In 1588, Philip II equipped a huge squadron called the Invincible Armada (c)

24. In the Naval Battle the Spaniards were defeated, which made England the mistress of the sea (c)

25. The Reformation in England helped strengthen absolute royal power (c)

3. Communicate the topic and objectives of the lesson.

Plan (page 4)

1. One king, but two faiths.

2. First blood.

3. The path of trouble.

4. "Bloody Wedding"

5. "The King Who Saved France."

6. "Good King"

7. Cardinal Richelieu.

In 1598, the Edict of Nan was issued in France, and until 1685 religious tolerance triumphed in the country. BUT the path to this document was very long and thorny. Today we will talk about what kind of document this is, what its significance is for the French of different faiths.

4. Studying new material.

1) teacher's story:

Please remember in what century the unification of France took place? (late 15th century)

After unification, France became the largest state in Europe in terms of population, as 15 million people lived in the country.

Who do you think was unhappy with the increase in royal power and why? (aristocracy that did not want to lose independence)

At the beginning of the 16th century, Calvinism began to spread in France. Many dissatisfied nobility and townspeople accepted the slogans of the Reformation, becoming Calvinists.

In which part of France do you think there were the most supporters of the Reformation? (in the south, because there were traditional opposition sentiments)

appeared in the country French translations Gospels, in churches began to sound tunes in their native language.

As a result, by the end of the first quarter of the 16th century, France was split into two hostile camps: Catholics and Protestants.

- (page 5) Who supported each of these warring groups? (Catholics - the French kings of the Valois dynasty (north), and Protestants - bourgeois - entrepreneurs, peasants dissatisfied with seigneurial and church exactions (south)

- (f. 6) French Calvinists began to be called Huguenots (in the Swiss dialect of French “comrade”

Why, in your opinion, did the French kings not accept the ideas of the Reformation (they were used to linking the French throne with the foundations of the Catholic faith. They themselves could not accept Protestantism, and did not allow the coexistence of a second religion)

What activities did the Huguenots conduct? (sl. 7)

1) initially gathered secretly for meetings

2) then moved on to an active struggle against the pope and bishops.

3) received literature from Calvin, created their own printing houses and printed leaflets outlining Luther and Calvin

Thus the Reformation spread to England.

-(sl.8) Religious wars began in France in 1562, when the Duke of Lorraine Henry of Guise, passing by the town of Vasy, attacked the Huguenots going to religious services. Let's read about it

2) work according to the textbook:

(page 9) - Catherine de Medici. A powerful and cunning intriguer. She ruled the country since her son, Charles IX, was a minor. Her intrigues and cunning were aimed at strengthening royal power and maintaining the unity of the country.

(page 10) - Charles IX. Years of reign from 1560-1574. The problems facing France did not interest him

Let's write down the date: 1562 - the beginning of the religious wars in England

Religious wars pushed the country down the path of disaster. How?

Catholics

Huguenots

Created their own brotherhoods

Numerous processions were held

They killed Huguenots without considering it a sin.

Neither women nor children were spared

Were less cruel

Catholic churches were destroyed: statues of saints and icons were destroyed

Priests and monks were not spared

BUT: women and children were not touched

During the religious wars, Protestants forced the royal authorities to make concessions.

In 1570, a peace treaty was concluded in Saint Germain.

Result: Protestant worship was allowed

Huguenots received the right to hold public office on an equal basis with Catholics.

The territory of 4 fortresses, including La Rochelle, was assigned to them. But the peace did not last long.

There was an event in the history of France that went under the name: “Bloody Wedding.” (page 12) Let’s read about it.

Page 120 - 122

(f. 13) Admiral Coligny. He was the leader of the Huguenots along with King Henry of Navarre. As a result of the assassination attempt, he was wounded by a shot from around the corner, but survived. Then he was killed, the corpse was dragged through the streets and then hanged

3) independent work students:

Read the paragraph on page 122 and answer the question, which king saved France? What was his salvation?

4) teacher's story:

Henry IV (f. 15) remained in the memory of the French as a “good”, “glorious” king. What did he do to deserve such an assessment? (page 16)

1) under him, France ended the war with Spain

2) reduced the direct tax on peasants

In 1598, the Edict of Nantes was issued in France, and until 1685 religious tolerance triumphed in the country. The edict proclaimed: “In order not to give any cause for unrest and strife among our subjects, we have allowed and allow those who profess the so-called reformed religion to live and inhabit all the cities and places of our kingdom ... without persecution, oppression and coercion...” The path to the Edict of Nantes was several decades long.

One king, but two faiths.

At the end of the 15th century, when the unification of France was completed, it became the largest state in Europe in terms of population. The country had a population of 15 million.

At the beginning of the 16th century. Protestantism began to spread in France. French translations of the Gospel appeared in the country, and prayers began to be heard in churches in their native language. Who sympathized with Protestantism?

In France there were representatives of the ancient nobility, dissatisfied with the strengthening of royal power, who recalled the times of their independence. The courtiers who served as nobles held the same views. Many nobles, impoverished as a result of the price revolution, following the example of Germany, would not be averse to taking over the wealth of the church.

The townspeople groaned under the weight of taxes, because France waged ruinous wars with Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor and Spanish king. And who paid the lion's share of taxes?

Many independent-minded citizens of Southern France, the first entrepreneurs, became Huguenots (as Calvinists were called in France). There were also Protestants among the peasants, dissatisfied with seigneurial and church taxes.

As a result, by the end of the first quarter of the 16th century. France found itself split into two hostile camps - Catholics and Protestants. The Catholics were supported by the French kings of the Valois dynasty, alarmed that a split in the church would threaten the unity of the state.

If North and royal house remained on the side of the Catholic Church, then Southern France became Protestant.

The Huguenots were active. They considered it their duty to convert everyone to the “true” faith. At first, the Huguenots simply gathered for secret meetings, sang religious hymns, and prayed. Then they moved on to an active struggle against the Pope and his bishops. Although the first Huguenot communities in the cities were small and fragmented, they took up the cause with zeal. They themselves created secret printing houses, where they printed leaflets outlining the teachings of Luther and Calvin, which were distributed throughout the country. In 1534, such leaflets were even discovered in the king’s private chambers in the Louvre. The Huguenots sent their priests - pastors - throughout the country.

This is how the Reformation entered France.

First blood.

At that time there was no strong royal power in France. The last representatives of the Valois dynasty succeeded each other on the throne, but there was not among them a person with a statesmanlike mind. A relative of the kings, the all-powerful Duke Francois of Guise, the leader of the Catholics, in March 1562, traveled with his retinue through the town of Vassy, where at that time a divine service was being held among the local Huguenots. Hearing the singing of Protestant hymns, Giza's retinue tried to disperse the "heretics", but met resistance. Then the duke's retinue with weapons in their hands attacked peaceful people. More than 20 people were killed and about 100 wounded. In Paris, Guise was greeted as a hero. The incident in Vassy became the reason for the start of the religious wars, which lasted more than 30 years (1562-1598). In this struggle, the Huguenots received help from England and the Protestant princes of Germany, and Catholics from Spain.

If we compare the legal status of Catholics and Huguenots, then the latter were the powerless party. Since the 20s. XVI century they were subjected to severe persecution. Back in 1523, a Protestant preacher was burned for the first time. On the side of the Catholics were the king, Paris and the bulk of the country's population (many commoners did not trust the Huguenots, since there were many nobles among the latter).

From 1560 to 1574, France was ruled by a king from the Valois dynasty, Charles IX. The problems facing France did not interest him. During his years early childhood The country was ruled by the Queen Mother Catherine de Medici - a powerful, cunning intriguer. But her intrigues and tricks were most often aimed at strengthening royal power and preserving the unity of the country.

The path of trouble.

Religious wars pushed the country down the path of disaster. Catholics created their own brotherhoods, organized numerous processions, and killed the Huguenots. They spared neither women nor children. The property of the Huguenots was burned. All this was not considered a sin - after all, the Huguenots were heretics, therefore, they had to be destroyed.

The Huguenots were not so cruel. Usually in captured cities they destroyed Catholic churches: they destroyed statues of saints and icons. There was no mercy from them for priests and monks. Women and children most often were not touched by the Huguenots.

During the religious wars, Protestants forced the royal authorities to make concessions. In 1570, peace was concluded in Saint-Germain and the king signed an edict of reconciliation. Protestant worship was allowed everywhere. The Huguenots received the right, along with Catholics, to hold government positions; they owned four fortresses, including the port of La Rochelle. But the peace did not last long.

"Bloody Wedding"

England, Spain, Dutch Protestants, German soldiers, Italian and Swiss mercenaries intervened in the internecine wars in France.

The leaders of the Huguenots were Admiral Coligny and King Henry of Bourbon of Navarre. Charles IX, in order to reconcile Catholics and Huguenots, decided to marry his sister Margaret to Henry. The wedding took place on August 18, 1572. On this occasion, the leaders of the Huguenots with their retinues gathered in Paris, their number reached 20 thousand people. Catholic leaders did not want to allow the Huguenots to gain influence. They decided to take advantage of the fact that all the Protestant leaders had gathered in Paris and destroy them.

First, an attempt was made on Admiral Coligny. He was wounded by a shot from around the corner, but survived. Catherine de Medici was afraid of the revenge of the Huguenots and decided to strike, especially since the Parisian population was on her side. The weak-willed Charles IX was convinced of the need to destroy these “eternal rebels.”

Rice. Paris. Louvre

On the night before the feast of St. Bartholomew (August 24), the city militia of Paris began beating the Huguenots. The houses where the Huguenots were located were secretly marked with crosses. In the Abbey of Saint-Germain, the bell rang - it was a call for violence. Crowds of “good Catholics,” directed by Duke Henry of Guise, broke into the houses of the Huguenots. Many were caught in their beds, the poor people did not suspect anything. Houses were robbed and Huguenots were killed. Neither women nor babies were spared. Admiral Coligny was killed and his corpse was dragged through the streets and then hanged on the gallows. King Charles IX himself, standing at the palace window, shot at the unfortunate people from an arquebus.

The massacre lasted 3 days. There was no salvation anywhere. The carnage then spread to the provinces. In total, up to 30 thousand people were killed.

Henry of Bourbon was saved only because he went over to Catholic faith. After these events, Protestantism was banned in France.

In Madrid and Rome, the news of St. Bartholomew's Night was greeted with great joy and solemnly celebrated. Pope Gregory XIII ordered a medal to be made with his portrait on one side and with the image of an angel holding a cross in his hand and slaying the Huguenots on the other. The Spanish King Philip II congratulated Charles IX and Catherine de Medici, and forced his subjects to sing the Catholic hymn “Te Deum” (Latin: Te Deum Laudamus - We praise You, God) in churches.

The Edict of Saint-Germain was destroyed.

The wars continued. Now the residents of La Rochelle and other cities raised an uprising, and the Huguenot nobles joined them.

The religious wars were a huge disaster for France, fanaticism and intolerance led to the death of tens of thousands of French people. Their victims will be the last king of the Valois dynasty, Henry III, and the leader of the Catholics, the Duke of Guise.

"The King Who Saved France"

After the death of Charles IX, the French crown passed to the youngest of the brothers, Henry.

Henry III ruled the country for 15 years (1574-1589) and sought to achieve unity in the state. However, his indecision and weakness of character made this impossible. In the summer of 1589, the monk Jacques Clement mortally wounded the king. After being stabbed, Henry III lived for a few more hours and managed to bless Henry of Navarre to rule France, but at the same time noted that Paris would not accept the Huguenot.

Henry of Navarre, a cautious and cunning politician who became the French king Henry IV (1594-1610), also understood that the country would not accept a Protestant king. “Paris is worth a mass,” he said, having converted to the Catholic faith for the second time. On February 27, 1594, Henry was crowned at Chartres Cathedral, and on March 22, Paris opened its gates to the king.

Henry IV used all his strength, influence, and abilities to achieve a compromise between Catholics and Huguenots. He did not persecute Catholic nobles; on the contrary, he showered them with favors. To end religious wars and achieve the unity of the country, the king in 1598 issued the Edict of Nantes, a document regulating the political and religious rights of the Huguenots. And although the Catholic religion was declared the state religion, religious tolerance was proclaimed in the country.

Henry IV was the first king in modern times who placed the task of creating a strong united state above issues of religion.

"Good King"

Henry IV remained in the memory of the French as a “good”, “glorious” king. What did he do to deserve such a rating?

Under him, France ended the war with Spain, he reduced the direct tax (tag) from the peasants. The king understood that, having poor subjects, the country would not be able to create a strong army. He forbade arresting peasants for debts and taking away their livestock. Henry IV patronized the development of industry and trade. Under him, many royal manufactories were opened. Like Elizabeth of England, he participated in the creation of merchant companies. They said that the king promised the poor peasants that each of them would have chicken boiled in a pot for lunch on Sundays. This promise was not fulfilled, but the religious wars and wars with Spain ended, taxes decreased somewhat, and the people began to live better. Henry IV managed to overcome the devastation caused by the religious wars. So he remained in the memory of the people as a “good king.”

Rice. Paris at the beginning of the 17th century.

During the reign of Henry IV, more than twenty attempts were made on his life. Zealous Catholics and Jesuits did not calm down. In 1610, the king was killed by the dagger of the Catholic fanatic Francois Ravaillac. After his death, the fame of Henry IV increased even more, legends were made about him, and he was glorified by both Catholics and Huguenots. The king became the guarantor of internal peace.

"My first goal was the greatness of the king,
my second goal was the power of the state."

After the death of Henry IV, the nobility made an attempt to weaken royal power. The crown passed to the young son of Henry IV, Louis XIII, on whose behalf his mother Maria de Medici first ruled. Her will was not enough to resist the nobility, who demanded lucrative positions and pensions from her. The treasury was empty, the country was on the verge of disaster.

In such a situation, Cardinal Richelieu became the king's first minister in 1624. He embarked on the path of reforms, the essence of which he expressed as follows: “My first goal was the greatness of the king, my second goal was the power of the state.”

The first minister set the task of destroying the Huguenot state inside France. The royal army captured La Rochelle. The Huguenots were deprived of their fortresses, cities, and castles. But Richelieu did not touch upon religious freedom. The Edict of Nantes remained in force.

Richelieu severely punished aristocrats and removed officials if they showed self-will. He banned duels between nobles - blood must be shed for the king. Local power was transferred to officials - intendants. They were appointed by the government and were subordinate to it. To replenish the treasury, Richelieu encouraged the development of industry, trade, and shipping. Under him, France was drawn into Thirty Years' War. The French army becomes the strongest in Europe, as evidenced by its victories and the annexation of small territories in Alsace and Lorraine to France.

The Duke de Richelieu held the politics of France in his hands for 18 years (until 1642) and created political system absolutism, which existed for 150 years (until the Great French Revolution).

Richelieu continued Henry IV's course of strengthening and unifying the country; under him there was no religious persecution. He is credited with the words: “Both Huguenots and Catholics were equally French in my eyes.”

But, as often happens, in France they did not like the man who returned her power. And Richelieu was devoted to his country; before his death he said: “I had no other enemies except the enemies of the state.”

Rice. Cardinal Richelieu

Test yourself

Who and why sympathized with Protestantism in France? Who spoke for the Catholic Church?
How did the Huguenots act?
Name the reasons for the religious wars in France.
Think about what caused the events of St. Bartholomew's Night. Who is responsible for these actions?
Using the material from the paragraph and the document, tell us how Henry IV achieved reconciliation between Catholics and Huguenots. Determine the meaning of the Edict of Nantes.
Highlight and write down in your notebook the activities of Henry IV that ensured the success of his reign.

Think

Prove that the religious wars brought disaster to France and the French people.
Compare the activities of Elizabeth Tudor in England and Henry IV in France.
How do you understand the words of Cardinal Richelieu: “My first goal was the greatness of the king, my second goal was the power of the state”?
Assess the activities of Cardinal Richelieu. In what literary works is it described? If you read these works, remember how you assessed the actions of the cardinal. Has your assessment changed now?

Additional materials

Edict of Nantes (fragment)

Henry, by the grace of God, King of France and Navarre, greetings to all present and present to appear. By this eternal and irrevocable edict we have declared and commanded the following:

VI. In order not to give any cause for unrest and strife among our subjects, we have allowed and allow those who profess the so-called reformed religion to live and dwell in all the cities and places of our kingdom and the regions subject to us without persecution, oppression and coercion to do anything in the matter of religion, contrary to their conscience...

IX. We also permit all who adhere to the said religion to continue to practice it in all cities and places subject to us where it was introduced... notwithstanding all decrees and court decisions contrary to it...

XXII. We command that there be no difference in regard to the said religion in the admission of students to universities, colleges and schools, and of the sick and poor to hospitals and public charity institutions...

XXVII. ...We declare that all who profess or will profess the so-called reformed religion have the right to hold and exercise all public offices - royal, seigneurial or city - in our kingdom and the provinces subject to us ... and may be accepted and admitted to us without distinction...

Given at Nantes, in April 1598.

Highlight the provisions that give Huguenots equal rights with Catholics.

Richelieu. Political testament (fragment)

When You, Your Majesty, decided to give me both access to Your councils and to place significant trust in the conduct of Your affairs, then I can certify that the Huguenots shared the state with Your Majesty, that the nobles behaved as if they were not your subjects Majesties, and the most powerful provincial governors behaved as if they were sovereigns in their positions... I can say that each measured his merit by his insolence...

I can also say that foreign alliances were neglected; private interests were preferred to state ones; in a word, Your Majesty's dignity was so humiliated and so different from what it should have been, through the fault of those who then had the main management of Your affairs, that it was almost impossible to recognize him...

I promised Your Majesty all my art and all the authority that You were pleased to give me. to crush the Huguenot party, break the arrogance of the nobles, bring all subjects to the fulfillment of their duties and raise your name among foreign nations to the level at which it should be...

All politicians agree that if the people were too prosperous, they could not be kept within the bounds of their duties. They are based on the fact that, having less knowledge than other classes of the state... the people would hardly remain faithful to order... if they were not to some extent restrained by need.

Reason does not allow them to be freed from any burdens, because, in such a case, losing the sign of their subordination, the people would forget about their fate and, being freed from taxes, would imagine that they are also free from obedience. He should be compared to a mule, which, having become accustomed to heaviness, deteriorates more from prolonged rest than from work...

I say that the nobility should be considered as one of the main nerves of the state, which can greatly contribute to its preservation and strengthening...

Although nobles deserve to be treated well when they do well, one must be strict with them if they neglect what their birth obliges them to do. I say without any hesitation that those who, falling behind the valor of their ancestors, shrink from serving the crown with sword and life... deserve to be deprived of the benefits of their birth and forced to bear part of the burden of the people.

Due to the fact that it should be an honor for them more valuable than life, they should be punished by deprivation of the former rather than the latter.

Assess the significance of Richelieu’s activities for France in the seventeenth century.

Let's sum it up

In the XV-XVI centuries. Great things were made geographical discoveries, Europeans entered the World Ocean. Old ideas about the world were replaced by more reliable knowledge. The assumptions of scientists and travelers about the sphericity of the Earth were confirmed. Great geographical discoveries strengthened man's faith in his own abilities, opened up new opportunities and prospects for him; they broke the isolation of two worlds and brought two societies closer together - the emerging industrial and the traditional.

Trade routes changed their direction, and the “Atlantic” era of the European economy began. Business activity has picked up.

Great geographical discoveries laid the foundation for the creation of the first colonial empires.

Absolutist states are emerging that have national borders, one dominant religion (the religion of the monarch), and one indigenous nationality. Absolutism within the borders of states was able to restrain destructive wars of “all against all.”

Appearance nation states coincides with the development of capitalism. Revival in the 16th-17th centuries. V European countries internal trade, the creation of international trading companies, banks and exchanges, the growth of cities - all this testified to success in the development of a market economy.

The entrepreneurial spirit is transforming the economy. A capitalist economy is emerging, based on private property, free market relations and the use of hired labor. The traditional economic structure is gradually being destroyed, and manufacturing is developing along with handicraft production.

The entrepreneurial spirit is also transforming society. The number and wealth of capitalist entrepreneurs is increasing. A significant part of the urban population works for hire - they are hired workers.

In the countryside, although more slowly, big changes are also taking place: the peasants for the most part have become personally free, a process is underway among them property stratification. Along with the nobility, farming in the old fashioned way, with traditional methods, new nobles have already appeared, connected with the market, using the labor of farm laborers - these are rural entrepreneurs.

The 16th-17th centuries are a time when knowledge about man, nature and society grows very quickly, compared to the Middle Ages. During the Renaissance, a great turn towards man took place, interest in earthly life grew, and a desire arose to show the uniqueness and uniqueness of each person. The teaching of humanists affirmed the recognition in man of the unity of the bodily and spiritual principles, a joyful perception of life, taught an active attitude towards the world instead of passive contemplation. A critical attitude to reality and curiosity contributed to the birth new science. On this basis, new ideas about the Universe are formed, new philosophical methods for studying nature are born - a combination of theory (reason) and practice (experience).

Began in the 16th century. The Reformation ended the unity of the Catholic Church. “Only faith makes a person righteous,” say the founders of the Reformation. They believe that the only source of faith is the Holy Scripture and each believer can interpret it for himself. Supporters of the Reformation oppose the supremacy of the Pope. Calvin's doctrine of divine predestination gives birth to a new morality that promotes success labor activity. Europe split into two camps - Catholic and Protestant.

In the XVI-XVII centuries. in European countries in the depths traditional society The features of modern society are emerging.

Questions and assignments for Chapter I

What are the main results of the New Age in the 16th-17th centuries?
Think about why exactly at the end of the 15th - beginning of the 16th centuries. Great geographical discoveries became possible.
What new features in the economic life of society allow us to speak about the emergence of a capitalist economy?
Why do you think the figures of the new culture are called humanists, and the time when the new culture arose and developed is called the Renaissance?
What phenomenon in the life of society was called “Reformation”? How did the Reformation affect the spiritual, political and economic life society?
Discuss with your classmates: can the early modern era be considered the time of the decomposition of traditional society and the emergence of modern society? Support your point of view with facts.

Creative works and projects

Group creative project “Fashionable Europe (XVI-XVII centuries)”. Using additional literature and Internet resources, collect information about how people of different ages dressed and looked social groups in European countries. Provide your models with descriptions and complete the project.

Information project “Titans of the Renaissance”. Using additional literature and Internet resources, collect information about outstanding figures of the Renaissance, their life path, the features of their work, your favorite works. Hold a conference in class where you present the results of your activities.

Research project "Reformation - a revolution in the sphere of consciousness." Scientists believe that a revolution is a fundamental change in the life of society or in certain areas of society. Analyze ideas prominent figures Reformation. Systematize information about the changes that took place in the life of the church and in society under the influence of the Reformation. Conclude why scientists call the Reformation a revolution.

Religious wars and the strengthening of the absolute monarchy in France

Prepared by history and social studies teacher

Tsitskiev V.Kh.

Today in class:

- characterize the features of religious

life in France in the second half

XVI century;

Let's find out how the enhancement happened

absolutism in France

- we will learn to work with

historical source

Plan:

1. One king, but two faiths.

2. First blood.

3. The path of trouble.

4. "Bloody Wedding"

5. "The King Who Saved France."

6. "Good King"

7. Cardinal Richelieu.

Basic concepts:

Edict-this is the view law- namely, decree, published monarch or dad and introducing a significant legal norm.
Huguenot - title with 16th century French Protestants (Calvinists).
Mass-basic liturgical service in Catholic Church .

France in the 16th century:

Spreading

Calvinism

Split of France

Huguenots

(Southern France

Bourgeois, peasants)

Catholics

(kings of the Valois dynasty, North)

Activities of the Huguenots:

1) initially gathered secretly for meetings
2) then moved on to an active struggle against the pope and bishops.
3) received literature from Calvin, created their own printing houses and printed leaflets outlining Luther and Calvin

Beginning of the religious war:

Religious wars began in France in 1562 year, when the Duke of Lorraine Henry of Guise, passing by the town of Vasy, attacked the Huguenots going to religious services

Duke Henry of Guise

First blood.

A powerful and cunning intriguer. She ruled the country since her son, Charles IX, was a minor. Her intrigues and cunning were aimed at strengthening royal power and maintaining the unity of the country.

Catherine de' Medici

First blood.

Years of reign from 1560-1574. The problems facing France did not interest him.

Charles IX- king of france

The path of trouble.

Catholics:

Huguenots:

- created their own

fraternities

- were less cruel

arranged

ruined

numerous

processions

Catholic churches:

smashed statues

saints

and icons

- the priests were not spared

and monks

killed the Huguenots

without considering it a sin.

no women were spared

no children

"Bloody Wedding".

1572 - wedding of Henry of Navarre and sister Charles IX Margaritas

"Bloody Wedding".

He was the leader of the Huguenots along with King Henry of Navarre. As a result of the assassination attempt, he was wounded by a shot from around the corner, but survived. Then he was killed, the corpse was dragged through the streets, and then hanged.

Admiral Coligny

"The King Who Saved France"

Henry of Navarre

"Good King"

« Paris is worth a mass »

Henry IV - King of France

1598 – Edict of Nantes: permission to practice Protestantism

Henry IV –

good, glorious king

"Good King"

1) under him, France ended the war with Spain

2) reduced the direct tax on peasants

4) patronized the development of trade and manufacturing

5) under him, many royal manufactories were opened

6) participated himself in the creation of merchant companies

7) the life of the people has improved

8) managed to overcome the devastation caused by the religious war

Cardinal Richelieu.

"My first goal was the greatness of the king, my second goal was the power of the state"

Homework:

Paragraph 14, answer the questions at the end of the paragraph. Repeat terms.

Slide 1

RELIGIOUS WARS AND THE STRENGTHENING OF ABSOLUTISM IN FRANCE
MBOU "Lyceum No. 12", Novosibirsk teacher of the VKK Stadnichuk T.M.

Slide 2

ONE KING, BUT TWO FAITH
At the end of the 15th century, when the unification of France was completed, it became the largest state in Europe in terms of population. The country had a population of 15 million. The name of Francis I is associated with the emergence of absolutism in France. He limited the role of the Estates General in government. Francis took on the main role in management.

Slide 3

ONE KING, BUT TWO FAITH
At the beginning of the 16th century. Calvinism began to spread in France. Protestants in France were called Huguenots. Representatives of the ancient nobility tried to regain political influence, which had weakened with the development of absolutism. The nobles wanted to appropriate the rich property of the church. The townspeople sought to regain their liberties.

Slide 4

ONE KING, BUT TWO FAITH
By the end of the ¼ of the 16th century. France found itself split into two camps - most of the Huguenots lived in the South, while the North remained Catholic. The Catholics were supported by the French kings of the Valois dynasty, alarmed that the situation would threaten the unity of the state.

Slide 5

ONE KING, BUT TWO FAITH
The Huguenots behaved actively and considered it their duty to convert everyone to the “true” faith. The Huguenots created secret printing houses where they printed leaflets outlining the teachings of Luther and Calvin, which were distributed throughout the country. In 1534, such leaflets were even discovered in the king’s private chambers in the Louvre. They sent their own priests - pastors - all over the country. This is how the Reformation entered France.

Slide 6

WARS WITH THE HUGENOTS
There was no strong royal power in France. The last representatives of the Valois dynasty succeeded each other on the throne. In fact, the state was ruled by the mother of Charles IX, Catherine de Medici.
Edict of Saint-Germain 1562 Permission for the Huguenots to hold services outside the city walls. Protestants could meet in private houses.

Slide 7

WARS WITH THE HUGENOTS
However, in March 1562, the Duke of Guise was passing by the city of Vassy and saw the Huguenots at prayer. The Duke himself was an irreconcilable fighter against Protestantism and, under the pretext that the Huguenots had violated the decision of the council, attacked them. This event was called the "Massacre of Vassy" and served as the beginning of the religious wars in France, which lasted more than 30 years (1562-1598).

Slide 8

WARS WITH THE HUGENOTS
Catholics
Protestants
E. Medici
Francois de Guise
Charles de Guise
Philip II
People de Conde
G. Navarre
Elizabeth I
G. de Coligny

Slide 9

WARS WITH THE HUGENOTS
War I – 1562 – 1563 War II - 1567 - 1568 War III – 1568 – 1570
Peace of Saint-Germain August 15, 1570 Freedom of religion throughout France except Paris. Protestants received the right to hold public office. The Huguenots were given 4 fortresses: La Rochelle, Cognac, Montauban, La Charité

Slide 10

WARS WITH THE HUGENOTS
Charles IX, in order to reconcile Catholics and Huguenots, decided to marry his sister Margaret to one of the Huguenot leaders, Henry of Navarre. The wedding took place on August 18, 1572. Many Protestants gathered for the celebrations in Paris, who came to support Henry.

Slide 11

WARS WITH THE HUGENOTS
On August 22, an assassination attempt was made on Gaspard de Coligny. The Huguenots demanded the punishment of Guise and threatened to start new war. On August 24, the night before the feast of St. Bartholomew, the city militia of Paris began beating the Huguenots. About 30 thousand people were killed in 3 days.

Slide 12

THE KING WHO SAVED FRANCE
The wars continued. After the death of Charles IX, the French crown passed to the youngest of the brothers, Henry. Henry III ruled the country for 15 years (1574-1589) and sought to achieve unity in the state. However, his indecision and weakness of character made this impossible. The king had no heirs, and Henry of Navarre was to become his successor, and the Duke of Guise decided, with the help of Catholics, to seize power in the state.

Slide 13

THE KING WHO SAVED FRANCE
The Duke of Guise decided, with the help of Catholics, to seize power in the state and turned the Parisians against the king. By order of Henry III, the Duke of Guise was killed.

Slide 14

THE KING WHO SAVED FRANCE
On August 2, 1589, the monk Jacques Clement mortally wounded the king. Before his death, Henry named Henry of Navarre as his successor. After almost five years of struggle with Catholics who did not recognize the new king, Henry of Navarre was crowned in 1594 under the name of Henry IV.

Slide 15

THE KING WHO SAVED FRANCE
Henry IV also understood that the country would not accept a Protestant king. “Paris is worth a mass,” he said, having converted to the Catholic faith for the second time. On February 27, 1594, Henry was crowned at Chartres Cathedral.

Slide 16

THE KING WHO SAVED FRANCE
Henry IV was the first king in modern times who placed the task of creating a strong united state above issues of religion. In 1598, the Edict of Nantes was signed, according to it: the equality of Catholics and Protestants was declared;
all estates were returned to the Catholic clergy; Protestants could live, build churches and schools, with the exception of Paris; All the fortresses and castles that belonged to them were returned to the Huguenots.

Slide 17

THE KING WHO SAVED FRANCE
Henry IV remained in the memory of the French as a “good” king who overcame the devastation in the country: He ended the war with Spain. Annexed the Kingdom of Navarre and the County of Béarn. Contributed to the development of trade and the growth of the number of manufactories. Reduced taxes for peasants.
Well, finally, everywhere we will have chicken in a pot for lunch. After all, this bird, as you know, has been plucked for two hundred years.