What animals live in the pond. Animals in the pond - Pond - Catalog of articles - Odessapravda

On Monday, July 16, the editorial office of NK received several calls with reports that pollution had appeared on almost the entire surface of the reservoir. And in large pieces.

“It was impossible to swim on the city side, we rented a boat and sailed to the other shore, but it was the same there,” said a concerned reader. - Isn't this dangerous? And what is it?

A small investigation showed that there is no danger in these influxes.

Experienced fisherman: “This is a man natural disaster nature"

“Yesterday I was at the pond, swimming in the area of ​​the rescue station, I didn’t notice anything particularly dirty,” answered Mikhail Romantsov, a well-known active public fisheries inspector in Kachkanar, a man who is deeply concerned about the condition of the reservoir. – After the recent hurricane and downpours, of course, there was fluff from the poplars and leaves. The water washes a lot of “good” into the pond.

When I arrived at the pond, many fishermen were sitting on the shore. And they also confirmed the version about the consequences of the hurricane.

“In warmed shallow waters, naturally, both bottom algae and surface duckweed bloom profusely,” the 80-year-old fisherman points to the remains of wind-blown layers of aquatic vegetation. “The wind and waves tore it all down and spread it all over the pond.” Now everything has returned to normal, the floating vessel washed ashore, something sank to the bottom. Self-cleaning of the pond still works for now. What’s worse and more dangerous is what people do on the shore,” the fisherman sighed sadly, circling the coastal strip with his hand.

The mirror of the reservoir was indeed clean. On weekdays there are few swimmers on the beach. But the shore... No element could create such a mess as the vacationers left behind.

At every step there are fire pits, scattered bottles and plastic bags. Burnt tree branches, broken glass.

And the fishermen are right when they say that the people have become wild. From lack of control and impunity for your vandalism.

“How many times have I participated in community cleanups to clean the shore, and everything is useless,” one of the fishermen, reeling in his fishing rods, carefully tidied up his place of stay. I collected the worm boxes in my backpack and put the empty bottle in there.

“Inhumans were playing around here, there is no escape from two-legged animals,” the man sighed as he left.

On the newly developed section of the shore, where comfortable, beautiful benches and lanterns are installed, there are overflowing trash cans. There is the same disgrace all around.

Having carefully wiped one of the benches with a handkerchief, a neatly dressed, slightly prim elderly lady tiredly sat down on the edge. We started talking.

“There is no demand, no fear of responsibility,” she briefly described this unsightly, disgusting picture. – How to make people respect yourself? Don't know. Maybe organize some kind of surveillance or duty? Yes, ask more strictly. This is the municipality's concern!

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The surface of the pond is an elastic film that serves as a habitat for many plants and animals. Water lilies use the surface tension of water to keep their bodies afloat. large leaves(air cavities in the leaves also contribute to this).

Duckweed, the world's smallest flowering plant, also floats due to surface tension. Water striders and whirling beetles, whose bodies and legs are not wetted by water, glide along the surface of the pond. Pond snails slowly crawl along the underside of the surface film. Plants form their own miniature world, inhabited by various larvae, planaria, hydra, etc.

But most of the inhabitants of the pond cannot be seen with the naked eye - for example, single-celled protozoa and funny rotifers, at the head end of which there is a “wheel” - a disk surrounded by a corolla of large, quickly swaying cilia, with the help of which these animals move and get food. At the bottom of the pond, dragonfly larvae (naiads) wait for prey, and snails and crayfish, feeding on organic remains, are looking for something to eat.

Beavers

No other wild animal has such a significant impact on environment like beavers. The large dams they build can flood hundreds of hectares of land. In wetlands, trees die and the burrows of mice, shrews and many other animals are destroyed. But nature quickly adapts. Ponds created by beavers usually contain a lot of fish. Waterfowl, as well as herons, kingfishers and other birds nest or find food here.

One of the most remarkable architects in the animal world, beavers build dams and huts on small rivers from branches, sticks and clay. Thanks to the dam, a pond is formed on which beavers build their huts with a diameter of up to 2 m or more, rising 1-1.5 m above the water. In Eurasia, beavers live both in huts and in burrows dug in steep banks.

The pile of branches and sticks that make up the hut is held together with mud. The branches piled on top are not coated, which ensures ventilation. The entrances to the beaver houses are located under water. In winter, animals feed on branches that are flooded next to the hut.

How do insects hunt underwater?

Dragonfly larvae are completely different from the beautiful adults that can often be seen flying over the water. First of all, the larvae do not have wings and they live in water; they do not fly, but swim using a kind of water jet engine. If adult dragonflies catch prey in the air, capturing the victim with their legs folded like a basket, then the larva has a weapon - a huge lower lip thrown forward - the so-called mask. Having noticed potential prey, the larva moves the mask forward and, holding the victim with hooks located on the mask, injects an enzyme into it that dissolves tissue, after which it pulls the prey to its chewing jaws.

Elongated, stick-like bugs, or water scorpions, crawl on aquatic plants. Although these insects can bite if touched, they grab prey not with their jaws, but with their legs. When other insects or small fish approach, the water scorpion quickly closes its long, braid-like legs, and the prey is trapped.

Smooth beetles

Aquatic insects are diverse not only in appearance, but also in their methods of movement. Whirling beetles describe circles on the water, and water striders glide along the surface as if on ice skates. Smooth and rowing water beetles row with long, hairy legs. On the surface of the water, smoothies float belly up.

Amazing swimming device - chemical substance, produced by some terrestrial beetles. This substance breaks the surface tension of water at one end of the insect's body, as a result of which the surface tension remaining at the other end of the beetle's body pushes it and it floats on the water.

Daphnia

Tiny transparent daphnia, or water fleas, are not insects, but crustaceans, but their movement in the water really resembles the jumping of fleas. Despite their outward inconspicuousness, these creatures are quite interesting. So, daphnia reproduce without the participation of males. From their unfertilized eggs, females develop, and only under certain conditions unfavorable conditions, for example, when there is a lack of food, some eggs develop into males.

The color of daphnia varies depending on the content in surrounding water oxygen. If there is little oxygen, their blood becomes dark red, as the hemoglobin content in it increases, and at the same time transparent daphnia turns red; when there is oxygen saturation, the blood and, accordingly, the color of daphnia turn pale. Water fleas also react to temperature changes. In the summer, they grow long feathery bristles, which increases their surface area and helps them stay afloat. In winter, when the water is colder and its density is higher, it easily supports the round, compact body of daphnia.

How leeches suck blood

Many types of leeches - worms that live in ponds and reservoirs - feed on the blood of turtles and fish. Bloodsucking medical leech(in the past it was used in the treatment of certain diseases) is attached to the victim with a rear sucker, and with the head end, armed with teeth, it makes a wound through which it sucks blood. Her salivary glands produce a special substance that prevents blood clotting. IN digestive tract leeches have sinuses in which they store blood, so the leech, having pumped once, can feed on it for several months.

Animals in the pond

Necessity of animals in the pond:

1. Animals in a pond mix water layers with different temperatures and different amounts nutrients, which has a positive effect on the pond ecosystem, because ensures the flow of nutrients to plants and maintains temperature balance.

2. Animals excrete carbon dioxide, which plants need to live.

3. During the life of animals, organic substances are formed that are necessary for plants to develop.

4. Snails: clean the pond of dead organic matter and clean the surfaces of underwater objects from microalgae.

5. Toothless and pearl barley purify water, passing through themselves up to 40 liters per day.

6. Fish, insects, and reptiles eat mosquito larvae.

7. water birds and animals prevent plants from growing too much. For example, daphnia eat blue-green algae.

8. Water striders prevent insects that have fallen into the water from spoiling the water.

Pond Animals:

1. Insects: dragonflies and their larvae, swimmers and their larvae, water striders, mosquitoes and their larvae, water scorpions, arthropods (amphipods, daphnia, cyclops).

2. Snails: pond snail, livebearer, reel. They eat organic remains in the pond, thereby cleaning the pond; pond snails can eat young leaves of plants.

3. Valves: toothless (up to 20 cm), pearl barley. Toothless ones live in reservoirs with a muddy bottom, and pearl barleys live in reservoirs with sandy soil.

4. Reptiles: grass and sharp-faced frogs (brown), lake and pond frogs (green), common and crested newts, toads (hunt on land at night), turtles.

5. Freshwater shrimp.

6. Cancers. They eat dead animals in the pond and control the number of fish. They dig holes from 40 to 70 cm.

7. Fish: perch, silver and golden carp, carp, grass carp, roach, bream, rudd, silver carp, bighead carp, lake trout, tench, gudgeon, bleak, verkhovka, minnow, loach. They control the number of plants, insects, and small animals, mix the layers of water, and do not allow the water to stagnate.

8. Waterfowl: ducks They control the number of plants and fish, and eat slugs on the coast.

Additional information:

1. During hot sunny hours, fish need shelter in the shade; for this you can use the leaves of plants floating on the surface of the reservoir, such as water lilies.

2. For one fish 10 cm long, you need 50 liters of water, or 2.5 cm of fish body length per 0.1 m2 of reservoir surface. Don't forget that some fish grow quickly. For large fish, for example carp, the standards are different: one fish requires 2.5 m2 of the surface of the reservoir.

Let's calculate the approximate number of fish in the pond:

• If you calculate the required volume of water by volume, you will get: let 1 large fish need 200 liters of water, then in a pond with a volume of 200 m3 1000 will live big fish.
• Let's calculate the number of fish based on the water surface required for them. For example, there are a quarter of large fish in a reservoir, which means for them we take a quarter of the water surface area, i.e. 50 m2, which means there will be 50/2.5 = 20 large fish. Small fish (let 1 small fish be 7.5 cm long) 150/(3*0.1) = 500 pcs.
• In total, it turns out that we will have about 700-800 fish in our pond, because... It is necessary to take into account both fry of fish and fish smaller than 7.5 cm. First of all, the number of fish will depend on the amount of oxygen dissolved in the water.

3. Fish and animals should be introduced 6 weeks after planting, so that a habitat is formed for them.

4. Freshly brought fish should not be allowed into the pond immediately. The vessel or plastic bag in which they were brought must be allowed to float on the water of the lake in order to even out possible temperature differences that could put the fish in a state of shock.

5. For fish, you need to lay stones on the bottom (the higher the stones, the better for the fish, but you need to take into account that they do not interfere with people swimming) and, closer to the shore, several stumps with roots for young fish.

6. About fish:

• Predatory fish perch(30-50 cm) and lake trout(20-35 cm) eat small fish and control the health and abundance of other fish species, because First of all, sick and weak specimens are eaten, preventing other fish from getting sick.
• Grass carp(or "grass carp", up to 30 kg) eats algae and controls their numbers. Silver carp- filters water and eats microalgae. Tench(up to 50 cm) eats algae, small animals and mud. Carp in spring and summer it mainly feeds on young shoots of reeds; it also eats other plants, as well as frog and fish eggs.
• Bream(up to 45 cm) mainly feeds on aquatic plants, especially white rush roots, algae, especially loves buckwheat (Polygonum), as well as worms and various larvae and insects. In the spring, before spawning, bream destroy a lot of eggs of other fish, thereby controlling the reproduction of other fish species; they are also very fond of molting crayfish.
• Roach(up to 30 cm, 600 g) feeds on algae and small crustaceans. Prefers quiet and warm water, does not like very muddy and silty places, prefers lakes with a sandy bottom. In lakes, small one-year-old roach stays near the shores, in the grass, where it finds refuge from its main enemy - perch, but adults prefer deeper and more open places.
• Rudd(up to 35 cm) is very similar to a roach. It lives in flowing ponds and lakes, where reeds, reeds and other aquatic plants grow in abundance; it lives at medium depths in grass or reeds, especially in at a young age, does not like strong currents. It feeds mainly on plants, partly on insects, larvae and worms.
• Carp(20-30 cm) live in mud, where they obtain food consisting exclusively of organic remains and small worms. Only in the evenings and nights, on a clear hot day, sometimes at noon, do crucian carp emerge from the mud to the shores and feast on the young stems of aquatic plants, especially reed shoots. At this time, its slurping and smacking sounds are often heard, by which it is not difficult to distinguish crucian carp from other fish. They live in any bodies of water. Very hardy.
• Gudgeon(up to 13 cm) feeds on the eggs of other fish and bloodworms (mosquito larvae), insects, small crustaceans such as cyclops and daphnia. They stay in shallow places with a sandy bottom; they are never found in grassy places during the day. The gudgeon is diurnal and never swims at night.
• Verkhovka(up to 8 cm) feeds on insects, mosquitoes, larvae, tiny crustaceans, algae and other small aquatic organisms. IN large quantities destroy the eggs of crucian carp. It is constantly on the move, is voracious, and is not afraid of humans. Where there is a lot of topwater, the perch almost does not pay attention to the worms. Loves a pond with dense thickets and stones.
• Bleak(10-15 cm) stays near the surface of the water, hunting for insects. Insects constitute its main food. The bleak is very beautiful.
• Minnow(up to 8 cm) feeds exclusively on plant matter and looks beautiful in flocks.
• Loach(20-30 cm, as thick as a finger) is very long in appearance, resembles an eel or a snake, loves calm water and muddy bottom. Hardier than crucian carp, it can live for a long time in the wet mud that remains at the bottom of dry lakes, pits and swamps. Constantly stays at the bottom, often completely buries itself in the mud and here it looks for food, which usually consists of worms, insect larvae, small bivalves, as well as the sludge itself.

7. Cancers. Crayfish are omnivores, but mainly feed on the corpses of animals that fall into the water. Ponds overgrown with bushes and trees along the banks can be populated with crayfish. For this purpose, it is necessary to release adult crayfish into them with the calculation of three females per male. Each crayfish has its own separate burrow or even several burrows, which they themselves dig in a steep bank or in clayey soil. The length of the hole is from 35 to 70 cm. They can hide under snags. They live for several decades. It emerges from its burrows mainly at night.

Among water bodies, ponds play a significant role. They are created artificially, and usually their area does not exceed one square kilometer. Their purpose is water supply or irrigation, and water can also be stored in them for sanitary, fire-fighting or sports purposes. In addition, such reservoirs are organized for breeding fish and waterfowl. But besides these animals, there are many who live in the pond.

Fish and birds

An artificially created reservoir requires the deliberate introduction of fish into it. In this case, you need to choose types that will feel good in standing water. First of all, these include crucian carp. They are perfect for the role commercial fish and pond farming facilities. Their appearance diverse. Crucian carp vary in color and weight and can reach 40−50 cm in length. Small representatives are also found; they are often used as live bait when fishing for pike.

Crucian carp are very tenacious and can withstand even harsh climates with complete freezing of water bodies in winter. At this time they hibernate. In the spring of the 3rd–4th year of life, fish spawn. Vegetation, detritus or small organisms are ideal for them as food.

In addition to common crucian carp, you can have artificially bred goldfish in the pond.

And in artificial reservoirs with banks overgrown with reeds, reeds and sedges, tench feels good. It is unpretentious to water quality, and a significant population of it is easy to grow in warm water pond farming. Individual individuals will lead a solitary, sedentary lifestyle and spend a lot of time at the bottom, extracting invertebrates from the mud there, as well as eating plants and detritus.

In addition to fish, a pond can be chosen by wild duck the mallard, from which most modern domestic breeds are descended. The males of this bird are easily recognizable, having a green head and neck. Females are less noticeable, being almost entirely brown in color. Mallards often choose non-freezing artificial reservoirs in large cities for wintering. There they feed on plants and small animals. They dive rarely and only if they are in danger.

The same cannot be said about another representative of the duck family, the common goldeneye. These birds with contrasting black and white plumage can dive to a depth of 4-10 meters, which they do most of the time, while obtaining food - mollusks, larvae, plants.