Write nouns of the 3rd declension. "Three types of declension of nouns"

Among the nouns of the 3rd declension there are quite a lot of unequally syllabic nouns, the stem of which can be correctly determined only taking into account the gender form. case. In the third declension there are nouns of all three genders. A sign of the third declension is the ending –is in the genitive case.

aetas, ātis f (gen.= aetātis) century, age

altāre, is n altar (lit. high altar – ara)

amor, ōris m (amōris) love

anĭmal, ālis n animal

arbor, ŏris f (arbŏris) tree

ars, artis f art, craft

artifex, ĭcis m (artifĭcis) master, creator, artist

avis, is f bird

carmen, ĭnis n song, poem

civĭtas, ātis f state, citizenship; city

clamor,ōris m cry, exclamation

color, ōris m color

conditio, ōnis f condition

cor, cordis n heart

corpus,ŏris n (corpŏris) body

dolor,ōris m pain, sorrow

dux, ducis m leader, leader

exemplar, āris n example, sample

Factor, ōris m Creator

finis, is m limit, boundary; target

flos, ōris m flower

frater, fratris m brother

gens, gentis f clan, tribe, people

genus, genĕris n genus, birth

grex, gregis m herd, crowd; squad

homo, homĭnis m person

honor, ōris m honor, honor

hostis, is m enemy

imago, imagĭnis f image, image, impression

iudex, iudĭcis m judge

ius, iuris n right

labor, ōris m work, work

lapis, lapĭdis m stone

laus, laudis f praise

lectio, ōnis f reading (including church, SP texts)

leo, leōnis m lion

lex, legis f law

lux, lucis f light

mare, maris n sea

mater, matris f mother

mercātor, mercatōris m merchant, merchant

miles, milĭtis m soldier, warrior

mons, montis m mountain

mors, mortis f death

mos, moris m disposition, character

mulier, muliĕris f wife, woman

natalis, it's my birthday

nomen, nominis n name

nox, noctis f night

operatio, ōnis f matter; handicrafts, work

opus, opĕris n matter; work; work, creation

orator, ōris m orator; prayer book, petitioner

oratio, ōnis f speech; prayer

orīgo, origĭnis f beginning, origin

ovis, is f sheep

panis, is m bread

pars, partis f part

pastor, ōris m shepherd, shepherd

pater, patris m father

pax, pacis f peace (calm)

peccātor, ōris m sinner

pulchritūdo, ĭnis f beauty

quies, ētis f peace, rest; dream

radix, radicis f root

ratio, ōnis f reason

repetitio, ōnis f repetition

requies, requiētis f peace, rest

rex, regis m king

regio, ōnis f region

Salvātor, ōris m Savior

scriptor, ōris m writer

soror, sorōris f sister

tempus, ŏris n time

terror, ōris m horror

urbs, urbis f city

verĭtas, veritātis f truth

victor,ōris m winner

vis, vis f (acc.sg. vim, abl.sg. vi, nom/ acc. Pl.vires, gen.pl. virium, dat./abl.pl. viribus) strength, power

virtus, virtūtis f courage, virtue

voluntas, voluntātis f will

Nouns of the 4th declension
Nouns 4 declension in Latin compared to previous declinations is significantly less. Words starting with -us belong, with some exceptions, to husband. gender, words starting with -u are neuter. A sign of the fourth declension is the ending us in the genitive case.

casus, us m case; gram. -case

domus, us f(excl.) house

exercĭtus, us m army (trained)

fletus, us m crying

fructus, us m fruit

gustus, us m taste

manus, us f(excl.) hand

sensus, us m feeling; meaning

spiritus, us m spirit

tribus, us f tribe (ancient division of the Roman people)

visus, us m vision

cornu, us n horn

Nouns of the 5th declension The fifth declension is the smallest group of words in the Latin language. With few exceptions, these are feminine words. The sign of the fourth declension is the ending ei in the genitive case

acies, aciēi f edge, battle formation

dies, diēi m (f) day, term

fides, fidĕi f faith

meridies, meridiēi m (f) noon

res, rei f matter, thing, circumstance

spes, spei f hope

Adjective (Nomen adiectīvum)

The adjective denotes a characteristic, the quality of an object (blue, good, strong), relation to the object (book, gold), belonging (paternal). An adjective does not have a gender; it agrees in gender with the noun. For this purpose, the generic forms of the adjective are indicated in the dictionary, i.e. forms for each of the genera. The order of generic forms is the same as in Russian. language : male, female, cf. gender, e.g. Kind, aya, oe - bonus, a,um (pay attention to the need for the correct formation of the full forms of the feminine and middle gender bonus, boа, bonum). In the Latin language there are two types of adjectives: a) adjectives of the 1st-2nd declension, b) adjectives of the 3rd vowel declension. It is easy to determine the variety based on its dictionary form. Adjectives of the 1st and 2nd declension have gender endings (-us, a, um or –er, a, um), adjectives of the 3rd declension have other endings. In the dictionary, the adjective is usually indicated in the nominative case, i.e. The nominative case is indicated (masculine, feminine, etc.). kind. Adjectives of the 3rd vowel declension have one common ending and also give birth. case for correctly finding the stem of indirect cases.

Adjectives of the 1st category (1-2 declension). Depending on the generic form, they change according to the 1st declension (feminine form), or the 2nd declension (masculine and neuter forms).

aegrōtus, a, um = aegrōtus, aegrōta, aegrōtum sick

albus, a,um = albus, alba, album white

antīquus, a, um = antīquus, antīqua, antīquum ancient

beātus, a, um blessed

benedictus, a, um blessed

bonus,a,um kind, good, good

carus, a, um dear

caecus, a, um blind

dexter, t(ĕ)ra, t(ĕ)rum right

dignus, a, um worthy

dilectus, a,um dear, dear, beloved

divinus,a,um divine

durus, a, um harsh, hard

falsus, a, um false, deceitful

femininus, a,um feminine

firmus, a, um strong

gratus, a, um pleasant, desirable

honestus, a, um honest

humānus, a, um human, inherent in man

iustus, a, um just, righteous

liber, libĕra, libĕrum free

longus, a, um long, long

magnus, a, um big, important; great

malus, a, um evil, bad; sly

masculīnus, a, um male

miser, ĕra, ĕrum unhappy, pathetic

multus, a um many, numerous

mutus, a, um mute

niger, nigra, nigrum black

nocturnus, a, um nocturnal

novus, a, um new, last; fresh

occultus, a, um hidden, secret, secret

optĭmus, a, um the best

parvus, a, um small

piger, pigra, pigrum lazy

plenus, a, um full

probus, a, um honest

pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum beautiful

rarus, a, um rare

ruber, bra, brum red

rustĭcus, a, um rustic, rural

sanctus, a, um holy

sanus, a, um healthy

sacer, sacra, sacrum sacred

serus, a, um late

stultus, a, um stupid

superbus,a,um proud

surdus, a, um deaf

urbānus, a um urban

verus, a,um true, true

Adjectives 2 categories (3 vowel declension). Among these adjectives, only a few have three distinct forms for each gender, for example: acer, acris, acre “sharp, caustic, burning.” The most common adjectives with two different endings are husband. and wives gender have the same ending =is, and neuter always -e. This type of adjective is memorized by repeating the first ending twice: short - brevis, brevis, breve. A special group consists of adjectives with one common ending for all genders. These adjectives except full form nominative case, the same for all genders, also indicates the ending of the genitive case in –is, indicating a change in the stem. For example, clemens, ntis. Clemens is the nominative case for masculine, feminine, etc. kind. In the genitive case, all genders will have the form clementis, showing a new stem for the oblique cases clement-

brevis, e short, short

clemens, ntis affectionate, meek, indulgent

difficĭlis, e difficult

dissimilis, e different

dulcis, e sweet, pleasant

facilis, e easy

felix, īcis happy

gracĭlis, e slender

gravis, e heavy

humilis, e humble, low

immortālis, e immortal

levis, e light

mirabĭlis, amazing

mortālis, e mortal

omnis, e whole, every

omnipotens, ntis omnipotent, omnipotent

par, paris equal, identical

pauper, ĕris poor

potens, ntis mighty powerful

quālis, e what (by quality)

saeculāris, e century-old; worldly, secular

sapiens, ntis wise, intelligent

simĭlis, e similar, similar

spirituālis, e spiritual

talis, e such (by quality)

vulgāris, e ordinary, available

Verb (Verbum)
Unlike the Russian language, the initial form of the verb is the 1st person present tense of the active voice of the indicative mood. This form is given first in the dictionary. It is followed by the 1 liter form. units numbers of the perfect indicative mood, the third form is supin, familiar to us from the course Church Slavonic language, Since the passive participle is formed from the base of the Latin supina, some Latinists immediately prefer to call it the passive past participle in Wed. kind. The last form is the present infinitive of the active voice. Each of the vocabulary forms is important for the formation of tenses, so all forms must also be memorized. However, for verbs 1 and 4 conjugations, the main forms are regular and are formed according to a model, which is why many dictionaries limit themselves only to entering the conjugation number, being confident that any user can easily restore the missing forms. The lists contain several negative verbs. For deferential verbs, all forms are given in the passive (passive) voice, but the meaning is active, see arbĭtror, ​​arbitrātus sum, arbitrāri think, believe. Verbs have 1 conjugation infinitive with –āre, verbs have 2 conjugations with –ēre, verbs have 3 conjugations with –ĕre, verbs have 4 conjugations with –īre.

Conjugation

accuso, accusāvi, accusātum, accusāre blame
arbĭtror, ​​arbitrātus sum, arbitrāri think, believe
baptĭzo, -āre to immerse in water, to baptize

amo, amāvi, amātum, amāre to love

clamo, clamāvi, clamātum, clamāre shout, exclaim

cogito, cogitāvi, cogitātum, cogitāre think

comparo, comparāvi, comparātum, comparāre

corono, coronāvi, coronātum, coronāre to crown

curo, curāvi, curātum, curāre to take care of, treat

do, dedi, datum, dăre give

dono, donāvi, donātum, donāre give

educo, educāvi, educātum, educāre

erro, errāvi, errātum, errāre

habito, habitāvi, habitātum, habitāre live, inhabit

laudo, laudāvi, laudātum, laudāre to praise, praise

labōro, laborāvi, laborātum, laborāre to work, toil

muto, mutāvi, mutātum, mutāre change, change

opto, optāvi, optātum, optāre wish

orno, ornāvi, ornātum, ornāre decorate

oro, orāvi, orātum, orāre to ask, to pray

paro, parāvi, parātum, parāre cook

pecco, peccāvi, peccātum, peccāre sin praedĭco, praedicāvi, praedicātum, praedicāre 1 preach

saluto, salutāvi, salutātum, salutāre greet

salvo, salvāvi, salvātum, salvāre

spero, sperāvi, sperātum, sperāre hope

spiro, spirāvi, spirātum, spirāre breathe

visito, visitāvi, visitātum, visitāre visit

Conjugation

Admoneo, admonui, admonĭtum, admonēre exhort, advise

debeo, debui, debĭtum, debēre to be due, obliged

deleo, delevi, deletum, delēre destroy

doceo, docui, doctum, docēre teach

doleo, dolui, - , dolere to be sick, to suffer

habeo, habui, habĭtum, habēre have

luceo, luxi, -, lucēre shine shine

moneo, monui, monĭtum, monēre exhort, advise, remind

moveo, movi, motum, movēre move, excite

noceo, nocui, nocĭtum, nocēre harm

pareo, parui, parĭtum, parēre obey

prohibeo, prohibui, prohibĭtum, prohibēre withhold, prohibit

respondeo, respondi, responsum, respondēre respond

salveo, -, -, salvēre welcome

sedeo, sedi, sessum, sedēre sit, sit

studeo, studui, - , studēre to strive, to try

taceo, tacui, tacĭtum, tacēre be silent

terreo, terrui, terrĭtum, terrēre to frighten

video, vidi, visum, vidēre see; pass. - seem

Conjugation

ago, egi, actum, agĕre to lead, to do

benedīco,benedixi,benedictum benedīcĕre to say good things, to praise, to bless

bibo, bibi, -, bibĕre drink

cado, cecīdi, casum, cadĕre to fall, perish

capio, cepi, captum capĕre take, accept, seize

defendo, defendi, defensum, defendĕre

dico, dixi, dictum, dicĕre speak, call

dimitto, dimīsi, dimissum, dimittĕre to let go, send away

disco, didici, -, discĕre learn

divĭdo, divīdi, divīsum, dividĕre divide

duco, duxi, ductum, ducĕre lead

edo, edi, esum, edĕre is

emo, emi, emptum, emĕre buy

facio, fēci, factum, facĕre do

maledīco, maledixi, maledictum, maledicĕre to slander, curse

mitto, misi, missum, mittĕre let, send

pario, pepĕri, partum, parĕre give birth, acquire

promitto, promīsi, promissum, promittĕre promise

praedīco, praedixi, praedictum, praedicĕre predict

progredior, progressus sum, progrĕdi go forward

rego, rexi, rectum, regĕre edit

resurgo, resurrexi, resurrectum, resurgere

scribo, scripsi, scriptum, scribĕre write

vivo, vixi, victum, vivĕre live

vinco, vici, victum, vincĕre win

Conjugation

audio, audīvi, audītum, audīre listen, hear

custodio, custodīvi, custodītum, custodīre to protect

dormio, dormīvi, dormītum, dormīre sleep, doze

finio, finīvi, finītum, finīre to end, limit

invenio, invēni, inventum, invenīre find, invent

morior, mortuus sum, mori to die

munio, munīvi, munītum, munīre strengthen,

nescio, nescīvi, nescītum, nescīre not to know

nutrio, nutrīvi, nutrītum, nutrīre to feed

punio, punīvi, punītum, punīre to punish

scio, scīvi, scītum, scīre know

sentio, sensi, sensum, sentīre feel

servio, servīvi, servītum, servīre serve

venio, vēnio, ventum, venīre to come

Pronoun

alius, alia, aliud other,

alter, altĕra, altĕrum second, other (of two)

he is the one, he is the one, this one; He;

ego,mei I, me

hic, haec, hoc this; He

ille, illa, illud that; He

is, ea, id that, this; He

iste, ista, istud that, this; He

meus,mea,meum my

nemo, nemĭnis nobody

neuter, neutra, neutrum neither one nor the other

nothing

nos, nostril we

noster, nostra, nostrum ours

nullus, nulla, nullum none

solus, sola, solum alone, lonely

suus, sua, suum your

totus, tota, totum whole, whole

tuus, tua, tuum yours

unus, una, unum one

uter, utra, utrum this or that

vester, vestra, vestrum yours

vos, vestri you

Adverbs ( adverb –adverbium)

aliquando once

good

frustra in vain

nunquam never

primo first

semper always

saepe often

suddenly

In order to determine the declension of a noun, it is necessary to determine its gender.

Nouns come in 1st, 2nd and 3rd declension.

First declension

The first declension includes feminine and masculine nouns with endings –а, –я in the nominative case.

Example: uncle, cat, young man, fish, crybaby.

Second declension

The second declension includes masculine nouns with a zero ending and neuter nouns with the endings –о and –е in the nominative case.

Example: student, hero, link, heart, sky.

Third declension

The third declension includes feminine nouns with a soft sign at the end in the nominative case.

Example: square, spruce, mouse, daughter, laziness.

How to determine the declension of a noun?

  1. So, in order to determine the declension of a noun, it is necessary to determine its gender.
  2. Then highlight the ending of the noun in the nominative singular case.
  3. Determine the declension by gender and ending.

For example:

Saturday – she, mine is a feminine noun with the ending –a in the nominative case singular. Therefore, the noun Saturday 1st declension.

Apple – it, mine is a neuter noun with the ending –o in the nominative singular. Therefore, the noun apple 2nd declension.

Joy – she, my – a feminine noun with a soft sign at the end, in the nominative singular case, ending zero. Therefore, the noun joy 3rd declension.

Nouns of the same declension have the same stressed and unstressed case endings.

For example:

Test exercises of varying difficulty levels

Level 1.

Write down the nouns. Specify the declination.

Hero, hollow, night, apple, sea, blizzard, spring, weather, clearing, help.

Level 2.

Write down the nouns of the 3rd declension.

Life, oven, daughter, potatoes, steppe, car, carrots, notebook, horse, day, laziness, stump, pain, square.

Level 3.

Select and write down synonyms for the words. Determine the declension of all nouns.

Father, village, celebration, luck, sorcerer, heat.

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Declension of nouns

Declension is the change of words of various parts of speech (nouns, adjectives, numerals, pronouns, participles) according to cases and numbers. Nouns in Russian have three main types of declension, which are reflected in the table below. If you need numerals, you can read about declension of numerals in another article.

The main types of declension of nouns in Russian

Declension type

Explanations and examples

Note

1st declension

Feminine, masculine and general nouns with the ending -а / -я in the nominative singular case: wife, earth, servant, young man, bully.

Nouns in -ia (army, Greece) have the ending -i in the dative and prepositional singular cases.

2nd declension

Masculine nouns with a zero ending in the nominative singular and neuter nouns with the ending -о / -е in the nominative singular: law, horse, village, field.

Nouns ending in -i and -i (genius, mood) have the ending -i in the prepositional singular case.

3rd declension

Feminine nouns with a zero ending in the nominative singular: spruce, mouse, daughter, horse, joy.

Nouns ending in the nominative and accusative singular with a sibilant always have a soft sign written at the end: mouse, daughter.

In the plural, there are practically no differences between types of declension, so we can separately talk about the special declension of nouns plural.

On the spelling of case endings of nouns, see: Spelling of unstressed endings of nouns.

Cases are expressed various roles noun in a sentence. There are six cases in the Russian language. You can determine the case of a noun in a sentence by the question.

In addition to the main questions, the case of a noun can also be found out by auxiliary questions answered by the circumstances. So, the question is where? assumes the genitive case (from the store, from the camel); question is where? assumes the accusative case (to the forest, to the lecture, to the lesson); question is where? assumes the prepositional case (in the forest, at the lecture, at the lesson).

The following table will present the names of the cases of the Russian language, questions for each case and auxiliary questions.

(3rd grade) - table:

The nominative case is called the direct case, and all other cases are called the indirect cases.

1st declension

2nd declension

3rd declension

Let's summarize the difference in declinations in the following table.

Declension in plural

mood

mood

mood

Declension in plural

times

bully-oh

law,

in the mood

laws

from time to time

about the army

about the law

mood

time-ah Variants of endings for the nominative plural of masculine nouns

authors/shores

Some masculine nouns in the nominative plural may have a stressed ending -а (-я) instead of the ending -ы (-и). This is first of all:

1) many monosyllabic nouns such as forest - forests, silk - silk, side - sides, eye - eyes, snow - snow, etc.;

2) many two-syllable nouns that have a singular stress on the first syllable, for example: shore - shores, voice - voices, evening - evenings, city - cities, district - districts, skull - skulls, etc.

However, it is impossible to find strict patterns in the distribution of nouns according to their ending options, since fluctuations are observed in this part of the language. We list in the table below the most common regulatory options in which errors are possible.

The following most common nouns allow a double formation of the nominative plural:

Some nouns with different endings in the nominative plural have different meanings. Here are the most common words:

teeth (in mouth)

roots (of plants)

body (torso)

camps (socio-political)

sheets (iron, paper)

bellows (blacksmith's)

images (artistic)

orders (knightly, monastic)

belts (geographical)

seeing off (someone)

omissions (oversights)

abacus (device)

sables (animals)

sons (of the Motherland)

tones (sound)

brakes (obstacles)

flowers (plants)

breads (baked)

roots (dried vegetables)

corps (buildings, military units)

camps (military, children's)

leaves (of plants)

furs (cured skins)

image (icon)

orders (insignia)

belts

wires (electrical)

passes (documents)

invoices (documents for payment)

sable (fur)

sons (mother)

tones (shades of color)

brakes (device)

colors (paints)

bread (cereals).

Variants of genitive plural endings for nouns

In the genitive plural, nouns can have endings - , -ov (-ev), -ey . There are also large fluctuations in this area of ​​the tongue. We present in the table the most common regulatory options in which errors are possible.

with ending -

with ending -ov(-ev)

with ending -ee

Englishmen, Armenians, Bashkirs, Bulgarians, Buryats, Georgians, Ossetians, Romanians, Tatars, Turkmens, Gypsies, Turks;

partisans, soldiers, hussars, dragoons, cuirassiers;

felt boots, boots, stockings, boots, shoulder straps, epaulettes;

ampere, watt, volt, ohm, arshin, micron, hertz, x-ray;

knees, shoulders, numbers, chairs, logs, linens, fibers, ribs, cores, rods, kitchens, poker, shutters (shutter), fables, songs, gossip, domain (blast furnace), cherries, slaughterhouse (slaughterhouse), young ladies, hawthorns , villages, blankets, towels, saucers, waffles, shoes, roofings, shafts, weddings, estates, nannies, affairs;

splashes, trousers, beads, vacations, pasta, money, darkness, stretchers, sleds.

Kirghiz, Kazakhs, Uzbeks, Mongols, Tajiks, Yakuts;

dresses, mouths, apprentices, socks;

meters, grams, kilograms, hectares, rails;

oranges, tangerines, tomatoes, tomatoes, eggplants, lemons;

swamps, kopyttsev, troughs, laces, windows;

frosts, clavichords, rags, rags, scum.

guns, joules, candles (but: The game is not worth the candle);

skittles, sakleys, strife, rickshaws, pashas, ​​young men;

everyday life, mites, mangers, yeast, firewood, people, bran, sleighs.

Indeclinable nouns

The divergent nouns include ten neuter nouns in -mya (burden, time, udder, banner, name, flame, tribe, seed, stirrup, crown) and the masculine noun path. They are called heterodeclinable because in the genitive, dative and prepositional cases of the singular they have the ending of nouns of the 3rd declension -i, and in the instrumental - the ending of nouns of the 2nd declension -em/-em.

Nouns ending in -mya have the suffix -en- / -yon- in the genitive, dative, instrumental and prepositional cases of the singular and in all plural cases, and the words seed, stirrup, in addition to this suffix, have the suffix -yan in the genitive plural case - (seeds, stirrups).

We show the changes in differently inflected nouns in the following table.

Singular

Plural

time, seed, path-

time-a, seed-a, put-i

time-and, seed-and, put-and

times-, seeds-, ways

time-and, seed-and, put-and

time-am, seed-am, put-yam

time, seed, path-

time-a, seed-a, put-i

time, seed, way

times, seeds, ways

about time-and, seed-and, put-and

about times, seeds, ways

Indeclinable nouns. Gender of indeclinable nouns

In the Russian language there are indeclinable nouns - words that do not change by case. These include foreign language nouns with vowel stems (coat, cafe, taxi, kangaroo, menu, Show, Sochi, Tbilisi), foreign language feminine nouns with a consonant (Miss, Mrs., Madame, George Sand's novel), Russian and Ukrainian surnames with -o and -yh / -ih and -ago (visiting the Dolgikhs, Shevchenko’s poem, read about Zhivago, with Durnovo) and compound words like general store, CSKA, Moscow State University, All-Russian Exhibition Center.

The case of an indeclinable noun is determined by the question and by the inflected words dependent on this noun (if any), for example: Take off (what? - accusative) your coat; You will be hot in this (which? in what? - prepositional) coat.

The number of an indeclinable noun is determined by the inflected words dependent on it (if there are any), by the verb (if there is one) or by the context, for example: These (which are the plural) coats are no longer on sale; The coat was (singular) very expensive; Ten coats (plural) were brought to the store.

Indeclinable nouns mainly belong to the neuter gender: popsicle, metro, muffler, cocoa, menu, taxi, sometimes to the masculine gender: coffee, penalty. The gender of many of these nouns can be determined by the following features:

1) the gender of the designated person or animal (for animate nouns): rich / rich rentier, old / old kangaroo;

2) generic (general) concept: wide avenue (avenue is a type of street), delicious kohlrabi (kohlrabi is a type of cabbage), sunny Sukhumi (Sukhumi is a city);

3) the main word underlying the phrase, from which the compound word was formed: a wonderful Youth Theater (theater for young spectators), a new hydroelectric power station (hydroelectric power station).

Degrees of comparison of qualitative adjectives

In accordance with their general meaning, qualitative adjectives have two degrees of comparison, showing differences in the degree of manifestation of a characteristic - comparative and superlative.

The comparative degree denotes a greater manifestation of a characteristic in one object than in another, for example: This cake is sweeter than the cake (sweeter than the cake). The comparative degree can be simple or compound.

The simple comparative degree is formed from adjectives using the suffixes -ee(s), -e, -she. Before the suffix -e there is always an alternation of base consonants.

beautiful - beautiful-her (beautiful-her)

wise - wise-ee (wise-ey)

sweet - sweeter

low - lower

thin - thinner

Adjectives in the form of the simple comparative degree do not change either by gender, or by case, or by number. In a sentence they are most often predicates, rarely - definitions, for example:

This city is more beautiful than our native one (predicate).

Let's find a more beautiful place (definition).

The compound comparative degree is formed by adding the words more or less to the adjective.

sweet - more (less) sweet

low - more (less) low

The second word in the form of the compound comparative degree changes according to gender, case and number. In a sentence, adjectives in this form can be both predicates and modifiers, for example:

The weather today is warmer than a week ago (predicate).

Let's bathe him in more warm water(definition).

The superlative degree denotes the superiority of a given subject compared to others on some basis, for example: Everest - the tallest top in the world. The superlative degree, like the comparative degree, can be simple or compound.

The simple superlative degree is formed from adjectives using the suffix -eysh- (-aysh-).

wise - wisest

quiet - tish-aysh-y

Adjectives in the simple superlative form vary by gender, case and number. In a sentence they can be both definitions and predicates, for example:

Everest is the highest peak in the world (definition).

This crater is the deepest (predicate).

1. The words most, most, least are added to the adjective, for example: beautiful - the most beautiful, the most beautiful, the least beautiful.

In the form of a compound superlative degree with the word most, both words change by gender, case and number, and with the words most and least - only the adjective.

In a sentence, these forms can be both definitions and predicates.

We approached the most beautiful park (definition).

This park is the most beautiful (predicate).

2. The word all is added to the comparative degree of the adjective if there is a comparison with inanimate objects and phenomena, and the word all if there is a comparison with living objects or phenomena or if one of the objects is compared with all.

This house is the tallest in the area.

This house is taller than all the houses in the area.

This boy is taller than everyone else in school.

These forms do not change. In a sentence they are predicates.

How to distinguish between simple comparative degree and compound superlatives of adjectives, adverbs and state words

Adjective.

In a sentence it often appears as a predicate, less often as a function. inconsistent definition and then refers to a noun.

The music became (what?) quieter (predicate).

We will send you microphones (which ones?) that are quieter (definition).

This girl (what?) is the most beautiful of all in the institute (predicate).

In a sentence, it refers to a verb and stands in the role of an adverbial manner of action.

He spoke (how?) more quietly than always (circumstance).

He draws (how?) more beautiful than anyone in school (circumstance).

It is a predicate in an impersonal sentence, denoting the state of a person or the environment.

In this jacket you will (what?) be even hotter (predicate).

At this time of year (what?) it’s dirtiest outside (predicate).

Declension of numerals denoting whole numbers

Numerals denoting whole numbers vary by case and for the most part do not have gender or number.

Only the numerals two and one and a half change by gender. They have two forms of gender: one in combination with masculine and neuter nouns, the other in combination with feminine nouns.

two, one and a half bags, sat - two, one and a half cups

The numeral one changes by gender, case and number, like possessive adjectives.

Masculine singular

Neuter singular

Feminine singular

Plural

one-year

mom'shandkerchief

one village

mom's ring

one book

mom's fur coat

one sleigh

mom's fur coats

one year

mother's scarf

one village

mom's ring

one book

mom's fur coats

one of their sleighs

mom's fur coats

one year

mother's scarf

one village

mom's ring

one book

mom's fur coat

one sleigh

mother's fur coats

one-year

mom'shandkerchief

one village

mom's ring

one book

mom's fur coat

one sleigh

mom's fur coats

one year

mother's scarf

one village

mother's ring

one book

mom's fur coat

one sleigh

mother's fur coats

about one year

mother's scarf

about one village

mom's ring

about one book

mom's fur coat

about one of their sleighs

mother's fur coats

The numerals two, three, four have a special declension.

The numerals from five to twenty and the numeral thirty are declined as third declension nouns.

Declension

five-, eleven- , twenty- , thirty- years, horses, foxes, books

five, eleven, twenty, thirty years, horses, foxes, books

five, eleven, twenty, thirty years, horses, foxes, books

five-, eleven- , twenty- , thirty- years, horses, foxes, books

five, eleven, twenty, thirty years, horses, foxes, books

about five, eleven, twenty, thirty years, horses, foxes, books

Numerals forty, ninety, one hundred, one and a half (one and a half) And one and a half hundred have only two case forms.

The cardinal numerals denoting integers contain many complex words formed by adding the stems, for example: fifty from five + ten, six hundred from six + one hundred, four hundred from four + one hundred, etc. In these numerals from fifty to eighty and from two hundred to nine hundred both parts decline. If numerals denoting integers are composite, then all words are declined in them.

Let us summarize what has been said about the declension of complex and composite numerals denoting integers in the following table.

Declension

sixty, three hundred-, five hundred- forty seven

sixty, three hundred, five hundred forty-seven

sixty, three hundred, five hundred forty-seven

sixty, three hundred, five hundred and forty seven

about sixty, three hundred, five hundred and forty-seven

Declension of collective numerals

Collective numbers denote several objects as one whole. Unlike numerals, which denote whole numbers, and from fractional numerals, collective numerals can denote the total number of persons without being combined with nouns: Three entered (it is impossible Three entered or I drew two-thirds).

Collective numerals are formed from cardinal numerals from two up to ten using the suffixes -oi- (two (double-e), three (troy-e) and -er- (four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten). They are combined:

1) with nouns denoting male persons: two friends, five soldiers;

2) with nouns denoting young animals: seven kids, nine piglets;

3) with nouns that have only a plural form, as well as with the words guys, children, people: two days, four children.

Collective numbers vary by case. In oblique cases they have the same endings as plural adjectives.

The collective numeral oba has two forms of gender: the form oba in combination with masculine and neuter nouns (both boys, both villages) and the form oba in combination with feminine nouns (both girls). In oblique cases, this numeral has, respectively, the stems obo- and obo-.

Possessive pronouns

Possessive pronouns (my, yours, his, hers, ours, yours, theirs, yours) answer the question whose?, in a sentence they are usually a definition and indicate belonging to the speaker, listener, stranger or any person (subject).

The 1st person pronouns my, our indicate belonging to the speaker(s): My answer was good; Our teachers went to the concert.

The 2nd person pronouns your, your indicate belonging to the interlocutor(s): Your car has broken down; Your house was built in the last century.

In Russian speech etiquette, the pronoun Vash, written with a capital letter, is used as a polite address to one person: Mr. Ivanov, your request has been received.

The 3rd person pronouns his, her, their indicate belonging to an outsider(s): His pen does not write; Her friends went to the seaside; Their child began to cry.

The general person pronoun his indicates belonging to any person: I finished my breakfast - You finished your breakfast - He finished his breakfast.

Possessive pronouns of the 1st, 2nd and general persons (my, ours, yours, yours, yours) change according to gender, case and number and are declined like possessive adjectives. This can be seen from the following table.

Masculine, singular

Neuter gender, singular

Feminine, singular

Plural

mom's wow

mom's wow

mommy

mommy

mom's

about mom's

about mom's

oh mommy

about mom's

The 3rd person possessive pronouns his, her, their do not change. They should be distinguished from the genitive and accusative case forms of the personal pronouns he, she, they by question and by their role in the sentence:

I saw (who?) her (addition) - accusative case form of the personal pronoun she;

Here (who?) she is not (addition) - the genitive case form of the personal pronoun she;

My friend went to visit (whose?) her sister (definition) - 3rd person possessive pronoun her.

We show in the table how to distinguish personal pronouns his her And their in genitive and accusative case from 3rd person possessive pronouns his, her, theirs.

Verb conjugations. Heterogeneously conjugated verbs and special conjugations

Conjugation is the change of a verb in persons and numbers. Verbs change according to persons and numbers in the present tense and in the future perfect tense. There are two different verb conjugations.

The I conjugation includes verbs that have the following endings:

Examples for I conjugation.

II conjugation includes verbs that have the following endings:

Examples for II conjugation.

On the spelling of personal endings of verbs, see: Spelling of unstressed personal endings of a verb.

In addition, in the Russian language there are heterogeneously conjugated verbs want, run, honor, dawn, as well as all verbs formed from them with the help of prefixes (want, run, honor, dawn, etc.), which have both the endings of the first and and the end of the second conjugation.

disdain

Note: due to the peculiarities of its meaning, this verb cannot have 1st and 2nd person forms.

Note 1. In the literary norm, it is also permissible to conjugate the verb to honor as a verb of the second conjugation: honor - honor - honor - honor - honor - honor.

Note 2. The verb I conjugation burn is conjugated as follows:

I burn - I burn,

you burn - you burn,

burns - burns.

Verbs formed from it using prefixes are also conjugated, for example: burn, cauterize, burn. The forms you burn, burn, burn, burn, common in oral speech are not normative.

Special conjugations include the verbs give, create, eat, as well as all verbs formed from them using prefixes (give, recreate, eat, etc.). These verbs have special endings that are not found anywhere else.

yes-m yes-im

yes yes yes yes

yes-st-dad-ut

created by created by

create it, create it

created-st created-ut

e-st ed-ite

e-st ed-yat

Some verbs of the first conjugation can have double forms of the present and future perfect tense: with and without alternations. Here are the most common verbs:

Degrees of comparison of adverbs

Adverbs in -о/-е, formed from qualitative adjectives, can have degrees of comparison, showing differences in the degree of manifestation of the attribute: spoke cheerfully - spoke more cheerfully - spoke more cheerfully than anyone else. Qualitative adverbs form comparative (more fun) and superlative (more fun) degrees of comparison.

The comparative degree of adverbs denotes a greater (smaller) manifestation of a characteristic, for example: My mother bakes cakes better than yours (better than yours). The comparative degree can be simple or compound.

The simple comparative degree is formed from adverbs using the suffixes -ee(s), -e, -she. Before the suffix -e there is always an alternation of base consonants.

beautiful - beautiful-ee (beautiful-ee)

wisely - wise-ee (wise-ey)

sincerely - sincerely (sincerely)

sweet - sla sch-e

low - neither and-e

thin - thinner

The compound comparative degree is formed by adding the words more or less to the original form of the adverb.

sweet - more (less) sweet

low - more (less) low

The superlative degree of adverbs denotes the greatest (smallest) degree of manifestation of a characteristic, for example: He jumped the furthest; This village is closest to the forest. The superlative degree of adverbs, as a rule, is only compound. Forms of simple superlative adverbs have practically disappeared from the language. There are only three outdated words left from the speech etiquette of the past: the lowest, the deepest, the most humble (for example: I humbly ask you, sir, to leave me alone).

The compound superlative is formed in two ways.

1. Words are added to adverbs most, least, For example: beautiful - most beautiful, least beautiful.

2. The word of all is added to the comparative degree of the adverb, if there is a comparison with inanimate objects and phenomena, and the word of all, if there is a comparison with living objects or phenomena, or if one of the objects is compared with all objects of a given class.

This light bulb shines brightest (of all things that shine).

This light bulb shines brighter than all (all other light bulbs).

He laughed more fun than anyone (in general, everyone who laughs).

Simple comparative and compound superlative degrees of adverbs, adjectives and words of the state category sound and are written the same: quieter, more beautiful; quietest, most beautiful. They should be distinguished from each other by the question and by their role in the sentence.

How to distinguish between the simple comparative and the compound superlative of adverbs, adjectives and condition words

Adjective

In a sentence it is more often used as a predicate, less often as an inconsistent definition and then refers to a noun.

The music became (what?) quieter (predicate).

We will send you microphones (which ones?) that are quieter (definition).

This girl (what?) is the most beautiful of all in the institute (predicate).

In a sentence it refers to a verb and is used as an adverbial manner of action.

He spoke (how?) more quietly than always (circumstance).

He's drawing(How?) the prettiest girl in school(circumstance).

It is a predicate in an impersonal sentence, denoting the state of a person or the environment.

In this jacket you will(what?) even hotter(predicate).

This time of year(what?) the dirtiest thing is on the street(predicate).

Declension of nouns- this is a change in the endings of nouns according to cases. Nouns come in 1st, 2nd and 3rd declensions; they are divided into declensions by gender and endings.

CaseQuestionsEndings
SingularPlural number
1 cl.2 cl.3 cl.
NominativeWho? What? -and I -, -o, -e - -s, -i, -a, -i
GenitiveWhom? What? -s, -i -and I -And -, -ov, -ev, -ey
DativeTo whom? Why? -e, -i -u, -yu -And -am, -yam
AccusativeWhom? What? -u, -yu -o, -e - -, -s, -i, -a, -i, -ey
InstrumentalBy whom? How? -oh (-oh), -ey (-her) -om, -eat -Yu -ami, -yami
PrepositionalAbout whom? About what? -e, -i -e, -i -And -ah, -yah

First declension

The first declension includes nouns of the feminine, masculine and common gender with the endings -and I:

mom, kitchen- feminine

dad, uncle- masculine

bully, sneak- common gender

Second declension

The second declension includes masculine nouns without endings and neuter nouns with endings -o, -e:

brother, rook- masculine

lotto, sea- neuter gender

Third declension

The third declension includes feminine nouns with b at the end:

horse, steppe, rye- feminine

How to determine the declension of a noun

To determine the declension of a noun, you need to put it in initial form- in the singular form of the nominative case. Based on the ending of a noun in the singular nominative case and its gender, it will be possible to determine whether it belongs to one of the declensions.

Rainbow(she) is a feminine noun with the ending -A rainbow 1st declension.

Sun(it) is a neuter noun with the ending -e in the nominative singular case. Therefore, the noun Sun 2nd declension.

Mouse(she) is a feminine noun with -ь at the end in the nominative singular. Therefore, the noun mouse 3rd declension.

For nouns that have only a plural form, the declension is not determined:

scissors, firewood, tongs



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