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Completed by students of grade 11 “B”: Norova Maria Shafieva Alena Berezovskaya Alena Kazakova Svetlana

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Cenozoic - the era of new life. It lasts 67 million years and is divided into two unequal periods - Tertiary (Paleogene and Neogene) and Quaternary (Anthropocene).

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During the Paleogene, the continents were still in motion as the "great southern continent" Gondwana continued to break apart. South America was now completely cut off from the rest of the world and turned into a kind of floating “ark” with a unique fauna of early mammals. Paleogene. Geography Africa, India and Australia have moved even further away from each other. Throughout the Paleogene, Australia was located near Antarctica. Sea levels have dropped, and new land areas have emerged in many areas of the globe.

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PALEOGEN. ANIMAL WORLD The extinct giant reptiles and ancient birds are being replaced by mammals, which occupy a dominant position among the terrestrial vertebrate fauna. But these were still primitive forms: ancient predators (creodonts), whose ancestors were Cretaceous insectivores; the ancestors of ungulates (condylarthra) - five-toed animals that had the characteristics of artiodactyls and odd-toed ungulates; the first tapirs, rodents. In the middle of the Paleogene, the hominid family appears. The marine fauna is characterized by the development of protozoa: nummulites and orbitoids, which are rock-forming animals, sea urchins, elasmobranchs and gastropods, which provide many leading forms. Representatives of sponges, corals and other groups, although they were numerous, were not so characteristic of the Paleogene seas.

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Paleogene. Flora world. In the hot and humid climate that established itself after another short period of cooling at the beginning of the Paleogene, the subtropical flora spread far to the north. It was hot even beyond the Arctic Circle, so that magnolias, laurels, chestnuts and other heat-loving plants bloomed luxuriantly in Greenland and Spitsbergen. Angiosperms, or flowering plants, including monocots and dicotyledons, were at the apogee of development. Conifers continued to flourish, although the number of their genera and species decreased. Among them were species that currently grow exclusively in hot countries; this means that the climate at that time was tropical or subtropical and quite humid.

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The Neogene is divided into 2 epochs: the long Miocene and the short Pliocene. The Miocene is characterized by active volcanic activity. Huge areas of land were covered with thick lava flows. The formation of new mountains of the Alpine system was completed. All continents acquired modern borders, but were separated by sea straits. NEOGENE. Miocene era. The flora in the Miocene was close to modern. Open landscapes were quickly populated by herbaceous plants. On this basis, there was a rapid evolution of ungulates and rodents, and after them, new predators: cats, dogs, bears, raccoons, martens, etc. Apes appeared in Africa at the beginning of the Miocene, and by the end of the Miocene, the first hominids (australopithecines) emerged among them.

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NEOGENE. Pliocene Epoch During the Pliocene period, the climate became gradually drier and colder. At the end of the Pliocene, the Greenland Ice Sheet arose and glaciation began on the continents of the Northern Hemisphere; glaciation of the continents of the Southern Hemisphere also expanded. Vegetation became more cold-resistant, and the area of ​​steppe associations increased. Until the end of the Pliocene, the hipparion fauna continued to exist (named after the predominant species of hipparions; also included the ancestors of rhinoceroses, mastodons, giraffes, antelopes and other ungulates, some carnivores, rodents, monkeys, as well as ostriches, some birds and other vertebrates), but it was replaced by At the end of the Pliocene, real horses, elephants, etc. At the end of the Pliocene era, Pithecanthropus appears

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ANTHROPOGEN The Quaternary period, or Anthropocene - the geological period, the modern stage of the history of the Earth, ends with the Cenozoic (at the moment). It began 2.6 million years ago and continues to this day. This is the shortest geological period, but it was in the Quaternary period that most modern landforms were formed, and many significant events occurred in the history of the Earth (from a human point of view), the most important of which: the Ice Age and the appearance of man.

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The time of the great glaciations, in this geological period, harsh glacial periods alternated with relatively warm interglacial periods. In general, the Pleistocene climate during interglacials is almost identical to the modern one, but the animal world differs. Pleistocene So, for example, at the end of the Pleistocene, many representatives of the tundra-steppe or South American pampas became extinct (partly due to climate change, partly due to hunting by ancient people).

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In South America, the armadillo Dedicurus, the giant saber-toothed cat, and the sloth Megatherium have disappeared. In North America, the last representative of the tyrant birds, Waller's Titanis, and dozens of species of native ungulates, including American horses, camels, steppe peccaries, various deer, pronghorn antelope and bulls, are disappearing. The tundra-steppe of Eurasia and partly Alaska/Canada has lost such animals as the mammoth, woolly rhinoceros, big-horned deer, cave bear and cave lion. In addition, Neanderthals could not withstand the competition with Cro-Magnons and died out (perhaps they were exterminated by them).

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About 70 years ago, the climate became somewhat warmer (this is usually associated with human industrial activity, which supposedly caused global warming), the North American and Eurasian continental glaciers melted, and the Arctic ice sheet disintegrated. About 25 years ago, the development of genetics and genetic engineering began (further progress of this science may make it possible to resurrect some extinct species of Pleistocene animals). The Holocene continues to this day.

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Cenozoic era MBOU "Anninskaya Secondary School with UIOP" Completed by: Kuchina L.V., biology teacher

CENIOZOIC ERA The last stage in the development of life on Earth is known as the Cenozoic era. It lasted about 65 million years and, from our point of view, is of fundamental importance, since it was at this time that the primates from which man descends developed from insectivores. At the beginning of the Cenozoic, the processes of Alpine folding reach their culmination point; in the following epochs, the earth's surface gradually acquires its modern shape.

CENIOZOIC ERA Tertiary period. The duration of the Tertiary period is estimated by experts at 63 million years; it is divided into five eras: Paleocene Eocene Oligocene Miocene Pliocene

CENIOZOIC ERA PALEOCENE ERA The Paleocene era is approximately 7 million years old. The first nummulites, the largest of single-celled organisms, appeared in the seas. Of the mollusks, bivalves and gastropods clearly predominated, replacing the almost extinct cephalopods. Arthropods were close to modern ones. The reign of reptiles is over. Mammals became more numerous and more diverse. Creodont predators appeared. They were still significantly different from modern predators and had much in common with insectivores.

CENIOZOIC ERA EOCENE ERA Duration - approximately 19 million years. The climate is warm. The life of the Eocene forest is rich and varied. The first lemurs and rodents appeared. Forest swamps served as a refuge for heavy aquatic aminodont rhinoceroses, similar to hippopotamuses. In America, the first ancestors of camels and llamas were found, belonging to the calloused artiodactyls. In North Africa in the Eocene, the first proboscideans, i.e., the ancestors of elephants, appeared. The first sea cows, or sirenians, resemble whales, but they are herbivores. Ancient fish-eating zeiglodont whales.

CENIOZOIC ERA OLIGOCENE ERA Lasted 16 million years. The climate is temperate and humid. There are more coniferous and deciduous trees. Shrews and moles appeared. In the forests lived real squirrels, the ancestors of mice, hares and porcupines. Many hornless rhinoceroses, related. modern. Even-toed ruminants (the ancestors of our deer, antelope, giraffe, goats, sheep and bulls) resembled modern deer or musk deer. There were especially many pigs. By the end of the period, short-bodied toothed whales and the ancestors of toothless whales swam in the sea.

Vegetation of interglacial eras The flora of interglacial eras had a fundamentally different character. Repeated glaciations significantly devastated the European flora, but some species managed to survive by retreating south, as did lilies, roses and rhododendrons, which grow naturally today only in Asia Minor and southern Europe.

Invertebrates Land snails became widespread in the Pleistocene. Their remains are found in abundance in loess (fine-grained weathering products deposited by the wind).

Along with terrestrial mollusks, we find typical Arctic (boreal) and alpine types of soft-bodied mollusks in glacial deposits. Freshwater bivalves, in particular Corbicual fluminalis, now common in Africa, were frequent inhabitants of European rivers during interglacial periods.

Vertebrates of the Pleistocene The most typical are mammals, among which elephants stood out for their position. The most common of the proboscideans at the end of the Pleistocene was the cold-loving woolly mammoth. The direct ancestor of the woolly mammoth was the trogontherian elephant, which lived in the steppes of the Middle Pleistocene.

In the earliest Pleistocene of Europe, Merck's rhinoceroses grazed in the forests side by side with forest elephants. Horses of the genus Equus occupy a prominent place among mammals.

During the relatively warm interglacial periods, even hippopotamuses settled in Europe. One of the most remarkable ruminant artiodactyls was the huge bighorn deer (sometimes called the Irish deer).

Since the end of the Pleistocene, the aurochs has been found in Europe, the probable ancestor of modern domestic bulls, which became extinct only in the 18th century. Europe was inhabited by numerous predators. The most typical of them were the bear, saber-toothed tiger, cave lion, hyena, wolf, fox, raccoon and wolverine.

Neogene period The second period of the Cenozoic. It began about 25 million years ago. Ran out of 2 million. years ago. Mammals master the seas and air. The fauna becomes similar to modern ones.

Neogene period. Animal world. Changing climatic conditions led to the formation of vast steppes, which favored the development of ungulates. Giraffes lived in forest-steppe zones; hippos, pigs, and tapirs lived near lakes and swamps. Rhinoceroses and anteaters lived in the dense bushes. Mastodons and elephants appear. Lemurs and great apes live in trees. Dolphins, walruses, seals, and also predatory animals appear: saber-toothed tigers, hyenas.

Neogene period. Flora world. In the middle of the Miocene, palm trees and laurels grew in the southern regions; in the middle latitudes, conifers, poplars, alders, oaks, birches predominated; in the north, spruces, pines, birches, sedges, etc. During the Pliocene period, laurels and palm trees still remained in the south, and ash and poplar trees were found. In northern Europe there are pines, spruces, birches, and hornbeams. At the end of the Pliocene, tundra formed.

Neogene period Miocene - An era that began 23 million years ago and ended 5.33 million years ago. Many animals moved from continent to continent. Horses are moving to Europe and Asia.

Neogene period Pliocene - an era that began 5.3 million years ago and ended 1.8 million years ago. Hornless rhinoceroses, antelopes, saber-toothed tigers, and tapirs are settling in. The climate has become cool, bulls and bears appear.

Neogene period

The Anthropocene is not eternal. In 5 million years, the Earth will again be at the mercy of glaciers. A huge ice shell will cover the entire Northern Hemisphere of temperate latitudes, and the ice sheet of Antarctica will also grow. Only the most unpretentious animals can survive in such conditions.

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“Paleozoic period” - In the early and early middle Ordovician - the maximum expansion of marine spaces. Argyriaspis. Archaeocyathae. Gastropods. Throughout the period, landmasses moved further and further south. In the Late Ordovician, the first true land plants appeared. It is divided into 3 sections and 7 tiers.

“Mesozoic era” - Periods: Paleogene Neogene Quaternary (anthropogenic). Periods: Triassic Jurassic Cretaceous. There is no life. Pterodactyl. Rinesi am quarter. The continents unite into a single continent, Pangea, consisting of Laurasia and Gondwana. General picture of the ocean. Glaciation. Aleogene eogene quaternary. Archean era (began 3.5 - 4 billion years ago).

“Paleozoic era” - Development of spores on the plant itself, wind pollination and seed formation. Devonian. Development of life on Earth. The first arthropods - spiders, centipedes and scorpions - came to land in... the Silurian period. Pteridophytes – mosses, horsetails and ferns. It is divided into six periods: Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian.

“Life in the Cenozoic Era” - The Anthropocene is not eternal. Herbivorous ungulate mammals continued to rapidly reproduce and evolve. Pleistocene - the era of the great glaciation. Pliocene - Earth's climate became even cooler. How to avoid a glacial catastrophe? Quaternary period. Cenozoic era. Paleocene - Paleocene marked the beginning of the Cenozoic era.

“The Development of Life in the Mesozoic” - Why? Purpose: To study the development of life in the Mesozoic era. Can the appearance of a flower be considered an aromorphosis? Carnivores, most are “vegetarians”. Colonization of all land and seas, adaptation to flight. 7. External ear 8. Sweat glands 9. Differentiated teeth 10. Diaphragm 11. Hairline During the Cretaceous period, the first flowering plants appeared.

Current era of the Earth's geological history. It began 66.0 million years ago and continues to this day. The name is translated from Greek as “new life”

The rise of angiosperms, insects, birds, mammals and the emergence of humans. Already in the middle of the Cenozoic, there were almost all the main groups of representatives of all kingdoms of living nature.

The climate was even tropical. In the second half, the climate becomes more continental, and ice caps appear at the poles.

After the extinction of a large number of reptiles, many vacant ecological niches arose, which began to be occupied by new species of mammals. Oviparous, marsupials and placentals were common.

Bony fish, primitive cetaceans, new groups of corals, and sea urchins flourish in the seas.

Mammals master the seas and air - whales and bats appear. Placentals push other mammals to the periphery. The fauna of this period becomes very similar to the modern one.

Large flightless birds play a large role, especially in isolated, island ecosystems.

Pleistocene

The climate during the past interglacials was almost identical to the modern one, but the fauna differed. In South America, the following species have disappeared: the ungulate Macrauchenia, the sloth Megatherium; In North America, the last representative of tyrant birds, dozens of species of native ungulates, camels, various deer, and pronghorn antelopes are disappearing. The tundra-steppe of Eurasia has lost mammoths, woolly rhinoceroses, big-horned deer, cave bears

mid-Holocene - the formation of human civilization and the beginning of its technical development. Changes in faunal composition during this era were relatively small. The North American and Eurasian continental glaciers melted, and the Arctic ice sheet disintegrated. The development of genetics and genetic engineering began