Interesting facts from the life of Tsiolkovsky. Personal life and biography of Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky

MAIN DATES IN THE LIFE AND WORK OF N. A. KLYUEV 1884, October 10<22 октября н. с.) - в одной из деревень (предположительно, в деревне Андоме) в семье Алексея Тимофеевича и Параскевы Дмитриевны Клюевых родился сын Николай. 1893(?)-1895(?) - Николай Клюев учится в Вытегорском

Russian and Soviet self-taught scientist, inventor and researcher in the field of aerodynamics and aeronautics, founder of modern cosmonautics.

Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky was born on September 5 (17), 1857 in the family of the district forester Eduard Ignatievich Tsiolkovsky (1820-1881), who lived in the village of Spassky district, Ryazan province. In 1866 he suffered from scarlet fever, due to which he almost lost his hearing.

In 1869-1871, K. E. Tsiolkovsky studied at the Vyatka men's gymnasium. In 1871, due to deafness, he was forced to leave the educational institution and began self-education.

In 1873, K. E. Tsiolkovsky made an attempt to enter the Higher Technical School in, which ended in failure. However, he remained in the city, deciding to continue his education on his own. In 1873-1876, K. E. Tsiolkovsky lived in, studied at the Chertkovsky Public Library (later transferred to the building of the Rumyantsev Museum), where he met. In three years I mastered the gymnasium curriculum and part of the university curriculum. Upon his return in 1876-1878, he was engaged in tutoring and showed the abilities of a talented teacher.

In 1879, at the 1st Ryazan Gymnasium, K. E. Tsiolkovsky successfully passed the external examination for the right to occupy the position of teacher in district schools. Based on the results of the exam, he received a referral from the Ministry of Education to the city of Kaluga province, where he went at the beginning of 1880.

In 1880-1892, K. E. Tsiolkovsky served as a teacher of arithmetic and geometry at the Borovsky district school. He advanced quite successfully in his career, and by 1889 he received the rank of collegiate assessor. His first scientific research dates back to the period of work in Borovsk. In 1881, K. E. Tsiolkovsky independently developed the foundations of the kinetic theory of gases and sent this work to the Russian Physical-Chemical Society, which noted the author’s “great abilities and hard work.” Since 1885, he dealt primarily with issues of aeronautics.

In 1892, K. E. Tsiolkovsky was transferred to service in, where he lived until the end of his days. Until 1917, he taught physics and mathematics at the city gymnasium and the diocesan women's school. His conscientious work was awarded the Order of St. Stanislaus, 3rd degree (1906) and St. Anne, 3rd degree (1911).

In parallel with his teaching activities, K. E. Tsiolkovsky was engaged in research in the field of theoretical and experimental aerodynamics, and developed a project for an all-metal airship. In 1897, the scientist created the first wind tunnel in Russia, developed an experimental technique in it, conducted and described experiments with the simplest models.

By 1896, K. E. Tsiolkovsky created a mathematical theory of jet propulsion. His article “Exploration of world spaces using jet instruments” (1903) became the world's first scientific work on the theory of jet propulsion and the theory of astronautics. In it, he substantiated the real possibility of using jet instruments for interplanetary communications, laid the foundations of the theory of rockets and liquid rocket engines.

After the October Revolution of 1917, K. E. Tsiolkovsky participated in the work of the Proletarian University in. At this time, he worked hard and fruitfully to create a theory of jet flight and developed a design for a gas turbine engine. He was the first to theoretically solve the problem of landing a spacecraft on the surface of planets without an atmosphere. In 1926-1929, K. E. Tsiolkovsky developed the theory of multi-stage rockets, in 1932 - the theory of jet aircraft flight in the stratosphere and design schemes for aircraft for flight at hypersonic speeds. In 1927, he published the theory and design of a hovercraft train.

K. E. Tsiolkovsky became the founder of the theory of interplanetary communications. His research was the first to show the possibility of reaching cosmic speeds and the feasibility of interplanetary flights. He was the first to study the issue of a rocket - an artificial satellite of the Earth and the creation of near-Earth orbital stations as artificial settlements that use the energy of the Sun and serve as intermediate bases for interplanetary communications. K. E. Tsiolkovsky was the first to solve the problem of the movement of a rocket in a non-uniform gravitational field and considered the influence of the atmosphere on the flight of a rocket, and also calculated the necessary fuel reserves to overcome the resistance forces of the Earth's air shell.

K. E. Tsiolkovsky also gained fame as a talented popularizer, the author of philosophical and artistic works (“On the Moon,” “Dreams of Earth and Sky,” “Outside the Earth,” etc.), who developed issues of cosmic philosophy and ethics.

The scientific work of K. E. Tsiolkovsky enjoyed the patronage of the Soviet government. All conditions for creative activity were created for him. In 1918, the scientist was elected to the number of competing members of the Socialist Academy of Social Sciences (since 1924 - the Communist Academy), and since 1921 he was awarded a lifetime pension for services to domestic and world science. For “special merits in the field of inventions of great importance for the economic power and defense of the USSR,” K. E. Tsiolkovsky was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor in 1932.

K. E. Tsiolkovsky died in

K. E. Tsiolkovsky is a world-renowned Soviet researcher and promoter of space exploration.

Konstantin Tsiolkovsky is a scientist and inventor, a pioneer in the field of space exploration. He is the “father” of modern astronautics. The first Russian scientist to become famous in the field of aeronautics and aeronautics, a man without whom it is impossible to imagine astronautics.

Tsiolkovsky's discoveries made a significant contribution to the development of science; he is known as the developer of a model of a rocket capable of conquering outer space. He believed in the possibility of establishing human settlements in space.

From the biography of K. E. Tsiolkovsky:

The biography of the scientist is a vivid example of his dedication to his work and perseverance in achieving his goal, despite difficult life circumstances.

The future great scientist was born on September 17, 1857 in the Ryazan province, in the village of Izhevskoye, not far from Ryazan.

Father Eduard Ignatievich worked as a forester and was, as his son recalled, from an impoverished noble family, and mother Maria Ivanovna came from a family of small landowners; she ran a household.

Three years after the birth of the future scientist, his family, due to difficulties encountered by his father at work, moved to Ryazan.

Konstantin and his brothers’ initial education (reading, writing and basic arithmetic) was handled by their mother. In 1868, the family moved to Vyatka, where Konstantin and his younger brother Ignatius became students at the men's gymnasium. Education was difficult, the main reason for this was deafness - a consequence of scarlet fever, which the boy suffered at the age of 9. In the same year, a great loss occurred in the Tsiolkovsky family: Konstantin’s beloved older brother, Dmitry, died. And a year later, unexpectedly for everyone, my mother passed away.

The family tragedy had a negative impact on Kostya’s studies; Tsiolkovsky was often punished for all sorts of pranks in class, and his deafness began to progress sharply, increasingly isolating the young man from society.

In 1873, Tsiolkovsky was expelled from the gymnasium. He never studied anywhere else, preferring to pursue his education independently, because books generously provided knowledge and never reproached him for anything. At this time, the guy became interested in scientific and technical creativity, even designed a lathe at home.

Parents of K. E. Tsiolklevsky

At the age of 16, Konstantin, with the light hand of his father, who believed in his son’s abilities, moved to Moscow, where he unsuccessfully tried to enter the Higher Technical School. Failure did not break the young man, and for three years he independently studied such sciences as astronomy, mechanics, chemistry, mathematics, communicating with others using a hearing aid.

The young man visited the Chertkovsky public library every day; It was there that he met Nikolai Fedorovich Fedorov, one of the founders of Russian cosmism. This outstanding man replaced all the teachers put together for the young man.

Life in the capital turned out to be unaffordable for Tsiolkovsky, and he spent all his savings on books and instruments, so in 1876 he returned to Vyatka, where he began to earn money by tutoring and private lessons in physics and mathematics. Upon returning home, Tsiolkovsky’s vision deteriorated greatly due to hard work and difficult conditions, and he began to wear glasses. Students came to Tsiolkovsky, who established himself as a highly qualified teacher, with great eagerness. When teaching lessons, the teacher used methods developed by himself, among which visual demonstration was key.

For geometry lessons, Tsiolkovsky made models of polyhedra from paper, and together with his students he conducted experiments in physics. Konstantin Eduardovich has earned the reputation of a teacher who explains the material in a clear, accessible language: his classes were always interesting.

In 1876, Ignatius, Constantine’s brother, died, which was a very big blow for the scientist.

In 1878, Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky and his family changed their place of residence to Ryazan. There he successfully passed the exams to obtain a teacher's diploma and got a job at a school in the city of Borovsk. At the local district school, despite the considerable distance from the main scientific centers, Tsiolkovsky actively conducted research in the field of aerodynamics. He created the foundations of the kinetic theory of gases, sending the available data to the Russian Physical-Chemical Society, to which he received a response from Mendeleev that this discovery had been made a quarter of a century ago.

The young scientist was very shocked by this circumstance; his talent was taken into account in St. Petersburg. One of the main problems that occupied Tsiolkovsky’s thoughts was the theory of balloons. The scientist developed his own version of the design of this aircraft, characterized by a thin metal shell. Tsiolkovsky outlined his thoughts in his work of 1885-1886. "Theory and experience of the balloon."

In 1880, Tsiolkovsky married Varvara Evgrafovna Sokolova, the daughter of the owner of the room in which he lived for some time. Tsiolkovsky's children from this marriage: sons Ignatius, Ivan, Alexander and daughter Sophia.

In January 1881, Konstantin's father died. Later, a terrible incident occurred in his life - a fire in 1887, which destroyed everything: modules, drawings, acquired property. Only the sewing machine survived. This event was a heavy blow for Tsiolkovsky.

In 1892, Tsiolkovsky moved to Kaluga. There he also got a job as a teacher of geometry and arithmetic, while simultaneously studying astronautics and aeronautics, and built a tunnel in which he checked aircraft.

It was in Kaluga that Tsiolkovsky wrote the main works on space biology, the theory of jet propulsion and medicine, while at the same time continuing to study the theory of the metal airship.

Konstantin did not have enough personal funds to conduct research, so he turned to the Physicochemical Society for financial assistance, which did not consider it necessary to financially support the scientist.

Konstantin is refused and spends his family savings on his work. Money was spent on the construction of about a hundred prototypes. Subsequent news of Tsiolkovsky's successful experiments nevertheless prompted the Physicochemical Society to allocate him 470 rubles. The scientist invested all this money into improving the properties of the tunnel.

Space irresistibly attracts Tsiolkovsky, he writes a lot. Begins fundamental work on "Exploration of outer space using a jet engine." Konstantin Tsiolkovsky pays increasing attention to the study of space.

The year 1895 was marked by the publication of Tsiolkovsky’s book “Dreams of Earth and Sky,” and a year later he began work on a new book: “Exploration of Outer Space Using a Jet Engine,” which focused on rocket engines, cargo transportation in space, and fuel features.

The beginning of the new, twentieth century was difficult for Konstantin: money was no longer allocated to continue important research for science, his son Ignatius committed suicide in 1902, five years later, when the river flooded, the scientist’s house was flooded, many exhibits, structures and unique calculations. It seemed that all the elements of nature were set against Tsiolkovsky. By the way, in 2001, a strong fire occurred on the Russian ship Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, destroying everything inside (as in 1887, when the scientist’s house burned down).

The life of a scientist became a little easier with the advent of Soviet power. The Russian Society of Lovers of World Studies gave him a pension, which practically prevented him from starving to death. After all, the Socialist Academy did not accept the scientist into its ranks in 1919, thereby leaving him without a livelihood. In November 1919, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky was arrested, taken to Lubyanka and released a few weeks later thanks to the petition of a certain high-ranking party member.

In 1923, another son, Alexander, died, who decided to take his own life. The Soviet authorities remembered Konstantin Tsiolkovsky in the same year, after the publication of G. Oberth, a German physicist, on space flight and rocket engines. During this period, the living conditions of the Soviet scientist changed dramatically. The leadership of the Soviet Union paid attention to all his achievements, provided comfortable conditions for fruitful work, and assigned him a personal lifelong pension.

Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky, whose discoveries made a huge contribution to the study of astronautics, died in his native Kaluga on September 19, 1935 from stomach cancer.

Key dates in the biography of Konstantin Tsiolkovsky:

*1880 Married in a church marriage to V. Sokolova.

*1896 began to study the dynamics of rocket motion.

*In the period from 1909 to 1911 - received official patents related to the construction of airships in the countries of the Old and New Worlds and Russia.

*1918 Becomes a member of the Socialist Academy of Social Sciences. Continues teaching at the Kaluga Unified Labor Soviet School.

*1919 The commission does not accept the project of an airship for arming the Soviet army. He wrote the autobiography “Fate, Fate, Destiny.” Spent several weeks in prison at Lubyanka.

*1929 met with a colleague in rocket science, Sergei Korolev.

Scientific achievements of Konstantin Tsiolkovsky:

1.Creation of the country's first aerodynamic laboratory and wind tunnel.

2.A balloon that can be controlled, an airship made of solid metal - developed by Tsiolkovsky.

3. Proposed a new design for an engine with gas turbine traction.

4.More than four hundred works on the theory of rocketry.

5.Development of methods for studying the aerodynamic properties of aircraft.

6. Presentation of the strict theory of jet propulsion and proof of the need to use rockets for space travel.

7. Developed a rocket launch from an inclined level.

8. This development was used in artillery installations of the Katyusha type.

9.Worked on justifying the possibility of traveling into space.

10. Seriously studied real interstellar travel.

Interesting facts from the life of Konstantin Tsiolkovsky:

1. As a 14-year-old teenager, he made a lathe. A year later I made a balloon.

2. At the age of 16, Tsiolkovsky was expelled from the gymnasium. He never studied anywhere else, but pursued his education independently: books generously gave him knowledge.

3. With his own money, Tsiolkovsky created about a hundred different models of aircraft and tested them.

4. News of Tsiolkovsky’s successful experiments nevertheless prompted the Physicochemical Society to allocate him 470 rubles, which the scientist spent on the invention of an improved wind tunnel.

5. The only thing that survived the fire in Tsiolkovsky’s house was a sewing machine.

6. During the flood, the scientist’s house was flooded, many exhibits, structures and unique calculations were destroyed.

7. Tsiolkovsky’s two sons committed suicide at different times.

8. Tsiolkovsky is a self-taught scientist who substantiated the idea that rockets should be used for space flights.

9. He sincerely believed that humanity would reach such a level of development that it would be able to populate the vastness of the Universe.

10. Inspired by the ideas of the great inventor, A. Belyaev wrote a novel in the science fiction genre called “KETS Star”.

Quotes and sayings by Konstantin Tsiolkovsky:

1. “Glimpses of serious mental consciousness appeared while reading. At the age of 14, I decided to read arithmetic, and everything there seemed to me completely clear and understandable. From that time on, I realized that books are a simple thing and quite accessible to me.”

2. “The main motive of my life is to do something useful for people, not to live my life in vain, to advance humanity at least a little forward. That's why I was interested in what gave me neither bread nor strength. But I hope that my work, maybe soon, or maybe in the distant future, will give society mountains of bread and an abyss of power.”

3. “Abyss of discoveries and wisdom await us. We will live to receive them and reign in the Universe, like other immortals.”

4. “The planet is the cradle of reason, but you cannot live forever in the cradle.”

5. “Inevitably, they come first: thought, fantasy, fairy tale. They are followed by scientific calculation and, in the end, execution crowns thought.”

6. “New ideas must be supported. Few have such value, but it is a very precious quality of people.”

7. “People penetrate the solar system, manage it like a mistress in a house: will then the secrets of the world be revealed? Not at all! Just as examining a pebble or shell will not reveal the secrets of the ocean.”

8. In his science fiction story “On the Moon,” Tsiolkovsky wrote: “It was impossible to delay any longer: the heat was hellish; at least outside, in illuminated places, the stone soil became so hot that it was necessary to tie rather thick wooden planks under the boots. In our haste, we dropped glass and pottery, but it did not break - the weight was so weak.” According to many, the scientist accurately described the lunar atmosphere.

9. “Time may exist, but we do not know where to look for it. If time exists in nature, then it has not yet been discovered.”

10. “Death is one of the illusions of the weak human mind. It does not exist, because the existence of an atom in inorganic matter is not marked by memory and time, the latter seems to not exist. The many existences of the atom in organic form merge into one subjectively continuous and happy life - happy, since there is no other.”

11. “The fear of natural death will be destroyed from a deep knowledge of nature.”

12. “Now, on the contrary, I am tormented by the thought: did my labors pay for the bread that I ate for 77 years? Therefore, all my life I aspired to peasant agriculture, so that I could literally eat my own bread.”

Monument to K. E. Tsiolkovsky in Moscow

photo from the Internet

Date of birth: September 17, 1857
Date of death: September 19, 1935
Place of birth: the village of Izhevskoye, Ryazan Province.

Konstantin Tsiolkovsky- scientist and inventor. Tsiolkovsky Konstantin Eduardovich(Konstanty Ciołkowski) – pioneer in the field of space exploration, scientist. He is the “father” of modern astronautics. The first Russian scientist to become famous in the field of aeronautics and aeronautics. He believed in the possibility of establishing human settlements in space.

Konstantin first saw the light of day on September 17, 1857 in a little-known village, which was located near Ryazan. Tsiolkovsky's father served in forestry. Mother, Maria Yumasheva, came from small landed nobility, and, in accordance with the customs of that time, took care of the household.

At the beginning of 1868, she moved from the village to a larger city, Vyatka. Kostya began studying at the gymnasium. The boy had difficulty studying because he was deaf after scarlet fever. In 1873, the teenager stopped studying due to expulsion. The lack of schooling did not prevent him from studying the exact sciences all his life.

As a 16-year-old teenager, Konstantin goes to the capital. There he devoted himself to the altar of natural sciences and mechanics for several years. To be a full-fledged member of society, he uses a hearing aid. Studying, renting housing and food in Moscow were financially prohibitive for the young man. And in 1876, a young, well-educated scientist decides to return back to the province, to his father.

To support himself, the young man earns money by teaching algebra and geometry privately. The talented teacher did not experience a shortage of students, because... has proven itself to be excellent.

This experience was not in vain, because soon the scientist and his relatives moved to Ryazan. Here he finally receives a diploma, which allows him to start teaching in Borovsk.

The district school where Tsiolkovsky taught was located far from St. Petersburg and Moscow, centers of science. Despite this, Konstantin begins scientific work in the field of aerodynamics. He is the creator of the kinetic theory. He sends the figures obtained as a result of the experiments to the Russian Phys.-Chem. society. The response letter from Mendeleev shocks him - it turns out that this discovery had already been made a quarter of a century ago. But Konstantin’s calculations were appreciated in St. Petersburg.

At the beginning of the 19th century, a promising scientist went to live in Kaluga. He teaches and continues to work in aerospace and astronautics. It was here that he built a tunnel in which the aerodynamic features of the constructed devices could be tested. All this costs money, and Konstantin turns to the Physics and Chemical Society with a request for funding. Receives a refusal and spends family savings on his work. Money was spent on the construction of about a hundred prototypes. Having learned about this, the Society allocates almost 500 rubles to the researcher. The scientist invested all this money into improving the properties of the tunnel.

Space irresistibly attracts Tsiolkovsky, he writes a lot. Begins fundamental work on "Exploration of outer space using a jet engine."
The early 1900s brought a lot of troubles. In 1902, the scientist’s son, Ignat, committed suicide. After 5 years, the Oka overflowed its banks, flooding the unique machines and calculations of the scientist located in a single instance. The Physics and Chemical Society remained indifferent to the work and problems of Konstantin Eduardovich, and did not allocate a penny to continue the work.

After the advent of Soviet power, Tsiolkovsky received a salary from the Russian Society of World Studies Amateurs. It came as a surprise to everyone that two years after the revolution the scientist was arrested. By a lucky coincidence, someone from the top of the party stood up for him and the scientist was released.

In 1921, the space explorer finally received the recognition he deserved from the new authorities. He is given a lifetime allowance.

In September 1935, Konstantin Eduardovich died from a malignant disease.

Achievements of Konstantin Tsiolkovsky:

More than 400 works on the theory of rocket construction.
Seriously engaged in the study of real interstellar travel.
A controllable balloon, an airship made of solid metal, was developed by Tsiolkovsky.
He justified that only rockets are capable of comic travel.
Developed the launch of a rocket from an inclined level. This development was used in Katyusha-type artillery mounts.
He proposed a new design for an engine with gas turbine traction.

Dates of the biography of Konstantin Tsiolkovsky:

September 17, 1857 - born in Ryazan Province.
In 1880 he got married in church to V. Sokolova.
In the period from 1880 to 1883 he published scientific works “Duration of Radiation of the Sun”, “Mechanics of a Likely Changing Organism”, “Free Space”. He began teaching at the district school.
1896 began to study the dynamics of rocket motion.
In the period from 1909 to 1911, he received official patents related to the construction of airships in the countries of the Old and New Worlds and Russia.
1918 Becomes a member of the Socialist Academy of Social Sciences. Continues teaching at the Kaluga Unified Labor Soviet School.
1919 The commission does not accept the project of an airship for arming the Soviet army. He wrote the autobiography “Fate, Fate, Destiny.” Spent several weeks in prison at Lubyanka.
1929 met with a colleague in rocket science, Sergei Korolev.
On September 19, 1935, he died from a malignant disease.

Interesting facts of Konstantin Tsiolkovsky:

Inspired by the ideas of the great inventor, A. Belyaev wrote a novel in the science fiction genre called “KETS Star”.
As a 14-year-old teenager, he made a lathe. A year later I made a balloon.
The only thing that survived the fire in Tsiolkovsky's house was a sewing machine.