Ksenia, Sosnovoborsk:
There was practically no stress, because the exams that I took before social studies seemed quite simple. The hardest part was waiting for the start. We were allowed into the classroom at 9:15, and the KIMs started printing at exactly 10. So we sat and waited in deathly silence for 45 minutes, and then another 15 minutes until the KIMs were printed and handed out to us.

The tasks, as I expected, turned out to be not difficult; the samples were much more difficult. The inconvenience was mainly caused by the fact that everyone was surrounded by cameras, each of the children was closely watched by a teacher - this made one feel uneasy.

The day before the exam, I went for a walk, only in the evening I repeated the whole theory a little, I decided not to bother too much, which I advise future 11th graders to do. It’s still not possible to remember and learn a lot in a day; you need to prepare gradually throughout the year.
In terms of preparation itself, you don’t need to look for anything special, the main thing is to listen to what the teachers say at school.
This year I came across exactly the topic in the second part that I understand least - politics. Therefore, I advise you to pay attention to sinking topics and not put them off until April-May.

Ivan, Irkutsk:

The commission was kind and smiling, the atmosphere was pleasant, without a feeling of supervision. They didn’t check us strictly, they just put us through a metal detector and that’s it, they didn’t force us to empty our pockets.

The exam itself was not that difficult, everything turned out to be the same as it was in the trial versions.

In order to prepare for the Unified State Exam in social studies, you need to systematically repeat the material; it is also advisable to enroll in courses to prepare for the Unified State Exam. But this is if you think that you will not prepare well enough with the teacher, or if you want to be 100% sure that you will pass with a high score. That's exactly what I did - I studied both at school and with a tutor. Plus, you need to buy a manual for 50 options and solve them all, writing down the wrong answers and adding the necessary material to them to repeat. Veronica, Omsk:

The exam turned out to be what we expected. There was excitement, because all these cameras, metal detectors, and several teachers were a little scary.
The tasks in the first part were similar to those in the samples. Nothing unexpected. I needed to sit and think about the second part. Of course, it’s scary to evaluate your approximate scores; it’s better to wait. But I hope that the threshold has passed.

Advice for those taking the test next year: read as much as possible, because this is not mathematics, in which the tasks are of the same type and you can prepare yourself for anything. Solve as many options as possible, it will be easier for you

Arina, Perm:

I found the exam easy. A year of preparation gave results, I think. The easy tasks in Part 1 and the slightly more difficult parts in Part 2 encouraged me and gave me confidence that I could do anything. And so it happened. I solved all the tasks. I barely made it to the end, but I wrote everything I wanted.

In the second part, difficulties arose with illustrations and examples. The topic concerned law. I'm a little worried about these answers.
Overall, I found the exam tolerable, but some of my classmates found the work difficult. But if you prepare, then it’s quite possible to write well

Yar, St. Petersburg:

The test part was simple, but, unfortunately, I came across quite a few questions on economics that I don’t understand at all. In this regard, I am a very “lucky” person.

Otherwise, even the written part was simple, in my opinion. Since my task was simply to pass the exam (I’m not chasing scores, because I’m not going to enroll yet), I didn’t write it at all. I left the classroom as soon as I took the test.

During the exam you do not need to have any special knowledge that was not in the textbook, so it seemed quite within my capabilities. I don’t understand why the Unified State Exam is considered by society to be one of the most difficult.
The only thing I didn’t like was the organization of the exam, it puts a lot of pressure, this is probably the only reason why you might not write well enough. You sit under the gaze of the guards, excuse me, the organizers, and in addition there are cameras. It puts unreal pressure and interferes. And even if you don’t have cheat sheets and a phone with you, you feel like a guilty kitten. I believe that such an atmosphere cannot be created during a regular exam. For some reason, no one remembers the “presumption of innocence” in relation to students... Eva, Orenburg:

I went to social studies without really worrying about the exam, since I wrote mathematics well, and I wouldn’t need society for admission. The organizers in the audience were very kind, everything went calmly, however, the guard constantly looked into the toilet where I was taken for the first time, although the exam had not even started (this was really very annoying).
On the second exit, already during the exam, I was taken to another toilet, with a calmer “environment”.

Yes, I had cheat sheets, and even a reference book, but I didn’t use them, since the tasks were not as difficult as in books and on well-known websites for preparing for the Unified State Exam. It’s better not to take anything with you at all, you will be calmer. I was very afraid that something would fall out of my pockets.

The exam has begun, the moment of truth. Everything turned out to be quite simple, although I was confused by 3 tasks from the first part (be sure to review securities, federal and regional taxes, electoral systems and constitutional proceedings).
In the second part there were difficult tasks, especially the plan and tasks No. 23, 24 in the text. I had to use my wits and come up with ideas on the fly. I advise future graduates to solve more tasks from the second part, namely solve, solve, solve, write their own plans, learn definitions (although I came across a very simple one - an employment contract). Write an essay, do not focus on one module (economics, law, etc.), write on different statements. This will help you learn the material and learn to think.

For example, I always wrote texts on sociology, but during the exam I chose philosophy (about education). And one more thing: prepare not only according to Baranov, watch various video lessons, webinars, read the school textbook and other reference books; study the media, read history, literature, this will help you when compiling examples in the second part; start preparing in the summer before the 11th grade, actively devote a month to a module, running two such circles, and then, from about March, just practice, practice, practice!

The Unified State Exam in social studies consists of two parts, which in total contain 29 tasks.

First part contains 20 tasks with short answer.

The answer to the tasks of the first part is given by the corresponding entry in the form of a word or phrase or a sequence of numbers written without spaces or separating characters.

Tasks 1–3 – basic-level conceptual tasks – are aimed at testing knowledge and understanding of the biosocial essence of a person, the main stages and factors of personal socialization, patterns and trends in the development of society, basic social institutions and processes.

Tasks 4–19 of basic and advanced levels are aimed at testing the development of skills:

• characterize from a scientific point of view, the main social objects (facts, phenomena, processes, institutions), their place and significance in the life of society as an integral system
• search social information presented in various sign systems (text, diagram, table, diagram)
• apply socio-economic and humanitarian knowledge in the process of solving cognitive problems on current social problems

The tasks in this group represent the traditional five thematic modules of the social science course:

1. man and society, including knowledge and spiritual culture (tasks 4–6)
2. economics (tasks 7–10)
3. social relations (tasks 11, 12)
4. politics (tasks 13–15)
5. law (tasks 16–19)

Second part contains 9 tasks with detailed answers.

In the tasks of the second part, the answer is formulated and written down by the examinee independently in a detailed form. The tasks of this part of the work are aimed at identifying graduates with the highest level of social science training.

The tasks of the second part (21–29) together represent the basic social sciences that form the social science course in high school (social philosophy, economics, sociology, political science, social psychology, jurisprudence.

Distribution of tasks by parts of the examination paper

Parts of the work	Number of tasks	Maximum primary score	Type of tasks
Part 1	20	35	Short answer
part 2	9	27	Detailed answer
Total	19	62

Time

The examination work is allotted 3 hours 55 minutes.
Recommended time to complete various tasks:

• for each of tasks 1–3, 10: 1–4 minutes
• for each of tasks 4–9, 11–28: 2–8 minutes
• for task 29: 45 minutes

Secondary general education

Line UMK G. A. Bordovsky. Social Studies (10-11)

Social science

Unified State Exam in Social Studies: reviewing assignments with the teacher

My students, graduates of 2017, who successfully passed the Unified State Exam in social studies, claim that the recommendation to read the entire text of the work before starting assignments has a good effect when completing the work. When reading the work, emotional stress is relieved, brain activity is directed to analyzing the materials, and the graduate is involved in productive cognitive activity, leading to high scores for completing the work.

As materials for work, we use the version of the Unified State Exam in Social Studies 2017 (early period), published by FIPI in the spring of 2017.

Part 1

Task No. 1

Write down the word missing in the table.

Factors of production and factor income

When completing task No. 1, you need to carefully look at the title of the table. In our case, the table is called “Factors of production and factor income.” One of the factors of production is indicated: entrepreneurship (entrepreneurial abilities) and its factor income is indicated: profit. Knowledge of the main factors of production: land, labor, capital (physical and monetary), entrepreneurial abilities of information is inextricably linked with knowledge of factor income as income that the owner receives from the use or application of factors of production. Labor - wages, land - rent, capital - interest, entrepreneurial abilities, information - profit. The table shows factor income - rent, which means that in the first column we can safely enter such a factor of production as Earth. The correct answer is earth. When preparing, it is important for the student to know the complete characteristics of all factors of production.

Task No. 2

In the row below, find a concept that is generalizing for all other concepts presented. Write it down word (phrase).

State form, form of government, unitary state, federation, republic.

Answer: ___________________________.

In task No. 2, it is always necessary to clearly define the generic concept (in the question it sounds like a generalizing concept). Our version presents: the form of the state, how device political organization of society (it is important to remember that this is also a certain set of characteristics by which we determine the method of organization and structure of the state); form of government, which is determined by the composition of the highest bodies of state power and the order of their formation, as well as by their interaction with the population of the state; a unitary state, which refers to one of the forms of state-territorial structure, like a federation; A republic is one of the forms of government. I always strongly recommend that my students, in a rough draft, immediately when they begin completing assignments related to the topic “Politics,” draw a diagram:

This is important because a typical mistake that graduates make when conducting test exams is associated with mixing concepts. And when the diagram is before your eyes, it will be more difficult to make a mistake.

Accordingly, based on the diagram, it becomes clear that the generic (generalizing concept for all others here will be the form of the state, i.e. its versatile characteristics presented in the answer options. The remaining concepts reflect these or other elements. For example, the form of government is given as part forms of state and republic, as one of the types of government.

Correct answer: form of state.

Task No. 3

Below is a list of characteristics. All of them, with the exception of two, belong to the elite culture.

1. complexity of the forms used;
2. the desire of the authors to implement their own ideas;
3. entertaining character;
4. strongly commercial orientation;
5. spiritual aristocracy;
6. Requires special training to understand.

Find two characteristics that “fall out” from the general series and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.

When completing task No. 3, we pay attention to the concept in question. In this case, this is “elite culture” and we are asked about the characteristics of this concept. Elite culture is discussed in the topic “The spiritual sphere of social life.” The generic concept is “Culture”. In our case, the question is in the plane of varieties of culture (material, spiritual; folk, mass, elite). The task presents the features of an elite culture: the complexity of the forms used, the authors’ desire to embody their own ideas, spiritual aristocracy, the requirement of special training for understanding. Well, really, are we all ready to perceive Schnittke’s musical works and analyze Kafka’s highly intellectual literary works? What can you say about Rodin's sculptures? It is clear that this culture is designed for a narrow circle of consumers prepared to perceive complex works. Elite culture does not seek commercial gain; self-expression and the search for new forms in art are important for authors.

Two characteristics that remain outside our attention: entertaining nature and a pronounced commercial orientation are the most important characteristics of mass culture. Therefore, in this case we will mark them as correct. Because in the task we are asked to remove unnecessary characteristics.

Task No. 4

Choose the correct judgments about society and social institutions and write down numbers, under which they are indicated.

1. Society is a constantly developing dynamic system.
2. Social progress is characterized by degradation, a return to outdated structures and relationships.
3. In a broad sense, society is understood as a part of the world separated from nature, but connected with it, including ways of interaction and forms of unification of people.
4. Social institutions perform the function of human socialization.
5. Society is a closed system that does not interact with the external environment.

Answer: ___________________________.

In task No. 4 we must discover judgments about society and public institutions. Here you cannot do without knowledge of the concepts: “society” in the broad and narrow senses; society as a system; “social institution”, as a historically established stable form of organizing joint activities of people, and knowledge of the types of social institutions in the main spheres of social life.

The first judgment characterizes society as a dynamic developing system - this judgment is correct, since it is an axiom in the course of social science.

The second judgment is incorrect, since progress, which is one of the directions of social development, is characterized by the development of society from lower to higher. And the judgment indicates: degradation, a return to already outdated structures and relationships, which are qualitative characteristics of another direction of social development - regression.

The third judgment almost completely reproduces the concept of “society” in a broad sense, and therefore is correct. What is missing there is “consisting of individuals with consciousness and will.”

The fourth proposition is correct. During socialization, a person learns the experience of previous generations. We know that social institutions establish certain patterns of behavior for people. This is best confirmed by such a social institution as the family, which belongs to the social subsystem of society.

The fifth proposition is incorrect. Society is a dynamic, open, self-developing system. It is almost impossible to apply the concept of a “closed system” that does not interact with the external environment to society. No special evidence is needed here. It is enough to recall the concept of society in the broad sense of “a part of the material world isolated from nature, but closely connected with it.”

Thus, the correct judgments will be: 1, 3, 4.

Thematic planning in social studies

Task No. 5

Establish a correspondence between the characteristics and types (forms) of activity: for each element given in the first column, select the corresponding element from the second column.

Task No. 5 relates to the topic “Activities”. Types (forms of activity) are considered: play, learning, work, communication. To complete this task, it is enough to know the characteristics of each type (form of activity). The imaginary setting is a characteristic of the game (A 4), focus on achieving a practically useful result - to work (a person creates certain objects that satisfy needs) (B 2). Focus on acquiring new knowledge and skills - to study (B 3). And not a single type (form) of activity is complete without communication. Therefore, the remaining two characteristics: the process of establishing and developing contacts between people and the focus on information exchange reflect the essence of communication (G 1, D 1). You just need to remember that in the process of communication people exchange not only information, but also emotions, influencing each other.

Despite the apparent ease of tasks, it is important to take your time and conduct an internal dialogue with yourself. Answer the question: why the chosen answer is correct, based on knowledge of concepts.

Task No. 6

Students conducted a study of the motives for educational activities of primary schoolchildren. Find in the list below the methods they used that correspond to the empirical level of scientific knowledge. Write it down numbers, under which they are indicated.

1. description of observed phenomena
2. putting forward and justifying hypotheses
3. explanation of existing relationships
4. direct observation of individual facts and phenomena
5. fixation of generalizations in the form of laws
6. obtaining quantitative data about the object being studied

Answer: ___________________________.

In task No. 6 they ask about the empirical level of scientific knowledge and its methods. We immediately mentally turn to the generic concept - “science”, recall the structure of scientific knowledge, including levels: empirical and theoretical, and classify the methods related to each level. We remember that empirical methods include: observation, description, measurement, classification, systematization, i.e. with their help, it is possible to identify specific properties of the objects being studied, in contrast to the theoretical level, aimed at identifying general trends, laws, etc.

This is how we found the correct answers: 1, 4, 6

Task No. 7

Choose the correct judgments about economic systems and write down numbers, under which they are indicated.

1. Private property is the basis of a command (planned) economy.
2. In a traditional economy, the main economic issues are resolved by central government agencies.
3. The main subjects of market relations are economically independent participants in economic life.
4. The incentive for enterprises to operate in a market system is profit.
5. Signs of a market economy include free pricing.

Answer: ___________________________.

Task No. 7 aims us at knowing the characteristics of economic systems as a way of organizing the economic life of society. Knowledge of the distinctive features of traditional, command (planned) or command-administrative, market and mixed economic systems is the basic knowledge of a graduate seeking to get a high score in the exam.

So, let's try. Private property is a prerequisite for the existence of a market model of an economic system. We are told in judgment that it is a command economy. This is not true, also because in a command economy state ownership dominates, and the main issues of the economy are decided by the central authorities. This means that the second judgment is also incorrect. The third judgment is correct, since in a market economy each owner has the right to freely and independently dispose of his factors of production.

The fourth and fifth judgments are also correct, since in a market economy the freedom of economic activity of individual entities is aimed at making a profit in a competitive environment and market mechanisms determine the price.

Correct answers: 3, 4, 5.

Task No. 8

Establish a correspondence between the examples and types of taxes and fees in the Russian Federation (in accordance with the Tax Code of the Russian Federation): for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

Write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.

Task No. 8 is related to the graduate’s financial literacy, namely knowledge of the types of taxes and fees in the Russian Federation. The assignment defines the levels of taxes collected: federal, regional and local. When performing this task, it is important to clearly distinguish between types of taxes by level:

Thus, in our task we again use the empirical ranking method: A 3, B 3, C 1, D 3, D 2.

Authors: Vorontsov A.V., Koroleva G.E., Naumov S.A. The textbook covers the most important topics of the social science course: economics, politics and law. In accordance with modern scientific ideas, the authors reveal the features of the operation of the market mechanism and the role of the state in the economy, the fundamentals of political science, the functioning of the state and the development of democracy, the principles of law, the foundations of the constitutional system of the Russian Federation, the rights and freedoms of man and citizen.

Task No. 9

Company Y is a wedding dress sewing studio. Find in the list below examples of variable costs of firm Y in the short run and write down numbers, under which they are indicated.

1. costs of repaying interest on a previously taken loan
2. costs for the purchase of fabrics, threads, accessories
3. costs of paying piecework wages to employees
4. rent for studio premises
5. payment for consumed electricity
6. insurance premiums

Answer: ___________________________.

Completing task No. 9 requires knowledge of the topic “Company” and its key concepts: revenue, costs and profit. The assignment should clearly state the firm's variable costs in the short run, as opposed to fixed costs.

To complete a task without error, you also need to remember that variable costs change when production volume changes.

The company's credit histories will always relate to fixed costs, so the first option is not correct. But the purchase of fabrics, threads, and accessories refers to consumables, which means they are variable costs, as are the payment of piecework wages to workers, in contrast to salaries, which are the company’s fixed costs. Rent and insurance premiums are fixed costs for any company. Here's the payment consumed electricity (depending on the volume of work of the company) will be a variable cost.

Correct answers: 2, 3, 5 .

Social science. 11th grade. Basic level. Textbook. Authors: Nikitin A.F., Gribanova G.I., Martyanov D.S. The textbook is included in the educational and methodological complex in social studies for grade 11 (basic level). Corresponds to the Federal State Educational Standard for secondary (complete) general education, included in the Federal List. The textbook examines the most important issues of economics and law. The methodological apparatus of the textbook includes the headings “Thinking, comparing, drawing conclusions”, “Testing our knowledge”, “Researching, designing, discussing, arguing”.

The figure shows the change in the supply of chairs in the corresponding market: supply line S moved to a new position - S 1 . (P – price; Q – quantity.)

Which of the following factors could cause this change? Write it down numbers, under which they are indicated.

1. increase in the cost of materials for upholstery of chairs
2. increase in wages for workers at enterprises producing chairs
3. reducing the cost of materials for chair frames
4. reduction of taxes levied on furniture manufacturers
5. increase in electricity tariffs for furniture manufacturers

Answer: ___________________________.

Task number 10 requires a very careful reading of the question. It is necessary to understand what is being asked about: a change in the quantity of demand or the quantity of supply? In this case, the supply of chairs in the relevant market has changed. By observing the change in the supply curve, we can say that supply has decreased. When completing the task, you need to remember that changes in supply are affected by the cost of factors of production, technology, state tax policy, government support, price expectations, competition, etc.

Therefore, the first answer - an increase in the cost of materials for upholstery of chairs will precisely contribute to a decrease in the supply of this product on the market. The answer is correct. An increase in wages for workers increases the cost of such a factor of production as labor, but at the same time reduces the supply of this product on the market. The answer is correct. The third option should lead to an increase in supply, since a decrease in the cost of raw materials leads to an increase in the supply of goods on the market (in our case, a decrease in the cost of material for the frame). The answer is not correct. Tax cuts will also increase supply. The answer is not correct. But an increase in electricity tariffs for furniture manufacturers will increase variable costs and reduce supply. So, an increase in the price of consumables, electricity tariffs, and wages for workers will force the company to either reduce production volumes or increase the cost of goods, which will lead to a decrease in supply on the market.

Correct answers: 1, 2, 5 .

Task No. 11

Choose the correct statements about social stratification and social mobility and write down numbers, under which they are indicated.

1. Horizontal mobility involves moving to a social group located at a different level of the social hierarchy.
2. One of the criteria for differentiating social groups is income.
3. Personal qualities of a person act as a criterion for the social stratification of modern society.
4. Sociologists distinguish between individual and collective mobility.
5. One of the criteria for the social stratification of society is the amount of power.

Answer: ___________________________.

In completing task No. 11, we proceed from knowledge of the concepts of “social stratification” and “social mobility”, criteria for social stratification, types of social mobility.

Horizontal mobility involves moving from one social group to another, located at the same level of the social ladder. Therefore, the first judgment is not correct. Differentiation (separation) of social groups in society occurs according to many criteria, one of which is income. And also the amount of power, education, prestige of the profession. The second and fifth judgments are correct, unlike the third. A person's personal qualities are not a criterion for social stratification. The fourth proposition is correct, since sociologists do distinguish between individual and collective mobility. For example, under the influence of the events of the 1917 revolution, the position of social groups shifted.

Correct answers: 2, 4, 5.

During sociological surveys of adult residents of countries Z and Y, they were asked the question: “Which direction of the state’s youth policy do you consider the most important?”

The survey results (as a percentage of the number of respondents) are shown in the diagram.

Find in the list below the conclusions that can be drawn from the diagram and write down numbers, under which they are indicated.

1. The share of those who note the importance of ensuring access to decision-making in the economy, public life, and politics is smaller in country Z than in country Y.
2. Equal shares of respondents in each country consider it necessary to carry out educational work.
3. In country Z, the opinion about the importance of ensuring access to decision-making in the economy, public life, and politics is less popular than the opinion about the importance of conducting educational work.
4. In country Y, equal shares of respondents note the creation of conditions for self-expression, self-realization of young people and carrying out educational work with them as the most important areas.
5. The share of those who consider the provision of social support most important is greater in country Z than in country Y.

Answer: ___________________________.

When completing task No. 12, you need to carefully read the terms of the sociological survey. In this case, the most important directions of the youth policy of the two countries were clarified. The chart shows data from these countries. Before reading the judgments presented, you should carefully study the diagram yourself. In each country, the leading position was taken by the answer “providing social support.” Further, in country Z, the position “conducting educational work” was in second place, and the minimum position was occupied by the judgment “ensuring access to decision-making...”. In country Y, equally minimal positions were occupied by the judgments “ensuring access to decision-making...” and “creating conditions for self-expression.” After we have independently tried to analyze statistical materials, we try to analyze judgments.

The first judgment is correct, since the chart data demonstrates this position. The second judgment is not correct, since in country Z there are more people who consider “carrying out educational work” important compared to country Y.

The third judgment is correct, and we saw this during our own analysis of the diagram.

The fourth judgment is also correct; we also determined this during the analysis of the diagram and marked these positions as minimally identical.

The fifth proposition is not correct, this is clearly visible in the diagram. The indicators indicate the opposite result.

Correct answers: 1, 3, 4.

Task No. 13

Choose the correct judgments about the state and its functions and write down numbers, under which they are indicated.

1. Environmental requirements established by the state form the basis of the country's environmental security.
2. The fundamental feature of any type of state is the implementation in it of the principle of separation of powers.
3. The state has a monopoly right to legally use coercion through law enforcement and security forces.
4. The external functions of the state include determining the general direction of the state's economic policy in accordance with the achieved level of economic development.
5. The state creates a regulatory and organizational basis for the effective and high-quality activities of government bodies.

Answer: ___________________________.

When completing task No. 13, it is important to remember the concept of “state”, its main features, external and internal functions. The first judgment directs us to such a feature of the state as the exclusive right for lawmaking. Therefore, the proposition “environmental requirements established by the state ( lawmaking), form the basis of the environmental security of countries” is correct. The second judgment is not correct, because the principle of separation of powers is implemented in a democratic state, and, therefore, this feature is not fundamental for any type of state.

The third proposition, “the state has the monopoly right to legally use coercion through the forces of law enforcement and security agencies,” essentially takes us to the most important feature of the state – the monopoly legal right to coercion. The fourth judgment is erroneous, since it reflects the most important internal function of the state “determining the general direction of the state’s economic policy.” The fifth judgment combines two features of the state: lawmaking and the system of bodies and mechanisms for the exercise of public power (we are talking about government bodies). We read: “the state creates normative And organizational basis for efficient and high-quality activities government agencies.

Correct answers: 1, 3, 5 .

Task No. 14

Establish a correspondence between the issues and the subjects of state power of the Russian Federation, to whose jurisdiction these issues relate: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

Write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.

To correctly complete task No. 14, you must have a good knowledge of the basics of the constitutional system of the Russian Federation and the functionality of all branches of government in the Russian Federation. First, you need to carefully look at which subjects of state power of the Russian Federation are indicated in the task. In our case, they are not named directly, but the levels are indicated: only the federal center and jointly the federal center and the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Knowledge of the principles of the federal structure of the Russian Federation will come to the rescue. Remember that in a federation the principle of the integrity of the state, the unity of state power, and the division of powers is realized, which is what we are asked about. Previously, we saw the separation of powers when completing a task about taxes. You need to remember what is within the exclusive competence of federal bodies: all issues of international relations, defense and security, judicial system, federal property, etc.

The first competence – issues of ownership, use and disposal of land, subsoil, water and other natural resources are under joint jurisdiction A 2. Those. This is an issue on which the center and the subjects share responsibility in solving problems. Thus, it would be correct to include “implementation of measures to combat disasters” under the same position. B 2. Federal funds for regional development implement the fundamentals of federal policy and federal programs, therefore B 1. Positions D and D fall within the exclusive competence of federal bodies, therefore G 1, D 1.

Task No. 15

In the democratic state Z, during the reform of the electoral system for parliamentary elections, a transition was made from a proportional electoral system to a majoritarian one.

Which of the following remained unchanged during this electoral reform? Write down the relevant numbers.

1. free and voluntary participation of citizens in elections
2. granting the right to vote to citizens over 18 years of age, regardless of nationality, gender, professional affiliation, level of education, income
3. secret voting procedure
4. voting in single-member constituencies
5. dependence of the number of deputy mandates received by a party on the number of votes
6. possibility of nominating independent non-party candidates

Answer: ___________________________.

Question No. 15 is related to the electoral process. Despite the fact that at the beginning of the question they explain to us the reform, during which there was a transition from a proportional electoral system to a majoritarian one. The essence of the question is not so much about the types of electoral systems and their reform, but about elections in general(topic “Political participation”). We need to remember the basic principles of elections in a democratic state: direct participation of citizens, universal, equal, direct suffrage, secret ballot, voluntary participation.

Accordingly, the first judgment is correct. The second judgment refers us to the principle of equality in suffrage, therefore it is also true. The third judgment is correct; one of the principles is also presented - secret voting.

The fourth judgment goes beyond the question: which of the following remained unchanged during this electoral reform? Voting in single-mandate constituencies takes us to the organization of the electoral process under a majoritarian system, as opposed to a proportional system, where the state acts as a single electoral district. This means that this judgment reflects a change in the electoral process. The answer is not correct in our case. The dependence of the number of deputy mandates received by a party on the number of votes also applies to the proportional electoral system, which is not true for our question. The sixth option also reflects the majoritarian electoral model.

Correct answer: 1, 2, 3 .

Task No. 16

Which of the following applies to the political rights (freedoms) of a citizen of the Russian Federation? Write it down numbers, under which they are indicated.

1. holding meetings and rallies
2. appeal to government agencies
3. payment of legally established taxes and fees
4. defense of the Fatherland
5. participation in the management of state affairs through their representatives

Answer: ___________________________.

Question No. 16 again takes us back to the basics of the constitutional system of the Russian Federation. Rights and freedoms of man and citizen. It is important to know four groups of rights and freedoms: personal (civil), political, socio-economic, cultural. Our assignment asks about political rights, which ensure the participation of citizens in the exercise of political power. Therefore, holding meetings and rallies is correct, appealing to government bodies is correct, participation in managing the affairs of the state through one’s representatives is correct. Payment of taxes and fees, protection of the Fatherland are among the constitutional responsibilities of a citizen, as well as compliance with the Constitution and laws of the Russian Federation, concern for the preservation of historical and cultural heritage, care for children and disabled parents.

Correct answers: 1, 2, 5 .

Task No. 17

Choose the correct judgments about family law in the Russian Federation and write down numbers, under which they are indicated.

1. Family law regulates property and personal non-property relations between family members.
2. The marriage is suspended due to the civil registry office declaring one of the spouses dead.
3. Marriage takes place at the civil registry office (registry office).
4. The legal regime for the property of spouses is established only by a marriage contract.
5. Parents are required to provide maintenance for their minor children.

Answer: ___________________________.

Analyzing the materials of assignment No. 17, we highlight the basic concepts and norms related to family law. The first judgment will be correct, since it refers us to Article 2 of the Family Code. The key institution of family law is marriage concluded in the civil registry office (judgment 3), which gives rise to mutual rights and obligations of the spouses. The second judgment confuses us a little; it is known that in connection with the death of one of the spouses, the second spouse needs to come to the registry office to obtain a certificate about his death, and as a consequence of this, dissolution of marriage. Our assignment states: a marriage is suspended due to the civil registry office declaring one of the spouses dead. The answer is not correct. The fourth and fifth options take us to the property rights and responsibilities of spouses. The fifth option is correct, since the wording is at the intersection of constitutional obligations and family law norms: parents are obliged to provide maintenance to their minor children. But the fourth option is erroneous because of its wording: the legal regime of the spouses’ property is established only marriage contract. This is not true because not only a marriage contract, and also the norms of family law, i.e. The legal regime of the spouses' property is regulated by family law and established by the marriage contract.

Correct answers: 1, 3, 5 .

Task No. 18

Establish a correspondence between the examples and measures of legal liability in the Russian Federation: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

Write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.

Task No. 18 relates to legal liability. When completing the task, it is important to remember the types of legal liability: criminal, administrative, civil and disciplinary. A reprimand is a disciplinary sanction - A 2. A warning refers to a type of administrative penalty - B 3. Dismissal on appropriate grounds (for example, absenteeism, one-time gross violation of labor duties, repeated failure by an employee to fulfill labor duties, etc.) – B 2. Remark – disciplinary action, G 2. Imprisonment - criminal liability for committing a crime - D 1.

Task No. 19

Joint Stock Company “Sweet Charm” produces confectionery products. Find in the list the features that distinguish a joint stock company from other organizational and legal forms of enterprises. Write it down numbers, under which they are indicated.

• division of the company's authorized capital into equal parts, each of which is issued by a security
• mandatory conclusion of an employment contract with employees
• obligation of employees to comply with labor discipline
• distribution of profits between employees in accordance with their labor participation
• bearing the risk of losses within the value of the securities owned by the participant
• payment of dividends to owners at the end of the year

Answer: ___________________________.

To complete task No. 19, it is necessary to distinguish between the organizational and legal forms of enterprises. In our case, highlight the distinctive features of a joint stock company. We remember that joint stock companies, like limited liability companies, are classified as business entities. These are commercial organizations, i.e. the purpose of their activity is to make a profit. The authorized capital is divided into a certain number of shares. Participants can be citizens, legal entities and public legal entities. Therefore, answer option 1 – “dividing the company’s authorized capital into equal parts, each of which is represented by a security” will be correct. It is known that shareholders are not liable for the obligations of the joint-stock company, but bear the risk of losses from the company’s activities within the limits of the value of their shares. Therefore, option 5 – “bearing the risk of losses within the value of the securities owned by the participant” (share – security) will be correct, as well as answer 6 – “payment of dividends to the owners based on the results of the year.” Judgments 2 and 3 – “mandatory conclusion of an employment contract with employees”, “obligation of employees to observe labor discipline” refer to general provisions of Labor Law. But “distribution of profits among workers in accordance with their labor participation” is a characteristic of such an organizational and legal form of an enterprise as a “production cooperative” (artel).

Correct answers: 1, 5, 6 .

Task No. 20

Read the text below, in which a number of words are missing. Select from the list provided the words that need to be inserted in place of the gaps.

“A person who actively masters and purposefully transforms nature, society and himself is _________(A). This is a person with his own socially formed and individually expressed qualities: _________ (B), emotional-volitional, moral, etc. Their formation is due to the fact that the individual, together with other people _________ (B), learns and changes the world and himself. The process of this cognition in the course of assimilation and reproduction of social experience is at the same time a process of _________ (D).

Personality is defined as a special form of existence and development of social connections, a person’s relationship to the world and with the world, to himself and with himself. It is characterized by _________(D) to develop, expand the scope of its activities and is open to all influences of social life, to all experience. This is a person who has his own position in life, who shows independence of thought, and bears _________ (E) for his choice.”

The words in the list are given in the nominative case. Each word can only be used one once.

Choose one word after another, mentally filling in each gap. Please note that there are more words in the list than you will need to fill in the blanks.

List of terms:

1. activity
2. intellectual
3. duty
4. everyday
5. responsibility
6. socialization
7. personality
8. pursuit
9. communication

The table below shows the letters representing the missing words. Write down the number of the word you chose in the table under each letter.

When completing task No. 20, I recommend that you first try to read the text and independently substitute words that, in your opinion, are suitable in meaning. This is how a semantic understanding of the content of the text is achieved. And when you read it again, select words from those on the list. You will have a situation of success when the words you selected coincide with those proposed from the list. So, we try to read, inserting words that are close in meaning, then select from those available in the task.

“A person who actively masters and purposefully transforms nature, society and himself is personality (A)(personality is a set of socially significant properties and qualities of a person. Where a personality is formed - in society. What a personality does is transform the world and himself). This is a person with his own socially formed and individually expressed qualities: intellectual (B), emotional-volitional, moral, etc. (in this case, socially significant qualities are listed). Their formation is due to the fact that the individual, together with other people, activities (B) cognizes and changes the world and himself (one of the definitions of activity is the conscious activity of a person, through which a person changes the world around him and changes himself; the process of human interaction with the world around him). The process of this cognition in the course of assimilation and reproduction of social experience is at the same time a process socialization (G).

Personality is defined as a special form of existence and development of social connections, a person’s relationship to the world and with the world, to himself and with himself. It is characterized desire (D) develop, expand the scope of its activities and is open to all the influences of social life, all experiences (again explained through the process of socialization, which lasts throughout a person’s life). This is a person who has his own position in life, who shows independence of thought, carries responsibility (E) for your choice (freedom and responsibility in human life).”

Part 2

Read the text and complete tasks 21–24.

In a broad sense, underemployment is a situation in which the work performed does not require the full use of the individual’s qualifications and professional training, does not meet his expectations and does not allow him to receive the salary that he could have had performing that work (and in that volume) , which I could claim...

Cyclical unemployment is associated with fluctuations in labor demand. A recession is a cyclical decline in business activity that causes people to lose their jobs until demand picks up again and business activity picks up. Seasonal unemployment occurs due to seasonal fluctuations in the demand for labor. It affects those involved in fishing, construction and agriculture. Those who change jobs and those who are not currently employed due to moving from one place to another are called functional (frictional) unemployed. Functional (frictional) unemployment is considered, although inevitable, but still an acceptable consequence of a healthy economy. It can be assumed that even with full employment, wage earners will move from place to place.

The structurally unemployed experience difficulties in obtaining work due to insufficient or becoming insufficient qualifications, discrimination based on gender, ethnicity, age or disability. Even during periods of high employment levels, unemployment remains disproportionately high among the structurally unemployed.

Unemployment is not just a lack of work... Although unemployment can be a creative, will-mobilizing experience, most people who go through it report experiencing despair, powerlessness and confusion, especially if they have been unemployed for longer than a few weeks. For most people, wage work is the main, and often the only, means of meeting their material needs for food, clothing, and a roof over their heads. Research shows that those who do not like their jobs still prefer to keep it even when given the opportunity to live on other incomes. Although working conditions can cause adverse consequences, lack of work leads to no less problems: increased stress, family conflicts, and addiction to alcohol and drugs.

(K.H. Brier)

When starting to complete tasks on texts 21-24, you should initially read the text very carefully and highlight the main semantic fragments of the text. Work through the text with a pen to ensure maximum absorption of the content. I do not recommend that my students immediately read the question and randomly, during a quick reading, look for answers. Typically, this practice leads to incorrect answers and lower scores on the exam.

Task No. 21

How does the text indicate the effect of a recession on cyclical unemployment? What sectors of the economy, according to the author, are affected by seasonal unemployment? (Indicate all industries mentioned in the text.) How does the author explain the inevitability of functional (frictional) unemployment?

Answer: “A recession is a cyclical decline in business activity that causes people to lose their jobs until demand picks up again and business activity picks up.” Those. labor demand fluctuates.

Task No. 22

It is also better to complete task No. 22 in parts.

Answer: “underemployment is a situation in which the work performed does not require the full use of the individual’s qualifications and professional training, does not meet his expectations and does not allow him to receive the salary that he could have if he performed that work (and in that volume) , which I could claim..."

Hypothesize why some workers accept underemployment (make two assumptions). When completing this assignment, I recommend that students write each guess on a new line.

In our case, we can model the answer using the text. We do not provide examples because this is not specified in the assignment.

Answer: workers agree to part-time work because it is important for a person to feel significant and needed. Even part-time work gives a person a sense of stability, relieves social tension, and gives the opportunity to participate in public life.

Workers agree to part-time work because in a crisis, even such work can be the only source of income for their families, protection from social upheavals, and allows them to maintain their way of life.

Task No. 23

The author notes that “even during periods of high employment levels, disproportionately high unemployment remains among the structurally unemployed.” Using social science knowledge, explain the reason for this level of unemployment among these categories of citizens. Name any two measures to prevent discrimination against the categories of citizens indicated by the author, provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

The author tells us the reasons for high unemployment among the structural unemployed: insufficient or insufficient qualifications, discrimination based on gender, ethnicity, age or disability. But the task also requires the use of social science knowledge. We recall that from the social studies course we know that structural unemployment is associated with the inability to employ people in certain professions and the discrepancy between supply and demand in the labor market.

Answer: A high level of structural unemployment, even during periods of high employment in the country, is usually associated with changes in production technologies and scientific and technological progress. Those. people of certain professions are no longer in demand in the labor market (examples are not required in the task, only an explanation of the problem).

Name any two measures to prevent discrimination against the categories of citizens indicated by the author, provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation. In this case, we are asked to turn to the norms of the Labor Law of the Russian Federation, since it regulates relations in the field of hired labor.

Answer: The Labor Code of the Russian Federation contains prohibitions on discrimination:

1. citizens of the Russian Federation have equal opportunities for employees to be promoted at work, taking into account labor productivity, qualifications and work experience in their specialty, as well as for training and additional professional education;
2. Restrictions on labor rights or receipt of advantages are prohibited depending on gender, race, skin color, nationality, language, origin, property, family, social and official status, age, place of residence, attitude to religion, beliefs, membership or non-membership of public associations or any social groups, as well as from other circumstances not related to the employee’s business qualities.

The guarantee of non-discrimination of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation provides for the right of a person who considers himself discriminated against in the sphere of labor to apply to the court for the restoration of violated rights, compensation for material damage and compensation for moral damage.

Task No. 24

Why, according to the author, does unemployment cause a state of despair and confusion in a person? Using social science knowledge and facts of social life, make two assumptions about how the mobilizing effect of the unemployed state on a person is manifested.

Using social science knowledge and facts of social life, make two assumptions about how the mobilizing effect of the unemployed state on a person is manifested (in this case, we must give examples, because the question says “facts of social life”).

1. Unemployment provides an incentive for retraining if the profession is in little demand on the labor market. A break in employment for retraining and improving the level of education. Citizen N, after registering with the Employment Center, was sent for vocational training as an electric and gas welder.
2. Unemployment provides an opportunity for self-employment. For example, after dismissal from his main job when an enterprise in Moscow was closed, citizen N moved to the Moscow region, submitted documents to the Moscow Employment Center, where he received advice on opening a farm, assistance in drawing up a business plan and one-time financial assistance.

Task No. 25

What meaning do social scientists give to the concept of “art”? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, compose two sentences: one sentence containing information about the types of art, and one sentence revealing the essence of the educational function of art.

Task No. 25 can be successfully completed only if you know the basic concepts of the course. Art is a form of culture that reflects the surrounding reality in artistic images. An artistic image can be expressed in different types of art: music, painting, architecture, sculpture, literature. Works of art have a great influence on the formation of a person’s personality.

Task No. 26

Name and illustrate with examples any three main responsibilities of an employer enshrined in the Labor Code of the Russian Federation.

In task No. 26, it is necessary to name and illustrate examples of any three main responsibilities of the employer enshrined in the Labor Code:

1. Ensure safety and working conditions in accordance with labor protection standards. At enterprise N, in order to improve the working conditions of workers, training sessions were held on injury prevention,
2. Pay wages in full on time. For delaying payment of wages, the management of enterprise Y was held accountable in the form of being forced to pay employees interest in addition to their wages.
3. Implement compulsory social insurance for employees. In the employment contract signed by citizen N with the company, a clause on compulsory social insurance of citizen N was included in the section of the employer’s responsibilities.

Task No. 27

A new political party was registered in State Z. It has central governing bodies and regional branches. The party proclaims as its basic principles traditionalism, stability, order, as well as the priority of the interests of the state, nation, and society over the interests of the individual. During the elections, the political party gained the required number of votes and won seats in parliament. Determine the type of political party depending on its ideological affiliation. Give the fact that allowed you to draw this conclusion. Name any two other types of parties distinguished by this criterion, and briefly describe one of them.

• the party is registered;
• central government bodies and regional branches (a sign indicating a mass party);
• basic principles: traditionalism, stability, order, as well as the priority of the interests of the state, nation, society over the interests of the individual (a sign indicating ideological affiliation - conservative);
• entered parliament after the elections (participates in government - a sign indicating the ruling party);

Now the questions: Determine the type of political party depending on its ideological affiliation.

Answer: Conservative Party.

Give the fact that allowed you to draw this conclusion.

Answer: Because it defends the principles of tradition and stability of development (traditionalism, stability, order, as well as the priority of the interests of the state, nation, society over the interests of the individual).

Name any two other types of parties distinguished by this criterion, and briefly describe one of them.

Answer: According to their ideological orientation, liberal and socialist parties can be distinguished. Signs of the liberal party: inalienability of natural human rights, their priority over the interests of society and the state, political pluralism, free market economy.

Task No. 28

You are instructed to prepare a detailed answer on the topic “Types of families.” Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic. The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in subparagraphs.

To write a plan for any social science topic, it is necessary to clearly understand the structure of studying the topic. Essentially, this task tests students' understanding of the structure of the topic. Therefore, writing a plan depends on the quality of assimilation of the topic material and understanding of its structure. In this case, the topic of the plan is “Types of families.”

1. The concept of family as a small group based on marriage or consanguinity.
2. Family functions (may not be indicated in this version of the plan)
3. Types of families according to the nature of relationships between members:
1. Traditional (patriarchal family), its features:
   A) cohabitation of several generations;
   B) male supremacy;
   C) economic dependence of family members on men;
   D) strict distribution of responsibilities
2. Partner (democratic) family:
   A) nuclearity;
   B) decision-making by all family members;
   C) women’s economic independence;
   D) fair distribution of household responsibilities
4. Types of families in relation to raising children:
1. Authoritarian;
2. Democratic;
3. Liberal (permissive)
4. Modern trends in family development

Task 29

Select one from the statements proposed below, reveal its meaning in the form of a mini-essay, indicating, if necessary, different aspects of the problem posed by the author (the topic raised).

When expressing your thoughts about the raised problem (designated topic), when arguing your point of view, use knowledge received while studying a social studies course, corresponding concepts, and also facts public life and one's own life experience.

(Give at least two examples from different sources for factual argumentation.)

29.1. Philosophy. “The privilege of fish, rats and wolves is to live by the law of supply and demand; the law of human life is justice.” (D. Ruskin)

29.2. Economy. “The types of businesses are different, but the business as a system remains the same regardless of its size and structure, products, technologies and markets.” (P. Drucker)

29.3. Sociology, social psychology. “We need schools that not only teach, which is extremely important, that’s the most important thing, but schools that nurture the individual.” (V.V. Putin)

29.4. Political science. “The supreme power is worthy of reverence only insofar as it is the means of securing human rights.” (A. Custine)

29.5. Jurisprudence. “Protection of rights is a duty to society. He who defends his own right defends the right in general.” (R. Iering)

Exercise 29. 3. “We need schools that not only teach, which is extremely important, that’s the most important thing, but schools that nurture the individual.” (V.V. Putin)

When writing an essay, first of all, it is necessary to clearly understand the sphere of society to which the chosen topic relates. You should carefully read the proposed topics, analyze your “baggage of knowledge”, understand which of the topics you have clearer theoretical ideas on, which of the topics you can give the best examples that reveal the content of the topic.

In this case, we chose a topic from the section sociology, social psychology. We understand that the problem of the modern school and education system immediately arises. The eternal question: the tasks of education, training and education, what is more important? The issue of socialization is also touched upon - “schools that educate the individual.” I note that we cannot go into the concept of the spiritual sphere of society here, because we are writing an essay from another section. So, let's try to write.

What social order should the school fulfill - to give students only a high level of education? Or fulfill an equally important mission – personal development?

As is known from the course of social studies, education is a way of personality development through people’s acquisition of knowledge, acquisition of skills and abilities, development of creative abilities through a system of social institutions, the most important of which is school.

When we talk about a school as an institution that provides education, we understand that we are talking about a social institution that has a number of elements: these are educational standards and programs, operating principles, which include a network of educational institutions and governing bodies.

To improve the quality of education, the state is taking a number of measures: lengthening the duration of training, increasing the requirements for the level of qualifications of teachers, using the variability of educational programs, building individual educational trajectories for students, equipping schools with modern equipment, and introducing new forms of final certification.

As a result, we see school graduates demonstrating high scores on the Unified State Examination, which gives them the opportunity to take budget places in leading universities in the capital. According to the results of international studies presented by the Higher School of Economics, in which 49 countries took part, Russian primary school students occupy leading positions in the world in reading, mathematics and science. And also 8th grade math. According to researchers, this result was achieved thanks to the introduction of new educational standards and a unified state certification system.

But are educational results enough for society and individuals? The author of the quote clearly points us to the most important component of the educational process: the education of a person’s personality.

Based on the functions of education: economic, social and cultural, it becomes clear that it is in the cultural function - the use of previously accumulated culture for the purpose of educating a person and developing his creative abilities - that this problem manifests itself.

In addition to lessons, grades, exams, there is also a school life rich in events: class hours, school festivals, hikes, joint trips with classmates around Russia and to other countries.

In all this, the student learns to interact with other people, demonstrates his abilities and talents. It is in this atmosphere that the social function of education is realized. Through the socialization of the individual, the assimilation of social norms, statuses and roles.

As an example, we can cite our favorite film from childhood, “Eccentric from 5 B,” which vividly demonstrates how the school community and class shape Bori’s personality. How he learns responsibility when he is assigned as a 1st grade counselor.

Thus, V.V. In his statement, Putin once again emphasized the importance of society and school understanding the inseparability of the two most important processes associated with the socialization of the individual – education and upbringing.”

Any person who occupies a high social position in society strives to live up to his status and behave appropriately. From a person with the status of a banker, others expect very specific actions and do not expect others that do not correspond to their ideas about this status. Therefore, status and social role bind people's expectations. If expectations are formally expressed and recorded in any acts (laws) or in customs, traditions, rituals, they have the character of social norms.

Although expectations may not be fixed, this does not make them cease to be expectations. Despite this, people expect a holder of a specific status to play a very specific role in accordance with the requirements that they place on this role. Society prescribes the requirements and norms of behavior for the status. For the correct performance of the role the individual is rewarded, for the wrong one he is punished.

A model of behavior focused on a certain status includes a set of status rights and responsibilities. Rights mean the ability to perform certain actions determined by status. The higher the status, the greater the rights its owner is endowed with and the greater the range of responsibilities assigned to him.

A model of behavior focused on a certain status also has external insignia. Clothing is a social symbol that serves three primary functions: comfort, decorum, and conspicuous expression.

The function of status symbols is also performed by housing, language, behavior, and leisure.

(R.T. Mukhaev)

21. What, in the author’s opinion, connects social status and social role? What is this connection expressed in?

22. What two conditions are necessary for role behavior to become a social norm? How does society support the correct implementation of social norms?

23.

24.

Tasks 21–24 are a mini-test, including a fragment of a source and four task questions for its analysis and interpretation. The first two task questions (21, 22) are scored from 0 to 2 points, the next two (23, 24) - from 0 to 3 points. Thus, for completely correctly completing a mini-test with a text fragment, the examinee can receive 10 points.

When completing tasks 21 – 24 it is important:

2) Read the questions and underline in them the key words necessary to formulate the answer; determine the number of assessed elements in the task (What Andin what quantity required to be included in the answer).

3) Structure the response record.

If you can only answer part of the question, be sure to write down the answer within the scope of the question. Remember that elements of the answer can be given in the form of quotes from the text, as well as wording that is similar in meaning.

Task No. 21 requires the reproduction of information contained in the text in explicit form. When answering a task, you can use the question to record your answer.

Our example:

What,in the author’s opinion, connects social status and social role ? What is this connection expressed in?

There are two assessed elements in the task:

1) indicate what connects social status and social role

2) reveal what the connection between social status and social role is.

Because It is most convenient to formulate an answer using the question itself; we can form the following sentences:

1) Social status and social role, in the author’s opinion, bind people’s expectations.

1) The connection between social status and social role is expressed in people’s expectation that the ownerspecific statuswill play a very specific role in accordance with the requirements that are presented to this role.

Task No. 22 is aimed not only at identifying the awareness of text perception, but also at interpreting the text. The answer can include both a quote from the text and a brief retelling of it.

Our example:

Whichtwo conditions are necessary to consolidate role behavior as a social norm ? How does society support the correct implementation of social norms?

1) Two conditions necessary to consolidate role behavior as a social norm:

Expectations must be formally expressed

Expectations must be recorded in any acts, customs, traditions, rituals.

2) The ways in which society supports the correct implementation of social norms:

For the correct performance of the role the individual is rewarded, for the wrong one he is punished.

Task No. 23 involves both text analysis and the use of additional social science knowledge. When answering, you do not need to use a direct answer in the text, but formulate the provisions yourself based on social science information.

Our example:

What three main functions of clothing as a social symbol does the author highlight? Using social science and historical knowledge, illustrate any two of them with examples.

Three main functions of clothing as a social symbol:

1) providing comfort

2) maintaining decency (the introduction of a school uniform makes it possible to avoid unusual clothing within the educational process - a shirt, trousers and a sweater are more acceptable than shorts, wrestling shoes and flip-flops in a mathematics lesson).

3) demonstrative expression (each caste in ancient India wore clothes of a certain color, which made it possible to determine a person’s social affiliation to a particular class).

Please note that the examples provided must have a fairly high degree of specificity.

Task No. 24 built onindependent formulation and argumentation of judgments related to the problems of the text. You must be able to evaluate social science processes and events and competently prove your assessment.

Our example:

Give the position of the text that reflects the relationship between the status of an individual, on the one hand, and the range and scope of rights and responsibilities that he or she has, on the other. Based on social science knowledge, give two arguments to substantiate this position.

1) The position of the text, reflecting the relationship between the status of an individual, on the one hand, and the range and scope of the rights and responsibilities that he has, on the other:

the higher the status, the greater the rights its owner is endowed with and the greater the range of responsibilities assigned to him.

2) Arguments justifying this position:

A person occupying a high position in the social hierarchy has the opportunity to make decisions regarding third parties (dismissal, signing a decree).

A person occupying a high position in the social hierarchy is responsible both for himself and for third parties (ensuring the activities of the enterprise and the employment of workers).

Task No. 25 requires revealing the meaning of a social science concept, as well as making two sentences to it.

Our example:

What meaning do social scientists give to the concept of “political regime”? Using knowledge from a social science course, compose two sentences: one sentence containing information about the criterion(s) for identifying types of political regimes, and one sentence revealing the features of a democratic regime.

1) Definition of the concept of “political regime”:

A political regime is a set of methods for exercising power and achieving political goals.

The task does not require memorizing complex terms, which are sometimes not even always clear to the graduate:

A political regime is a way of organizing a political system that reflects the relationship between government and society, the level of political freedom and the nature of political life in the country.

The task requires revealing the content of the concept specified in the task.

2) A proposal containing information about the criterion(s) for identifying types of political regimes:

The criteria for identifying types of political regimes are the scope of human rights and freedoms, methods of exercising state power, the nature of relations between the state and society, etc.

3) A proposal revealing the features of a democratic regime:

The democratic regime is based on the principles of democracy, freedom and equality of citizens.

The determining factor in the answer is the definition of the concept. If the meaning of the concept is revealed incorrectly with any number of other elements of the answer, the task is scored 0 points.

In conditiontask No. 26 contains a requirement to illustrate any social object with examples. Please note that when answering, you should first write down the position/concept, and then the corresponding example.

Our example:

Name and illustrate with examples any three grounds for acquiring property rights provided for by the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.

1) processing and collection or extraction of things generally available for these purposes (Konstantin Ivanov collected blueberries in the forest near Nizhny Novgorod).

2) creation (manufacturing) of a new thing (Petr Martsev painted a picture of one of the most picturesque places in Nizhny Novgorod - the arrow).

3) acquisition of ownership rights on the basis of an agreement or other transaction on the alienation of a thing (Yulia Soboleva purchased a laptop at the Tekhnosila store).

Task 27 represents a task task.

Our example:

According to the UN, about 113 million children in the world do not attend school for one reason or another. 97% (about 110 million people) of them live in third world countries: 48.5 million people in the countries of South and Southeast Asia; 42.3 million people are in African countries. Draw two conclusions based on the analysis of the data provided. Based on social science data and media materials, indicate one of the possible reasons why the countries of these regions are leaders in the number of children not attending school.

Elements assessed:

1) Two conclusions based on the table

1) Two conclusions based on the table:

A) The majority (97% of students) of students in developed countries attend classes.

B) Among the “third world” countries, the countries of South and Southeast Asia lead in the number of those who do not take part in training.

C) The number of people not attending school in third world countries is higher than in developed countries.

2) A proposal about the reason why the countries of these regions lead in the number of children out of school.

A) In third world countries, schoolchildren from early childhood have to work to provide their own food.

B) The low level of socio-economic development does not allow the governments of the “third world” countries to create a wide network of educational institutions financed from the state budget and free for the population of these countries.

Task No. 28 assumes:

1) drawing up a detailed plan

2) disclosure of the content of the topic on its merits

To successfully complete the task, you must adhere to the following steps:

2) Remember the content of the topic

3) Divide the content of the topic into semantic parts and title them. In headings (points of the plan)shouldn't similar formulations are repeated.

4) Detail at least two points

5) Check if all the main ideas are reflectedsequentially in the plan (if necessary, make adjustments).

6) Write down the answer in answer form No. 2.

Our example:

You are instructed to prepare a detailed answer on the topic “Taxes and their impact on the country’s economy.” Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic. The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in subparagraphs.

1) Definition of the concept of “taxes”.

2) Functions of taxes:

A) fiscal

B) distribution

B) stimulating

D) social and educational

D) specific accounting

3) Tax systems:

A) proportional;

B) progressive;

B) regressive.

4) Direct taxes

A) tax on personal income;

B) corporate income tax;

5) Indirect taxes

A) excise taxes;

B) value added tax;

6) Federal taxes

A) value added tax;

B) excise taxes;

C) personal income tax;

7) Regional taxes:

A) tax on property of organizations;

B) gambling tax;

B) transport tax.

8) Local taxes:

A) land tax;

B) tax on property of individuals;

B) trade fee.

9) The impact of taxes on the economic activity of market entities

10) The role of taxes in creating a positive investment climate

The absence of points 2, 3 and 9 of the plan in this or similar wording will not allow us to reveal the content of this topic on its merits.

Assessment criteria for assignment No. 28

K1. Expanding the topic – 2 points

The plan must contain at least two mandatory points specified in the expert’s criteria for testing the Unified State Exam in social studies.

K2 Number of plan points – 1 point

As stated in the condition, the plan must consist of at least three points, two of which are detailed in subparagraphs.

K3 Correctness of wording – 1 point

The wording of paragraphs and subparagraphs of the plan should not contain errors or inaccuracies.

Task No. 29

When choosing a statement for your mini-essay, you should pay attention toa number of conditions:

1) is the meaning of the statement clear, is the problem associated with this statement clear?

2) the opportunity to express one’s attitude to the statement

3) knowledge of terminology

4) the ability to give examples from history, public life, personal experience

The task is assessed according to several criteria.

K1 - Revealing the meaning of the statement – ​​1 point

Please note that if the meaning is revealed incorrectly (not disclosed), then the answer is not checked further.

K2 - Nature and level of theoretical argumentation – 2 points

The topic should be covered not only on individual concepts, but also on reasoning, conclusions and theoretical positions.

K3 - Correct use of concepts, theoretical positions, reasoning and conclusions – 1 point

Each of you can receive an additional point for a mini-essay in 2018 if there are no errors in the theoretical argumentation.

K4 – Factual argumentation – 2 points

The mini-essay must contain at least two examples from different sources (media reports, educational materials, facts of personal social experience and own observations).

Our example:

Choose one of the statements below, reveal its meaning, indicating, if necessary, different aspects of the problem posed by the author (the topic raised). When expressing your thoughts about the problem raised (the designated topic), when arguing your point of view, use the knowledge gained from studying the social studies course, relevant concepts, as well as facts of social life and your own life experience.

One of the options for constructing a mini-essay

1. Quote

3. The meaning of the statement

4. Own point of view

5. Theoretical argumentation

6. Factual argument

7. Conclusion

“The beginning of personality comes much later than the beginning of the individual.” (B.G. Ananyev)

B.G. Ananyev in his statement crushes the problem of socialization and the formation of personality throughout her life. This problem is relevant in modern conditions, since the process of socialization and the entry of a new generation into the system of social relations will never lose its significance. In addition, even today, discussions about the relationship between the biological and social components in humans continue.

The author believes that a person (a social being with reason and consciousness, as well as a subject of socio-historical activity and culture ) is born as an individual (a single representative of the human race, a specific bearer of all social and psychological traits of humanity ), and only in the process of socialization (the process of an individual’s assimilation of social norms, cultural values ​​and patterns of behavior of the society to which he belongs ) he becomes a person (a human individual who is a subject of conscious activity, possessing a set of socially significant traits, properties and qualities that he realizes in public life ).

I support the author's opinion. To support my position, I consider it appropriate to cite the hero of R. Kipling’s novel “Mowgli”. Since childhood, the boy, being brought up in an animal community, was unable to accept the rules of behavior, morality and ethics of his contemporary society, and therefore could not become part of it.

This is confirmed by R. Kipling's novel and media reports. In 2007, media attention focused on the life of a Cambodian girl, Rochom Piengeng, who went into the jungle at the age of 8 and saw her parents 18 years later. After spending a huge amount of time in the jungle for 18 years, the girl was unable to adapt to living conditions in the human community and went into the jungle. This example confirms that both the biological and social aspects of a person’s essence are important.

Another example of the opinion of B.G. Ananyev is the life of Imanuel Kant. Not having naturally good health, thanks to his determination and fortitude, he went down in the history of world philosophy as one of the greatest philosophers, which would not have been useful to him in the wild.

To summarize the above, it is worth agreeing with the opinion of B.G. Ananyev and his opinion on the formation of man in the system of social relations.

Is it difficult to pass the Unified State Exam in Social Studies? This is the question asked by everyone who decides to choose this subject. At first glance, the subject is not difficult, so it is chosen by the vast majority of those graduates who have not yet fully decided where they will enroll. Also, according to statistics, social studies is chosen by all weak students, that is, those who have problems with most other subjects. They don’t even suspect that in reality it is very difficult to pass the Unified State Exam in social studies and get high scores. Why? Because there are specific difficulties here, which we will talk about in this article.

The first difficulty. High passage threshold. Competition.

The passing threshold for social studies has become very high since 2016. In 2018 it is 41. Therefore, there are a lot of twos. Parents and graduates are shocked. They came as a complete surprise to them. Moreover, even the guys who studied with a tutor get bad marks.

The problem is that the USE in social studies is chosen 10 times more than, for example, the USE in physics or the USE in chemistry. Social studies is required for admission to most humanitarian universities, and even for the most popular legal or economic education (and this is despite the overcrowding of these professions in the labor market!). Hence the high competition. That is, in order for the test to be successful, you must score at least 75-80 points. And this is already a difficult task.

The second difficulty. A huge amount of information.

Social studies, as a school subject, consists of five main sections, each of which includes an entire science. That is, you need to study five sciences at once. Here they are:

• Philosophy
• Sociology
• Political science
• Economy
• Right

And when studying the spiritual sphere, they also partially study

• Cultural studies
• Art history
• Religious Studies
• Aesthetics

All these disciplines are studied in universities as separate subjects and are studied for years, and even in different faculties and even in different universities. So economics is studied at the Faculty of Economics, and law at the Faculty of Law. Hence the mountains. And all of them must be mastered in two years, or even one.

Difficulty three. Traps in the first part.

Out of twenty test tasks, there are always two or three tasks that baffle even experienced teachers and tutors. These are so-called double-answer questions.

For example. What type of society should the parliament be classified as: pre-industrial, industrial or post-industrial? The correct answer is the second one. But did parliament exist in pre-industrial society? After all, in England and France it arose when there was no sign of industry. And in post-industrial society it has not gone away either. Where can you guess the logic of the authors of the question? It's easy to make a mistake. You just need to know the answer.

Difficulty four. Cases and typos.

As soon as you change the case in a word or phrase, the computer will immediately generate an error. In addition, he may make an error if he does not understand the letter. And this happens. Scanners are very capricious.

In one case out of five, graduates make mistakes simply due to inattention, which is a consequence of mental and nervous overstrain.

Difficulty five. Subjectivity of the inspector in the second part.

The person checking the second part is a person. Social studies is a humanitarian subject, and therefore variable. There may be incompatibility between the thinking of the reviewer and the writer.

The inspector may be given a setting. They can give the installation “ Check very strictly!", can give the setting " Check very loyal O". Do you think such installations are not given? They still give it.

Difficulty six. Ignorance of definitions, concepts and meanings.

In the second part, it is very important to know the definitions, understand the terms and concepts, and use them when writing an Essay.

Now we see that passing the Unified State Exam in social studies is quite difficult. And the preparation must be the most thorough. All means of preparation cannot be neglected here. High-quality work in school lessons, tutoring.

A natural question arises:

HOW TO FACILITATE STUDYING SOCIETY WHEN PREPARING FOR THE Unified State Exam?

In order to prepare well (especially if the preparation comes from scratch, and, as a rule, 80% of high school students have zero knowledge at the beginning of the 11th grade, believe my twenty years of teaching experience), you must first master the basic knowledge. But here is another difficulty! What is important and what is secondary in this sea of ​​information and mountains of textbooks? Who can help figure this out? Who will reveal the most complex theory and who will give practice?