Plants and animals of the Red Data Book of the Perm region. Plants and animals of the Red Book of the Perm Territory: descriptions of rare animals and photos of nature The tallest ungulate animal in the Perm Territory

About 2/3 of the area of the Perm Territory is covered with forests, and this is, no less, more than ten million hectares. The forest of the Perm region is beautiful and majestic; it has a fabulous, unique appearance. The Perm region is located in the dark coniferous taiga zone. On the territory of the Perm Territory two subzones can be distinguished: middle and southern taiga. The border between them runs approximately at 59 degrees north latitude. To imagine this more clearly, just look at the map of the Perm region and mentally draw a line connecting the settlements of Kochevo, Usolye and Berezniki. Everything that is south of this line will be the southern taiga zone, and the remaining territories will be the middle subzone of the taiga zone. It is quite difficult for the common man to distinguish these territories by eye by their vegetation appearance. The forests of the middle and southern taiga differ in the composition of the undergrowth. In the southern taiga there are broad-leaved species: linden, maple, elm. In the middle, these plants are absent, and linden is found only in the form of a shrub.

Most often in the dark coniferous forests of the Perm region as part of the tree stand (the most tall trees, which form the forest) there are spruce and fir. Spruce in the Perm region is represented by two species: Norway spruce and Siberian spruce. Both are equally valuable. Spruce does not like waterlogged soil, and in good conditions it grows up to 30 meters.

Of the dark coniferous forests, spruce forests occupy about 80% of the territory, and the remaining 20 are occupied by fir forests. Fir is a real beauty of our forests! Its needles are softer, lighter, and contain many essential oils. Since ancient times, humanity has been using the healing properties of fir oil, and how good are fir bath brooms! However, fir does not tolerate low air humidity and severe frosts, therefore it is not as widespread in the Perm Territory as spruce, although it occupies more than 200,000 hectares.

Among the vegetation of the Perm region there are also light coniferous forests, in which the most common tree is pine. It’s not for nothing that pine forests are called “children of the sun”; sunlight is so necessary for their normal development. While a pine tree reaches for the sun, it can reach a height of 40 meters, but there will always be light under the canopy of the pine forest. Another name for pine, the Latin “pinus”, translated into Russian means “rock”. Pine is a very hardy plant that grows even in the poorest and most unsuitable soils. It is the first to occupy clearings, burnt areas, and is resistant to frost and pests.

In the very south of the plant world of the Perm region, individual fragments are found widely deciduous forests, real groves! For example, in the Chernushinsky district you can find an oak grove with about 200 trunks. Oak has preserved its beauty for several centuries. Once upon a time, during the post-glacial period, oak occupied more northern territories (near the village of Bystraya in the Usolsky district; Ust-Kosinsky swamp), later, with climate change towards lower temperatures, oak was replaced by spruce and its border moved significantly to the south.

Also in the plant world of the Perm Region you can find cedar (or rather cedar pine), juniper with small needles and a pyramidal crown, three types of birch (warty, downy, drooping), steppe cherry (not far from Kudymkar), bird cherry, raspberry, rowan, which When blooming, it brings “rowanberry warmth” to the Perm region, and, of course, aspen, whose rounded leaves flutter from the slightest breeze. The Latin name of the aspen reflected this feature: “populus tremula” translated into Russian means trembling poplar.

A huge number of herbaceous plants can be found in the Perm region in dry and flooded meadows. Cranberries grow in the high bogs of the Perm region. The local population has long been using this gift of nature: they eat it and use it as a medicine.

More than 60 plant species are listed in the Red Book of the Perm Region. Among them are common kirkazon, sandy carnation, spotted palmate root, squat skullcap and others. In addition to species listed in the Red Book, endemic and relict species are found in the Perm Territory. You can meet some of them when you visit the nature reserves of the Perm Region: Basegi and Krasnovishersky.

In the Perm region, more than 3/5 of its territory is covered by forests, mainly coniferous. Therefore, animals common in the region live mainly in forests. There are about 330 species of vertebrates and a lot of invertebrates.

Moose, the giants of the forest, live in the thickets of deciduous forests. Adults are larger than a large horse, weighing up to 400 kg. Thanks to strictly limited hunting, the number of moose has increased greatly. They are now distributed throughout the region. Every year, under special permits - licenses - part of the livestock is shot. Elk produces tasty meat and strong leather.

Through the forests of the north-west (Gainsky region), in pine forests, in which there is a lot of moss, wild reindeer graze. Individual deer are also found in the northern parts of Kosinsky, Cherdynsky and Krasnovishersky districts.

Brown bears live in vast forest areas. Recently, their numbers have decreased significantly, meanwhile, when picking up carrion, bears are quite good orderlies of the taiga. In this regard, the animals are taken under protection; hunting them is allowed only in winter.

Wolves are found almost throughout the region. They cause damage to livestock production and especially to the elk population. We have to fight hard against them. Hunting for them is allowed throughout the year.

The fox is widespread, but most often it is found where forests alternate with fields. Lives in dark coniferous forests pine marten. Thanks to limited shooting, its numbers are quite significant. The pine marten produces high quality skin; Some individuals are similar in fur color to the Ural sable. The marten fishery is important.

In the northeast, in the dark coniferous forests on the slopes of the Vishera Mountains, another representative of the mustelid family lives - the large Ural sable. The most valuable fur-bearing animal, nicknamed the “pearl” of the forest for its beautiful skin, the sable feeds on pine nuts and hunts voles and hazel grouse.

The sable crosses with the marten. These animals in the area where they lived together gave rise to a valuable crossbreed, a new animal - kidus. There are also up to ten species of predatory mammals. Among them: the stoat, which diligently hunts for mouse-like rodents; Siberian weed, valuable for its reddish-yellow skin; badger; fierce predator lynx.

In all the forests of the region you can find a squirrel. The main food of this predatory animal in winter is spruce seeds. A good harvest of spruce seeds occurs once every 4-5 years, or even less often. If the seed crop fails, the squirrel population drops sharply.

Everywhere where there are deciduous trees and shrubs, mainly aspen and willow, the mountain hare lives. In winter, its traces are often found in the fields and near the forest. Bark deciduous trees and bushes are the main winter food of the hare. In summer, the animal feeds mainly on herbs. In the post-war years, beavers and muskrats appeared in the region.

In ancient times, the river beaver lived in many forest rivers of the region. But it was predatoryly exterminated because of its beautiful dark brown skin with silvery grey, which attracted many hunters. Now beavers have reappeared in the region. In 1947 they were brought here from the Voronezh region, in 1955 - from Belarus. Currently, there are beavers in several regions of the region; their number has reached 2 thousand.

In the north of the region, beaver hunting has begun under licenses.

The muskrat is an animal whose skin is larger, stronger, warmer and more valuable than that of a squirrel. This animal was brought to our region from the Kurgan region in 1946. The muskrat reproduces and spreads well. Since 1949, muskrat has been hunted.

From the west, from Udmurtia and the Kirov region, a raccoon dog, or Ussuri raccoon, entered the Perm region. This is a medium-sized fur-bearing animal. It has a stocky body on short thin legs, a small sharp muzzle, pointed ears, and a rather short tail. The fur of a raccoon is very durable, although not as beautiful as that of a muskrat or beaver.

There are numerous mouse-like rodents in the Perm region: voles. They cause great damage to forests, fields, gardens and buildings. It is estimated that 3/5 of the mammal species in our region are of hunting importance. These mainly include squirrel, marten, mole, hare, and fox. They play a major role in the fur trade of the Perm region. Of secondary importance is the fishing for ermine, weasel, and mink.

The birds living in the region are very diverse. There are especially many of them in spring and autumn. The arrival and migration of birds lasts from March to May. The first to appear are rooks and starlings (people say: a starling is the messenger of spring), and the last are swifts and orioles. Geese and swans fly across the expanses of the region to the north. In August, the birds begin to return back to the south. Their departure ends in October. Birds from the north fly in to replace them. Many tap dancers appear, and there are noticeably more bullfinches and waxwings.

48 species of sedentary birds and 3 species of migratory birds arriving from the north winter in the region. Most wintering birds spend time in forests. There they find food and reliable shelter from the wind and blizzard. Many birds are forests and fields, excellent destroyers of harmful insects and mouse-like rodents. For example, the common buzzard, or common buzzard, kills up to 14 voles per day. If you consider that one vole eats up to 3 kg of grain per year, you can imagine what great benefits it brings<мышелов>, faithful guardian of the harvest.

About 1/3 of bird species are game birds. The main ones are grouse: capercaillie, black grouse, hazel grouse. In some years, waterfowl are hunted.

Of the reptiles, there are 3 types of lizards and 3 types of snakes: viper, copperhead and grass snake. Lizards destroy many harmful insects. The viper, a poisonous snake, lives in forests and swamps; its main food is mouse-like rodents.

Amphibians are represented by several species of frogs, toads and newts. Found in forests, fields and vegetable gardens, the toad destroys harmful insects.

About 40 species of fish live in the rivers, lakes and ponds of the Perm region. Predatory fish are often found - pike and perch, roach (roach) is ubiquitous, and ide, bream, and burbot are not uncommon. Crucian carp live in muddy ponds. Rivers flowing in the mountains and foothills are rich in grayling. Taimen (Kama salmon) is found in Vishera, Yaiva, Kosva and some other fast rivers. It stays in whirlpools and reaches a weight of 10 kg and even more. Trout can be found in the upper reaches of the Irene River.

In some ponds, shallow and well heated, carp are bred.

At the end of May, these ponds (they are called feeding ponds) are stocked with carp - yearlings. At the end of September the ponds are fished. Over the summer, carp, if only fed, increases in weight from 25-30 to 500-800 g. An average of 2.5 centners of tasty fish are obtained per hectare of pond.

But we also have invertebrates that are of great benefit. This is primarily a red forest ant. It exterminates many harmful insects. It is no coincidence that ants are called the living protection of the forest. To prevent the forest from suffering from pests, it is advisable to have 5-6 anthills on each hectare of plantings. bug ladybug diligently destroys aphids, or plant louse, an insect that hangs in clouds on many plants and sucks the juice from the leaves.

The nature of the Perm region is a harmony of rocks and forested mountains, quaint caves and fast harsh rivers, the land of taiga, the spirit of adventure and romance, the smell of a fire and songs with a guitar. It is not surprising that these places have continued to attract tourists for many decades.

Geographical position

The Perm region is located on the western slope of the northern part of the Ural Mountains and the eastern edge of the Russian Plain, its northernmost point is Mount Saklaimsori-Syahl, and its southern point is the village of Elnik, belonging to the Oktyabrsky district.

The region shares borders in the south with Bashkortostan, in the north with the Komi Republic, and in the west with Udmurtia. From the east it adjoins the Sverdlovsk region of Russia. The total length of the border is more than 2,200 km.

Climatic features

The Perm region is located in a temperate climate zone. The weather in these places is quite loyal: in summer the thermometer rarely rises above +20 degrees, and in winter it drops to -20 degrees, although there are rare exceptions in the form of sudden and severe temperature changes. There are two peculiarities in the climate: frequent fogs and winter thunderstorms. Thunderstorms occur in these parts in winter time. Strong rumbles of thunder combined with snowfall and stormy winds are a common occurrence in the Perm region.

Plants

Mother Nature has done her best in these places: more than 70% of the area is taiga forests, consisting of spruce and fir, but larches, cedars and pines also grow. Only in the southern regions does the number of deciduous trees increase: mighty oaks and maples, fragrant linden and bird cherry, alder and birch. The beautiful nature of the Perm region fascinates travelers.

The forests are full of mushrooms and forest berries: blueberries, raspberries and lingonberries, cranberries and cloudberries grow here. Also in these places you can find extremely poisonous plants, such as henbane (a person can die from its poison), raven's eye - the blue berries of this plant attract inexperienced tourists, but can cause death from poisoning. Wolf's bast grows here - a shrub with bright red berries, the juice from any part of which, if it gets on the skin, causes burns and ulcers; if taken internally, you can get fatal poisoning.

Animal world

Not only is the flora of nature unique in these regions, the animals of the Perm region are also striking in their diversity: more than sixty species of mammals are found here (brown bear, wolverine, wolf and weasel, lynx and otter, moose, roe deer and deer), thirty of them have industrial meaning (marten, ermine, badger and sable). At the same time, roe deer and deer are protected - hunting them is prohibited by law and is severely punished. But lynxes and wolverines are allowed, as they harm local livestock.

Beavers and muskrat dogs, arctic foxes and mink are artificially bred. The skins of these animals are used to make fur coats, hats and other fur products, which are still in great demand, despite the active promotion of non-violence towards animals.

Birds, fish and reptiles

There are a great variety of birds in the nature of the Perm region - about 270 different species. Wood grouse, black grouse and hazel grouse are also commercial species, while blackbirds, rooks and starlings are migratory. The area is home to several species of tits and crossbills.

Rivers and lakes contain about forty species of fish (bream and roach, ide and pike, perch), more than fifteen species of reptiles. The viviparous lizard is considered the most common; vipers and quick lizards are less common, and in isolated cases you can find copperhead and spindle.

Red Data Book of the Perm Territory

According to the latest data, there are more than 175 flora and fauna objects in the territory under state protection:

Almost extinct (category 0): common tree frog, whitefish, Caspian lamprey, beluga and Russian sturgeon, Lezel's liparis and helmeted martin, Caspian salmon.
Threatened with extinction (category 1): brook trout, imperial eagle, golden eagle and black stork, many plants: lady's slipper, heather and Marshall's cornflower, spear-shaped and Siberian zygadenus and many others.
Populations that are rapidly declining (category 2): Mnemosyne and black Apollo butterflies, South Russian tarantula and fruit bumblebee, eagle owl and whooper swan, lesser white-fronted lesser white-fronted muskrat, Russian muskrat. Among the plants that are endangered are pollenhead and orchis, lumbago and Rhodiola rosea.
Very small populations living in small areas (category 3): Siberian salamander and copperhead, bittern and black-throated loon, peregrine falcon and white-tailed eagle, curlew and tundra partridge, steppe harrier and shrike, northern leatherback and whiskered bat. More than 50 species of plants and 10 insects are in a constant battle for existence.
Category 4 includes species for which data of an uncertain nature, studies and observations are insufficient to determine the risk graph: crested newt, great owl and hawk owl, bush cherry, feather feather grass, hazel and spring adonis.

Unique natural sites

The Perm region has never left a single visitor indifferent to its nature. These places are especially impressive in mid-autumn, when the forests are painted in multi-colored colors, and the mountains stand out among all this splendor.

Which natural monuments are strongly recommended for guests and tourists to visit:

One of the Ural caves is Ledyanaya. It is a hallmark of the unique nature of the Perm region and the winner of the “Seven Wonders of Russia” competition. Some of its grottoes reach a height of 20 meters, extending thousands of meters deep, and in the Grotto of Friendship of Peoples there is underground lake three meters deep.
The Basegi Nature Reserve is considered a mysterious place of power, and therefore often attracts esotericists and mystics of all kinds.
Usva pillars are sheer cliffs 120 meters high. The most famous among them is the Devil's finger.

Mount Kolpaki is located almost on the border of Asia and Europe. These bizarre mountains really resemble caps, and the view from their peaks stretches for tens of kilometers, revealing a view of Mount Kachkanar.
The Stone City, or Devil's Settlement, is the leading attraction of this region. These rocks consist mainly of quartz sandstone, cut by cracks up to 12 meters deep. They resemble the streets of an abandoned city, which is why they are called streets, and each has its own name.

On the territory of the Perm Territory there are about 30 thousand rivers with a total length of more than 90 thousand kilometers, but only two of them are considered large (which have a length of over 500 km): the Kama and Chusovaya.
The written stone, located on the right bank of the Vishera River, has preserved the rock paintings of ancient people. The stone itself is two kilometers long and 100 meters high, and at its foot there are abandoned sacrificial sites from different eras.
The Ermak stone, about 40 meters high, is located 15 km from the Kungur cave; it consists of three rocky peaks of different heights.

In the village of Molebka there is the only monument to an alien in all of Russia, which the locals call Alyoshenka.
On the observation deck in Kungur there is the Navel of the Earth - a granite hemisphere with distance indicators to the world capitals. There is a belief that if you need happiness, you need to walk around it three times and sit on top - then your wish will come true.

The nature of the Perm region is limitless, it surprises with its unique beauty, it is impossible to describe it in words, you need to see it with your own eyes, forever capturing this splendor in the corners of your memory.

In total, in the Perm Territory there are about 60 species of mammals, over 270 species of birds, 39 species of fish, 6 species of reptiles and 9 species of amphibians. More than 30 species of mammals are of commercial importance.
Among the predators, the pine marten is widely represented in the region. Its favorite habitats are overripe, cluttered forests, especially in the southern regions. The Perm region ranks one of the first in the country in terms of the number of martens. Ermine and weasel live in the forests everywhere. In the southern and central regions- badger and otter, and in the northern regions - wolverine. Throughout the territory, except for the very south, bears and lynxes are found, although their numbers are small. The wolf is also found everywhere.
Most of the region's animals are of European origin, but Siberian species also make their way into the area. Thus, at the end of the 19th century, weedworm appeared in the eastern regions.
Of the artiodactyls in the Kama region, moose predominate, living along forest edges and copses. In winters with little snow, roe deer come from the neighboring Sverdlovsk region to the eastern regions. From the Komi Republic, deer penetrate into the northern regions.
Most predatory and artiodactyl animals are of great commercial importance. Hunting for some of them (sable, otter, marten, elk) is possible only with special permits (licenses). Roe deer and reindeer are protected and hunting is prohibited.
The wolf, wolverine and lynx cause considerable damage to livestock production, and therefore hunting for them is encouraged. Small mustelids (ferrets, weasels) destroy mouse-like rodents, but sometimes they contribute to the spread infectious diseases(tick-borne encephalitis, rabies).
Much work is being done in the region on the acclimatization and artificial breeding of some species of game animals - beavers, raccoon dogs, muskrats, arctic foxes and minks.
Of the 270 species of birds in the forests of the region, wood grouse, black grouse, hazel grouse, crossbills, and several species of tits are widespread. Migratory birds include starlings, thrushes, rooks, swallows and others. Of the birds of greatest commercial importance, capercaillie, black grouse and hazel grouse are of greatest commercial importance.
The fauna of water bodies is dominated by sedentary species. In large and medium-sized rivers of the flat part of the region, bream, pike, ide, roach, and perch are common.

Invertebrates of the Perm region

Reptiles

There are 6 species of reptiles in the Perm region. All of them belong to the order Squamate and four families: lizards - 2 species, spindles - 1 species, suppers - 2 species, vipers - 1 species.
The most numerous species among reptiles is the viviparous lizard. There are significantly fewer sand lizards in the region, and the brittle spindle is even rarer. Of the snakes, the most common is the snake. The common viper is more numerous than the grass snake in the north of the Perm region, and vice versa in the southern regions. The rarest snake in the region, the common copperhead, is found only once.

Diversity of natural and climatic conditions The Perm Territory makes it possible for a huge number of birds to live and breed in the region. Birds inhabit all types of natural and cultural landscapes; many species of birds live in cities and villages.
There are about 270 species of birds belonging to 15 orders in the region. In addition to sedentary bird species that permanently reside in the region, migratory birds fly to the Kama region in summer to breed, and some species are found migrating in spring and autumn, although they do not nest in the Perm region. Of the entire mass, 220 species are nesting, 30 are migratory, and 28 are vagrant. More than 50 species have been found in the region over the past 20 years.
Birds play an important role in natural communities: they regulate the number of insects, including pests, they themselves serve as prey for predators, feeding on seeds and fruits of plants, and contribute to their spread and renewal.
Many birds are objects of hunting.
Along with the usual numerous birds in the region, there are also rare species that are on the verge of extinction, listed in the Red Book. Among them are the black stork, the red-breasted goose, the peregrine falcon, the osprey, etc. These species, their habitats, and nesting areas require special protection and protection.

Red Data Book of the Perm Territory

According to the Red Book, 175 species of animals and plants are subject to special protection in the Perm Territory.

Category 0 includes species of animals and plants that previously lived in the Perm region and have now completely disappeared: Cyclostomes: Caspian lamprey (Caspiomyzon wagneri). Fish: beluga (Huso huso), Russian sturgeon (Acipenser guldenstadti), blackback herring (Caspialosa kessleri), Volga herring (Caspialosa wolgensis), Caspian bellyfish (Caspialosa caspia), Caspian salmon (Saimo trutta caspius), white fish (Stenodus leucichthys leucichthys) . Amphibians: common tree frog ( Hyla arborea). Angiosperms: Liparis loeselii, Orchis militaris, Primula cortusoides.

Rarity category I includes species of animals and plants that are endangered in the region: Fish: brook trout (Saimo trutta caspius m. fario). Birds: black stork (Ciconia nigra), great spotted eagle (Aquila clanga), imperial eagle (Aquila heliaca), golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos). Fern-like plants: chamomile (Botrichium matricariifolium), spear-shaped polystichum (Polystichum lonchitis), curly cryptogramma (Cryptogramma crispa). Angiosperms: cornflower (Centaurea integrifolia), Marshall knapweed (Centaurea marschalliana), Clausia aprica, Northern (Podolsk) shivereckia (Schivereckia hyperborea), common heather (Calluna vulgaris), blue phyllodoce (Phyllodoce caerulea), Kungurian astragalus (Astragalus kungurensis), Volga astragalus (Astragalus wolgensis), Siberian zigadenus (Zigadenus sibiricus), single-tuberous broom (Herminium monorchis), swollen lady's slipper (Cypripedium ventricosum), large-flowered lady's slipper (Cypripedium macranthon), ottianthe cucullata), palmate root Traunsteiner (Dactylorhiza traunsteineri), anemone reflexa (Anemone reflexa), hairy carp (Phlojodicarpus villosus).

The II rarity category includes species of animals, plants and fungi, the number of individuals of which is rapidly declining: Invertebrates: South Russian tarantula (Allohogna singoriensis), fruit bumblebee (Bombus pomorum), mnemosyne, black Apollo (Pamassius mnemosyne), Apollo swallowtail (Pamassius apollo) . Birds: lesser white-fronted lesser white-fronted white-fronted lesser white-fronted swan (Anser erythropus), whooper swan (Суgnus cygnus), eagle owl (Bubo bubo). Mammals: Russian muskrat ( Desmana moschata). Angiosperms: Rhodiola rosea, Astragalus gorczakovskii, Astragalus permiensis, Lady's slipper (Cypripedium calceolus), Epipactis palustris, Cephalanthera longifolia, Cephalanthera rubra), male orchis (Orchis mascula), burnt orchis (Orchis ustulata), Ural anemone (Anemone uralensis), open lumbago (Pulsatilla patens), multi-incision lumbago (Pulsatilla multifida), yellowing lumbago (Pulsatilla flavescens), questionable lumbago (Pulsatilla ambigua ), scepter-shaped myeloid (Pedicularis sceptrum-carolinum).

The III category of rarity includes rare species, represented in the Perm region by small populations, distributed in a limited area: Invertebrates: Alopecosa kungurica, black thickhead (Eresus cinnaberinus), Loshnikov's squirrel (Carabus loschnikovi), tanner's longhorned beetle (Prionus coriarius ), intact ephoron (Ephoron virgo), juniper sawfly (Monoctenus juniperi), horned prosopis (Prosopis comuta), rock bumblebee (Bombus lapidarius), underground colletes (Colletes cunicularis), stenamma (Stenamma cf. ukrainicum), Camilla tapeworm (Limenitis Camilla ), mountain cicada (Cicadetta montana). Fish: Russian fastfish (Alburnoides bipunctatus rossicus). Amphibians: Siberian salamander (Salamandrella keyserlingii). Reptiles: copperhead (Coronella austriaca). Birds: European black-throated loon (Gavia arctica arctica), great bittern (Botaurus stellaris), little bittern (Ixobrychus minutus), red-breasted goose (Rufibrenta ruficollis), osprey (Pandion haliaetus), steppe harrier (Circus macrourus), marsh harrier (Cir- cus aeruginosus), white-tailed eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla), peregrine falcon (Faico peregrinus), merlin (Faico columbarius), falcon (Faico vespertinus), Central Russian white partridge (Lagopus lagopus), tundra partridge (Lagopus mutus), gray partridge (Perdix perdix ), Common Curlew (Eudromias morinellus), Great Curlew (Numenius arquata), Curlew (Numenius phaeopus), Little Tern (Sterna albifrons), Gray Owl (Strix nebulosa), Common Gray Shrike (Lanius excubitor excubitor), Black-throated Accentor (Prunella atrogularis ), blue tit (Parus cyanus), wood lark (Lullula arborea). Mammals: northern leatherneck (Vespertilio nilssoni), whiskered bat (Myotis mystacinus), European mink (Mustela lutreola). Fern-like plants: Woodsia alpina, Polystichum braunii. Angiosperms: Siberian cornflower (Centaurea sibirica), Saussurea uralensis, Scorzonera glabra, Igoshina's groundsel (Senecio igoschinae), Serratula gmelinii, Lena alyssum (Alyssum lenense), toothwort ( core) trifoliate (Dentaria trifida), Krylov's moth (Cerastium krylovii), Helm's minuartia (Minuartia helmii), coin-leaved sunflower (Helianthemum nummularium), Tatarian barkweed (Knautia tatarica), perennial woodweed (Mercurialis perennis), Astragalus buchtormensis, Astragalus Klerceanus, Astragalus Falcatus, Astragalus Glycyphyllos, Ostrodnik Ural (Oxytropis Uralensis). Timyan Bloshin (Thymus Ovatus), Timus Marschallianus , Taliev's thyme (Thymus talijevii), creeping thyme (Thymus serpyllum), little-leaved thyme (Thymus paucifolius), Bashkir thyme (Thymus bashkiriensis), bug thyme (Thymus cimicinus), Nenets goose onion (Gagea samojedorum), hairy lily (curly) ( Lilium pilosiusculum), small water lily (Nuphar pumila), four-petalled water lily (Nymphaea tetragona), two-petaled Parisian water lily (Circaea lutetiana), spotted lady's slipper (Cypripedium guttatum), true nest (Neottia nidus-avis), creeping goodyera (Goodyera repens), napkin winter-leaved (broad-leaved) (Epipactis helleborine), dark red napkin (Epipactis atrorubens), bulbous calypso (Calypso bulbosum), long-horned cockle (Gymnadenia conopsea), three-notched cockleweed (Corallorhiza trifida), two-leaved lyubka (night violet) (Platantera bifolia), Malaxis monophyllos, Epipogium aphyllum, Dactylorhiza elodes, Dactylorhiza hebridensis, Dactylorhiza longifolia, Dactylorhiza curvi folia), green hemlock (Coeloglossum viride), palmate root bloody palm root (Dactylorhiza cruenta), red palm root (Dactylorhiza incarnata), spotted palm root (Dactylorhiza maculata), Russow palm root (Dactylorhiza russowii), Fuchs palm root (Dactylorhiza fuchsii), heart-shaped cache (Listera cordata), ovoid palm root (oval)(Listera ovata), Hammarbya paludosa, Paeonia anomala, Potentilla nivea, Castilleja pallida, Digitalis grandiflora, Lagotis uralensis, Aulacospermum multifidum), Giralda undergrowth (Sanicula giraldii), small-flowered wallflower (Parietaria micrantha). Mushrooms: maiden umbrella (Macrolepiota nympharum), branched polypore (Grifola umbellata), Asian trellis (Boletinus asiaticus), red-legged boletus (Boletus luridiformis), olive-brown boletus (Boletus lurid

Rarity category IV includes species with an uncertain status that belong to one of the above categories, but there is currently no accurate data on the state of their populations: Invertebrates: mother-of-pearl Selena (Clossiana selenis). Amphibians: crested newt (Triturus cristatus). Birds: Great Sparrow Owl (Glaucidium passerinum), Hawk Owl (Sumia ulula), Aquatic Warbler (Acrocephalus paludicola). Fern-like plants: lanceolatum (Botrichium lanceolatum), Steller's cryptogramma (Cryptogramma stelleri). Angiosperms: common hazel (Corylus avellana), needle-leaved carnation (Dianthus acicularis), Ural grass (Gypsophila uralensis), Siberian iris (Iris sibirica), feather feather grass (Stipa pennata), beautiful feather grass (Stipa pulcherrima), spring adonis (Adonis vernalis ), bush cherry (steppe) (Cerasus fruticosa).

Rarity category V includes species of animals whose numbers have recently increased in the region or have reached a stable, safe level for the species: Fish: sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus), common taimen (Hucho taimen), common sculpin (Cottus gobio). Birds: Oystercatcher (Haematopus ostralegus).

A land of amazing nature, taiga forests, picturesque mountains, gorges, caves, fast rivers and clean lakes. The stunning diversity of the country's landscape and a considerable number of rare plants and animals are presented here. The nature and unique culture of the region have attracted travelers since ancient times.

A little history

Until the beginning of the 18th century, the region, which included vast lands from the sources of the Kama to the Ural ridge in the west and east and from the headwaters of the Pechora in the north to the Chusovaya River in the north and south, was called Great Perm.

The first to show interest in this great land were Novgorod merchants. In the 14th century, they had rivals; the Principality of Moscow began to encroach on this region. After the major military campaign of Prince Ivan III in 1472, Perm the Great became the first territory in the Urals to forever become part of the Russian state. The rapid development of the Perm region has been celebrated since this important historical event. More and more Russian settlements are appearing. The development of new lands noticeably intensified by the middle of the 16th century, when merchants and industrialists the Stroganovs settled here.

The variety of natural resources and nature of the Perm region attracted new settlers. Today it is one of the largest industrial regions of Russia with a multifaceted cultural heritage and stunning natural sites.

At the junction of Europe and Asia

The region, located at the junction of two parts of the world, practically covers a fifth of the Ural economic region. The location of its territory in the Kama basin provides it, through a special system of canals, with access to the five seas - the White, Baltic, Caspian, Black and Azov.

Animal and plant life

The peculiar “border” location of the region influenced the formation of its flora and fauna. Animals of the Perm region are mainly represented by typical European species. About 60 species of mammals, over 40 species of fish, 270 species of birds, as well as several species of reptiles and amphibians live here. Of the predatory animals, the most widespread is the pine marten; there are foxes, wild boars, wolves, wolverines, badgers, and stoats. Elks, bears and lynxes can be found here.

The common hedgehog, muskrat, and mink are quite small in number and need protection.

The region abounds in lakes, rivers, swamps, overgrown floodplains, and forests. Grouse, wood grouse, tits, crossbills, and hazel grouse are common in the forests. Among them there are blackbirds, swallows, and starlings.

The flora is also very diverse. It varies depending on the areas of the region. The most common plants of the Perm region are pine, spruce, larch, fir. They form entire taiga expanses stretching for hundreds of kilometers.

In the southern regions there is a combination of deciduous and coniferous forests. Broad-leaved species such as oak, elm, and elm are found here.

In the north and center of the region there are heavily swampy areas. The slopes of the Ural Mountains are covered coniferous forest. The extreme northeast of the region is made up of stone kurumniks and poor tundras.

Over 130 species of plants grow on the territory of the Perm Territory, which are under state protection. There are two nature reserves and several game reserves in the Kama region. Considerable attention is paid to the flora and fauna of the region.

Increasing anthropogenic impact on natural environment leads to a decrease in the numbers of many rare animals and plants, to the fragmentation of populations and even to the complete disappearance of a number of their species. Such specially created official guides as the Red Book of the Perm Territory contain descriptions of the known reasons for the decline in their numbers, consider danger factors and a number of measures to restore populations.

Uniqueness of the region

Despite urbanization, the breath of antiquity is still felt in Perm the Great today. Quite expressive traces of the Great Migration of Peoples, the heritage of ancient Russian architecture, mining civilization, legends and traditions, nature and the animal world seem to be united into a single whole.

The Perm region has enormous potential for various types of tourism, regardless of the time of year. The geographic location of the region contributed greatly to this. People are attracted by the diversity of landscapes, interesting history, and, of course, unique monuments created by the very nature of the Perm region. Photos of unique landscapes, interesting and mysterious places never cease to fascinate with their extraordinary beauty.

On the territory of the region there are 325 specially protected natural sites that are under special protection. These are historical and natural complexes, natural monuments and others. Of these, two territories are distinguished as natural reserves of federal significance. These are “Vishersky” and “Basegi”.

Most valuable monuments nature of the Perm region are represented in the Cherdyn region. There are quite a few of them in Bolshesosnovsky, Solikamsky, Chusovsky, and Krasnovishersky districts.

Natural monuments and natural areas Regional significance of the region is divided into the following types:

landscape (rocks White Moss, Vetlan and Govorlivy Kamen, Stone City),
geological (Ordinskaya and Gubakhinskaya caves),
hydrological (Ermakov spring),
zoological and botanical (Zyukai cliff, Veslyansky forest-heather),
historical and natural complexes (Kungurskaya cave, Grafsky and Kuvinsky forests).

All of them are included in the list of protected natural sites.

Stone City

Stone Town is recognized as one of the most popular and unique natural monuments. The unusual beauty of the spur of the ancient Ural ridge, known as the Rudyansky ridge, can be seen not far from the villages of Shumikhinsky and Usva. The ridge looks like an elongated ridge about 19 km long. One of its peaks is the Stone Town. This name was given by tourists. For locals, it's Turtles. often also called Devil's Settlement.

The bizarre rocky remains of the natural monument formed a whole string of corridors and tiers on a hill in the middle of the forest. They create the impression of a city: narrow streets and wide avenues, dead ends. According to one version, they were cut through by one of the ancient rivers. And one of the many legends says that it was once a wonderful city, the stunning beauty of which only the blind daughter of the king could not see. One day, an evil sorcerer offered to heal the princess. The king agreed, but just at the moment when her vision returned, the city turned to stone.

Natural monuments of the Perm region in the area of Usva station are not limited to Stone Town. The famous Usvinskie Pillars and the caves of Sukhoi Log are also worth a visit.

Usvinskie Pillars

Unique stone pillars stretching for several kilometers on the Usva River are rightfully considered one of the most attractive places for tourists. This is a huge stone massif composed of limestones. On its pillars there are imprints of ancient corals and other fossils, clearly indicating that there was a sea here millions of years ago.

The unique shapes of the rocks are dotted with grottoes and caves. Some of them, like the Stolbovaya Grotto, served as a shelter for people in the distant past.

Like a magnet, tourists are attracted to the rock, which is nicknamed the Devil's Finger. Its structure and size are amazing. The 70-meter-high rock mass is supported by a thin “leg.” It’s as if he is demonstrating his inaccessibility and independence. This is one of the favorite places for rock climbing enthusiasts.

Orda Cave

In the depths of the Kazakovskaya Mountain, skirted by the Kungur River, there is the longest underwater cave in the country and the second longest in Eurasia - the Orda Cave. On the surface of the mountain, which is more like a hill, there are large karst sinkholes, one of which is the entrance to this inconspicuous corner of wild nature.

This is the largest gypsum cave in the world. It consists of the so-called “dry” (300 m) and underwater (4600 m) parts. Its high vaults are clean deep lakes, numerous grottoes have been explored by speleologists. often called the mecca of cave divers.

Kungur cave

This is one of the most famous natural monuments of the region, located on the right bank of the Sylva. In the mysterious depths of the Kungur cave, the Ural winter reigns forever. Even on hot summer days, it retains the icy decoration of its underground grottoes thanks to its special microclimate. The enchanting possessions of people and snow are the result of the imperceptible work of water, which lasts several thousand years. Huge cavities and tunnels are connected by a string of corridors. The total length of all its passages is 5700 meters. There are 70 lakes and 58 grottoes. Some of the underground chambers of the cave are up to 20 meters high and reach a diameter of up to 100 meters. Many grottoes are richly decorated with ice crystals, stalactites and stalagmites. The Diamond and Polar grottoes boast the most beautiful decorations.

The first plan of the unique geological monument was drawn up in the 18th century by cartographer S. Remezov from the words of local residents, who were the first guides for those thirsty for unusual adventures. It was far from perfect and was changed several times. Nowadays, 1.5 kilometers of underground galleries are equipped for visiting tourists.

The Kungur Cave leaves a lot of unforgettable impressions at any time of the year. It is one of the brightest creations of Nature, created only from ice and water.

Vetlan-stone

The nature of the Perm region has also created such a unique monument as the Vetlan stone, located on the Vishera River. This site is a sheer cliff system extending to an altitude of 1750 meters.

At the top of Vetlan-stone there is an observation deck that opens up a unique panorama of endless distances. Tourists traveling around Vishera usually come here.

Vishera Reserve

The reserve, located in the northeastern part of the Krasnovishersky district, is considered the most beautiful corner of the Northern Urals. Here are the highest peak of the region - Tulymsky Stone (1469.8 m), the most picturesque ridges of Listvennichny, Isherim, Put-Tump, Molebny and many others. From their peaks there are magnificent views, and on the slopes there are mountain lakes with crystal water. The mountain rivers Malaya and Bolshaya Moiva, Vishera, Niols flow through the territory of the reserve with rifts and rapids, beautiful waterfalls.

Here, forests and territories occupied by kurums, stone ruins that form stone seas and rivers, have been preserved in their pristine beauty. Common animals here are sable, elk, bear, beaver, marten, beaver and many others. There are about 150 species of mycobiont (lichens), 100 different 500 vascular plants in the reserve. For their preservation and recording, the Red Book of the Perm Territory was specially created, dedicated to rare endangered plants, birds and animals of the Kama region only. Its list includes the whooper swan, peregrine falcon, golden eagle, merlin, tundra partridge, eagle owl and many others.

The reserve also contains a unique point in the Urals - the convergence of the watershed spaces of three great rivers - the Volga, Ob and Pechora.

Basegi

Basegi is a most picturesque mountain range rising among the endless expanses of the taiga, on the western spurs of the Ural mountain range. In the old days it was united, now it consists of three separate peaks - Northern, Southern and Middle Baseg. The forests in their area amaze with their untouched beauty. This is a reference object of natural taiga ecosystems.

Middle Baseg is the highest point of the reserve (994 m). On its peaks there are clearly defined slope terraces, in places covered with forest and kurums. Blocks of stones sliding down their slopes are covered with scale-like multi-colored lichens in the form of a peculiar motley pattern. And lonely standing stones and their entire clusters resemble various figures and animals.

The name of the reserve is derived from the North Russian word “baskoy”, the meaning of which is “beautiful”. A mountain-tundra belt runs along the top of the mountain range, and below it there are stunning subalpine meadows. These are places where rare animals of the Perm region are concentrated, as well as rare plant species.

“You are responsible for your native land...”

The nature of the region is glorified in the works of many famous writers who visited the Kama region. At the beginning of the last century, the cultural space here was formed around small factory settlements. Talented managers invited musicians, writers and other representatives of the creative intelligentsia to stay with them. Thus, for example, the appearance of the village of Vsevolodo-Vilva was formed thanks to the philanthropist and manufacturer Savva Morozov. B. L. Pasternak and A. P. Chekhov visited and lived here at different times.

The “singer of nature” K. G. Paustovsky, who visited Solikamsk and Berezniki, could not help but be touched by the beauty of the region. Writers of the Perm region also sang about it. P. P. Bazhov has written a lot about the nature of the Urals, its history, and culture. His works seem to embody the soul of this glorious, great land, the image of which runs through the entire work of the writer.

The miniatures and stories of V.P. Astafiev seem to be permeated with the thought “you are responsible for motherland, for your small homeland, for the world in which you live.”

"Perm the Great"

The nature of the Perm region is amazing. Picturesque caves and unusual rocks, coastal cliffs formed as a result of rain and winds, water flows are monuments created by Nature itself.

In the recently approved regional project “Perm the Great”, considerable emphasis is placed on presenting the natural beauty of the region as a calling card of the region. The diversity of the landscape greatly contributes to the development of tourism, active adventure recreation with a rather unique historical and cultural content.

This project represents the Kama region as a single tourist territory, consisting of the clusters “White Mountain”, “Usva”, “Parma” and “Ashatli”. The theme parks are planned to be combined into a single route of international level, creating it according to the “Golden Ring” principle.

Well, this is a unique opportunity to appreciate the wealth of natural, cultural and historical values of the region.