Lesson summary "Forms of biotic relationships. Antibiotic relationships."

Antibiosis- a form of relationship in which both interacting populations or one of them experience a negative impact. The adverse effects of some species on others can manifest themselves in different forms.

Predation. This is one of the most common forms, having great value in self-regulation of biocenoses. Predators are animals (as well as some plants) that feed on other animals, which they catch and kill. The objects of hunting of predators are extremely diverse. Lack of specialization allows predators to use a wide variety of foods. For example, foxes eat fruit; bears pick berries and love to feast on the honey of forest bees. Although all predators have preferred types of prey, the mass reproduction of unusual hunting objects forces them to switch to them. Thus, peregrine falcons obtain food in the air. But when mass reproduction After lemmings, falcons begin to hunt them, snatching prey from the ground.

The ability to switch from one type of prey to another is one of the necessary adaptations in the life of predators. The ability to switch from one type of prey to another is one of the necessary adaptations in the life of predators. Predation is one of the main forms of struggle for existence and is found in all large groups of eukaryotic organisms. Already among unicellular organisms, eating individuals of one species by another is a common occurrence. Jellyfish paralyze with stinging cells any organisms that fall within the reach of their tentacles (in large forms- up to 20-30 m in length), and eat them. Typical predators live at the bottom of the sea - starfish, feeding on shellfish and often destroying large settlements coral polyps. Many centipedes, in particular the centipede, are also typical predators with extremely wide range victims: from insects to small vertebrates. Large frogs attack chicks and can cause serious damage to waterfowl breeding. Snakes hunt amphibians, birds and small mammals. Often the objects of their hunt are not only adult birds, but also bird eggs. Bird nests, located both on the ground and on tree branches, are literally devastated by snakes. A special case of predation is cannibalism - eating individuals of its own species, most often juveniles. Cannibalism is often found in spiders (females often eat males) and in fish (eating fry). Female mammals also sometimes eat their young. Predation is associated with the acquisition of resisting and escaping prey. When a peregrine falcon attacks birds, most victims die instantly from a sudden blow from the falcon's talons. Vole mice also cannot resist an owl or a fox. But sometimes the struggle between predator and prey turns into a fierce fight.

Rice. Ciliates Didinia Fig. Starfish

devour ciliates shoe and bivalves

Rice. Scolopendra attacking a lizard

Therefore, natural selection operating in a population of predators will increase the efficiency of means of searching and catching prey.

This purpose is served by the web of spiders, the poisonous teeth of snakes, and the precise attacking blows of mantises, dragonflies, snakes, birds and mammals. Complex behavior is developed, for example, the coordinated actions of wolves when hunting deer.

Prey, through the selection process, also improve their means of defense and avoidance of predators.

This includes protective coloring, various spikes and shell, adaptive behavior. When a predator attacks a school of fish, all individuals scatter, which increases their chances of surviving. On the contrary, starlings, having noticed a peregrine falcon, huddle together in a dense group. The predator avoids attacking a dense flock, as it risks being injured. Large ungulates, when attacked by wolves, become circled; for wolves, the likelihood of repelling and killing an individual individual as a result of this behavior of the herd is significantly reduced. Therefore, they prefer to attack animals that are old or weakened by disease, especially those that have strayed from the herd.

Rice. Frog eating chick

Similar behavior has developed in primates. When there is a threat of attack by a predator, females with cubs find themselves in a dense ring of males.

Rice. A herd of baboons on the march (A) and when danger arises (B)

In the evolution of the predator-prey relationship, there is constant improvement of both predators and their prey.

Nitrogen requirements for plants growing on poor nutrients soils washed with water led to the emergence of a very interesting phenomenon in them. These plants have adaptations for catching insects. Thus, the leaf blades of the Venus flytrap, endemic to North Carolina (USA), have turned into valves with teeth. The valves slam shut as soon as the insect touches the sensitive hairs on the leaf blade. In the round-leaved sundew found in Russia, the leaves are collected in a basal rosette. The entire upper side and edges of each leaf are covered with glandular hairs. In the center of the leaf the glandular hairs are short, along the edges they are long. The head of the hair is surrounded by a transparent droplet of thick sticky viscous mucus. Small flies or ants land or crawl onto the leaf and stick to it. The insect struggles, trying to free itself, but all the hairs of the disturbed leaf bend towards the prey, enveloping it in mucus. The edge of the leaf slowly curls up and covers the insect. The mucus secreted by the hairs contains enzymes, so the prey is quickly digested.

Rice. Venus flytrap. 1. general view, 2. half-closed sheet with the victim, 3. closed sheet.

Slide 2

Antibiosis

Antibiosis is a form of relationship in which both interacting populations or one of them are negatively affected. The adverse effects of some species on others can manifest themselves in different forms.

Slide 3

Predation

This is one of the most common forms that is of great importance in the self-regulation of biocenoses. Predators are animals (as well as some plants) that feed on other animals, which they catch and kill. The objects of hunting of predators are extremely diverse. Lack of specialization allows predators to use a wide variety of foods. For example, foxes eat fruit; bears pick berries and love to feast on the honey of forest bees.

Slide 4

Adaptation of predators

Although all predators have preferred types of prey, the mass reproduction of unusual hunting objects forces them to switch to them. Thus, peregrine falcons obtain food in the air. But when lemmings reproduce en masse, falcons begin to hunt them, snatching prey from the ground.
The ability to switch from one type of prey to another is one of the necessary adaptations in the life of predators.

Slide 5

Predation

Predation is one of the main forms of struggle for existence and is found in all large groups of eukaryotic organisms. Already among unicellular organisms, eating individuals of one species by another is a common occurrence. Jellyfish paralyze with stinging cells any organisms that fall within the reach of their tentacles (in large forms, up to 20-30 m in length), and eat them.

Slide 6

Echinoderm predation

Typical predators live at the bottom of the sea - starfish, feeding on shellfish and often destroying large populations of coral polyps.

Slide 7

Insect predation

Many centipedes, in particular centipedes, are also typical predators with an extremely wide range of prey: from insects to small vertebrates.

Slide 8

Reptile predation

Large frogs attack chicks and can cause serious damage to waterfowl breeding. Snakes hunt amphibians, birds and small mammals. Often the objects of their hunt are not only adult birds, but also bird eggs. Bird nests, located both on the ground and on tree branches, are literally devastated by snakes.

Slide 9

Cannibalism

A special case of predation is cannibalism - eating individuals of its own species, most often juveniles. Cannibalism is often found in spiders (females often eat males) and in fish (eating fry). Female mammals also sometimes eat their young.

Slide 10

Predation

Predation is associated with the acquisition of resisting and escaping prey. When a peregrine falcon attacks birds, most victims die instantly from a sudden blow from the falcon's talons. Vole mice also cannot resist an owl or a fox.

Slide 11

Evolution of predation

But sometimes the struggle between predator and prey turns into a fierce fight. Therefore, natural selection operating in a population of Predators will increase the efficiency of means of searching and catching prey. This purpose is served by the web of spiders, the poisonous teeth of snakes, and the precise attacking blows of mantises, dragonflies, snakes, birds and mammals. Complex behavior is developed, such as the coordinated actions of a pack of wolves when hunting deer.

Slide 12

This includes protective coloration, various spines and shells, and adaptive behavior. When a predator attacks a school of fish, all individuals scatter. On the contrary, starlings, having noticed a peregrine falcon, huddle together in a dense group. The predator avoids attacking a dense flock, as it risks being injured. Large ungulates become circled when attacked by wolves. For wolves there is a chance to fight back. and slaughter an individual as a result of this behavior, the herd is significantly reduced. Therefore, they prefer to attack animals that are old or weakened by disease, especially those that have strayed from the herd.

Slide 13

Similar behavior has developed in primates. When there is a threat of attack by a predator, females with cubs find themselves in a dense ring of males. In the evolution of the predator-prey relationship, there is constant improvement of both predators and their prey.

Slide 14

Plant predation

Slide 15

The sundew found in Russia has leaves collected in a basal rosette. The entire top side and edges of each leaf are covered with glandular hairs. In the center of the leaf the glandular hairs are short, along the edges they are long. The head of the hair is surrounded by a transparent droplet of thick sticky viscous mucus. Small flies or ants land or crawl onto the leaf and stick to it. The insect struggles, trying to free itself, but all the hairs of the disturbed leaf bend towards the prey, enveloping it in mucus. The edge of the leaf slowly curls up and covers the insect. The mucus secreted by the hairs contains enzymes, so the prey is quickly digested.

Slide 16

Predation in fungi

Feeding on animals - predation also occurs in fungi. Predatory mushrooms form trapping devices in the form of small oval or spherical heads located on short branches of the mycelium. However, the most common type of trap is adhesive 3D nets consisting of large number rings formed as a result of branching hyphae. Often carnivorous mushrooms catch animals larger than themselves, for example roundworms. The trapping process is reminiscent of catching flies with sticky paper. Soon after the worm becomes entangled, the fungal hyphae grow inward and quickly fill the entire body. The whole process lasts about a day. In the absence of nematodes, fungi do not form traps. The emergence of a complex hunting apparatus is stimulated chemically by the waste products of worms.

Slide 17

Literature

Zakharov V.B. General biology: Textbook. For 10-11 grades. general education institutions. - M.: Bustard, 2004.

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Antibiosis is a form of relationship in which both interacting populations or one of them experience a negative effect. The adverse effects of some species on others can manifest themselves in different forms.

Predation.

This is one of the most common forms, which are of great importance in the self-regulation of biocenoses. Predators are animals (as well as some plants) that feed on other animals, which they catch and kill. Objects of hunting for predators! extremely varied. The lack of specialization allows predators to use a wide variety of foods. For example, foxes eat fruit; bears pick berries and love to feast on the honey of forest bees. Although all predators have preferred types of prey, the mass reproduction of unusual hunting objects forces them to switch to them. Thus, peregrine falcons obtain food in the air. But when lemmings reproduce en masse, falcons begin to hunt them, snatching prey from the ground.

The ability to switch from one type of prey to another is one of the necessary adaptations in the life of predators.

Many centipedes, in particular centipedes, are also typical predators with an extremely wide range of prey: from insects to small vertebrates (Fig. 17.21). Large frogs attack chicks and can cause serious damage to waterfowl breeding (Fig. 17.22). Snakes hunt amphibians, birds and small mammals. Often the objects of their hunt are not only adult birds, but also bird eggs. Bird nests, located both on the ground and on tree branches, are literally devastated by snakes.

Cannibalism is a special case of predation. - eating individuals of their own species, most often juveniles. Cannibalism is often found in spiders (females often eat males) and in fish (eating fry). Female mammals also sometimes eat their young.

Therefore, natural selection operating in a population of predators will increase the efficiency of means of searching and catching prey.

This purpose is served by the web of spiders, the poisonous teeth of snakes, and the precise attacking blows of mantises, dragonflies, snakes, birds and mammals. Complex behavior is developed, such as the coordinated actions of a pack of wolves when hunting deer. Prey, through the selection process, also improve their means of defense and avoidance of predators.

This includes protective coloration, various spines and shells, and adaptive behavior. When a predator attacks a school of fish, all individuals scatter, which increases their chances of surviving. On the contrary, starlings, having noticed a peregrine falcon, huddle together in a dense group. The predator avoids attacking a dense flock, because risks injury. Large ungulates become circled when attacked by wolves. For wolves, the likelihood of repelling and killing an individual as a result of this herd behavior is significantly reduced. Therefore, they prefer to attack animals that are old or weakened by disease, especially those that have strayed from the herd.

Similar behavior has developed in primates. When there is a threat of attack by a predator, females with cubs find themselves in a dense ring of males.

In the evolution of the predator-prey relationship, there is constant improvement of both predators and their prey.

The need for nitrogen in plants growing on nutrient-poor soils, washed with water, has led to the emergence of a very interesting phenomenon in them. These plants have adaptations for catching insects. The Venus flytrap, found in Russia, has leaves collected in a basal rosette. The entire upper side and edges of each leaf are covered with glandular hairs. In the center of the leaf the glandular hairs are short, along the edges they are long. The head of the hair is surrounded by a transparent droplet of thick sticky viscous mucus. Small flies or ants land or crawl onto the leaf and stick to it. The insect struggles, trying to free itself, but all the hairs of the disturbed leaf bend towards the prey, enveloping it in mucus. The edge of the leaf slowly curls up and covers the insect. The mucus secreted by the hairs contains enzymes, so5 the prey is quickly digested.

Feeding on animals - predation - is also found in fungi. Predatory mushrooms form trapping apparatuses in the form of small oval or spherical heads located on the! short branches of mycelium (Fig. 17.25). However, the most common type of hyphae is adhesive three-dimensional networks consisting of a large number of rings formed as a result of the branching of hyphae. Often, predatory fungi catch animals that are larger than them, such as roundworms. The catching process is reminiscent of catching i flies on sticky paper. Soon after the worm becomes entangled, the fungal hyphae grow inward and quickly fill the entire body. ,The whole process lasts about a day. In the absence of nematodes, fungi do not form traps. Emergence is complicated! the fishing apparatus is stimulated chemically, a product of the vital activity of worms......

Parameter name	Meaning
Article topic:	Antibiotic relationships
Rubric (thematic category)	Ecology

Predation. This is one of the most common forms that is of great importance in the self-regulation of biocenoses. Predators are animals (as well as some plants) that feed on other animals, which they catch and kill. The objects of hunting of predators are extremely diverse. Lack of specialization allows predators to use a wide variety of foods. For example, foxes eat fruit; bears pick berries and love to feast on the honey of forest bees. Although all predators have preferred types of prey, the mass reproduction of unusual prey makes them switch to them. Thus, peregrine falcons obtain food in the air. But when lemmings reproduce en masse, falcons begin to hunt them, snatching prey from the ground.

The ability to switch from one type of prey to another is one of the necessary adaptations in the life of predators. The ability to switch from one type of prey to another is one of the necessary adaptations in the life of predators. Predation is one of the basic forms of struggle for existence and is found in all large groups of eukaryotic organisms. Already among unicellular organisms, eating individuals of one species by another is a common occurrence. Jellyfish paralyze with stinging cells any organisms that fall within the reach of their tentacles (in large forms, up to 20-30 m in length), and eat them. Typical predators live at the bottom of the sea - starfish, feeding on shellfish and often destroying extensive populations of coral polyps. Many centipedes, in particular centipedes, are also typical predators with an extremely wide range of prey: from insects to small vertebrates. Large frogs attack chicks and can cause serious damage to waterfowl breeding. Snakes hunt amphibians, birds and small mammals. Often the objects of their hunt are not only adult birds, but also bird eggs. Bird nests, located both on the ground and on tree branches, are literally devastated by snakes. A special case of predation is cannibalism - eating individuals of its own species, most often juveniles. Cannibalism is often found in spiders (females often eat males) and in fish (eating fry). Female mammals also sometimes eat their young. Predation is associated with the acquisition of resisting and escaping prey. When a peregrine falcon attacks birds, most victims die instantly from a sudden blow from the falcon's talons. Vole mice also cannot resist an owl or a fox. But sometimes the struggle between predator and prey turns into a fierce fight.

Rice. Ciliates Didinia Fig. Starfish

devour slipper ciliates and bivalves

Rice. Scolopendra attacking a lizard

For this reason, natural selection operating in a population of predators will increase the efficiency of means of searching and catching prey.

Prey, through the selection process, also improve their means of defense and avoidance of predators.

This includes protective coloration, various spines and shells, and adaptive behavior. When a predator attacks a school of fish, all individuals scatter, which increases their chances of surviving. On the contrary, starlings, having noticed a peregrine falcon, huddle together in a dense group. The predator avoids attacking a dense flock, as it risks being injured. Large ungulates, when attacked by wolves, become circled; for wolves, the likelihood of repelling and killing an individual individual as a result of this behavior of the herd is significantly reduced. For this reason, they prefer to attack animals that are old or weakened by disease, especially those that have strayed from the herd.

Rice. Frog eating chick

Similar behavior has developed in primates. When there is a threat of attack by a predator, females with cubs find themselves in a dense ring of males.

Rice. A herd of baboons on the march (A) and when danger arises (B)

In the evolution of the predator-prey relationship, there is constant improvement of both predators and their prey.

The need for nitrogen in plants growing in nutrient-poor soils washed with water has led to the emergence of a very interesting phenomenon. These plants have adaptations for catching insects. Thus, the leaf blades of the Venus flytrap, endemic to North Carolina (USA), have turned into valves with teeth. The valves slam shut as soon as the insect touches the sensitive hairs on the leaf blade. In the round-leaved sundew found in Russia, the leaves are collected in a basal rosette. The entire upper side and edges of each leaf are covered with glandular hairs. In the center of the leaf the glandular hairs are short, along the edges they are long. The head of the hair is surrounded by a transparent droplet of thick sticky viscous mucus. Small flies or ants land or crawl onto the leaf and stick to it. The insect struggles, trying to free itself, but all the hairs of the disturbed leaf bend towards the prey, enveloping it in mucus. The edge of the leaf slowly curls up and covers the insect. The mucus secreted by the hairs contains enzymes, and therefore the prey is quickly digested.

Rice. Venus flytrap. 1. general view, 2. half-closed sheet with the victim, 3. closed sheet.

Antibiotic relationships - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Antibiotic Relationships" 2017, 2018.

Independent work.

In the discipline "ecology".

Developed by:

Student of group No. 41

Dyuzhov Alexey

Record number: 28114

Novosibirsk 2011

Forms biotic relationships in communities.

The basis for the emergence and existence of biocenoses is the relationship of organisms, their connections into which they enter into with each other, inhabiting the same biotope (biocenosis habitat, from the Latin “Bios” - life, “top” - place). These connections determine the basic condition of life in a community, the possibility of obtaining food and conquering new space.

Living organisms do not settle with each other by chance, but form certain communities adapted to living together. According to the direction of action on the body, all effects are divided into positive, negative and neutral.

Symbiosis- cohabitation (from the Greek sym - together, bios - life) -

a form of relationship in which both partners or one of them benefits from the other. There are several forms of symbiosis:

Cooperation. The well-known cohabitation of hermit crabs with soft coral polyps-anemones. Cancer settles in an empty mollusk shell and carries it along with the polyp. Such cohabitation is mutually beneficial: moving along the bottom, the crayfish increases the space used by the sea anemone to catch prey, some of which falls to the bottom and is eaten by the crayfish.

Known interesting shape symbiotic relationship tropical

and the ants living on them. Being very aggressive, ants attack any insects and animals that appear on the tree, which they consider their property. Acacia gives shelter to ants in its hollow

spines, and also forms special protein bodies for them on the leaves, which serve as a kind of bait. Experts who studied the behavior of ants living on acacia trees began to suspect that these so-called protectors create problems for the plants that shelter them by attacking bees, flies and other pollinators. But then it turned out that flowers that are fully blossomed and ready for pollination produce a special substance that repels ants, but has no effect on pollinating insects.

Mutualism.(from Latin mutuus - mutual). The form of mutually beneficial relationships between species - from temporary, optional contact to symbiosis - a useful connection between two species. Lichens are the cohabitation of a fungus and an algae. In lichen, the hyphae of the fungus, entwining the cells and filaments of algae, form special suction processes that penetrate the cells. Through them, the fungus receives photosynthesis products formed by algae. The algae extracts water and mineral salts from the hyphae of the fungus. In total, there are more than 20,000 species of symbiotic organisms in nature. Intestinal symbionts are involved in the processing of rough plant feed in many ruminants. Less obligatory, but extremely significant, are mutualistic relationships, for example, between the Siberian cedar pine And

birds - nutcrackers, nuthatch and cuckoos, which, feeding on pine seeds and storing food, contribute to the very regeneration of cedar forests.

Commensalism, freeloading (from the Latin “com” - together, “mensa” - meal). One form of symbiosis is a relationship in which one species benefits from cohabitation, but the other does not care. This is the unilateral use of one species by another without causing harm to it.

They are not found outside the burrows at all. Relationships such as commensalism are very important in nature, promoting closer cohabitation of species, more complete development of the environment and the use of food resources.

Antibiotic relationships.

connections, essentially all variants of food connections can be attributed to this type of ecological interactions.

Predation. One of the most common forms, which is of great importance in the self-regulation of biocenoses. Predators are animals (as well as some plants) that feed on other animals, which they catch and kill. But when they talk about “predator-prey” relationships, they mean not only such classic predators as a lion or a wolf, and their classic victims like a wildebeest or a hare. The relationship of the great tit with the insects with which it feeds its chicks, the roach with the daphnia that it eats, and the daphnia with microscopic plankton

algae are also classified as “predator-prey”. The objects of hunting for predators are varied.

For example: Bears collect berries and love the honey of forest bees. Natural selection operating in a population of predators increases the efficiency of means of searching and catching prey and develops complex behavior. During the selection process, prey also improve their means of defense and avoidance of predators. And also owl, hawk, viper, crocodile, leopard.

For example: mosquito, bug, horsefly, aphid, tapeworms.

Neutralism .

Neutralism- a form of relationship in which organisms living together in the same territory do not influence each other. When an individual is neutral different types are not directly related to each other, but, forming a biocenosis, depend on the state of the community as a whole. For example, squirrels and moose in the same forest have no contact with each other, but the suppression of the forest by drought affects each of them, although to varying degrees.

All of the listed forms of biological connections between species serve as regulators of the number of animals and plants in the biocenosis, determining the degree of its stability; at the same time, the richer species composition biocenosis, the more stable the community as a whole.

For example: thrush, vole.