Presentation "Species. Species Criteria"

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Slide captions:

View. Type criteria.

The term “species” was first introduced into biology by the English botanist John Ray. John Ray (1628 – 1705)

K. Liney Recognized real existence species in nature. He considered species to be constant and unchanging.

J.B. Lamarck believed that the term “species” was invented by man for the convenience of classification. He denied the real existence of species in nature and imagined nature as a collection of constantly changing series of individuals. He considered only individuals to be real.

C. Darwin Species really exist in nature. Species arise, disappear, develop, change, and give rise to other species.

Species criteria - characteristics by which individuals are combined into one species; characteristics by which individuals can be distinguished different types. OR

Morphological criterion - features of the external structure.

Morphological criterion is not the main and only one, since: There are twin species (for example, twin species malaria mosquito, 2 twin species of black rats).

Morphological criterion is not the main and only one, since: There is a phenomenon of mimicry - imitation edible type poisonous). wasp wasp

Morphological criterion is not the main and only one, since: Individuals of the same species may differ from each other in color and other characteristics (when living in different conditions(for example, two populations of snails - forest and meadow, two populations of river perch - deep-sea and coastal; albino individuals may appear).

Industrial melanism of the birch moth

Differences in the color of the common grass snake

Differences in the color of the lake frog

Albinism in a hedgehog

Albinism

Physiological criterion - features of life processes. The main thing is the ability to reproduce.

Physiological criterion - It is not the main and only one, since: There are related species that have similar life processes.

Geographic criterion - the area of ​​distribution (area) of the species. Range of the Siberian frog Range of the grass frog

Geographical criterion is not the main and only one, since: Individuals of different species can live in the same area. Individuals of the same species can occupy different habitats (for example, island populations). There are cosmopolitan species that live everywhere (for example, the red cockroach, the house fly). The ranges of some species are rapidly changing (for example, the range of the brown hare is expanding). There are bi-areal species (for example, migratory birds).

An ecological criterion is the adaptability of individuals of a species to certain living conditions.

Ecological criterion is not the main and only one, since: Different species can be adapted to the same conditions. Individuals of the same species can live in slightly different conditions (for example: deep-sea and coastal populations of river perch, dandelion can grow in both forests and meadows).

The genetic criterion is a certain set of chromosomes. The main thing is not the number, but the structure and shape of the chromosomes. For example, humans and poplars have the same number of chromosomes – 46.

Genetic criterion - Due to differences in the chromosome set between individuals of different species, there is reproductive isolation: different terms reproduction; the genital apparatus is structured differently; sperm cannot penetrate the egg; If fertilization occurs, the embryo dies or the young organism is born non-viable. if the hybrid is viable, then it is infertile, for example: hinny, mule, honorik (ferret and mink) honorik

Genetic criterion is not universal, since: Individuals of the same species may have different quantities chromosomes. For example: in individuals of one of the species of weevils, the set of chromosomes may differ by 2-3 times. In nature, there are species that successfully interbreed. For example: some species of tits, canaries, finches; some types of poplars, willows.

Conclusion: in order to determine whether an individual belongs to a particular species, one criterion is not enough; it is necessary to take into account the totality of all criteria.

A species is a collection of individuals that have similar morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics, interbreed freely and produce fertile offspring, similar to their parents, adapted to certain living conditions and occupying a certain area in nature.

What species criterion does the following description meet: the great tit lives in the crowns of trees, feeding on large insects and their larvae? 1) geographical 2) environmental 3) morphological 4) genetic

What species criterion does the area of ​​distribution belong to? reindeer? 1) geographical 2) ecological 3) morphological 4) genetic The set of external characteristics of individuals is referred to as the species criterion

Carl Linnaeus () Species is an elementary unit of taxonomy.

Jean Baptiste Lamarck () put forward a theory about the variability of species.

Species - Species - a set of individuals occupying a certain habitat, having common origin, morphological and genetic similarity, freely interbreeding and producing fertile offspring. a set of individuals occupying a certain area, having a common origin, morphological and genetic similarity, freely interbreeding and producing fertile offspring.

Species structure Species do not mix, because The species do not mix, because have different habitats have different habitats differ in sexual behavior and timing of reproduction differ in sexual behavior and timing of reproduction use different signaling (methods) use different signaling (methods) have a closed gene pool. have a closed gene pool.

Questions for consolidation Biological task 1: The bison and the bison are two species belonging to the same genus. They are very similar in appearance and in captivity produce fertile bison offspring. They do not interbreed in nature, they live on different continents- bison in Europe, and bison - in North America. How can we call this type criterion?

Biological task 2: Biological task 2: Polar bear lives in arctic belt, white coat color, feeds on fish and marine mammals. Brown bear common in forests temperate zone, fur color is brown, food is plant and animal, hibernates during the winter. Based on what criterion can we conclude that individuals of these species cannot interbreed?

Biological task 4: It is known that in nature there are two types of hares - the hare and the hare. Explain why they are classified as different species? What criteria did you use when answering this question? Why is it impossible to determine whether an individual belongs to one species or another only by morphological criteria?

Conclusion: Each criterion separately cannot be the basis for determining the type; Only together do they make it possible to determine the identity of a living organism. Each criterion separately cannot be the basis for determining the type; Only together do they make it possible to determine the identity of a living organism.

The term “species” was first introduced into biology by the English botanist John Ray.

John Ray (1628 – 1705)

• Recognized the real existence of species in nature.
• He considered species to be constant and unchanging.

J.B. Lamarck

• I believed that the term “species” was invented by man for ease of classification.
• He denied the real existence of species in nature and imagined nature as a collection of constantly changing series of individuals.
• He considered only individuals to be real.

C. Darwin

• Species actually exist in nature.
• Species arise, disappear, develop, change, and give rise to other species.

Type criteria –

characteristics by which individuals are united into one species

characteristics by which individuals of different species can be distinguished.

Morphological criterion -

features of the external structure.

Morphological criterion

• There are twin species (for example, twin species of the malaria mosquito, 2 twin species of black rats).

Morphological criterion

It is not the main and only one, because:

• There is a phenomenon of mimicry - the imitation of an edible species by a poisonous one).

wasp

Morphological criterion

It is not the main and only one, because:

• Individuals of the same species may differ from each other in color and other characteristics (when living in different conditions (for example, two populations of snails - forest and meadow, two populations of river perch - deep-sea and coastal; albino individuals may appear).

Physiological criterion -

features of life processes.

The main thing is the ability

to reproduction.

Physiological criterion -

It is not the main and only one, because:

• There are related species that have

similar processes

life activity.

Geographical criterion -

area of ​​distribution (area) of the species.

Range of the Siberian frog

Range of the grass frog

Geographical criterion

It is not the main and only one, because:

• Individuals of different species can live in the same habitat.
• Individuals of the same species can occupy different habitats (for example, island populations).
• There are cosmopolitan species that live everywhere (for example, the red cockroach, the house fly)
• The ranges of some species are changing rapidly (for example, the range of the brown hare is expanding).
• There are bi-areal species (for example, migratory birds).

Ecological criterion -

the adaptability of individuals of a species to certain living conditions.

Ecological criterion

It is not the main and only one, because:

• Different species can be adapted to the same conditions.
• Individuals of the same species can live in slightly different conditions

(for example: deep-sea and coastal populations of river perch, dandelion can grow in both forests and meadows).

Genetic criterion -

a certain set of chromosomes.

The main thing is not the number, but the structure and shape of the chromosomes.

For example, humans and poplars have the same number of chromosomes – 46.

Genetic criterion -

Due to differences in the chromosome set between individuals of different species, there is reproductive isolation:

• different periods of reproduction;
• the genital apparatus is structured differently;
• sperm cannot penetrate the egg;
• If fertilization occurs, the embryo dies or the young organism is born non-viable.
• if the hybrid is viable, then it is infertile, for example: hinny, mule, honorik (ferret and mink)

honorik

Genetic criterion

It is not universal because:

• Individuals of the same species can have different numbers of chromosomes.

For example: in individuals of one of the species of weevils, the set of chromosomes may differ by 2-3 times.

• In nature, there are species that successfully interbreed.

For example:

• some species of tits, canaries, finches; some types of poplars, willows.
• some species of tits, canaries, finches;
• some types of poplars, willows.

Conclusion:

In order to determine whether an individual belongs to a particular species, one criterion is not enough; it is necessary to take into account the totality of all criteria.

a set of individuals that have similar morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics, interbreed freely and produce fertile offspring, similar to their parents, adapted to certain living conditions and occupying a certain area in nature.

What type criterion does the following description meet:

does the great tit live in the crowns of trees, feeding on large insects and their larvae?

1) geographical

2) environmental

3) morphological

4) genetic

The set of external characteristics of individuals is referred to as the species criterion

What species criterion does the area of ​​distribution of reindeer belong to?

1) geographical

2) environmental

3) morphological

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Slide captions:

View. Type criteria.

Lesson objectives: to study the concept of type, its criteria and structure.

Testing students' knowledge. Test on the topic "Selection"

1. A plant population characterized by a similar genotype and phenotype, obtained as a result of artificial selection, is: a) a species; b) subspecies; c) breed; d) variety.

2. How is new varieties developed in plant breeding? a) Growing plants on fertilized soils; b) vegetative propagation using layering; c) crossing plants of different varieties and subsequent selection of offspring with valuable traits; d) growing plants on poor soils.

3. During artificial selection, traits that are useful to: a) humans are formed; b) mind; c) biogeocenosis; d) breed.

4. The method of obtaining new plant varieties by exposing the body to ultraviolet or X-rays is called: a) heterosis; b) polyploidy; c) mutagenesis; d) hybridization.

5. The phenomenon of heterosis is associated with: a) a new combination of genes; b) with gene variability; c) with modification variability; d) with chromosomal rearrangements.

6. The group of animals most similar in structure and vital activity, created for agricultural purposes by man, is called: a) variety; b) view; c) breed; d) by birth.

7. A pure line of plants is the offspring of: a) heterozygous forms; b) one self-pollinating individual; c) intervarietal hybrid; d) two heterozygous individuals.

8. What is the basis for the creation of new breeds of farm animals? a) Crossing and artificial selection; b) natural selection; c) good care of animals, their diet; d) struggle for existence.

9. N. I. Vavilov developed: a) the chromosomal theory of heredity; b) evolutionary theory; c) the hypothesis of the origin of life; d) the doctrine of the centers of diversity and origin of cultivated plants.

10. Inbreeding in animal breeding is used to: a) consolidate desired traits; b) improvement of symptoms; c) increase in heterozygous forms; d) selection of the most productive animals.

Answers to the test: 1 – d, 2 – c, 3 – a, 4 – c, 5 – a, 6 – c, 7 – b, 8 – a, 9 – d, 10 – a.

Updating knowledge. Frontal conversation on issues

Task No. 1. Name the species of plants and animals that you know and live near your home or school

Task No. 2. In the specified list of animals, count the number of individuals, species and genera. 1. Common hedgehog. 2. Common fox. 3. Himalayan bear. 4. Djungarian hamster. 5. White hare. 6. Brown bear. 7. Syrian hamster. 8. Brown hare. 9. Eared hedgehog. 10. Common fox.

Task No. 3. The name of this type of animal. Which of these two words refers to the generic and which to the specific?

Conclusion: 1. To designate a species, a double (binary) nomenclature is used, according to which the genus to which the species belongs is first indicated, and then the specific name. 2. Individuals of different species differ from each other in their habitats, external signs etc. 3. Similar species united into one genus. 4. Species is the main category of biological classification.

Learning new material. A species is a collection of individuals occupying a certain area of ​​distribution, similar in structure, freely interbreeding and producing fertile offspring. To date, about 1.5 million animal species and more than half a million plant species have been described.

Concepts. 1. Carl Linnaeus believed that a species is a universal, really existing unit of living matter, morphologically homogeneous and unchanging. 2. T.B. Lamarck - species do not really exist, this is a purely speculative concept, invented in order to make it easier to consider collectively large quantity individuals. 3. Ch. Darwin - the species is heterogeneous, it is a system of subordinate units.

Species criteria are a set of certain characteristics that allow one to characterize a group of organisms as a species. Morphological criterion. Laboratory work"Studying morphological criterion kind"

Type criteria Contents of criterion 1. Morphological Similarity of external and internal structure individuals of the same species, structural features of representatives of the same species 2. Physiological The similarity of all life processes, and above all the process of reproduction (free crossing of individuals of the species) 3. Genetic Each species is characterized by a certain, unique set of chromosomes and their special structure (size, shape, DNA composition) 4. Ecological View takes specific place in nature, I have my own specialization, a set of environmental factors necessary for its existence 5. Geographical View has a certain area of ​​distribution in nature - habitat 6. Historical Community of ancestors, a single history of the origin and development of a species

VIEW STRUCTURE

IV. Consolidation of the studied material. Conversation on the questions: 1. What is a species? 2. What species criteria do you know? 3. Is it possible to determine whether an organism belongs to a specific species based on one criterion? 4. Why is it necessary to use all criteria together to establish species identity? 5. How many species live on our planet?

Homework: § 4.1.