Some aspects of the imperfection of Russian tourism statistics. Key indicators of tourism statistics Basic concepts, definitions and classifications
Submitting your good work to the knowledge base is easy. Use the form below
Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.
Posted on http://www.allbest.ru/
Posted on http://www.allbest.ru/
Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution
higher professional education
"South Ural State University"
(national research university)
Institute of Sports, Tourism and Service
Department of Economics, Mathematical Methods and Statistics
ABSTRACT
in the discipline "Statistics"
on the topic "Features of tourism statistics"
Checked by the teacher
groups SZ 251
Peshkova L.V.
Chelyabinsk, 2014
Introduction
Chapter 1. Main objectives and definitions of tourism statistics
Chapter 2. Methods of tourism and recreation statistics
Regression Equation Estimation
Linear correlation coefficient
Conclusion
List of used literature
Introduction
Tourism is one of the leading and most dynamic sectors of the economy and for its rapid pace it is recognized as the economic phenomenon of the century.
In many countries, tourism plays a significant role in the formation of the Gross Domestic Product, enhancing the foreign trade balance, creating additional jobs and providing employment to the population.
Tourism has a huge impact on such key sectors of the economy as transport and communications, construction, agriculture, production of consumer goods and others, i.e. acts as a kind of stabilizer of socio-economic development. In turn, the development of tourism is influenced by various factors: demographic, natural-geographical, socio-economic, historical, religious and political-legal. International and national tourism are closely interconnected and interdependent, since by their nature they are homogeneous, generated by the same reasons, and generate demand mainly for the same goods and services; in many countries they have a common material and technical base and a common area of employment. There are objective prerequisites for the development of outbound tourism in Russia: openness to mass tourism, great natural and cultural potential, an attractive, completely undivided and very promising market. The economic importance of tourism has led to the organization of state and government institutions in many countries. State policy in the field of tourism comes down mainly to the development of national tourism with the aim of reducing passive tourism and increasing active tourism, since the excess of expenses over income in the country's balance of payments is in many cases explained by the large scale of passive tourism.
The economic importance of tourism as a source of cash income, providing employment to the population, enhancing regional development, and a factor in economic restructuring in the post-industrial era is constantly increasing. The tourism industry is one of the three leading sectors of the world economy, slightly behind only the oil industry and the automotive industry.
Tourism acts as an “invisible” product. A characteristic feature and unique advantage of tourism services as a product is that a significant part of these services is produced locally at minimal cost. Recently, tourism has acquired the significance of a social phenomenon. It has moved from the category of an elite product to the category of a product available to the consumer. At the initial stage of its development, tourism was considered as an element of socio-cultural influence. Nowadays it is considered an economic and massive social phenomenon.
There are various methods that make it possible to demonstrate the contribution of the tourism industry to the national economy. Statistics can do this best. Statistics is the receipt, processing, analysis and publication of information characterizing the quantitative patterns of social life in inextricable connection with their qualitative content. In a narrower sense, statistics is a collection of data about a phenomenon or process.
The need for a statistical study of tourism is determined by the need to obtain objective and reliable information about the state and development of the tourism industry and to assess its contribution to the total gross domestic product, as well as to study the assessment of tourist flows, the load on tourism infrastructure, satisfying tourist demand and compliance of consumer expectations with proposals for tourism. market of tourist services.
The need for statistics is felt not only by national tourism administrations, but also by numerous interest groups, such as industry associations, local authorities, academia and others.
methods statistics tourism gross
Chapter 1. Main objectives and definitions of tourism statistics
Tourism statistics is a branch of socio-economic statistics and examines the development of tourism and the tourism industry.
The subject of tourism statistics is a survey of the quantitative side of the state and development of the tourism industry in inextricable connection with the qualitative side.
The main purpose of tourism statistics is a statistical survey of phenomena both limited to leisure markets and covering the global travel market in the interrelationship of various characteristics of tourism, both for independent analysis of activities in this area, and for use as a source of data for the development of tourism-related payment indicators. balance and compilation of SNA accounts.
The main objectives of tourism statistics are organization of statistical monitoring of tourist flows, places of their accommodation, travel characteristics, wholesale and retail trade, transport, construction, employment, financial intermediation, income and expenses related to tourism on the basis of a unified scientific methodology that complies with international rules and standards.
Basic Concepts
Sanatorium- resort organizations- treatment and prevention organizations equipped with beds and providing prevention and rehabilitation treatment to the population mainly based on the use of the healing properties of natural healing factors. These include sanatoriums, health resorts, boarding houses with treatment, etc.
Recreation organizations- health organizations intended for recreation. These include houses, boarding houses and other recreation organizations, tourist centers. They provide accommodation, food and tourist and excursion services.
Sanatorium-resort organizations and recreation organizations are located, as a rule, within resorts, health-improving areas, and in suburban areas.
Recreational network- this is a set of recreational institutions located in the country (republic, region, district). These include institutions of medical and recreational recreation, sports and educational tourism. The main indicator of the development of the recreational network is the density of recreational institutions, equal to the number of places in them per 1 thousand square meters. km of territory. In accordance with this, territories are divided into forced, moderately and poorly developed recreational areas. The functional development of recreational institutions is determined by their orientation towards one or another type of recreational activity.
Demographic characteristics(gender of consumers, their age; number of family members) are among those that are sufficiently used. This is due to the availability of characteristics, their stability over time, as well as the very close relationship between them and demand. Based on age, the following segments can be distinguished, which should correspond to different offers of tourism products:
children (up to 14 years old) traveling both with and without their parents;
youth (15-24 years old); relatively young, economically active people (25-44 years old), traveling with families (with children);
economically active middle-aged people (45-60 years old) traveling without children;
older tourists (60 years and older)
The first segment, related to children's tourism, depends on the decisions of parents and adults. Young people generally prefer relatively cheap travel using less comfortable accommodation and transport. People aged 25-44 years old are characterized by the predominance of family tourism, so it is necessary to be able to use children's playgrounds, children's pools, etc. Consumers aged 45-60 years old have increased demands for comfort and convenience, and meaningful excursion programs. Tourism of the “third” age requires not only comfort, but also the opportunity to receive qualified medical care and personal attention from service personnel
Socially- economic signs involve the identification of consumer segments based on common social and professional affiliation, education and income level. The level of family income has a significant impact on tourist behavior. A number of researchers argue that income level is one of the criteria for belonging to the upper, middle or lower class of society. It is known that a person’s financial situation affects his needs, preferences, and purchasing choices. Differences in the financial situation of the population give rise to heterogeneity in tourism demand. On the one hand, tourist demand is expanding due to the increasing involvement in tourism of people with average and even relatively low incomes as the need for recreation associated with a change of scenery and travel becomes one of the main ones. On the other hand, demand for tourist trips continues to come from people with high incomes. The offer of a tourist product for these two different groups should be different. If the former are interested in trips that allow them to get the maximum discount, the main purpose of their trip is to relax at sea, while the choice of vacation destination is mainly determined by the price level. Their principle is to get everything for your money in full. The latter prefer individual travel. Having mostly higher education, they are interested in educational trips, striving for a change of impressions. There are two age categories presented here: middle and “third” age. If people of the “third” age travel in groups, then middle-aged people prefer individual trips or trips in small groups of friends and acquaintances. These people are interested in long-distance travel lasting 2-3 weeks. Tourists are interested in souvenirs, and these can be expensive items that indicate that people have made a long, exotic journey.
The demand for a product is determined by the travel purposes of consumers. It is the purpose of the trip that determines the type of tourism.
The following types of tourism are distinguished: route and educational, sports and recreational, business and congress tourism, resort, medical, festival, hunting, environmental, shopping tourism, religious, educational, ethnic, etc.
Seasonal variations and the country's climatic conditions also affect tourism demand. They have the following features: in the northern hemisphere, the greatest intensity of demand occurs in the third quarter of the year, as well as during the Christmas and Easter holidays. Seasonality of demand varies by type of tourism and territory. Thus, medical and educational tourism is subject to seasonality to a lesser extent, and sea and ski tourism - to a greater extent. Different areas of residence have specific forms of seasonal unevenness. This gives us the right to talk about the specifics of uneven demand in a particular region, country, or on a global scale. The seasonal nature of consumer preferences plays a big role when choosing a vacation spot. For example, the Mediterranean resorts of Turkey are rapidly developing, where there is a long tourist season. These resorts are very popular among Russians, because when going on vacation in the cold autumn or winter, you can enjoy the Mediterranean Sea and the mild climate at this time. Moreover, tourists are favored by Turkey’s development policy, as a result of which it is possible to combine high-quality and inexpensive holidays.
There are four seasons of tourism activity
Peak season is the period most favorable for organizing recreational activities of people, characterized by the maximum density of tourists and the most comfortable conditions for recreation.
High season is the period of greatest business activity in the tourism market, the time of the highest tariffs for tourism products and services.
Low season is the season of reduced business activity in the tourism market, which is characterized by the lowest prices for tourism products and services.
The “dead” season is the period that is most unfavorable for organizing recreational activities (for example, uncomfortable weather conditions).
So, each tourist chooses the season most suitable to meet his needs and requests.
By type of business activity they are divided into
Manufacturers of the tourism product - travel companies: travel agents and tour operators, work to make a profit and satisfy the needs of tourists.
Tour operator is a legal entity or individual entrepreneur who, on the basis of a license, carries out activities for the formation, promotion and sale of a tourist product.
A travel agent is a legal entity or individual entrepreneur who, on the basis of a license, carries out activities to promote and sell a tourist product.
Tour operators and travel agents are part of the tourism industry.
Depending on what exactly attracts tourists and how they travel, as well as on many other factors You can make a classification by type of tourism: By the objectives of the activity, by the method of implementation, by the number of trip participants, by the use of vehicles, by the geography of travel.
Currently, there is a Resort Council under the head of the resort city as a public advisory body. Its representation is limited to members of the public sector - the most authoritative managers of resort health resorts and representatives of the administration, whose functions are aimed at providing infrastructure and normal functioning of the resort. It is this function of caring for the general needs of the resort that is the main one. There was no place on the Resort Council for representatives of the tourism industry and the private sector involved in serving tourists. Therefore, it cannot adequately express the interests of all tourism sectors.
Another organizing center in the field of tourism, namely in excursion services for tourists, is the Coordination Center for Excursion Services and the Methodological Council for Excursion Work. The Coordination Center was created under the Department of Culture of the Executive Committee and is a public association of managers of tourism and excursion companies and entrepreneurs engaged in tourism and excursion activities.
Chapter 2. Methods of tourism and recreation statistics
The statistical methodology for studying mass phenomena distinguishes, as is known, two methods of observation depending on the completeness of coverage of the object: solid and not solid. A type of non-continuous observation is selective, which, in the context of the development of market relations in Russia, is increasingly used. The transition of Russian Federation statistics to international standards of the national accounting system requires a wider use of sampling to obtain and analyze the results of the SNA (system of national accounts) not only in industry, but also in other sectors of the economy. By selective observation we mean This is a non-continuous observation in which randomly selected units of the population being studied are subjected to statistical examination (observation). Sample observation sets itself the task of characterizing the entire population of units for the surveyed part, subject to compliance with all the rules and principles of statistical observation and scientifically organized work on the selection of units.
Along with saving resources, one of the reasons for turning sample observation into the most important source of statistical information is the ability to significantly speed up the acquisition of the necessary data. After all, when surveying, say, 10% of the population units, much less time will be spent, and the results can be presented faster and will be more relevant. The time factor is important for statistical research, especially in conditions of changing social- economic situation.
The process of development, the movement of socio-economic phenomena over time in statistics is usually called dynamics. To display the dynamics, they build dynamics series(chronological, temporal), which represent a series of time-varying values of a statistical indicator, arranged in chronological order. In it, the process of economic development is depicted as a set of continuous breaks, allowing a detailed analysis of the features of development using characteristics that reflect changes in the parameters of the economic system over time. The components of a dynamics series are indicators of series levels, and time periods (years, quarters, months, days) or moments (dates) of time. The levels of a series are usually denoted by “y”; the moments or periods of time to which the levels relate are denoted by “t”.
There are different types of time series. They can be classified according to the following criteria:
·Depending on the way the levels are expressed, the dynamics series are divided into series of absolute, relative and average values.
Depending on how the levels of the series are expressed, the state of the phenomenon at certain points in time (at the beginning of the month, quarter, year, etc.) or its value over certain time intervals (for example, per day, month, year, etc. ), distinguish between moment and interval dynamics series, respectively.
The levels of this series are summarizing the statistics of household deposits as of a certain date (at the beginning of each month).
From the different nature of interval and moment series of dynamics, certain features of the levels of the corresponding series follow.
The levels of the interval series of dynamics of absolute values characterize the total result of a phenomenon for a certain period of time. They depend on the length of this period of time and can therefore be summed up as not containing re-counting.
Individual levels of the moment series of the dynamics of absolute values contain elements of repeated counting, for example, the number of household deposits taken into account for January exists at the present time, being units of the aggregate in June. All this makes it pointless to sum up the levels of moment series of dynamics. Depending on the distance between the levels, the dynamics series are divided into dynamics series with equally spaced levels and unequally spaced levels in time.
Dynamic series of periods following one another or dates following at certain intervals are called equidistant. If the series contains interrupted periods or uneven intervals between dates, then the series are called unequally spaced.
Depending on the presence of the main tendency of the process being studied, the dynamics series are divided into stationary and non-stationary.
If the mathematical expectation of the value of the attribute and the dispersion (the main characteristics of a random process) are constant and do not depend on time, then the process is considered stationary and the dynamics series are also called stationary. Economic processes over time are usually not stationary, since they contain the main development trend, but they can be transformed into stationary ones by eliminating trends.
All phenomena and processes that characterize socio-economic development and make up the unified system of national accounts are closely interconnected and interdependent. In statistics, indicators characterizing these phenomena can be related either by correlation or be independent. Correlation dependence is a special case of stochastic dependence, in which a change in the values of factor characteristics (x1, x2, ..., xk) entails a change in the average value of the resulting characteristic. Correlation dependence is studied using the methods of correlation and regression analysis.
Graderegression equations
The main prerequisite for the use of correlation analysis is the need to subordinate the totality of the values of all factor (x1, x2, ..., xk) and resultant (U) characteristics to the k-dimensional normal distribution law or proximity to it. If the volume of the population under study is large enough (n > 50), then the normality of the distribution can be confirmed based on the calculation and analysis of the Pearson, Yastremsky, Boyarsky, Kolmogorov criteria, Vastergaard numbers, etc. If n<. 50, то закон распределения исходных данных определяется на базе построения и визуального анализа поля корреляции. При этом если в расположении точек имеет место линейная тенденция, то можно предположить, что совокупность исходных данных (У, x1, x2, …,xk) подчиняется нормальному распределению.
The purpose of regression analysis is to assess the functional dependence of the conditional average value of the resulting characteristic (Y) on the factor factors (x1, x2, ..., xk). The main premise of regression analysis is that only the effective characteristic (Y) obeys the normal distribution law, and the factor characteristics x1, x2, ..., xk can have an arbitrary distribution law. In the analysis of time series, time t acts as a factor attribute. At the same time, in regression analysis it is assumed in advance that there are cause-and-effect relationships between the resultant (Y) and factor (x1, x2, ..., xk) characteristics.
Linear correlation coefficient
The linear correlation coefficient was first introduced in the early 90s. Pearson, Edgeworth and Weldon and characterizes the closeness and direction of the relationship between two correlated characteristics in the case of a linear relationship between them. Various modifications of formulas for calculating this coefficient have been developed in theory and used in practice.
We will carry out calculations based on the final values of the original variables, the linear correlation coefficient, which can be calculated using the formula:
The linear correlation coefficient is of great importance when studying socio-economic phenomena and processes whose distribution is close to normal. It is easy to prove that the condition r = 0 is necessary and sufficient for the quantities X and Y to be independent. Under this condition, the regression coefficients ayx, axy also turn to zero, and the direct regressions of Y on X and X on Y turn out to be mutually perpendicular (parallel: one to the abscissa axes, and the second to the ordinate axes)
If r = 1, then this means that all points (X, Y) are on a straight line and the relationship between X and Y is functional. Direct regressions in this case coincide. This provision also applies to the case of a normal distribution of three or more quantities.
The linear correlation coefficient varies from - 1 to 1: - 1 r 1. The signs of the regression and correlation coefficients coincide. In this case, the interpretation of the output values.
The dependence of the economic results of tourism on demand is especially great because in the structure of operating costs the leading place belongs to the constant part, and not the variable:
fixed costs, that is, dependence on the hotel’s occupancy volume, which arise immediately after the hotel, from the first steps of its operation. The hotel incurs fixed costs even if there are no customers. They consist of depreciation of fixed assets, most of the salary, and significant operating costs. The value of the latter costs under normal operating conditions is 50-70% of their total volume;
variable costs, that is, those that, as a rule, increase proportionally as the consumption of hotel services increases. They include a significant portion of the costs of maintaining and repairing the hotel, wage costs, etc.
Since a significant share of operating costs belongs to fixed costs, as the hotel’s occupancy increases, the cost of an overnight stay sharply decreases. According to empirical calculations, it turns out that an increase in capacity by 10% leads to a reduction in cost by 6-7%.
An indicator characterizing the use of hotel resources is the capacity utilization rate, or load factor.
Nk - number of overnight stays (bed days);
Rkn - hotel capacity (number of beds in the hotel)
The capacity coefficient can be expressed both as a percentage of occupancy and as a number of days of occupancy.
The equation of an economic hotel lies in the relentless interest in setting prices and the entire cost part of the enterprise. An important tool in such work can be the so-called “break-even chart”, both for an annual and for any period of time
During periods of seasonal declines in demand for hotel services, it is necessary to reduce prices in order to attract those clients who are ready to give up their vacation in July - August only on these conditions. The most important aspect of the hotel's business activities is skillful price differentiation.
Conclusion
The history of commercial tourism in modern Russia goes back just over 15 years. The opening of the Iron Curtain caused a real tourism boom among wealthy Russian citizens. And foreigners showed, perhaps, no less interest in Russia, which until recently seemed closed to ordinary tourists
However, passions have gradually subsided, and now the number of Russian travel agencies that emerged in the early 90s is declining. Market saturation and the struggle for clients quite naturally lead to the consolidation of companies and the displacement of small fly-by-night firms.
Domestic investors invested almost all their funds in outbound tourism, bypassing Russian resources. This, in general, is not surprising: with outbound tourism there is less hassle and cost. Organizing several charter flights is cheaper and easier than, for example, building a hotel. Attempts to establish tourist routes within Russia began to be made only in 1994-1995. However, in our country, most travel companies still work for “abroad”. Only a small part of travel agencies are involved in arranging business and entertainment trips around Russia.
According to WTO forecasts, by 2010 the number of tourist arrivals will exceed 1 billion people, by 2020 it will amount to 1.6 billion people; global tourism revenues will increase to 2 trillion in 2020. dollars. Analyzing changes in the main economic indicators of the development of this industry, we can conclude that tourism has developed at a high pace over the past 15 years. Even in conditions of unfavorable conditions and periods of economic crisis, the global tourism industry maintained a positive growth trend.
The most favorable year for the development of tourism in Russia was 2000, when the number of arrivals to the country amounted to more than 20 million people, and the total outbound flow exceeded 18 million people. However, according to the State Committee of the Russian Federation on Statistics (Goskomstat of Russia), of the total number of arrivals, the inbound tourist flow amounted to only 2.6 million people, the outbound tourist flow - 4.9 million people.
It can be concluded that the demand for urban school camps with daytime stays, specialized and sanatorium-type camps is currently growing, with a general decrease in the need for country health camps and labor and recreation camps.
The resort business can easily be called one of the sectors of our economy. And this industry, like others, requires capital investment.
Tourism stimulates the development of other related sectors of the economy: trade, transport, communications, agriculture, production of consumer goods, etc. Along with high economic potential, tourism plays an important social role. It has a significant impact on employment. In the tourism industry, primary employment by 2000 amounted to 212 million people, or 10.6% of the total number of employees. Taking into account the high multiplier effect, secondary employment in other sectors of the economy is stimulated.
Based on the foregoing, we can draw conclusions that tourism will develop at a high rate, exceeding the rate of development of the main sectors of national economies.
List of used literature
1. Eliseeva I.I. General theory of statistics: Textbook for universities. - M.: Finance and Statistics, 1999.
2. Birzhakov M.B. Introduction to tourism - M.: 2001. - 135 p.
3. Voronova E. Statistical sources on international tourism // Questions of statistics. 1995
4. Gulyaev V.G. Tourism: economics and social development. - M.: Finance and Statistics, 2003
5. Kulagina G.D., Popeleva S.V., Senin V.S. Tourism statistics. M.: MESI, 1996.
6. General theory of statistics: Statistical methodology in the study of commercial activity. Textbook for universities. - M.: Finance and Statistics, 1999.
7. Fundamentals of tourism activities / ed. E. N. Ilyina. M.: Soviet sport, 2000.
8. Statistics / ed. V.G. Ionina. M.: INFRA-M, 2001
9. Yakovlev G.A. Economics and tourism statistics. - RDL, 2007
10. http://www.turbbooks.ru/stati/statistika/.
11. http://www.intacadem.ru/content/view/358/1/1/2/.
Glossary
1. Statistical material - a set of data formed in the process of statistical observation, which is then systematized, processed, analyzed and generalized.
2. The statistical research method makes it possible to accurately characterize the variability of a particular characteristic and is widely used to determine the reliability of observational results in a wide variety of studies. These statistical methods, obtained on a large number of descendants over several years, can answer the question: whether a changing trait is hereditary or not.
If a certain number of leaves are arranged in ascending or descending order of a characteristic (leaf length), then a series of variability of this characteristic will be obtained, which is called a variation series, consisting of individual variants. A variant is a single expression of the development of a trait.
3. Statistical observation is mass (it covers a large number of cases of manifestation of the phenomenon under study in order to obtain truthful statistical data), systematic (carried out according to a developed plan, including issues of methodology, organization of collection and control of the reliability of information), systematic (carried out systematically, either continuously or regularly), scientifically organized (to increase the reliability of data, which depends on the observation program, the content of questionnaires, the quality of preparation of instructions) observation of the phenomena and processes of socio-economic life, which consists of collecting and recording individual characteristics for each unit of the population.
4. Summary - processing of primary materials of statistical observation for the purpose of their generalization, consisting in grouping, counting results, calculating statistical indicators, compiling statistical tables, etc.
5. Grouping - distribution of units of the studied object into homogeneous groups based on an essential feature for it.
6. Statistical tables - a method of formatting statistical data in the form of systematically arranged numbers characterizing certain mass phenomena or processes. In each T. s. there is a subject, that is, an object or group of objects referred to in this table, and a predicate, that is, signs characterizing the subject. T.s. consists of horizontal divisions (rows) and vertical divisions (columns, columns or graphs). Rows are usually used to record the subject of the table, and columns are used to record the characteristics that make up the predicate. The intersection of horizontal and vertical lines forms the cells of the table in which digital data is located. The content of each figure is revealed by the headings of the corresponding lines and columns. According to the structure of the subject of T. s. are divided into simple (which do not have statistical groupings in the subject (See Statistical Groupings)), group (which contain a grouping in the subject according to any one characteristic) and combinational (the subject of which contains groupings according to two or more characteristics. T.S. in contain all the necessary information in a compressed form; the table headings are accurate and concise. The units of measurement, as well as the place and time to which the information relates, are indicated.
7. Variation series is a qualitatively homogeneous statistical set, the individual units of which characterize the quantitative differences of the characteristic or phenomenon being studied. Quantitative variation can be of two types: discontinuous (discrete) and continuous.
8. A histogram is a way of presenting statistical data in graphical form - in the form of a bar chart. It displays the distribution of individual measurements of product or process parameters. It is sometimes called a frequency distribution because the histogram shows the frequency of occurrence of the measured values of an object's parameters.
9. Frequency polygon (in mathematical statistics) is one of the ways to graphically represent the probability density of a random variable. It is a broken line connecting the points corresponding to the median values of grouping intervals and the frequencies of these intervals.
10. Descriptive statistics - processing of empirical data, their systematization, visual presentation in the form of graphs and tables, as well as their quantitative description through basic statistical indicators. Unlike inductive statistics, descriptive statistics do not draw conclusions about the population based on the results of individual case studies. Inductive statistics, on the contrary, assumes that the properties and patterns identified during the study of sample objects are also inherent in the general population.
11. Individual indicators - characterize a separate object or a separate set - an enterprise, a bank, etc. Example of an individual absolute indicator: turnover of a trading company, total household income, etc.)
12. Summary indicators - characterize a group of units representing part of a statistical population or the entire population as a whole. Summary indicators are divided into: volumetric and calculated.
13. Mathematical statistics is a science that develops mathematical methods for systematizing and using statistical data for scientific and practical conclusions.
In many of its sections, mathematical statistics is based on probability theory, which allows one to assess the reliability and accuracy of conclusions made on the basis of limited statistical material (for example, to estimate the required sample size to obtain results of the required accuracy in a sample survey).
14. Mass random phenomena - have the property of statistical stability. The same property of stability is also revealed during repetitions of any other experiment, the outcome of which seems to be predetermined and random. The methods of probability theory are applicable only to experiments that have the property of statistical stability. A special mathematical science, probability theory, studies the patterns of mass random phenomena. Methods of probability theory, called probabilistic or statistical, make it possible to make calculations that allow one to draw certain practical conclusions regarding random phenomena. Like any applied science, probability theory requires initial experimental data for calculations. The branch of probability theory that studies methods for processing experimental results and obtaining the necessary data from them is called mathematical statistics.
15. General population - (from Latin generis - general, generic) (in English terminology - population) - the totality of all objects (units) regarding which a scientist intends to draw conclusions when studying a specific problem.
The general population consists of all objects that have qualities and properties that interest the researcher. Sometimes the general population is the entire adult population of a certain region (for example, when studying the attitude of potential voters towards a candidate), most often several criteria are specified that determine the objects of study. For example, women 10-89 years old who use a certain brand of hand cream at least once a week and have an income of at least 5 thousand rubles per family member
16. Method of point estimates - A point estimate involves finding a single numerical value, which is taken as the value of the parameter. It is advisable to determine such an assessment in cases where the volume of ED is sufficiently large. Moreover, there is no single concept of a sufficient volume of ED; its value depends on the type of parameter being estimated (we will return to this issue when studying methods for interval parameter estimation, but first we will consider a sample containing at least 10 values sufficient). When the volume of ED is small, point estimates can differ significantly from the true parameter values, which makes them unsuitable for use.
17. Method of interval estimates - The interval method of estimating the parameters of the distribution of random variables consists in determining the interval (rather than a single value) in which the value of the estimated parameter will be contained with a given degree of confidence. An interval estimate is characterized by two numbers - the ends of the interval within which the true value of the parameter is supposed to lie. In other words, instead of a separate point for the estimated parameter, you can set an interval of values, one of the points of which is a kind of “best” estimate. Interval estimates are more complete and reliable than point estimates; they are used for both large and small samples. The set of methods for determining the interval in which the value of the T parameter lies is called interval estimation methods. Among them is the Neumann method.
18. Quantitative numerical characteristics - The quantitative characteristic of the measured value is its size. Obtaining information about the size of a physical or non-physical quantity is the content of any measurement. The simplest way to obtain such information, which allows one to get some idea of the size of the measured value, is to compare it with another according to the principle of “which is larger” or “which is worse (better).” More detailed information about how much more (less) or how many times better (worse) is sometimes not even required. In this case, the number of sizes compared with each other can be very large. The sizes of measured quantities arranged in ascending or descending order form a scale of order. For example, at competitions the skill of the performers is determined by their place in the final table. The latter, therefore, is a scale of order, reflecting the fact that the skill of some is higher than the skill of others. However, it is not known to what extent (how much or how many times). Arranging sizes in ascending or descending order to obtain measurement information on a scale of order is called ranking.
19. A statistical hypothesis is a specific assumption about the probability distribution underlying an observed sample of data.
20. Correlation analysis is a section of mathematical statistics that combines practical methods for studying the correlation between two or more random characteristics or factors.
The purpose of correlation analysis is to provide some information about one variable using another variable. In cases where it is possible to achieve a goal, the variables are said to be correlated. In its most general form, accepting the hypothesis of a correlation means that a change in the value of the variable X will occur simultaneously with a proportional change in the value of Y.
21. Regression analysis is a method of modeling measured data and studying their properties. The data consists of pairs of values of the dependent variable (response variable) and the independent variable (explanatory variable). A regression model is a function of the independent variable and parameters with an added random variable. The model parameters are adjusted so that the model best fits the data.
22. Factor analysis is a set of methods and actions used to isolate the most significant variables from a set - factors and identify relationships between the selected factors. Factor analysis, as a separate group of methods, appeared in psychometrics, and today is successfully used in economics, statistics, sociology and marketing research.
Posted on Allbest.ru
...Similar documents
Characteristic features and advantages of tourism services as a product. Analysis of the resource base of domestic tourism in the Russian Federation. The relationship between the practice of new tourism and demographic changes, lifestyle, and the nature of work and vacation of citizens.
abstract, added 02/11/2015
The concept of gross domestic product and the main methods of its calculation. End-use method and distribution method. Assessing the dynamics of gross domestic product (GDP). Analysis of dynamics indicators and forecasting of GDP of the Russian Federation.
course work, added 11/30/2013
Population, labor resources, the state of Hungary's foreign trade, main macroeconomic indicators of the country's development. Statistical data on the dynamics of development and income of the tourism sector, the contribution of the tourism industry to the economy of Hungary and other countries.
course work, added 07/06/2010
The place of tourism in the country's economy. Directions of modernization and classification of types of tourism: educational, sports, amateur, suburban, business and religious. Characteristics of the tourism market in the most developed regions of the Russian Federation.
abstract, added 12/29/2014
The essence of tourism and recreational activities, assessment of the role and importance of this industry in the overall economic system. Brief geographical and socio-economic characteristics of the Republic of Tyva, analysis of the state and improvement of tourism development.
course work, added 12/23/2014
Theoretical aspects of gross domestic product (GDP) statistics. Determination of a set of indicators characterizing its structure. Methods for calculating GDP used in socio-economic research. Main trends in the growth of the Russian economy.
course work, added 12/03/2009
The current state of the Russian tourism services market. Hotels and catering establishments in the tourism industry. Trends in the development of catering and hotel establishments in the tourism industry. The importance of tourism in the modern world. Growth rate of tourism volumes.
course work, added 05/29/2006
Main objectives and definitions of tourism statistics. Concept, classification and meaning of indices. Statistical analysis of the use of indices in the study of socio-economic phenomena. Comparative analysis of the main economic indicators in tourism.
course work, added 11/13/2014
Statistics is one of the oldest branches of knowledge that arose on the basis of economic accounting. Development of statistics as a science. Definition of the subject of statistics. Statistical observation as a stage of statistical research. Methods and indicators of statistics.
test, added 01/20/2010
Methods for calculating gross product: income and cost, real and nominal. Trend models, methods for their evaluation, time series. Building a trend model, estimating the equation and forecasting the volume of gross domestic product for 2011.
With the growth in the volume and economic importance of tourism, statistics developed, especially in the field of recording international tourist trips. International tourism statistics include two main sections:
1) statistics of tourist flows;
2) statistics of tourist income and expenses.
A system of indicators has been developed for each of them.
The most important indicators of tourist flows are the number of arrivals (departures) and length of stay. However, the tourist flow is uneven. To characterize the unevenness of the tourist flow, unevenness coefficients are used, which are calculated in three ways.
Where , is the number of tourist days in the month of maximum and minimum flow, respectively, people per day.
The average monthly number of tourist days is determined by dividing the annual number of tourist days by 12 months.
The number of arrivals (departures) refers to the number of registered tourists arriving in (departing from) a particular country during a certain period of time, usually a calendar year. The number of arrivals (departures) is the main indicator characterizing tourist movement. Since a tourist can visit several countries during the year and even visit different countries during one trip, the actual number of tourists (departures) is less than the number of arrivals. Arrivals are counted in absolute terms as the number of trips over a given period of time. In the development of tourism, despite short-term fluctuations, there is a steady upward trend. The average annual growth rate of tourist arrivals for the period from 1960 to 2009 was 7%. Over the period 1995-2010, the average annual growth rate of tourist arrivals decreased to 5.3%. The leading countries in tourist arrivals are France (76.5 million), Spain and the USA (49.5 each), Italy (39.0), China (33.2), Great Britain (23.4). Recently, the number of arrivals to Russia has been rapidly increasing, and in just a few years it has moved from 20th to 7th place in the world rankings. The group of world leaders also includes Mexico, Austria, and Germany. To assess the intensity of arrivals (departures), relative indicators are used. The intensity of arrivals is defined as the number of tourists per 1 resident of a country (region). Sometimes the intensity of arrivals is estimated as a percentage, i.e. per 100 people of the population of the receiving country. Globally, this figure is 0.11 (11%). For individual regions and groups of countries, this indicator deviates significantly from the world average. The rate of loss is determined in the same way. It is more convenient to estimate the departure as a percentage (per 100 inhabitants of the country of departure), since this shows what part of its population (region) leaves. For trips abroad, the maximum values of the indicator are typical for Northern and Western Europe - more than 70%.
Along with the number of arrivals (departures), tourist flow statistics use another indicator - length of stay. It is measured by the number of overnight stays made by a tourist. The length of stay of all tourists in the country during a certain time period is calculated by summing the number of overnight stays made by all tourists. The total number of overnight stays is a more flexible indicator than the number of tourist arrivals. For example, France is significantly ahead of Spain in terms of arrivals, but the duration of stay of tourists there is much shorter. As a result, Spain is ahead of France in terms of the number of overnight stays and tourism income. Therefore, an important indicator characterizing the duration of visits is the average length of stay of one tourist in the country. The average length of stay is most significant for countries remote from the main tourist markets: Australia - 24 overnight stays, New Zealand - 19. For small countries, as well as those focused on business tourism, the average length of stay is minimal: Singapore - 3 days, Hong Kong - 3.9 days. Depending on the length of stay (number of overnight stays), several segments of the travel market are distinguished. Short-term trips (1-3 nights) are taken for recreation and entertainment on weekends and holidays, as well as for business purposes. The second group (4-7 overnight stays) includes trips for various reasons, carried out mainly during additional vacation. It is this market segment that is developing at a faster pace. Medium-term trips (8-28 nights) are made by visitors while on a long vacation, mainly for recreation and treatment.
Finally, trips lasting 29-91 and 92-365 nights are classified as long-term tourism. Some people, primarily economically inactive, undertake them for recreation, entertainment, treatment, others - for business and professional purposes (expeditions, study, etc.).
Tourist expenses are one of the most basic aspects of a tourism business. The amount of total tourist expenses Px is determined as follows:
Where . – average tourist expenses per day.
Indicators characterizing the volume of tourist flow include: the total number of tourists (including organized and amateur), the number of tourist days (overnight stays, bed days), the average monthly number of tourist days.
Total number of tourists measured by the number of people who took part in the travel. This indicator characterizes the scale of population coverage by tourism activities and is determined by summing the number of tourists for a certain period accepted for service by registration day, that is, on the first day of service.
Number of tour days measured in person-days and determined by multiplying the total number of tourists by the average duration (in days) of stay of one tourist in the country (region):
where D is the number of tourist days.
N – number of tourists, people;
– the average length of stay of one tourist in a given region.
The bed capacity is determined by the formula:
+ ;
where is the total number of beds.
Number of year-round beds;
Islo beds for seasonal use;
– number of days of seasonal useRice. 2. Indicators of tourism activity
Revenue from the sale of a tourism product is an important indicator. It must cover all costs incurred and ensure a profit. Revenue from the sale of a tourism product is determined by:
1) when paying in cash - when they are received at the cash desk as the product of the price of a unit of goods (services) by its sold quantity;
2) for non-cash payments - as funds arrive in the bank account of the enterprise for the purchased tourism product.
Separately, indicators characterizing the state and development of international tourism are highlighted. These include:
a) the number of tourists who visited foreign countries (determined by the number of crossings of the state border);
b) number of tourist days for foreign tourists;
c) total monetary expenses incurred by tourists during their trips abroad.
Indicators of tourism development are important for analyzing both the economic activity of a tourism enterprise and the state of the tourism market, analyzing trends and developing strategies and tactics for activity in the tourism market.
Tourism development
Ski tourism in Russia is one of the most widespread types of active tourism, since most of the country is under snow cover for several months a year. Interest in ski tourism in Russia has remained virtually unchanged in recent years. Ski tourism in Russia is still popular, especially since today ski tours organized by travel companies can take place with maximum comfort: accompanied by one or two snowmobiles that lay the tracks, transport luggage and equipment, in particular a large warm tent with a stove .
Water tourism is developing dynamically in Russia - organizing trips on sailing and rowing ships along rivers, lakes, seas and reservoirs. Rafting is becoming increasingly popular in the country - rafting down rapids rivers on large inflatable frameless vessels - rafts, which are highly buoyant, reliable, stable on the water and convenient for accommodating a group of tourists. With the advent of this type of vessel, rafting on wild rivers ceased to be the privilege of water tourists, who for many years traditionally carried out risky amateur trips on kayaks and rafts. The main centers for rafting tours are Altai, Karelia and the Caucasus. There are interesting routes along the rivers of the Kola Peninsula, Yakutia, Eastern Siberia, and the Far East, the program of which allows you not only to work with oars, but also to get acquainted with the beauty of wild and protected areas of our country. The growing popularity of whitewater rafting has led to the emergence of kayaking tours in Russia. The main advantage of tourist trips over trips organized by clubs is the opportunity for everyone to take part without the need to transport bulky equipment, and most importantly, boats. Karelia can confidently boast of special kayaking programs, and in two categories at once: for beginners and for extreme sports enthusiasts.
One of the most environmentally friendly and healthy types of tourism - cycling tourism - cycling on flat and rough terrain, mountain trails on road, sports and mountain bikes - attracts not only with a sense of speed and freedom, but also with educational excursions and the opportunity to have a good rest in nature . Cycling tourism in Russia has a huge future, which has recently been greatly facilitated by the popularity of the bicycle as an economical, fairly fast means of transportation, the possibility of its almost universal use, and the demand for this nature-friendly transport when conducting currently fashionable eco-tours. For bicycle tourists, routes have been established in Central Russia and the Volga region, in the Urals (mainly in the South), in the foothills of the Caucasus, and in the Baikal region.
Table 5
The growth of cycling tourism in the Russian Federation in the second half of the 20s of the 21st century
| Year. | Number of citizens in the Central Federal Districtthousands. people | Number of citizens in the northwestern federal district thousand people. | Number of citizens in the southern federal district thousand people. | Number of citizens in the Ural Federal District thousand people. |
| 57,329 | 32,425 | 42,672 | 12,452 | |
| 61,423 | 42,678 | 49,341 | 19,345 | |
| 64,276 | 51,568 | 52,765 | 26,194 | |
| 55,479 | 27,413 | 38,321 | 11,345 | |
| 72,124 | 31,442 | 41,525 | 13,452 | |
| 93,745 | 56,321 | 48,263 | 19,789 | |
| 107,321 | 68,152 | 53,362 | 25,522 | |
| 133,568 | 85,389 | 64,829 | 31,537 | |
| 152,324 | 89,671 | 75,342 | 42,827 |
Fig 2. A graph of the decline and rise of citizens of the Russian Federation engaged in cycling tourism in a certain time period, specifically in the second half of the 20s of the 21st century.
In Russia, other types of tourism with active modes of transportation are gradually gaining popularity - jeep tours and safaris on snowmobiles and ATVs. Relaxation on the move has a number of undoubted advantages, including traveling in a small group over long distances, the absence of exhausting physical activity and the need to carry heavy luggage. When organizing jeep tours, the atmosphere of wandering and adventure and even excitement are integral attributes of the trip, regardless of whether the jeep tour is based on contemplating beautiful views, or it is a trophy raid, including the construction of river crossings and pulling cars out of the mud. Jeeping is actively developing in the Krasnodar Territory, in Karelia, jeep tours have been established in Central Russia, Altai and Baikal.
The potential for the development of snowmobile safaris in Russia is enormous. In the northern regions of Russia, snow safaris could seriously diversify traditional recreation programs and attract a significant number of Russian and foreign tourists. Currently, the largest number of trips on snowmobiles is carried out in the north-west of Russia; a number of routes have been developed in Central Russia and Siberia.
Active tourism in Russia can become one of the main types of tourism activity and in a number of regions create the basis for sustainable economic development. Outdoor recreation, combined with gaining knowledge in the history and geography of the country, provides an opportunity for people who are tired of the impact of the technogenic environment to not only restore the protective functions of the body, but also, in general, harmony in their worldview; is a promising direction in rational environmental management, cultural preservation, education, upbringing and the formation of a worldview.
This collection is the most complete annual publication of the Federal State Statistics Service, reflecting the phenomena and processes occurring in the economic, social and political life of the country.
The collection was prepared on the basis of data received by state statistics bodies from enterprises, organizations, and the population through censuses, sample surveys and other forms of statistical observation, data from ministries and departments of the Russian Federation, as well as materials from international organizations.
The collection presents statistical data on the socio-economic situation in Russia in 2015 in comparison with previous years. For many indicators, data have been presented since 1990, and for some - over a longer period. The collection includes about 800 tables characterizing the development of the Russian economy as a whole, as well as its individual sectors. Information on the activities of organizations is presented by type of economic activity. Some indicators are given by federal districts and constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
Data for 2014 for some indicators have been clarified in comparison with those published previously; for 2015, in a number of cases, they are preliminary.
The yearbook presents statistical data on the socio-economic situation of republics, territories, regions, federal cities, autonomous regions and autonomous districts, allowing comparisons to be made and comprehensive information to be obtained about the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. More detailed information on these issues is published on a regular basis in the annual statistical collections of Rosstat "Regions of Russia. Socio-economic indicators. 2016", "Regions of Russia. Main characteristics of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. 2016".
The data was calculated in accordance with the principles of modern methodology, which allows them to be compared with international indicators.
The collection was published with a CD containing an electronic version of the statistical collection "Russian Statistical Yearbook. 2016" and its appendices with information on socio-economic indicators for Russia as a whole in the long-term dynamics of years (1991-2015).
The collection is intended for senior management personnel, managers and employees of enterprises and organizations, scientific, business and banking circles, teaching staff, graduate students and students of economic universities, and other interested users.
Preface
1. MAIN SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
1.1. Main socio-economic indicators
1.2. Average annual growth (decrease) rates of main socio-economic indicators
1.3. Growth (decrease) rates of main socio-economic indicators
2. GOVERNMENTAL STRUCTURE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
State structure of the Russian Federation
2.1. Territory and urban settlements of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation as of January 1, 2016
2.2. Characteristics of municipalities in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in 2015
2.3. Number of employees of state bodies and local governments by branches of government and levels of government
2.4. Dynamics of the number of employees of state bodies and local governments by branches of government and levels of government
2.5. The number of employees of state bodies and local self-government bodies by branches of government and constituent entities of the Russian Federation at the end of 2015
2.6. Number of employees of federal government bodies at the end of 2015
2.7. Number of employees of federal executive authorities in some countries of the world
2.8. The number of employees of state bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local governments by branches of government at the end of 2015
2.9. Number of employees holding civil and municipal service positions in the Russian Federation, by branches of government and levels of management
2.10. Dynamics of the number of workers filling civil and municipal service positions in the Russian Federation, by branches of government and levels of management
2.11. Composition of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation
Methodological notes
3. NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
Natural resources and climate
3.1. Land area
3.2. Water resources
3.3. Volumes of water in the largest lakes and reservoirs
3.4. Average monthly air temperature and precipitation in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in 2015.
Environmental protection
3.5. Main indicators characterizing the impact of economic activities on the environment
3.6. Specially protected natural areas
3.7. State nature reserves and national parks
3.8. Using fresh water
3.9. Volume of circulating and sequential water use by type of economic activity
3.10. The entry of pollutants with wastewater into water bodies
3.11. Volume of polluted wastewater discharge by basins of individual seas and rivers
3.12. Volume of wastewater discharge into surface water bodies by type of economic activity
3.13. Emissions and capture of air pollutants from stationary sources
3.14. Emissions of the most common air pollutants from stationary sources
3.15. Emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere from stationary sources, by type of economic activity
3.16. Use (disposal) of air pollutants captured by treatment plants
3.17. Investments in fixed capital aimed at environmental protection and rational use of natural resources
3.18. Commissioning of capacities to protect water resources and atmospheric air from pollution
Geological exploration work
3.19. Distribution of geological exploration work by funding sources
3.20. Distribution of geological exploration works by types of minerals
3.21. Deep exploration drilling
Methodological notes
4. POPULATION
4.1. Key Demographics
Population size and composition
4.2. Population
4.3. Population by constituent entities of the Russian Federation
4.4. Number of men and women
4.5. Distribution of the number of men and women by age groups as of January 1, 2016.
4.6. Population distribution by age groups
4.7. Number of women per 1000 men of the corresponding age group
4.8. Distribution of population by gender and main age groups by constituent entities of the Russian Federation as of January 1, 2016.
4.9. Population (according to forecast options)
4.10. Number of men and women (according to forecast options)
4.11. Population by individual age groups (according to forecast options)
4.12. National composition of the population
4.13. National population structure
4.14. Cities with a population of 100 thousand or more people
Distribution of urban and rural settlements by number of inhabitants
4.15. Distribution of cities and towns by number of inhabitants
4.16. Distribution of rural settlements by number of inhabitants
Vital Statistics
4.17. Fertility, mortality and natural population growth
4.18. Fertility, mortality and natural population growth by constituent entities of the Russian Federation
4.19. Life expectancy at birth
Fertility
4.20. Age-specific fertility rates
Mortality
4.21. Age-specific mortality rates
4.22. Mortality by main classes of causes of death
4.23. Infant mortality
4.24. Infant mortality by main classes of causes of death
Marriages and divorces
4.25. Marriages and divorces
4.26. Marriages by age of the bride and groom
Migration
4.27. International migration
4.28. Intra-Russian migration by territories of arrival and departure
4.29. General results of population migration by constituent entities of the Russian Federation
4.30. Number of internally displaced persons
4.31. Number of refugees
4.32. Number of persons granted temporary asylum
Methodological notes
Employment and unemployment
5.1. Number of labor force, employed and unemployed
5.2. Labor force participation rate, employment rate and unemployment rate
5.3. Number of labor force, employed and unemployed by constituent entities of the Russian Federation
5.4. Average annual number of employees by type of ownership
5.5. Average annual number of employees by type of economic activity
5.6. Total labor costs in full-time equivalents by type of economic activity
5.7. Rates of growth (decrease) in labor productivity by type of economic activity
5.8. Share of women in the total number of employees by type of economic activity
5.9. Number of employees by gender and type of economic activity
5.10. Number of employees by gender and occupation groups
5.11. Structure of employees by age groups
5.12. Structure of employed people by level of education
5.13. Structure of employees by type of economic activity and level of education in 2015
5.14. The number of foreign citizens working in Russia in 2000-2010.
5.15. Number of foreign citizens who had a valid work permit
5.16. The number of foreign citizens who had a valid patent to carry out labor activities
5.17. Distribution of the number of foreign citizens who had a valid work permit by age group in 2015.
5.18. Distribution of the number of foreign citizens who had a valid patent to carry out labor activities, by age group in 2015.
5.19. Structure of the unemployed by age group
5.20. Structure of the unemployed by level of education
5.21. Structure of the unemployed by circumstances of unemployment
5.22. Structure of the unemployed by methods of job search
5.23. Structure of the unemployed by duration of job search
5.24. Number of unemployed by gender and occupation groups at last place of work
5.25. Unemployment rate by gender and occupation group at last place of work
5.26. Average duration of job search for unemployed people by age group
5.27. Employment of the population by state employment service institutions
5.28. Number of unemployed population registered with state employment service institutions, by constituent entities of the Russian Federation
Recruitment and departure of workers, use of working time, strikes
5.29. Reception and departure of workers by type of economic activity
5.30. Number of employees of organizations who worked part-time, by type of economic activity in 2015
5.31. Strikes
Working conditions, industrial injuries
5.32. Share of the number of workers employed in work with harmful and (or) dangerous working conditions, by type of influencing production factors
5.33. Share of the number of workers employed in work with harmful and (or) dangerous working conditions in government and non-government organizations
5.34. Share of the number of men and women employed in jobs with harmful and (or) dangerous working conditions
5.35. Share of the number of employees entitled to compensation for work under harmful and (or) dangerous working conditions
5.36. Injuries at work
5.37. Number of victims at work by type of economic activity
5.38. Occupational diseases (poisoning)
Methodological notes
6. LIVING STANDARD OF THE POPULATION
Indicators of the standard of living of the population
6.1. Main socio-economic indicators of the standard of living of the population
6.2. Household disposable income
6.3. Actual final household consumption
6.4. Indices of physical volume of actual final consumption of households
Income of the population
6.5. Dynamics of real income of the population
6.6. Volume and structure of cash income of the population
6.7. Cash income of the population by constituent entities of the Russian Federation
6.8. Cash income of the population by constituent entities of the Russian Federation (in percent)
6.9. Average monthly nominal accrued wages of employees of organizations by type of economic activity
6.10. Accrued wages of employees of organizations by constituent entities of the Russian Federation
Pension and social security
6.11. Main indicators of pension provision
6.12. Number of pensioners and average size of assigned pensions by type of pension provision and categories of pensioners
6.13. Main indicators of the non-state pension system
6.14. Number of pensioners by constituent entities of the Russian Federation
6.15. Assigned pensions by constituent entities of the Russian Federation
6.16. Costs of benefits and social assistance
6.17. Basic social guarantees established by the legislation of the Russian Federation
6.18. The amounts of basic social guarantees established by the legislation of the Russian Federation in relation to the cost of living in 1993-1999.
6.19. The amounts of basic social guarantees established by the legislation of the Russian Federation in relation to the cost of living in 2001-2016.
Socio-economic differentiation of the population by income
6.20. Distribution of the population by average per capita monetary income
6.21. Distribution of total monetary income of the population
6.22. The cost of living in 1992-1999.
6.23. The cost of living in 2000-2015.
6.24. The cost of living established in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation for the fourth quarter of 2015.
6.25. The cost of living of a pensioner for the purpose of establishing a social supplement to a pension
6.26. Population with cash incomes below the subsistence level and cash income deficit
6.27. The share of the population with monetary incomes below the subsistence level in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation
6.28. Distribution of poor households by main categories
6.29. Distribution of the poor by main groups
Expenses, savings and property of the population
6.30. Cash expenditures and savings of the population
6.31. Use of cash income of the population
6.32. Level and structure of household cash income depending on place of residence in 2014
6.33. Level and structure of cash income of households by quintile groups in 2014
6.34. Final consumption expenditures of households of various socio-economic categories in 2015
6.35. Household consumption expenditure
6.36. Household consumption expenditures by population groups with different levels of disposable resources in 2015
6.37. Nutritional and energy value of food in households
6.38. Availability of durable goods in households
6.39. Availability of durable goods by population groups with different levels of disposable resources in 2015.
6.40. Number of own passenger cars per 1000 population by constituent entities of the Russian Federation
Housing conditions of the population
6.41. Main indicators of living conditions of the population
6.42. Housing stock
6.43. City housing stock
6.44. Dilapidated and emergency housing stock
6.45. Housing improvement
6.46. Improvement of settlements
6.47. Commissioning of selected rural infrastructure facilities
6.48. Registration of rights to residential premises based on purchase and sale agreements
6.49. Providing citizens with subsidies to pay for housing and utilities
6.50. Providing citizens with social support to pay for housing and utilities
6.51. Total area of residential premises per resident on average, by constituent entity of the Russian Federation
6.52. Distribution of households by type and amenities of occupied residential premises
6.53. Distribution of households with different levels of disposable resources by type of occupied residential premises in 2015
6.54. Distribution of households by area of residential premises per resident on average
6.55. Distribution of households with different levels of disposable resources by area of residential premises per resident, on average, in 2015.
Methodological notes
7. EDUCATION
7.1. Key education indicators
7.2. Level of education of the population by age group
Preschool education
7.3. Preschool educational organizations in 1932-2013.
7.4. The number of organizations carrying out educational activities in educational programs of preschool education, supervision and care for children
7.5. The number of pupils in organizations carrying out educational activities in educational programs of preschool education, childcare and supervision
7.6. Groups of short-term stay of pupils in preschool educational organizations in 2005-2013.
7.7. Groups of short-term stay of pupils in organizations carrying out educational activities in educational programs of preschool education, supervision and care of children
7.8. The number of teaching staff of organizations carrying out educational activities in educational programs of preschool education, supervision and care of children
Children and adolescents left without parental care
7.9. Placement for children and adolescents without parental care
7.10. Boarding institutions for children
Primary general, basic general, secondary general education
7.11. Number of state and municipal educational organizations
7.12. Number of students and teachers in state and municipal educational organizations
7.13. General education organizations (without evening (shift) general education organizations)
7.14. Number of students and teachers in general education organizations (excluding evening (shift) general education organizations)
7.15. Number of students in state and municipal general education organizations (excluding evening (shift) general education organizations) by constituent entities of the Russian Federation
7.16. Number of students in general education organizations (excluding evening (shift) general education organizations) by class group
7.17. Average class size in general education organizations (without evening (shift) general education organizations)
7.18. State and municipal educational organizations for students and pupils with disabilities
7.19. Shifts of classes in state and municipal general education organizations (without evening (shift) general education organizations)
7.20. State and municipal general education organizations (without evening (shift) general education organizations), equipped with classrooms for the fundamentals of computer science and computer technology
7.21. Electronic learning tools in state and municipal general education organizations (without evening (shift) general education organizations)
7.22. Evening (shift) general education organizations
7.23. Graduation of students by general education organizations
7.24. Number of teachers in state and municipal general education organizations (excluding evening (shift) general education organizations) by specialty and level of education
7.25. Organizations of additional education for children by type of educational activity
Secondary vocational education in training programs for skilled workers and employees
7.26. Professional educational organizations that train qualified workers and employees
7.27. Number of students enrolled in training programs for skilled workers and employees, by gender and age
7.28. Number of teachers of professional educational organizations training qualified workers and employees
7.29. Graduate of qualified workers and employees by profession
7.30. Electronic learning tools in professional educational organizations that train qualified workers and employees
Secondary vocational education in training programs for mid-level specialists
7.31. Professional educational organizations that train mid-level specialists
7.32. Number of students enrolled in training programs for mid-level specialists in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation
7.33. Number of teachers of professional educational organizations training mid-level specialists
7.34. Admission to training programs for mid-level specialists by form of training
7.35. Graduates of mid-level specialists by state and municipal professional educational organizations, by groups of specialties
7.36. Graduation of mid-level specialists by private professional educational organizations, by groups of specialties
7.37. Number of students, enrollment in training programs for mid-level specialists and graduation of mid-level specialists by sources of funding for training
7.38. Electronic learning tools in professional educational organizations that train mid-level specialists
Higher education
7.39. Educational organizations of higher education
7.40. Number of students by type of higher educational institutions in Russia in 1895, 1914.
7.41. The number of students in higher educational institutions per 10,000 population in individual countries of the world in 1890-1914.
7.42. Class composition of university students in 1900, 1914.
7.43. The number of graduates of Russian universities by groups of specialties in 1900-1913.
7.44. Number of students enrolled in bachelor's, specialist's and master's programs in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation
7.45. The number of teaching staff in higher educational institutions of Russia in 1898/99, 1913/14.
7.46. Number of teaching staff of educational institutions of higher education
7.47. Admission to bachelor's, specialist's and master's programs by mode of study
7.48. Issue of bachelors, specialists, masters by state and municipal educational organizations of higher education in groups of specialties and areas of training
7.49. Issue of bachelors, specialists, masters by private educational organizations of higher education in groups of specialties and areas of training
7.50. Graduates with higher education according to the level of diplomas received
7.51. Number of students, admission to bachelor's, specialist's, master's programs and graduation of bachelors, specialists, masters by state and municipal educational organizations of higher education by funding sources
7.52. Electronic learning tools in educational institutions of higher education
7.53. The number of students from the CIS countries who studied in bachelor's, specialist's, and master's programs in state and municipal educational organizations of higher education in Russia under general admission conditions
7.54. Foreign students who studied in bachelor's, specialist's, and master's programs in educational institutions of higher education in Russia
Methodological notes
8. HEALTHCARE
Treatment and preventive care for the population
8.1. Medical organizations
8.2. Number of beds in medical organizations providing care in inpatient settings, by specialization
8.3. Number of hospital beds per 10,000 population by constituent entities of the Russian Federation
8.4. Number of medical workers
8.5. Number of doctors in individual specialties
8.6. Number of doctors per 10,000 population by constituent entities of the Russian Federation
8.7. Number of paramedical personnel in individual specialties
8.8. Emergency medical services for the population
8.9. Surgical care in hospitals in 2015
8.10. Medical care for women and children
8.11. Termination of pregnancy (abortion)
8.12. Preventive examinations of the population subject to periodic examinations
Population morbidity
8.13. Population morbidity by main classes of diseases
8.14. Incidence of certain infectious diseases
8.15. Incidence of HIV infection
8.16. Incidence of malignant neoplasms
8.17. Incidence of active tuberculosis
8.18. Incidence of diseases transmitted primarily through sexual contact
8.19. Incidence of mental and behavioral disorders
8.20. Incidence of mental and behavioral disorders associated with substance use
8.21. Incidence of drug addiction in children aged 0-14 years and 15-17 years
8.22. Incidence of substance abuse in children aged 0-14 years and 15-17 years
8.23. Health status of pregnant women, women in labor, postpartum women and newborns
8.24. Morbidity of children aged 0-14 years by main classes of diseases
Disability of the population
8.25. Number of persons recognized as disabled for the first time
8.26. Distribution of the number of persons recognized as disabled for the first time, by reasons of disability
8.27. Number of disabled children under 18 years of age receiving social pensions
8.28. Stationary social service institutions for elderly citizens and disabled people
8.29. Number of places in inpatient social service institutions for elderly citizens and disabled people
8.30. Sanatorium-resort organizations and recreation organizations
8.31. Number of persons accommodated in sanatorium-resort organizations and recreation organizations
Methodological notes
9. CULTURE, RECREATION AND TOURISM
9.1. Main indicators of culture
9.2. Theaters
9.3. Circuses
9.4. Zoos
9.5. Museums in 1940-1994
9.6. Museums in 1995-2015
9.7. Monuments of history and culture in 1990-2013.
9.8. Objects of cultural and archaeological heritage
9.9. Objects of cultural and archaeological heritage by constituent entities of the Russian Federation in 2015
9.10. Cultural and leisure organizations
9.11. Public Libraries
9.12. Public library performance indicators
9.13. Publishing books and brochures
9.14. Issue of magazines and newspapers
9.15. Publishing books and brochures in individual languages of the peoples of Russia
9.16. Release of magazine publications in individual languages of the peoples of Russia
9.17. Publishing newspapers in individual languages of the peoples of Russia
9.18. Publishing newspapers in selected languages of the world
9.19. Coverage of the population by television and radio broadcasting in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in 2015.
9.20. Children's health camps
9.21. Hotels and similar accommodation facilities
9.22. Number of persons accommodated in hotels and similar accommodation facilities
9.23. Number of citizens of the Russian Federation accommodated in hotels and similar accommodation facilities
9.24. Number of foreign citizens accommodated in hotels and similar accommodation facilities
9.25. Number of citizens of the Russian Federation accommodated in collective accommodation facilities, by constituent entity of the Russian Federation
9.26. Passenger transportation and passenger turnover of inland water transport on tourist and excursion routes
9.27. Number of outbound tourist trips
9.28. Number of inbound tourist trips
9.29. The number of Russian tourists sent by travel companies on tours in Russia and foreign countries
9.30. Number of foreign tourists received by travel agencies
9.31. Number of sports facilities
9.32. Development of mass sports
Methodological notes
10. PUBLIC ASSOCIATIONS AND RELIGIOUS ORGANIZATIONS
10.1. Number of public associations, political parties and non-profit organizations registered in the Russian Federation, as of January 1, 2016.
10.2. Average number of employees and average monthly accrued wages of employees of public associations
10.3. Number of non-profit organizations by type
10.4. Number of public associations and non-profit organizations by constituent entities of the Russian Federation
10.5. Number of religious organizations registered in the Russian Federation as of January 1, 2016
10.6. Number of religious organizations by constituent entities of the Russian Federation
10.7. Participation in the activities of public, voluntary and charitable organizations (movements)
Methodological notes
11. OFFENSES
11.1. Number of registered crimes by type
11.2. Composition of persons who committed crimes
11.3. Number of crimes committed by certain categories of persons
11.4. Number of crimes involving violent actions against victims, by constituent entity of the Russian Federation in 2015.
11.5. Number of victims of criminal attacks
11.6. Number of minors victims of criminal attacks
11.7. Number of people convicted by court sentences that have entered into legal force, by certain types of crimes
11.8. Number of convicts under the age of 30 for certain types of crimes
11.9. Composition of convicts
11.10. Distribution of convicted persons according to the main penalties imposed by the courts
11.11. Number of persons held in places of deprivation of liberty
Methodological notes
12. SYSTEM OF NATIONAL ACCOUNTS
National Accounts Indicators
12.1. Volume and dynamics of gross domestic product
12.2. Goods and Services Account
12.3. Production account
12.4. Education Income Account
12.5. Primary income distribution account
12.6. Secondary Distribution Account
12.7. Disposable income account
12.8. Capital account
12.9. Production account by economic sector
12.10. Issue by economic sector and sector
12.11. Gross value added by economic sectors and sectors
12.12. Indices of physical output volume by economic sectors
12.13. Indices of physical volume of gross value added by type of economic activity
12.14. Income generation account by economic sector
12.15. Gross domestic product by type of primary income
12.16. Use of gross domestic product
12.17. Gross Domestic Product Use (Percentage)
12.18. Final consumption expenditure and actual final consumption
12.19. Indices of physical volume of elements of gross domestic product use
12.20. Gross regional product
12.21. Gross added value of constituent entities of the Russian Federation by economic sectors in 2014
National wealth
12.22. The value of individual non-financial economic assets
12.23. Fixed assets
12.24. Fixed assets by type of ownership
12.25. Main characteristics of the movement of fixed assets
12.26. Fixed assets by constituent entities of the Russian Federation
12.27. Fixed assets by type of economic activity
12.28. Fixed assets by type of economic activity (in percent)
12.29. Rate of growth (decrease) in the volume of fixed assets by type of economic activity
12.30. Renewal rates for fixed assets by type of economic activity
12.31. Retirement rates of fixed assets by type of economic activity
12.32. The degree of depreciation of fixed assets by type of economic activity
12.33. Composition of fixed assets of commercial organizations
12.34. Composition of fixed assets of non-profit organizations
12.35. The degree of depreciation of fixed assets of commercial organizations
12.36. Share of completely worn-out fixed assets of commercial organizations
12.37. Commissioning of fixed assets by type of economic activity
12.38. Commissioning of fixed assets by type of economic activity (in percent)
12.39. Indicators of the balance of fixed assets in 2015
Methodological notes
13. ENTERPRISES AND ORGANIZATIONS
General characteristics of enterprises and organizations
13.1. Distribution of enterprises and organizations by type of economic activity
13.2. Distribution of enterprises and organizations by type of ownership
13.3. Distribution of enterprises and organizations by constituent entities of the Russian Federation
13.4. Distribution of enterprises and organizations by constituent entities of the Russian Federation and types of economic activity in 2015
13.5. Turnover of organizations by type of economic activity
Small business
13.6. Number of small enterprises by main type of economic activity
13.7. Average number of employees of small enterprises by main type of economic activity
13.8. Turnover of small enterprises by main type of economic activity
13.9. Key performance indicators of small enterprises by constituent entities of the Russian Federation
Individual entrepreneurship
13.10. Main performance indicators of individual entrepreneurs by main type of economic activity
13.11. Main performance indicators of individual entrepreneurs by constituent entities of the Russian Federation
Activities of organizations with foreign capital participation
13.12. Main performance indicators of organizations with foreign capital participation by main type of economic activity
13.13. The number of organizations in the Russian Federation with the participation of foreign capital from individual non-CIS countries at the end of 2014.
13.14. The number of organizations in the Russian Federation with the participation of foreign capital from CIS countries at the end of 2014.
Privatization
13.15. Structure of privatized state and municipal property by types of ownership and methods of privatization in 1998-2002.
13.16. Privatization of property complexes of state and municipal unitary enterprises by type of ownership and methods of privatization in 2010-2015.
13.17. Distribution of privatized property complexes of state and municipal unitary enterprises by type of economic activity
13.18. Receipt of funds from the privatization of state and municipal property and their distribution
13.19. Distribution of funds received from the privatization of state and municipal property in 2015 by constituent entities of the Russian Federation
13.20. Distribution of funds from the privatization of state and municipal property in 2015 by type of ownership
13.21. Main characteristics of business entities formed in the process of privatization of state and municipal unitary enterprises
13.22. Privatization of housing stock
Methodological notes
14. MINERAL MINING, PROCESSING INDUSTRIES,
PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRICITY, GAS AND WATER
General economic indicators
14.1. Number of operating organizations and their territorially separate divisions by type of economic activity
14.2. Production (extraction) of main types of products in 1913-1965.
14.3. Volume of shipped goods of own production, performed works and services by own forces by type of economic activity
14.4. Production indices for selected types of economic activity
14.5. Industrial production indices by constituent entities of the Russian Federation
14.6. Volume of shipped goods of own production, performed work and services on one’s own by type of economic activity “Mining” by constituent entities of the Russian Federation in 2015
14.7. Volume of shipped goods of own production, performed work and services on one’s own by type of economic activity “Manufacturing” by constituent entities of the Russian Federation in 2015
14.8. The volume of shipped goods of own production, performed work and services on one’s own by type of economic activity “Production and distribution of electricity, gas and water” by constituent entities of the Russian Federation in 2015.
14.9. The number of operating organizations and their territorially separate divisions by type of ownership in 2015.
14.10. Volume of shipped goods of own production, performed works and services in-house by type of ownership in 2015
14.11. The level of use of the average annual production capacity of organizations for the production of certain types of products of mining and manufacturing industries
14.12. Energy resource balance for 2014
14.13. Use of secondary energy resources
14.14. Specific energy consumption for the production of certain types of products
14.15. Specific consumption of equivalent fuel for the production of certain types of products
Mining
14.16. Coal mining by type
14.17. Oil production (including gas condensate) in 1872-1965.
14.18. Oil production in 1990-2015
14.19. Selected technical and economic indicators of the work of organizations producing crude oil and petroleum (associated) gas
14.20. Gas production and processing
14.21. Production and use of petroleum (associated) gas
14.22. Production of primary energy resources by type
14.23. Final consumption of fuel and energy resources by type of fuel and energy
14.24. Extraction of metal ores and other minerals
Manufacturing industries
Production of food products, including beverages, and tobacco
14.25. Production of main types of food products, beverages and tobacco products
14.26. Production of bread and bakery products by constituent entities of the Russian Federation
Textile and clothing production
14.27. Production of main types of textile and clothing products
Production of leather, leather goods and footwear production
14.28. Production of main types of leather goods and footwear production
Wood processing and production of wood products
14.29. Wood processing and production of wood products
14.30. Production of timber, sawn or split lengthwise, sliced or peeled, with a thickness exceeding 6 mm; railway or tram wooden sleepers, unimpregnated in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation
14.31. Selected technical and economic indicators of the work of organizations for wood processing and production of wood products
Pulp and paper production; publishing and printing activities
14.32. Production of main types of pulp and paper products, publishing and printing activities
14.33. Selected technical and economic indicators of the work of pulp and paper production organizations
Production of coke and petroleum products
14.34. Production of coke and the most important types of petroleum products
14.35. Petroleum processing depth
Chemical production
14.36. Production of main types of chemical products
14.37. Production of mineral or chemical fertilizers by type
14.38. Production of chemical fibers and threads by type
14.39. Production of certain types of medicines
Production of rubber and plastic products
14.40. Production of main types of rubber and plastic products
Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products
14.41. Production of main types of other non-metallic mineral products
14.42. Production of prefabricated reinforced concrete structures and parts in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation
Metallurgical production and production of finished metal products
14.43. Production of main types of metallurgical products
14.44. Production of certain types of metallurgical products
14.45. Selected technical and economic indicators of the work of metallurgical production organizations
14.46. Rates of growth (decrease) in production of main types of non-ferrous metals in 2015
Manufacturing of machinery and equipment
14.47. Production of main types of machinery and equipment
Production of electrical equipment, electronic and optical equipment
14.48. Production of main types of electrical equipment, electronic and optical equipment
Production of vehicles and equipment
14.49. Production of main types of vehicles and equipment
Other production
14.50. Production of main types of products of other industries
Production and distribution of electricity, gas and water
14.51. Electric balance
14.52. Electricity production by constituent entities of the Russian Federation
14.53. Electricity production by types of power plants
14.54. Power plants capacity
14.55. Selected technical and economic indicators of the work of organizations for the production and distribution of electricity, gas and water
Methodological notes
15. AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY
Agriculture
Key agricultural indicators
15.1. Agricultural products by farm category
15.2. Agricultural products by farm category (percentage)
15.3. Agricultural production indices by farm category
15.4. Agricultural production indices by category of farms by constituent entities of the Russian Federation
15.5. Production of main types of agricultural products by farm categories
15.6. Production of main types of agricultural products by farm categories (in percent)
15.7. Sales of basic products by agricultural organizations
15.8. Provision of agricultural organizations with tractors and combines
15.9. Application of mineral fertilizers for crops in agricultural organizations
15.10. Application of organic fertilizers for crops in agricultural organizations
15.11. Carrying out work on chemical land reclamation in agricultural organizations
15.12. Energy capacities in agricultural organizations
Crop production
15.13. Sown areas of main agricultural crops in 1906-2015.
15.14. Cultivated area of agricultural crops
15.15. Cultivated area of agricultural crops by farm categories in 2015
15.16. Gross grain harvest
15.17. Gross harvest of crop products
15.18. Gross harvest of main crop products in 1906-2015.
15.19. Crop yield
15.20. Productivity of main crop products in 1906-2015.
15.21. Gross grain harvest (in weight after processing) by constituent entities of the Russian Federation
15.22. Gross harvest of sugar beets by constituent entities of the Russian Federation
15.23. Gross harvest of sunflower seeds (in weight after processing) by constituent entities of the Russian Federation
15.24. Gross potato harvest by constituent entities of the Russian Federation
15.25. Gross harvest of vegetables by constituent entities of the Russian Federation
15.26. Area of fruit, berry, grape and tea plantings
15.27. Gross harvest of fruits, berries, grapes, tea leaves
Livestock
15.28. Livestock population 1883-2015
15.29. Livestock by farm category at the end of 2015
15.30. Livestock by farm category
15.31. Poultry population
15.32. Production of basic livestock products
15.33. Production of livestock and poultry for slaughter and milk in 1917-2015.
15.34. Production of livestock and poultry for slaughter by constituent entities of the Russian Federation
15.35. Milk production by constituent entities of the Russian Federation
15.36. Egg production by constituent entities of the Russian Federation
15.37. Feed consumption in livestock farming
15.38. Livestock and poultry productivity
Food resources and their use
15.39. Resources and uses of grain
15.40. Resources and uses of potatoes
15.41. Resources and use of vegetables and food melons
15.42. Resources and use of meat and meat products
15.43. Resources and use of milk and dairy products
15.44. Resources and use of eggs and egg products
Forestry
15.45. Information about hunting management
15.46. Forest resources
15.47. Conservation and protection of forests
15.48. Key performance indicators of organizations by type of economic activity "Logging"
Methodological notes
16. FISHERIES AND FISH CULTIVATION
16.1. Main performance indicators of organizations by type of economic activity "Fishing, fish farming"
16.2. Extraction (production) of main types of fishery products
16.3. Fishing and extraction of other aquatic biological resources
16.4. Retail sale of fish and seafood
16.5. Consumption of fish and fish products
16.6. Consumption of fish and fish products (based on the results of a sample survey of household budgets)
16.7. Export and import of fish, fish products and seafood to the Russian Federation
16.8. Release of juveniles of aquatic biological resources into water bodies of fishery importance and cultivation of fish seeding material
16.9. Release of juveniles of aquatic biological resources in selected rivers and other water bodies
16.10. Release of juveniles of aquatic biological resources into reservoirs
Methodological notes
17. CONSTRUCTION
Activities of construction organizations
17.1. Scope of work performed by type of economic activity "Construction"
17.2. Scope of work performed by type of economic activity "Construction" by organizations of various forms of ownership
17.3. Scope of work performed by type of economic activity "Construction" by organizations of various forms of ownership, by constituent entity of the Russian Federation
17.4. Number of operating construction organizations
17.5. Number of operating construction organizations by type of ownership
17.6. Number of operating construction organizations of various forms of ownership by constituent entities of the Russian Federation
17.7. Investments in fixed capital of organizations engaged in construction activities
17.8. Fixed assets of organizations of the main type of economic activity "Construction"
17.9. Availability and condition of the fleet of main construction machines in construction organizations
Commissioning of individual production facilities, residential buildings, social and cultural facilities
17.10. Commissioning of individual production facilities
17.11. Commissioning of residential buildings
17.12. Commissioning of residential buildings in cities and towns and rural areas
17.13. Commissioning of residential buildings by organizations of various forms of ownership and by the population
17.14. Main characteristics of the constructed apartments
17.15. Residential buildings under construction
17.16. Commissioning of residential buildings in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation
17.17. Commissioning of residential buildings built by the population using their own and borrowed funds, by constituent entity of the Russian Federation
17.18. Commissioning of capacities and social and cultural facilities
17.19. Commissioning of the capacities of educational organizations of higher education, professional educational organizations
Methodological notes
18. TRANSPORT
18.1. Results of operation of state-owned railways in 1895-1911.
18.2. Results of the operation of private railways in 1895-1911.
18.3. Presence of steam ships in European Russia in 1884
18.4. Key transport indicators
Freight transport
18.5. Transportation of goods by type of transport
18.6. Loading of individual cargo by rail
18.7. Transportation of individual cargo by water transport for organizations of all types of economic activity
18.8. Transportation of goods in containers and packages by certain types of transport
18.9. Transportation of goods in international traffic by certain types of public transport
18.10. Transportation of goods via main pipelines
18.11. Freight turnover by mode of transport
12.18. Freight turnover in international traffic by certain types of public transport
18.13. Cargo transportation and cargo turnover of industrial railway transport
18.14. Freight turnover of main pipelines
18.15. Transportation of goods by entrepreneurs (individuals) engaged in commercial transportation by road
Passenger transportation
18.16. Transportation of passengers by types of public transport
18.17. Number of cities with urban electric transport
18.18. Main performance indicators of urban electric transport
18.19. Passenger turnover by types of public transport
18.20. Passenger transportation and passenger turnover of public transport by type of communication in 2015
Transport means and communications
18.21. Availability of vehicles
18.22. Number of public buses per 100,000 population by constituent entities of the Russian Federation
18.23. Fuel consumption by transport organizations
18.24. Consumption of motor gasoline and diesel fuel by motor transport of organizations of all types of economic activity
18.25. Electricity consumption by organizations by type of transport activity
18.26. Length of communication routes
18.27. Communications density
18.28. Intensity of cargo transportation by types of communication routes
18.29. Intensity of passenger traffic by type of communication
Transport accidents
18.30. Number of victims in accidents with vehicles
Methodological notes
19.1. Main indicators of public communications
19.2. Volume of communication services
19.3. Number of fixed and mobile Internet subscribers
19.4. Volume of communication services provided to the population
19.5. Main indicators of the development of public telephone communications and mobile communications
19.6. Number of residential telephone sets of the public network per 1000 population by constituent entities of the Russian Federation
19.7. Number of subscriber devices of mobile radiotelephone (cellular) communications per 1000 population by constituent entities of the Russian Federation
19.8. Availability of technical means of satellite communication and broadcasting
Methodological notes
20. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES
20.1. Use of information and communication technologies in organizations
20.2. Use of information and communication technologies in organizations by type of economic activity
20.3. Use of the Internet in organizations by type of economic activity
20.4. Use of information and communication technologies in organizations by constituent entities of the Russian Federation in 2015.
20.5. Personal computers in organizations
20.6. Use of electronic document management in organizations by type of economic activity
20.7. Use of special software in organizations
20.8. Using the Internet to communicate with suppliers and consumers of goods (works, services) in organizations
20.9. Using the Internet to communicate with suppliers and consumers of goods (works, services) in organizations by type of economic activity
20.10. Distribution of organizational costs for information and communication technologies by type
20.11. Expenditures of organizations on information and communication technologies by type of economic activity in 2015
20.12. Internet access in households
20.13. Use of personal computers and the Internet in households by constituent entities of the Russian Federation
20.14. Use of personal computers and the Internet by the population
20.15. Share of the population who used the Internet to receive state and municipal services, by type of service and type of settlement in 2015.
Methodological notes
21. TRADE AND SERVICES TO THE PUBLIC
21.1. Number of economic entities of trade by type of economic activity
21.2. Key performance indicators of trade organizations
21.3. Turnover of trade organizations
21.4. Key performance indicators of public catering organizations
21.5. Costs of production and sale of products (goods, works, services) of trade and public catering organizations
Retail
21.6. Retail turnover
21.7. Retail trade turnover by constituent entities of the Russian Federation
21.8. Retail trade turnover by forms of trade
21.9. Retail trade turnover by type of business entity
21.10. Number of retail markets and trading places on them
21.11. Number of retail fairs held and retail locations at them
21.12. Information on the number of fairs in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation for 2015.
21.13. Retail trade turnover per capita
21.14. Retail trade turnover of food products, including beverages, and tobacco products per capita
21.15. Retail trade turnover of non-food products per capita
21.16. Indices of physical volume of retail trade turnover
21.17. Retail trade turnover per capita by constituent entities of the Russian Federation
21.18. Indices of physical volume of retail trade turnover by constituent entities of the Russian Federation
21.19. Turnover of retail trade organizations by type of ownership
21.20. Share of retail trade turnover of basic goods in retail trade turnover
21.21. Indices of physical volume of retail sales of individual goods
21.22. Indices of physical volume of retail sales of individual goods (compared to the previous year)
21.23. Sales of selected consumer goods
21.24. Sale of alcoholic beverages, cigarettes and cigarettes to the public
21.25. Share of imports of individual food products in their commodity resources
21.26. Retail trade resources
21.27. The quality of domestic and imported goods entering the consumer market
21.28. Quality of goods supplied to retail markets in 2015
21.29. Public catering turnover
21.30. Public catering turnover per capita
21.31. Public catering turnover by type of business entity
Wholesale
21.32. Wholesale trade turnover
21.33. Wholesale trade turnover by constituent entities of the Russian Federation
21.34. Inventories in wholesale trade organizations of certain types of products (goods)
21.35. Main performance indicators of exchanges
Services
21.36. Volume of paid services to the population
21.37. Volume of paid services to the population by constituent entities of the Russian Federation
21.38. Indices of the physical volume of paid services to the population by type
21.39. Indices of the physical volume of paid services to the population by constituent entities of the Russian Federation
21.40. Distribution of paid services to the population by type
21.41. Volume of paid services per capita by type
21.42. Volume of household services to the population
21.43. Indices of physical volume of household services to the population by type
21.44. Distribution of household services to the population by type
21.45. Volume of household services per capita by type
Methodological notes
22. SCIENCE AND INNOVATION
Organizations that carried out research and development
22.1. Number of organizations carrying out research and development
22.2. Number of organizations carrying out research and development, by sector of activity
22.3. Number of researchers and costs of research and development related to nanotechnology
22.4. Number of organizations performing research and development, by constituent entity of the Russian Federation
Science personnel
22.5. Number of personnel engaged in research and development
22.6. Number of personnel engaged in research and development by sector of activity
22.7. Number of researchers by field of science
22.8. Number of researchers by age group
22.9. Number of personnel engaged in research and development, by constituent entity of the Russian Federation
Training of scientific personnel
22.10. Main performance indicators of graduate school
22.11. Admission to graduate school in areas of training
22.12. Graduation from graduate school by branches of science
22.13. Graduation from graduate school with the defense of a dissertation in branches of science
22.14. Number of postgraduate students by constituent entities of the Russian Federation
22.15. Key performance indicators of doctoral studies
22.16. Number, admission and graduation of doctoral students by branches of science in 2015.
Science funding
22.17. Funding of science from the federal budget
22.18. Internal R&D costs
22.19. Internal R&D costs by funding source
22.20. Internal R&D costs by sector of activity
22.21. Internal R&D costs by cost type
22.22. Internal costs for research and development in priority areas of development of science, technology and engineering by funding sources
22.23. Internal research and development costs for socio-economic purposes
22.24. Internal current costs of research and development by type of work and field of science
Research and Development Productivity
22.25. Receipt of patent applications and issuance of patents in Russia
22.26. Use of protected results of intellectual activity in Russia
22.27. Developed advanced production technologies by degree of novelty in 2000, 2010-2012.
22.28. Developed advanced production technologies by degree of novelty in 2013-2015.
22.29. Advanced production technologies used in 2000 by duration of their implementation
22.30. Advanced production technologies used in 2010 by duration of their implementation period
22.31. Advanced production technologies used in 2011-2012 by the duration of their implementation period
22.32. Advanced production technologies used in 2013-2015. by the duration of their implementation period
22.33. Trade of technologies with foreign countries by objects of transactions in 2015
22.34. Technology trade with foreign countries by sector of activity in 2015
22.35. Trade in technologies with foreign countries by type of ownership of organizations in 2015
22.36. Trade in technologies with foreign countries by type of economic activity of organizations in 2015
22.37. Trade in technologies with foreign countries by areas of destination of the subject of the agreement in 2015
22.38. Trade of technologies with foreign countries in 2015
Technological, organizational and marketing innovations
22.39. Key indicators of innovation activity
22.40. Innovative activity of organizations by type of economic activity
22.41. Organizations that carried out organizational and marketing innovations, by type of economic activity
22.42. Costs of technological innovations of organizations by type of innovation and economic activity in 2013-2014.
22.43. Costs of technological innovations of organizations by type of innovation and economic activity in 2015
22.44. Costs of technological innovations of organizations by funding sources
22.45. Volume of innovative goods, works and services of organizations by type of economic activity
22.46. Special expenses of organizations associated with environmental innovations
Methodological notes
23. FINANCE
Public finance
23.1. State budget of the RSFSR in 1918-1991.
23.2. Revenues and expenses of the consolidated budget of the Russian Federation
23.3. Consolidated budget of the Russian Federation in 2000.
23.4. Consolidated budget of the Russian Federation in 2010-2015.
23.5. Distribution of income and expenses of the consolidated budget of the Russian Federation by level of the budget system in 2000.
23.6. Distribution of income and expenses of the consolidated budget of the Russian Federation by level of the budget system in 2010-2015.
23.7. Expenditures of the consolidated budget of the Russian Federation on social and cultural events in 2015
23.8. Execution of the expenditure part of the federal budget of the Russian Federation in 2015.
23.9. Sources of financing the federal budget deficit of the Russian Federation in 2000.
23.10. Sources of financing the federal budget deficit of the Russian Federation in 2010-2015.
23.11. The volume of funds of the Reserve Fund and the National Welfare Fund
23.12. State external debt of the Russian Federation
23.13. Debt on tax payments to the consolidated and federal budgets of the Russian Federation as of January 1, 2001.
23.14. Debt on taxes and fees to the consolidated budget of the Russian Federation
23.15. Debt for the unified social tax, insurance contributions for compulsory pension insurance and payments to state extra-budgetary funds
23.16. Receipt and expenditure of funds from the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation
23.17. Receipt and expenditure of funds from the Social Insurance Fund of the Russian Federation
23.18. Receipt and expenditure of funds from the Federal Compulsory Medical Insurance Fund
23.19. Receipt and expenditure of funds from territorial compulsory health insurance funds
Monetary system
23.20. Money circulation
23.21. External debt of the Russian Federation
23.22. Loans, deposits and other placed funds provided to organizations, individuals and credit institutions
23.23. Number of credit institutions
23.24. Grouping of operating credit institutions by size of registered authorized capital
23.25. Investments of credit institutions in securities
23.26. Deposits, loans and other funds raised by credit institutions
23.27. Deposits of legal entities and individuals in rubles and foreign currency attracted by credit institutions, by constituent entity of the Russian Federation
23.28. Deposits of individuals in credit institutions
23.29. Amount of deposits of individuals in ruble and foreign currency accounts in credit institutions per capita by constituent entities of the Russian Federation
23.30. Purchase and sale of foreign currency by citizens through credit organizations in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation
23.31. Official rates of foreign currencies against the Russian ruble
Securities market
23.32. Key indicators of the government securities market (GKO-OFZ)
Activities of insurers
23.33. Key performance indicators of insurers
23.34. Key performance indicators of medical insurance organizations in terms of compulsory medical insurance (CHI)
23.35. Insurance premiums (contributions) and payments by type of insurance in 2000
23.36. Insurance premiums (contributions) and payments by type of insurance
Financial results and performance efficiency
23.37. Balanced financial result (profit minus loss) of the activities of organizations by type of economic activity
23.38. Financial results of the activities of organizations in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in 2015.
23.39. Share of unprofitable organizations and amount of loss by type of economic activity
23.40. Share of profitable and unprofitable organizations by constituent entities of the Russian Federation
23.41. Costs of production and sale of products (goods, works, services) by type of economic activity
23.42. Profitability of sold goods, products (works, services) by type of economic activity
23.43. Return on assets of organizations by type of economic activity
Status of mutual settlements in organizations by type of economic activity
23.44. Total debt on obligations of organizations by type of economic activity in 2015
23.45. Debt of organizations to suppliers for payments to the budget and state extra-budgetary funds by type of economic activity in 2015
23.46. Accounts receivable of organizations by type of economic activity in 2015
23.47. Overdue wages for employees of organizations by type of economic activity in 2015
23.48. Overdue wages for employees of organizations by constituent entities of the Russian Federation in 2015
23.49. Debt of CIS countries organizations to Russian organizations in 2015
23.50. Total debt on obligations of Russian organizations to organizations of CIS countries in 2015
Methodological notes
24. INVESTMENTS
Investments in non-financial assets
24.1. Investments in non-financial assets
24.2. Investments in fixed capital
24.3. Investments in fixed assets by type of fixed assets
24.4. Investments in fixed assets by type of ownership
24.5. Investments in fixed capital by sources of financing
24.6. Investments in fixed assets by type of economic activity
24.7. Indices of physical volume of investment in fixed capital by type of economic activity
24.8. Investments in fixed assets by constituent entities of the Russian Federation
24.9. Indices of physical volume of investment in fixed capital by constituent entities of the Russian Federation
24.10. Investments in fixed capital by type of economic activity by constituent entity of the Russian Federation in 2015
24.11. Investments in fixed capital of organizations with foreign capital participation by type of economic activity
24.12. Investments in fixed assets of organizations with foreign capital participation by constituent entities of the Russian Federation
24.13. Distribution of organizations by assessing the goals of investing in fixed assets
24.14. Distribution of organizations according to the assessment of factors limiting investment activity
24.15. Cost of financial leasing agreements concluded by organizations operating in the field of financial leasing
24.16. Factors negatively affecting the activities of organizations in the field of financial leasing
Foreign investment
24.17. Foreign direct investment in the Russian economy by major investor countries
24.18. Direct investment from Russia into the economies of the largest recipients of direct investment
Financial investments
24.19. Financial investments of organizations by main types of economic activity
Methodological notes
25. PRICES AND TARIFFS
25.1. Consumer price and producer price indices
25.2. Consumer price indices by constituent entities of the Russian Federation
Consumer price indices and average consumer prices for goods and services
25.3. Consumer price indices (tariffs) for goods and services
25.4. Consumer price indices for certain groups of food products
25.5. Consumer price indices for certain groups of non-food products
25.6. Consumer price indices (tariffs) for certain groups of services
25.7. Consumer price indices for 10 percent population groups
25.8. Average consumer prices for certain types of food products
25.9. Average consumer prices for certain types of non-food products
25.10. Average consumer prices (tariffs) for certain types of services
25.11. Cost of living index for individual cities of the Russian Federation
25.12. Cost of a fixed set of consumer goods and services for interregional comparisons of purchasing power of the population
Price indices and average prices in the housing market
25.13. Price indices in the primary and secondary housing markets by constituent entities of the Russian Federation
25.14. Average prices on the primary and secondary housing markets by constituent entities of the Russian Federation
Price indices and average producer prices
25.15. Producer price indices by type of economic activity
25.16. Producer price indices for certain types of industrial goods
25.17. Average producer prices and purchases for main types of energy resources
25.18. Ratio of average producer prices for main types of energy resources to the price of oil
25.19. Price indices for the main types of fuel and energy resources purchased by industrial organizations
25.20. Price indices for individual types of grain purchased by industrial organizations for main production
25.21. Average prices for individual types of grain purchased by industrial organizations for main production
25.22. Agricultural producer price indices
25.23. Average prices of agricultural producers
25.24. Price indices for products (costs, services) for investment purposes
25.25. Price indices for products (costs, services) for investment purposes by type of economic activity
25.26. Tariff indices for freight transportation by main modes of transport
25.27. Tariff indices for communication services for legal entities
25.28. Average tariffs for communication services for legal entities
Methodological notes
26. FOREIGN ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES
Balance of payments of the Russian Federation
26.1. Balance of payments of the Russian Federation (main aggregates)
Foreign trade in goods
26.2. Export, import of Russia in 1824-1850.
26.3. Foreign trade of the Russian Federation
26.4. Trade balance of the Russian Federation
26.5. Export and import of the Russian Federation
26.6. Foreign trade of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation with the CIS countries
26.7. Foreign trade of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation with foreign countries
26.8. Foreign trade of the Russian Federation with the CIS countries
26.9. Share of partner countries in exports and imports of the Russian Federation
26.10. Foreign trade of the Russian Federation with foreign countries
26.11. Commodity structure of exports of the Russian Federation
26.12. Commodity structure of exports of the Russian Federation to the CIS countries
26.13. Commodity structure of Russian Federation exports to non-CIS countries
26.14. Commodity structure of imports of the Russian Federation
26.15. Commodity structure of Russian Federation imports from CIS countries
26.16. Commodity structure of Russian Federation imports from non-CIS countries
26.17. Share of consumer, intermediate and investment goods in the total volume of imports of the Russian Federation
26.18. Export and import of high-tech products to the Russian Federation
26.19. Export of the Russian Federation to the EAEU member states
26.20. Imports of the Russian Federation from EAEU member states
26.21. Export of basic goods to the Russian Federation
26.22. Import of basic goods to the Russian Federation
26.23. Distribution of exports of main goods of the Russian Federation by CIS countries
26.24. Distribution of imports of basic goods of the Russian Federation by CIS countries
Foreign trade in services
26.25. Export and import of services from the Russian Federation
26.26. Structure of export and import of services of the Russian Federation
26.27. Export of services from the Russian Federation by main types
26.28. Export of services of the Russian Federation by main types to the CIS countries
26.29. Export of services of the Russian Federation by main types to non-CIS countries
26.30. Import of services from the Russian Federation by main types
26.31. Import of services of the Russian Federation by main types from the CIS countries
26.32. Import of services of the Russian Federation by main types from non-CIS countries
26.33. Foreign trade in services of the Russian Federation by main partner countries
Foreign trade prices
26.34. Indices of average prices and physical volume of exports of the Russian Federation
26.35. Indices of average prices and physical volume of exports of the Russian Federation to the CIS countries
26.36. Indices of average prices and physical volume of exports of the Russian Federation to non-CIS countries
26.37. Average actual export prices for major commodities
26.38. Average actual export prices for main goods in trade with CIS countries
26.39. Average actual export prices for main goods in trade with non-CIS countries
26.40. Indices of average prices and physical volume of imports of the Russian Federation
26.41. Indices of average prices and physical volume of imports of the Russian Federation from CIS countries
26.42. Indices of average prices and physical volume of imports of the Russian Federation from non-CIS countries
26.43. Average actual import prices for major goods
26.44. Average actual import prices for main goods in trade with CIS countries
26.45. Average actual import prices for basic goods in trade with non-CIS countries
26.46. Changes in average actual export prices of the Russian Federation and world prices for individual goods in 2015
26.47. Average actual export prices of the Russian Federation and world prices for individual goods in 2015
26.48. Changes in prices for individual goods on world commodity markets
Methodological notes
27. INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS
27.1. Population
27.2. Number of men and women
27.3. Population distribution by age groups
27.4. Life expectancy at birth
27.5. Fertility, mortality and natural population growth rates
27.6. Total fertility rate
27.7. Population mortality by causes of death
27.8. Infant mortality rate
27.9. Maternal mortality
27.10. Average annual number of employees
27.11. Number of employees in Russia and some foreign countries by type of economic activity
27.12. Total number of unemployed
27.13. Share of the total number of unemployed in the labor force
27.14. Average monthly nominal wages of employees
27.15. Growth rate of real wages of workers
27.16.Food consumption
27.17. Average daily consumption of kilocalories, proteins and fats per capita
27.18. Number of students
27.19. Some indicators characterizing public health protection
27.20. Issue of daily newspapers
27.21. Availability of durable consumer goods
27.22. Use of daily time fund by the population of individual countries
27.23. Gross Domestic Product Growth Rate
27.24. Growth rate of gross fixed capital formation
27.25. Growth rate of household final consumption expenditures
27.26. Gross domestic product at purchasing power parity based on international comparisons for 2011
27.27. Indices of physical volume of the main components of gross domestic product per capita for 2011.
27.28. Gross domestic product purchasing power parities and exchange rates for 2011
27.29. Purchasing power parities of the main components of gross domestic product for 2011
27.30. Comparable price level for the main components of gross domestic product for 2011
27.31. Estimation of Russia's gross domestic product based on international comparisons
27.32. Industrial production indices
27.33. Production of the most important types of industrial products in 2014
27.34. Production of certain types of agricultural products and food in 2014
27.35. The place occupied by Russia in the world in the production of certain types of industrial and agricultural products in 2014.
27.36. Agricultural production indices
27.37. Area of grain and leguminous crops in 2014
27.38. Crop yield
27.39. Livestock and poultry
27.40. Number of apartments built
27.41. Freight turnover of railway transport
27.42. Share of individual types of transport in total freight turnover
27.43. Passenger turnover of railway transport
27.44. Indices of physical volume of retail trade turnover
27.45. Income and expenses of the consolidated budget
27.46. Reserve assets of monetary authorities (excluding monetary gold)
27.47. Reserves of monetary gold of monetary authorities
27.48. Dynamics of foreign currency exchange rates against the Russian ruble
27.49. Amount of cash in circulation (Mo)
27.50. Interest rates on loans and deposits
27.51. Consumer price indices
27.52. Export and import of goods
27.53. Share of individual countries in world exports and imports of goods
Methodological notes
Subject index
Changes in the content of the statistical collection "Russian Statistical Yearbook. 2016 compared to the previous edition
Lebedeva S.A.
Lebedeva Svetlana Alekseevna – master's student, direction: management of tourism and recreational clusters and territories, Department of Management of the Sports and Tourism Industry, Faculty of Management of the Sports and Tourism Industry, Institute of Industry Management Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation, Moscow
Annotation: The rapid development of tourism, the growing importance of this sector of the world economic system and the increasing interest in it from the world scientific community require quantitative indicators based on reliable statistical data examining tourism through various sectors of the economy that are in contact with tourism activities. The importance of the tourism industry is reflected in the tourism satellite account. The satellite account considers tourism taking into account the performance of related industries. Unfortunately, this technique is not used in Russian statistics, which is a significant drawback of domestic tourism statistics.
Key words: tourism, tourism statistics, system of national accounts, tourism satellite account.
References
- Federal Law of November 24, 1996 No. 132-FZ (as amended on December 28, 2016) “On the fundamentals of tourism activities in the Russian Federation.”
- Order “On approval of the Methodology for calculating the indicators “Gross added value of the tourism industry” and “Share of gross added value of the tourism industry in the gross domestic product of the Russian Federation” dated December 2, 2016 No. 763 // Federal State Statistics Service (Rosstat).
- Karmanova T.E., Kaurova O.V., Maloletko A.N. Tourism statistics = Tourism statistics: textbook. 2nd ed., revised. and additional M.: KNORUS, 2016. 208 p.
- Russian statistical yearbook 2016: Statistical collection / Ed. Surinova A.E. M.: Federal State Statistics Service (Rosstat), 2016. 725 p.
- Tourism statistics: textbook / Aleksandrova A.Yu., Soboleva E.A., Tsapuk D.A., Novikov V.S.; edited by Alexandrova A.Yu. M.: Federal Agency for Tourism, 2014. 464 p.
- Trukhachev V.I., Lyakisheva I.N., Airapetyan G.A. Economics of international tourism: textbook. M.: KNORUS, 2016. 256 p.
- Fomenko E.V., Koshutina A.A. Prospects for the use of satellite tourism accounts // Natural and humanitarian studies, 2014. No. 3 (5). pp. 71-76.
- 8. Tourism Satellite Account: Recommended Methodological Framework 2008. Luxembourg, Madrid, New York, Paris: Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations, 2010.
Related articles
The best amulets against the evil eye and damage Amulet against the evil eye with hands for children
How to read the Psalter correctly
Delicious dishes with sausages
A glimpse of Bella. Romantic chronicle. A glimpse of genius. Messerer about Akhmadulina Boris Messerer glimpse of Bella romantic chronicle
I dreamed that I was sailing on a boat on the river
How to cook beef entrecote in a frying pan
About the company Foreign language courses at Moscow State University
Which city and why became the main one in Ancient Mesopotamia?
Why Bukhsoft Online is better than a regular accounting program!
Which year is a leap year and how to calculate it