Geography and the world around us. History and development of livestock farming in foreign Europe

For the main types of agricultural products, most countries fully meet their needs and are interested in selling them on foreign markets. The main type of agricultural enterprise is a large, highly mechanized farm. But in Southern Europe, landownership and small-scale land use by peasant tenants still predominate. The main branches of agriculture in foreign Europe are crop production and livestock farming, which are widespread everywhere, combined with each other. Under the influence of natural and historical conditions, three main types of agriculture have developed in the region: 1) Northern European, 2) Central European and 3) Southern European. For Northern European type, widespread in Scandinavia, Finland, as well as in Great Britain, is characterized by the predominance of intensive dairy farming, and in the plant growing that serves it - fodder crops and gray bread. Central European type It is distinguished by the predominance of dairy and dairy-meat livestock farming, as well as pig and poultry farming. Livestock farming has reached a very high level in Denmark, where it has long become a branch of international specialization. This country is one of the world's largest producers and exporters of butter, milk, cheese, pork, and eggs. It is often called the “dairy farm” of Europe. Crop production not only satisfies the basic food needs of the population, but also “works” for livestock farming. A significant and sometimes the predominant part of arable land is occupied by fodder crops. For South European type characterized by a significant predominance of crop farming, while livestock farming plays a secondary role. Although the main place in crops is occupied by grain crops, the international specialization of Southern Europe is determined primarily by the production of fruits, citrus fruits, grapes, olives, almonds, nuts, tobacco, and essential oil crops. Coast Mediterranean Sea- the main “garden of Europe” The entire Mediterranean coast of Spain and especially the region of Valencia is usually called “Huerta”, i.e. “garden”. Various fruits and vegetables are grown here, but most of all oranges, the harvest of which lasts from December to March. Spain ranks first in the world in orange exports. There are more than 90 million olive trees in Greece. This tree became a kind of national symbol for the Greeks. Since the times of Ancient Hellas, the olive branch has been a sign of peace. In many cases, the specialization of agriculture takes on a narrower profile. Thus, France, the Netherlands and Switzerland are famous for the production of cheese, the Netherlands for flowers, Germany and the Czech Republic for growing barley and hops and brewing. And in terms of production and consumption of grape wines, France, Spain, Italy, and Portugal stand out not only in Europe, but throughout the world. Fishing has long been an international specialty in Norway, Denmark and especially Iceland.

40Types of agriculture in Asian countries.

More than a quarter of agricultural land is concentrated and the task is to provide food for 3/5 of the planet's inhabitants. All types of agriculture are common: 1. consumer and semi-commodity traditional agriculture with communal and tribal relations 2. commodity semi-commodity farming, using manual labor and live draft power and landowners Latifundi economy 3 a) commodity and semi-commodity economy, mainly specialized capitalist farming (farm and corporate b) commodity and semi-commodity, mainly specialized and diversified state-cooperative, farm and peasant economy with different material and technical equipment. The specificity of the continent is the large role of labor-intensive agriculture and bed architecture, the predominance of semi-commodity farming based on manual labor and live draft power. An example is rice growing (East and Southeast Asia). Covers less with modern means of production (Japan, Israel). In Asia, the Mediterranean type of agriculture is represented: fertility (olives, citrus fruits), viticulture, grain crops. Intensive commercial agriculture with an export focus (tea, cotton, sugar cane) is of international importance. Over the past few years, Asia has become a rapidly growing region of global importance both in terms of total gross and commercial output and in terms of production per capita. The rise of the agricultural industry of China and India played an important role.

Sectoral structure of the economy

For the modern period of development sectoral structure of the economy The highly developed countries of Foreign Europe are characterized by the following important features:

wide polyspecialization of agriculture, industry and services;

dominance in the manufacturing industries;

dominance in the industry of production of consumer goods (sector B) over the production of means of production (sector A).

Rapid development of knowledge-intensive industries;

The transition to the post-industrial stage of development, when the sphere of non-material production becomes leading in the economy.

Sectors of the economy based on the exploitation of natural resource potential are gradually “fading into the shadows” in terms of their share in GDP. However, absolute production levels in many of them are still high.

Agriculture, industry primary sector* economy, characterized by high intensity and a huge variety of products. Despite the fact that in most countries the share of the agricultural sector in total GDP is small, for example in Germany - 3%, France 5%, in the European Union one of the most pressing problems is overproduction of agricultural products. EU economic authorities have to spend huge amounts of money to curb production growth and impose strict customs restrictions on the import of food products from abroad, except for tropical agricultural products. But the removal of customs borders within the Union itself sharply intensified competition between European producers and allowed the strongest of them to significantly expand their sales market. As a result, the specialization of individual countries within the EU has deepened. For example, Spain is called a pan-European “garden and vegetable garden”, Yes- nuyu - "and livestock farm."

Crop production largely serves the needs of livestock farming; in many countries, the area sown with fodder crops exceeds the area with food crops. The most important grains are wheat and barley. Grain yields are twice as high as in the USA (50-60 c/ha). A third of the EU's grain harvest comes from France, one of the world's largest wheat exporters.

In general, livestock farming dominates the gross agricultural product of Foreign Europe. Every fifth kilogram of meat in the world is produced here (twice as much as in the USA) and every third liter of milk. The average milk yield per cow in Holland exceeds 6 thousand liters per year. Europeans consume large quantities of not only beef, but also pork and lamb (especially in the Mediterranean).

Secondary sector represented by a powerful and diverse industry. It reached its greatest scale in Germany, Great Britain, France and Italy.

Traditional basic industries, with which European economic integration began in the post-war period, - coal industry And ferrous metallurgy(“The Union of Coal and Steel”, 1956) - in the last quarter of the past century, we were going through hard times. European coal became less and less profitable. As a result, in Great Britain, Germany, and France there was a massive closure of coal mines and a reorientation of energy and industry to imports, in particular from Canada and the USA.

Foreign Europe has a powerful fuel and energy system, although in terms of per capita energy consumption it still lags significantly behind the United States. Almost half of energy resources are imported. In the process of European integration, a unified EU electricity network was created. In the fuel and energy balance, the share of coal is steadily decreasing, but the share of gas, which is imported, in particular from Russia, is growing. Before the energy crisis of 1973, Western Europe imported oil mainly from the Persian Gulf and North Africa. In the last quarter of a century, the share of European oil has increased significantly, 90% of which is produced in the North Sea by Great Britain and Norway.

After the Chernobyl accident in 1986, most development projects in Europe were frozen nuclear energy, and in a number of countries (Italy, Austria, Switzerland, Poland, etc.) they completely abandoned the use of “peaceful atom” energy. But, for example, France continues to implement its nuclear programs, since for it the abandonment of nuclear energy is unacceptable - it provides more than 70% of the country’s total electricity.

In the wake of greening, it is actively developing alternative energy. In Germany, France, Spain and some other countries, massive construction of wind power plants has begun, which are already providing electricity to hundreds of villages and even small towns.

Based on the existing energy capacities and mainly imported ores, it is developing non-ferrous metallurgy, serving European mechanical engineering. Particularly noteworthy is the production of aluminum in Norway, Germany and France, refined lead, zinc and copper in Italy, lead and zinc in Spain.

Europe has created a diverse chemical industry. Here we should first of all mention Germany (a variety of inorganic and organic chemistry) and France (production of mineral fertilizers, synthetic rubber, etc.). The products of the German and Swiss pharmaceutical industries have already conquered the world market.

Leading industry sector - mechanical engineering. It provides about a third of all industrial products of Foreign Europe and provides almost half of exports. The range of manufactured products is wide: from nuclear reactors (France) and mining equipment (Norway) to video recorders (Netherlands) and watches (Switzerland). Western European automotive industry successfully competes with American and Japanese. Such world-famous transnational giants as BMW, Volkswagen, Daimler-Chrysler in Germany, Renault and Citroen in France, FIAT in Italy and others grew up here. aircraft industry- France and Great Britain are closely cooperating, joining forces to fight for a “place in the sun” in the global aviation market, primarily against the American Boeing. France has a national space industry and the most powerful in Foreign Europe military-industrial complex.

The situation is much worse with shipbuilding. Due to the fall in demand for large and medium-tonnage vessels and the emergence of powerful competitors in the form of Japan and South Korea The production of ships at the shipyards of France, Great Britain, Germany and Spain decreased several times.

Thousands of enterprises work in close connection with R&D centers electronics, which is mainly in the hands of multinational companies. Western European countries act as think tanks, and mass production of products is often carried out thousands of kilometers from Europe, primarily in countries

Southeast Asia. The headquarters of companies such as Siemens and Telefunken are located in Germany, and Philips is in the Netherlands.

Tertiary sector - this is the sphere of intangible production, which includes trade, the system of housing, communal and consumer services, management and banking structures, scientific organizations, social institutions (education systems, health care, etc.) - In recent decades, the sector has developed at an accelerated pace, which has given reason to talk about the transition highly developed countries Foreign Europe at the post-industrial stage of development. By the end of the 20th century. The tertiary sector has become the leading sector in the economies of EU countries. As already noted, the share of GDP received from the tertiary sector in all countries of Western Europe is already at least 50% of total GDP, and in the most developed (Germany, France) it reaches 70%. In CEE countries this figure is still lower, although the development trend is the same.

A special place in the tertiary sector of Foreign Europe is occupied by education system. The bar for European education is traditionally very high. The training of highly qualified personnel for both traditional and the most innovative fields of activity has become one of the main areas of specialization in the region. Ancient universities and higher schools Great Britain, Germany, France, Spain annually graduate tens of thousands of certified specialists, who then work in all countries of the world.

Another sector of the European economy of global importance is tourism. It is in Europe that the paths of more than 2/3 of all travelers abroad converge. The tourism business is developing most successfully in Southern and Eastern Europe. The world leaders in receiving foreign tourists are France (60-70 million), Spain (50-60 million) and Italy (30-40 million). Profits from tourism in these countries amount to billions of euros.

In foreign European countries, agriculture is characterized by high level development, technical equipment and efficiency, occupies a prominent place in world agriculture; 12-15% of grain, about 20% of meat and 30% of milk are produced here. The growth rate of agricultural production is faster than population growth. Since the end of the 20th century. There is a chronic overproduction of food grains, butter, sugar and many other products.

In a crisis of overproduction great value the EU agricultural policy (Green Europe plans) applies to the industry. EU bodies strictly control the agricultural market and product prices, protect local production from imports of cheaper goods and stimulate the export of surplus products; The quota system is aimed at reducing the scale of production of grain, milk, sugar, and wine.

Natural and socio-economic factors predetermined the livestock profile of agriculture; crop production largely serves the needs of livestock farming. In some countries, such as Denmark, the Netherlands and others, fodder crops occupy larger area than food.

The most important grain crops in the region are wheat, barley, and corn. Grain yields are on average 2 times higher than in the USA (more than 50 c/ha). About 1/3 of the grain harvest comes from France, Europe's only significant grain exporter. Europe is a major producer of potatoes (Germany, Poland, the Netherlands), sugar beets (France, Federal Republic of Germany, Poland, Italy), olives (Spain, Italy).

Livestock farming has a dairy and meat bias. Europe produces twice as much milk as the United States, but in terms of total meat production, both regions are approximately equal, with Western Europe differing from the United States in the greater role of pig farming and the smaller importance of poultry farming. Very characteristic high productivity livestock: the average milk yield per cow in the EU is 4.2 thousand liters of milk per year.

In the countries of Central and Eastern Europe Agricultural production has expanded, which is one of the most important areas of specialization for the countries of this region. At the same time, in terms of the level of development and especially in terms of labor productivity in agriculture, the CEE countries lag significantly behind Western European countries. At the same time, a number of countries in the region, such as the Czech Republic, Poland, Hungary, and the countries of the Balkan Peninsula, have a fairly high level of agriculture. In general, CEE agriculture provides food for the population.

In the pan-European division of labor, CEE countries specialize in the production of grain, potatoes, sugar beets, sunflowers, vegetables, fruits and meat and dairy products.

The largest producer of grains (wheat and rye) in CEE and the third in foreign Europe, after Germany and France, is Poland. In the southern group of countries, primarily Romania, Hungary and Serbia, a lot of corn is grown along with wheat.

The production of industrial crops is growing. Poland harvests almost as much potatoes as all Western European countries combined. A lot of sunflowers are grown in Serbia, Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria. In the Baltics and Poland, flax and sugar beets have long been cultivated.

Southern CEE countries are major manufacturers vegetables, fruits, grapes, and a significant part of these products is exported.

Livestock farming has also developed in Central and Eastern Europe, and is well supplied with food resources thanks to the growth of forage crops. The share of livestock farming in total agricultural production is about 50% in the Czech Republic, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, and Bulgaria. Cattle and pigs are raised. In the southern group of countries general level Livestock farming is lower; pasture breeding and sheep breeding are common.

After the Second World War, very great changes occurred in the agriculture of foreign Europe. Their most common manifestation is a decrease in the industry’s share both in the employment of the economically active population and in the structure of GDP, although significant differences between individual parts of the region in these indicators continue to persist.

In 2005, in Western European countries, the share of the economically active population employed in agriculture ranged from 1.4% in the UK to 12% in Portugal, while in Poland it reached 19%, in Bulgaria 26% and in Romania 42%. . In most countries of Western Europe, the share of agriculture in GDP decreased to 2–5%, and in the countries of Central-Eastern Europe it ranged from 3–4% (Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia) to 12–13% (Bulgaria, Romania) .

From the above figures it already follows that in the agriculture of countries Western Europe In the post-war period, much more radical changes took place. They reflected first the completion of the “green revolution”, and then the beginning of the biotechnological revolution. Changes were made in the structure of agriculture and sown areas, with a general increase in diversity and calorie content food products, which meant a gradual transition of the population to a new diet. The level of self-sufficiency of the region has increased enormously food products. Moreover, Western Europe itself has become very major exporter products related to both crop production (wheat, sugar, fruits, grapes, grape wines) and livestock production ( butter, milk, cheese). And the main article of its agricultural imports was - and this is quite natural - products of tropical agriculture.

This seemingly most favorable development of events led, however, to the emergence overproduction crisis agricultural products and - as an inevitable consequence of this - to an extreme increase in competition both between the countries of Western Europe themselves, and between them and their other producers, primarily the USA. In such conditions, the countries of Western Europe began to pursue a policy of increasingly strict government regulation in the field of agriculture. This primarily applies to countries European Union, where such measures were called the Common Agrarian Policy.

The Common Agricultural Policy covers almost all levels of agriculture in the EU countries and, more broadly, their agro-industrial complex. It provides for state intervention in the production orientation of “green Europe” (quantity and range of products), and in its technical and technological orientation (providing means of production, training and retraining of personnel), and in social orientation (enlargement of farms). The state also carries out centralized purchases and orders of agricultural products, control over their quality (especially in conditions affected by lately livestock production in many countries with “mad cow disease” and foot-and-mouth disease). All this requires huge government expenditures. Suffice it to say that in some years more than half of all budget funds EU, which has repeatedly brought the Union to the brink of a financial crisis. Recently, one of the main directions of EU agricultural policy has become greening agriculture. It is associated with an increase in demand for environmentally friendly food products, which are grown without the use of mineral fertilizers and pesticides. For example, in the UK such products already account for 1/4 of total consumption.

Qualitative changes in agriculture also manifested themselves in its narrower production specialization. This can be illustrated by the two main types of agriculture in the subregion - Central European and Southern European.

In general, the average European type of agriculture is characterized by a diversified crop-livestock farming with the cultivation of technical and grain crops, with vegetable growing, fruit growing, meat and dairy farming, focused on pasture and meadow feed, and forage farming. Important distinguishing feature Agriculture of this type is the predominance of livestock farming in the structure of agriculture and livestock products (meat, milk, butter, eggs) in the nutritional structure. At the same time, areas of the western part of England, the northern part of Germany, and some areas of the northern part of France (Normandy) specialize in dairy farming, based on cultivated meadows and the use of imported feed.

In small countries such as the Netherlands, Denmark or Switzerland, dairy farming acts as an industry of national specialization. At the same time, a significant part of its products is used for the production of butter, margarine, cheese, and condensed milk. France, the Netherlands, and Switzerland are especially famous for cheese production. More than 400 varieties of cheese are known in France. In the Netherlands the best varieties cheeses, called “Dutch”, are produced in the cities of Edam (in the northern part of the country) and Gouda (in the southern part). And the small city of Alkmaar, located north of Amsterdam, is known for its trade and retail auctions, which attract cheese traders from all over the country.

The Central European type of agriculture is also characteristic of regions and countries specializing in meat and dairy farming, intensive pork production of bacon and semi-fat (Germany, France, Great Britain, the Netherlands, Denmark), industrial poultry farming (Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, Denmark, France) . In some mountainous areas with scarce feed resources (Pennines and Scotland in Great Britain, Massif Central in France), traditional extensive sheep breeding is also preserved.

It is known that crop production in countries with Central European-type agriculture is primarily focused on helping livestock farming (rye, oats, potatoes, fodder crops), not to mention the fact that 2/5 of all their land is occupied by meadows and pastures. Nevertheless, they not only preserve, but also intensify their crop-food specialization. First of all, this applies to France, one of the world's largest producers and exporters of wheat, which is cultivated in the Northern French and Aquitaine lowlands, and sugar.

An example of a very specific, but nevertheless widely known plant specialization is the Dutch specialization in floriculture, which deserves more detailed coverage. The cultivation of flower bulbs and tree and shrub seedlings in this country began 400 years ago - at the end of the 16th century. It was then that tulip bulbs were brought to the Netherlands, difficult path from Turkey through many European countries. For short time The Dutch managed to develop about a thousand varieties of this flower in shape and color. Alexandre Dumas in his novel “The Black Tulip” described the intrigues associated with the breeding of a black tulip. He was probably right in asserting that the Dutch literally went so far as to deify this flower and did with it “what no naturalist has ever dared to do for fear of arousing the jealousy of God himself.” In the first half of the 17th century. A real “tulip fever” occurred in the country, which gripped the entire society, but ultimately bankrupted many entrepreneurs.

Rice. 29."Huerta" of Valencia in Spain

Year-round production of cut flowers and potted plants began here in late XIX c., when they began to build indoor greenhouses. And nowadays flowers in the Netherlands are grown both in open ground, and in greenhouse greenhouses. About 2 billion tulip bulbs are produced annually! In addition to them, roses, carnations, chrysanthemums, daffodils, hyacinths, crocuses, and other flowers are also grown. Both small family-owned and larger floriculture farms supply their products to daily flower auctions located in different places throughout the country. The largest of them is located in the small town of Aalsmeer near Amsterdam - in the very center of the main flower-growing region, which arose on the site of a drained lake. Every year, 900 million roses and 250 million tulips are sold here alone. Directly from the auction, sold flowers are sent by refrigerated vehicles to different cities countries, but mainly in Germany, France, Great Britain, Switzerland; Some of them are exported by plane, including to Japan and Singapore. The Netherlands' share in the global sale of cut flowers reaches 60%, and potted flowers - 50%. Among importers, Russia is in fifth place.

In countries with the southern European type of agriculture, its structure remains with a significant predominance of crop production, which also affects the structure of the population’s diet. Of course, large grain production areas have also formed here, for example on the Padan Plain in Northern Italy, some industrial crops. But still, the main specialization of the countries of Southern Europe in the global and European economy is determined by the production of vegetables, fruits, citrus fruits, olives, almonds, as well as grapes, which since ancient times have been a symbol of fertility and life for the peoples of the Mediterranean. Interestingly, 2.5 million people in Southern Europe are engaged in the cultivation of olive trees alone, and there are about 500 million of these trees themselves! Southern European countries produce more than 80% of the world's olive oil production.

As one of the most bright examples specialization in subtropical crops can be cited in the regions of Spain adjacent to the Mediterranean Sea: Andalusia, Murcia, Valencia. Here, in the vicinity of the cities of Malaga, Murcia, Valencia, areas of intensive agriculture were formed with perhaps the largest Western Europe density rural population(350–400 people per 1 km 2). With the help of irrigation systems dating back to the Roman and Arab conquests, grains, cotton, tobacco, but especially tomatoes, peppers and other vegetables, oranges, tangerines, lemons, olives, and grapes are grown here. That is why these areas are called “huerta”, which means “garden”, “vegetable garden” (Fig. 29). And that is why Spain ranks first in the world in the collection of olives, and first in the Mediterranean in the collection of oranges. In terms of citrus fruit production per capita (more than 100 kg), it is also ahead of other countries in Southern Europe.

Rice. 30. Viticultural and wine-growing regions of France

Italy has become the second “garden and vegetable garden” of the EU, where 14–15 million tons of vegetables (including 4–5 million tons of tomatoes) and 16–18 million tons of fruits, berries, citrus fruits and grapes are harvested annually. Italy ranks first in the world in grape harvesting and second in nut harvesting. Grapes are widespread here almost everywhere.

France is also one of the main grape-producing countries, within which 14 viticulture regions are usually distinguished (Fig. 30).

The main producers of grape wine are also located in Southern Europe (together with France). First and second places are usually shared by Italy and France (55–56 million hectoliters per year). At the same time, Languedoc-Roussillon, Bordeaux, the Rhone Valley, South-West, Burgundy and Provence stand out among the wine-growing regions of France. Third place is occupied by Spain (20 million hectares), fourth by Portugal (7 million) and fifth by Greece (4 million hectares). In general, the share of Southern European countries in world grape wine production exceeds 50%.

Countries Central-Eastern Europe for more than 40 years, they developed in completely different socio-economic conditions, which could not but affect their agriculture. Main feature of these countries was their transition (with the exception of Poland and Yugoslavia) to collective agricultural labor. However, under the influence of scientific and technological revolution and integration processes, agro-industrial complexes also emerged here different levels, specialization of agricultural production occurred. It manifested itself most clearly, perhaps, in grain farming, in the production of vegetables, fruits, grapes, and tobacco.

The main wheat and corn regions of this subregion were formed within the Middle and Lower Danube lowlands and the Danube hilly plain, which cover parts of the territories of Hungary, Romania, Serbia and Bulgaria. At the same time greatest success Hungary achieved the development of grain farming, far ahead of other countries both in terms of grain yield (50 c/ha) and in their production per capita (1,400 kg).

Vegetables, fruits, and grapes are cultivated almost everywhere in these countries, and yet there are areas where they primarily determine the specialization of agriculture. In Hungary, this is the area between the Danube and Tisza rivers, the foothills of the Carpathians, and the lake area. Balaton, in Romania - the foothills of the Southern and Eastern Carpathians, in Bulgaria - the Danube Plain and the Thracian Lowland, in Croatia and Serbia - the hilly foothills along the right bank of the Sava. These countries and regions have their own specialization in terms of product range. For example, Hungary is especially famous winter varieties apples, wine grapes, onions, Bulgaria - tomatoes, table grapes, tobacco, Serbia and Montenegro - plums and prunes. There are also examples of even more narrow specialization: in Bulgaria - in the cultivation of oilseed roses and other essential oil crops, in the Czech Republic - in hops used in brewing.

General characteristics of European agriculture

Note 1

Agriculture Most European countries have a high level of intensification. For recent years the “second” took place here green revolution", which, in addition to mechanization and chemicalization of production, involves the widespread introduction of electronics, biotechnology, automation and computerization. This led to the fact that European countries act on the world market as exporters of agricultural products.

The agroclimatic conditions of Europe in most territories are favorable for the development of agriculture. The structure of the industry depends on the level economic development. In developed countries, livestock farming leads, in more backward countries (post-socialist) – crop farming.

After World War II, changes occurred in the system of land use and tenure. Small-scale universal peasant farms have been replaced by large, highly productive specialized farms that are part of the agribusiness system.

Livestock

Cattle are raised everywhere. In northern Europe it has dairy specialization, in the center – meat and dairy. Sheep farming is widespread in the mountainous regions of southern Europe. In France, Germany, Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Ukraine, pig farming is a traditional industry. Poultry farming has become widespread. Hungary is the leader in per capita chicken production.

Crop production

To specialize in crop production significant influence agroclimatic conditions influence. In the Scandinavian countries and Iceland, barley, oats, and rye are the predominant crops. The “wheat belt” stretches from France to Russia. In addition, corn and sunflowers are grown in the southern part of this area, and potatoes and sugar beets are grown in the northern part.

Countries southern Europe specialize in horticulture and viticulture. Citrus fruits, olives, and essential oil crops are grown here. Bulgaria has long been famous for its production of rose oil. It’s not for nothing that the Mediterranean coast is called the garden of Europe.

But not only agricultural crops are grown in Europe. The Netherlands has long earned the reputation of being the “flower capital of the world.” It’s not for nothing that they are also called the land of tulips.

Zonal specialization of agriculture

Under the influence of natural and historical conditions, three main types of agriculture emerged in Europe:

• Northern European,
• Central European
• Southern European.

Several latitudinal zones zonal specialization of production.

Northern European type distributed throughout Great Britain and Scandinavia. Dairy cattle are bred here and fodder crops are grown. Fishing is developed on the coast.

Central European countries(France, Germany, Switzerland) raise cattle for meat and meat and dairy production, develop pig farming, sheep farming and poultry farming. Crop farming provides the population with food, and livestock farming provides feed (cereals and fodder crops).

Southern European type typical for countries along the Mediterranean Sea. The main branch of specialization is crop production. They grow grains, grapes, olives, citrus fruits and essential oil crops. Livestock farming includes goats, sheep, pigs and poultry.

Note 2

In places where the urban population is concentrated, suburban agriculture is developing (dairy farming, poultry and pig farming, indoor crop production).