Family psychology and pedagogy. Family psychology
Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation South Ural State University Department of Developmental Psychology Yu9.ya7 M759 G.I. Zakharova PSYCHOLOGY OF FAMILY RELATIONS Textbook Chelyabinsk Publishing House SUSU 2009 BBK Yu940.ya7 + Ch481.22.ya7 Zakharova G.I. Psychology of family relationships: Textbook. – Chelyabinsk: SUSU Publishing House, 2009. – 63 p. The textbook outlines ideas about the family as a special system, characterized by a certain cyclical nature of the formation and development of marital and child-parent relationships. The presented material is used as part of the university course “Psychology of family and parent-child relationships.” The manual is intended for students of psychology faculties and practical psychologists. List of lit. – 45 names Approved by the educational and methodological commission of the Faculty of Psychology. Reviewers: Kirdyashkina T.A., Ph.D. psychological sciences, associate professor of the department of psychology of ChSPU. Kostyuchenkova O.E., Ph.D. Psychological Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Pedagogy and Psychology CHIPPKRO. © SUSU Publishing House, 2009. 2 Introduction Problems of family and intra-family relationships have always been relevant. Interest in the family is associated with the role it plays in the process of formation and development of the individual, and therefore the present and future society as a whole. Possessing stability and even some rigidity, the family, at the same time, is very sensitive to socio-economic and political changes in society through changes in the system of intra-family relations. The increase in the number of problem families during transitional periods of social development demonstrates this dependence. In recent decades, destructive tendencies have increased in the institution of the family in our country. The number of divorces, single-parent families, civil marriages is steadily increasing, the scale of such phenomena as social orphanhood, drunkenness and drug addiction among teenagers, early pregnancies, and cruel treatment is increasing. Evidence of these negative trends is the increase in the number of calls to school psychologists, psychological consultations, psychological services and centers, both by individual family members and families as a whole. Supporting the family and strengthening its educational potential requires specialists working with families to have deep, systematic knowledge about this phenomenon and the ability to identify points of application of professional efforts. The central idea underlying this textbook is to consider the family as a special system characterized by a certain cyclical nature of the formation and development of marital and child-parent relationships. The manual consists of five sections. The first section offers a general description of the family as a social institution, as a small group; as systems; the main functions of the family, types of modern families are considered; The family structure is revealed in detail. The second section is devoted to a description of the family life cycle: outlining approaches to identifying the stages of the family life cycle and revealing the tasks of family development at each stage; consideration of the content of normative and non-normative family crises. The third section presents the characteristics of a young family: the main patterns of the formation of intrafamily communication and the adaptation of young spouses to the conditions of living together are examined in detail, and the main types of marriage scenarios are described. The fourth section reveals the content of concept 3 “problem family”; different types of problem families are considered, mainly from the point of view of their influence on the mental well-being and development of the child. In the fifth section, sufficient attention is paid to the content of child-parent relationships: various types of parental relationships and upbringing, the structure and main features of the parental position are considered, factors of violation of the emotional and personal development of children are summarized, and some methods of prevention and correction of child-parent relationships are proposed. This textbook is intended to guide psychology students to an expanded and in-depth study of the modern family as a subject of psychological analysis in order to provide adequate and competent psychological assistance. 4 Section 1. FAMILY AS A SOCIO-CULTURAL PHENOMENON AND OBJECT OF PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 1.1. Family as a social institution, small group, system The family is the first social group in a person’s life, thanks to which he is introduced to the values of culture, develops as a person, and masters his first social roles. The family, according to V.N. Druzhinin, for a person, is the main and fundamental component of the environment in which he lives, like in a cocoon, for the first quarter of his life, if he’s lucky, and which he tries to build for the rest of his life. Along with the concept of family, the concepts of marriage and matrimony are considered in psychological literature. In ordinary consciousness, the concepts of marriage and family can be identified, but in science they are usually distinguished. Marriage is a social institution that regulates relations between the sexes. A.G. Kharchev defines marriage as a historically changing social form of relations between a man and a woman, through which society regulates and sanctions their sexual life, establishes their marital, as well as parental rights and responsibilities. Currently, in most cases, marriage acts as a voluntary union of a man and a woman, based on mutual agreement, formalized in accordance with the procedure established by law, aimed at creating and preserving a family. Along with the freedom to enter into marriage, there may also be freedom to dissolve it, which is expressed in divorce. Therefore, the area of marital behavior also includes the actions of partners that lead to separation (i.e., the gradual alienation of spouses from each other) and to divorce. In connection with the concept of “marriage” the concept of “matrimony” is considered. S.I. Hunger defines marriage as a personal interaction between husband and wife, governed by moral principles and supported by inherent values. This definition emphasizes the following characteristic features of marriage: 1) the non-institutional nature of the relationship inherent in marriage; 2) equality of moral duties and privileges of both spouses. The concept of “family” (as opposed to the concept of marriage) is intended to characterize a complex system of relationships between spouses, their children, and other relatives. Many experts use the definition of family 5 proposed by A.G. Kharchev: “A family is a historically specific system of relationships between spouses, between parents and children; This is a small social group whose members are connected by marriage and parental relationships, a common life and mutual moral responsibility. The social need for a family is determined by the need of society for the physical and spiritual reproduction of the population." Science has developed a tradition of studying the family both as a social institution and as a small group. Philosophers, lawyers, sociologists, and teachers study the family, first of all, as a social institution. The concept of “social institution” means a stable set of formal and informal rules, principles, norms, and guidelines through which society regulates and controls the activities of people in the most important areas of human life. Usually there are 5 main social institutions that exist in any modern society: family, economy, politics, education and religion. The family as a social institution carries out, first of all, the reproduction of members of society and their primary socialization. The family has serious advantages in the socialization of the individual due to its special psychological atmosphere - love, care, respect, understanding, support. Psychologists consider the family, first of all, as a small group. Understanding the family as a small group opens up great opportunities for providing psychological assistance to the family. Social psychologists consider a small group as a social group with a small number of members, whose members are united by common goals and objectives and are in direct, stable personal contact with each other, which is the basis for the emergence of emotional relationships and special group values and norms. V.M. Tseluiko believes that “a family is a small social group, the members of which are connected by marriage and kinship relations, a common life, mutual assistance and moral responsibility.” Thus, we can distinguish the following characteristic features of a family as a small group: 1. Kinship or marriage ties between its members. 2. Community of life. 3. Special emotional, ethical, legal relations. 4. Lifelong membership in a family group (family is not chosen). 5. The most heterogeneous composition of the group: age, personality, gender, professional, social status and other differences. 6 6. Increased emotional significance of family events. The family as a social group cannot be understood based on knowledge about its members taken individually. The family is a constantly developing system with significant adaptive capabilities. Changes in one element of the system, for example in the relationship between spouses, affect the entire family. Individual dysfunctions of individual family members are also a reflection of systemic disorders. The conceptual basis of the systems approach to understanding the family is general systems theory. When something is characterized as a system, they say that it is a complex unity in which its constituent parts - elements, as well as a pattern of connections or relationships between elements - structure can be identified. A family, like any system, is characterized by the following series of characteristics: 1) interdependence: mutual influence of individual elements of the system; 2) holism: individual elements of the system, combining into a whole, acquire new properties that differ from individual characteristics; 3) structural organization, the main parameters of which are hierarchy, or subordination of structure elements, the presence of boundaries that describe intra-family relationships and relationships between the family and the environment, cohesion and role structure; 4) specificity of intrasystem processes (circular, spiral, intermittent, continuous); 5) dynamism or ability to develop; 6) dialectics of homeostasis and development. 1.2. Basic functions of a family Important integral characteristics of a family group are: functions, structure, dynamics. First, let's look at the functions of the family. In family psychology, the concept of “function” is used in the following meanings: 1) this is the role that the family as a social institution and as a small group performs in relation to the individual and society; 2) this is an external manifestation of the properties of the family in the system of its relationships with society; 3) most often the function is understood as the activity of family members aimed at satisfying their needs. 7 So, M.S. Matskovsky, in his classification of family functions, identifies the following areas of family activity: 1. Reproductive. 2. Educational. 3. Household services (receipt of household services). 4. Economic (obtaining material resources). 5. Sphere of primary social control. 6. The sphere of spiritual communication. 7. Social status. 8. Leisure. 9. Emotional. 10. Sexy. The classification of family functions proposed by A.N. Elizarov, which psychologists often refer to, is as follows: 1. Procreation and upbringing of children. 2. Preservation, development and transmission to subsequent generations of the values and traditions of society. 3. Satisfying the needs for a sense of security, psychological comfort, a sense of value and significance of one’s “I,” emotional warmth and love. 4. Creating conditions for the development of the personality of all family members. 5. Satisfaction of sexual and erotic needs. 6. Satisfying the needs for joint leisure activities. 7. Organization of joint housekeeping, division of labor in the family, mutual assistance. 8. Satisfying the needs for communication with loved ones and establishing strong communication ties. 9. Satisfying the need for fatherhood or motherhood, for contact with children, for their upbringing and self-realization in children. 10. Social control over the behavior of individual family members. 11. Organization of activities to provide financial support for the family. 12. Recreational – protecting the health of family members, organizing their recreation; relieving stressful conditions. According to Grebennikov I.V. The main functions of the family are: 1. Reproductive function means the reproduction of life, the continuation of the human race. 8 2. The economic function includes the social production of the means of subsistence; restoration of the energy spent on production by adult family members; running your own household; having your own budget; organization of consumer activities. 3. Educational function means the formation of the child’s personality; systematic educational influence on each member throughout life; the influence of children on parents and other family members. 4. The communicative function means the family’s mediation in contacts of its members with the media, literature, art, etc.; organization of intrafamily communication; organization of leisure and recreation. 1.3. Types of families Family and marriage have undergone significant changes in the process of human development. These changes found their expression in various types of marriage and family relationships. We will look at two typologies. In the first classification, the basis for distinguishing different types is differences in family structures. In this case, types of families are distinguished taking into account the following criteria. 1. The spouses belong to a certain social community. The form of marriage is endogamy. This is a marriage based on the principle of social homogeneity: similar level of education, socio-economic status, religion, etc. The form of marriage is exogamy. This is a marriage based on the principle of social heterogeneity: different levels of education, unequal socio-economic status, etc. 2. Number of marriage partners. Monogamy is a marriage between one man and one woman. The classic option is lifelong monogamy. They consider serial monogamy - a marriage between one man and one woman, but during the life of one and (or) the other partner there is more than one marital union. Polygamy is a marriage involving multiple partners. Two options for polygamy are considered: 1) polygyny (polygamy) - the marriage of one man with two or more women. 2) polyandry (polyandry) – the marriage of one woman with several men. 9 The tendency towards polygamy is more characteristic of men. In our modern life, both a hidden form of bigamy and hidden (unofficial) polyandry are possible, for example: the union of a married woman with a single man. 3. Legal registration of marriage relations. 1) Official (formal) or registered - this is a marriage concluded in the civil registry office. In an official marriage, the responsibility of the husband and wife for the quality of family life is enshrined in law; the state guarantees the protection of the family, paternity, motherhood and childhood. 2) Actual or civil - this is a marriage in fact. In Russia, an increasing number of young people prefer not to enter into official marriage at the very beginning of their relationship. The following arguments are given in defense of civil marriage: – in a civil marriage one can gain experience of living together and experience in the distribution of marital roles; – find out the degree of compatibility of partners; – learn to negotiate with each other while remaining independent and independent; – the breakup of relations occurs in a milder form. 4. Structure of power in the family (specifics of intrafamily leadership). Taking into account this criterion, the following types of families are distinguished: 1) traditionally patriarchal. The husband is the head, owner, breadwinner, breadwinner; the wife's dependence on her husband is expressed; children from parents. 2) traditionally matriarchal. In such a family, personal leadership belongs to the woman. 3) neopatriarchal. The husband is the strategic and business leader and is responsible for long-term planning of family affairs. The wife is the tactical and emotional leader; she develops short-term plans and builds relationships between family members. 4) neo-matriarchal. The opposite option: the wife is the strategic and business leader, the husband is the tactical and emotional leader. A common feature of the last two types of families is the joint leadership of husband and wife while dividing spheres of influence. 10
The textbook was created for students and teachers of higher educational institutions, training psychologists, social educators, social workers, and for master's degree students. The manual is a course with an innovative arrangement of educational material in accordance with the modular distribution of topics and includes methodological recommendations for studying this scientific discipline based on a competency-based approach. The manual was created on the basis of developed and tested programs in accordance with the Federal State Educational Standard for Higher Professional Education in the specialties “Psychology”, “Social Pedagogy”, “Social Work”, as well as taking into account the recommendations of the Federal State Educational Standard-III+. The materials of the manual are collected on the basis of historical and modern information on family psychology with reference to a number of related disciplines: general psychology, personality psychology, developmental psychology, social psychology, sexology, etc. Each topic ends with questions and assignments on the material studied, and then Modules include lists of seminar topics, practical assignments, literature for them, and Internet sources. The book will be useful and interesting not only to future bachelors, but also to master's students, psychologists and social educators, social workers, and everyone interested in family psychology as a dynamic, actively and constantly developing theoretical and practical field of science not only in our country, but also abroad.
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“Yu9.ya7 M759 G.I. Zakharova PSYCHOLOGY OF FAMILY RELATIONS Textbook Chelyabinsk Publishing House SUSU BBK Yu940.ya7 + Ch481.22.ya7 Zakharova G.I. Psychology of family relationships: Educational...”
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Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation
South Ural State University
Department of Developmental Psychology
G.I. Zakharova
PSYCHOLOGY OF FAMILY RELATIONS
Tutorial
Chelyabinsk
SUSU Publishing House
BBK Yu940.ya7 + Ch481.
Zakharova G.I. Psychology of family relationships: Textbook. –
Chelyabinsk: SUSU Publishing House, 2009.– 63 p.
The textbook outlines ideas about the family as a special system,
characterized by a certain cyclical nature of the formation and development of marital and child-parent relationships. The presented material is used as part of the university course “Psychology of family and parent-child relationships.”
The manual is intended for students of psychology faculties and practical psychologists.
List of lit. – 45 names
Approved by the educational and methodological commission of the Faculty of Psychology.
Reviewers:
Kirdyashkina T.A., Ph.D. psychological sciences, associate professor of the department of psychology of ChSPU.
Kostyuchenkova O.E., Ph.D. Psychological Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Pedagogy and Psychology CHIPPKRO.
© SUSU Publishing House, 2009.
Introduction Problems of family and intrafamily relationships have always been relevant.
Interest in the family is associated with the role it plays in the process of formation and development of the individual, and therefore the present and future society as a whole. Possessing stability and even some rigidity, the family, at the same time, is very sensitive to socio-economic and political changes in society through changes in the system of intra-family relations.
The increase in the number of problem families during transitional periods of social development demonstrates this dependence. In recent decades, destructive tendencies have increased in the institution of the family in our country. The number of divorces, single-parent families, civil marriages is steadily increasing, the scale of such phenomena as social orphanhood, drunkenness and drug addiction among teenagers, early pregnancies, and cruel treatment is increasing.
Evidence of these negative trends is the increase in the number of calls to school psychologists, psychological consultations, psychological services and centers, both by individual family members and families as a whole. Supporting the family and strengthening its educational potential requires specialists working with families to have deep, systematic knowledge about this phenomenon and the ability to identify points of application of professional efforts.
The central idea underlying this textbook is to consider the family as a special system characterized by a certain cyclical nature of the formation and development of marital and parent-child relationships.
The manual consists of five sections. The first section offers a general description of the family as a social institution, as a small group; as systems; the main functions of the family, types of modern families are considered;
The family structure is revealed in detail. The second section is devoted to a description of the family life cycle: outlining approaches to identifying the stages of the family life cycle and revealing the tasks of family development at each stage; consideration of the content of normative and non-normative family crises. The third section presents the characteristics of a young family: the main patterns of the formation of intrafamily communication and the adaptation of young spouses to the conditions of living together are examined in detail, and the main types of marriage scenarios are described. The fourth section reveals the content of the concept of “problem family”; different types of problem families are considered, mainly from the point of view of their influence on the mental well-being and development of the child. In the fifth section, sufficient attention is paid to the content of child-parent relationships: various types of parental relationships and upbringing, the structure and main features of the parental position are considered, factors of violation of the emotional and personal development of children are summarized, and some methods of prevention and correction of child-parent relationships are proposed.
This textbook is intended to guide psychology students to an expanded and in-depth study of the modern family as a subject of psychological analysis in order to provide adequate and competent psychological assistance.
– – –
1.1. Family as a social institution, small group, system The family is the first social group in a person’s life, thanks to which he is introduced to the values of culture, develops as a person, and masters his first social roles. The family, according to V.N. Druzhinin, for a person, is the main and fundamental component of the environment in which he lives, like in a cocoon, for the first quarter of his life, if he’s lucky, and which he tries to build for the rest of his life.
Along with the concept of family, the concepts of marriage and matrimony are considered in psychological literature. In ordinary consciousness, the concepts of marriage and family can be identified, but in science they are usually distinguished. Marriage is a social institution that regulates relations between the sexes.
A.G. Kharchev defines marriage as a historically changing social form of relations between a man and a woman, through which society regulates and sanctions their sexual life, establishes their marital, as well as parental rights and responsibilities.
Currently, in most cases, marriage acts as a voluntary union of a man and a woman, based on mutual agreement, formalized in accordance with the procedure established by law, aimed at creating and preserving a family. Along with the freedom to enter into marriage, there may also be freedom to dissolve it, which is expressed in divorce. Therefore, the area of marital behavior also includes the actions of partners leading to separation (i.e.
gradual alienation of spouses from each other) and to divorce.
In connection with the concept of “marriage” the concept of “matrimony” is considered. S.I.
Hunger defines marriage as a personal interaction between husband and wife, governed by moral principles and supported by inherent values. This definition emphasizes the following characteristic features of marriage:
1) the non-institutional nature of the relationship, characteristic of marriage;
2) equality of moral duties and privileges of both spouses.
The concept of “family” (as opposed to the concept of marriage) is intended to characterize a complex system of relationships between spouses, their children, and other relatives. Many experts use the definition of family proposed by A.G. Kharchev: “A family is a historically specific system of relationships between spouses, between parents and children; This is a small social group whose members are connected by marriage and parental relationships, a common life and mutual moral responsibility.
The social need for a family is determined by the need of society for the physical and spiritual reproduction of the population."
Science has developed a tradition of studying the family both as a social institution and as a small group. Philosophers, lawyers, sociologists, and teachers study the family, first of all, as a social institution. The concept of “social institution”
means a stable set of formal and informal rules, principles, norms, guidelines through which society regulates and controls the activities of people in the most important spheres of human life. Usually there are 5 main social institutions that exist in any modern society: family, economy, politics, education and religion.
The family as a social institution carries out, first of all, the reproduction of members of society and their primary socialization. The family has serious advantages in the socialization of the individual due to its special psychological atmosphere - love, care, respect, understanding, support.
Psychologists consider the family, first of all, as a small group.
Understanding the family as a small group opens up great opportunities for providing psychological assistance to the family. Social psychologists consider a small group as a social group with a small number of members, whose members are united by common goals and objectives and are in direct, stable personal contact with each other, which is the basis for the emergence of emotional relationships and special group values and norms.
V.M. Tseluiko believes that “a family is a small social group, the members of which are connected by marriage and kinship relations, a common life, mutual assistance and moral responsibility.” Thus, we can identify the following characteristic features of a family as a small group:
1. Family or marriage ties between its members.
2. Community of life.
3. Special emotional, ethical, legal relations.
4. Lifelong membership in a family group (family is not chosen).
5. The most heterogeneous composition of the group: age, personality, gender, professional, social status and other differences.
6. Increased emotional significance of family events.
The family as a social group cannot be understood based on knowledge of its members taken individually. The family is a constantly developing system with significant adaptive capabilities. Changes in one element of the system, for example in the relationship between spouses, affect the entire family. Individual dysfunctions of individual family members are also a reflection of systemic disorders.
The conceptual basis of the systems approach to understanding the family is general systems theory. When something is characterized as a system, they say that it is a complex unity in which its constituent parts - elements, as well as a pattern of connections or relationships between elements - structure can be identified. A family, like any system, is characterized by the following series of characteristics:
1) interdependence: mutual influence of individual elements of the system;
2) holism: individual elements of the system, combining into a whole, acquire new properties that differ from individual characteristics;
3) structural organization, the main parameters of which are hierarchy, or subordination of structure elements, the presence of boundaries that describe intra-family relationships and relationships between the family and the environment, cohesion and role structure;
4) specificity of intrasystem processes (circular, spiral, intermittent, continuous);
5) dynamism or ability to develop;
6) dialectics of homeostasis and development.
1.2. Basic functions of the family
Important integral characteristics of a family group are:
functions, structure, dynamics. First, let's look at the functions of the family. In family psychology, the concept of “function” is used in the following meanings:
1) this is the role that the family as a social institution and as a small group performs in relation to the individual and society;
2) this is an external manifestation of the properties of the family in the system of relationships with society;
3) most often the function is understood as the activity of family members aimed at satisfying their needs.
So, M.S. Matskovsky, in his classification of family functions, identifies the following areas of family activity:
1. Reproductive.
2. Educational.
3. Household services (receipt of household services).
4. Economic (obtaining material resources).
5. Sphere of primary social control.
6. The sphere of spiritual communication.
7. Social status.
8. Leisure.
9. Emotional.
10. Sexy.
The classification of family functions proposed by A.N. Elizarov, which psychologists often refer to, is as follows:
1. Having and raising children.
2. Preservation, development and transmission to subsequent generations of the values and traditions of society.
3. Satisfying the needs for a sense of security, psychological comfort, a sense of value and significance of one’s “I”, emotional warmth and love.
4. Creating conditions for the development of the personality of all family members.
5. Satisfaction of sexual and erotic needs.
6. Satisfying the needs for joint leisure activities.
7. Organization of joint housekeeping, division of labor in the family, mutual assistance.
8. Satisfying the needs for communication with loved ones and establishing strong communication ties.
9. Satisfying the need for fatherhood or motherhood, for contact with children, for their upbringing and self-realization in children.
10. Social control over the behavior of individual family members.
11. Organization of activities to provide financial support for the family.
12. Recreational – protecting the health of family members, organizing their recreation;
relieving stressful conditions.
According to Grebennikov I.V. The main functions of the family are:
1. Reproductive function means the reproduction of life, the continuation of the human race.
2. The economic function includes the social production of the means of subsistence; restoration of the energy spent on production by adult family members;
running your own household; having your own budget; organization of consumer activities.
3. Educational function means the formation of the child’s personality;
systematic educational influence on each member throughout life;
the influence of children on parents and other family members.
4. The communicative function means the family’s mediation in contacts of its members with the media, literature, art, etc.; organization of intrafamily communication; organization of leisure and recreation.
1.3. Family types
Family and marriage have undergone significant changes in the process of human development. These changes found their expression in various types of marriage and family relations. We will look at two typologies.
In the first classification, the basis for distinguishing different types is differences in family structures. In this case, types of families are distinguished taking into account the following criteria.
1. The spouses belong to a certain social community.
The form of marriage is endogamy. This is a marriage based on the principle of social homogeneity:
similar level of education, socio-economic status, religion, etc. The form of marriage is exogamy. This is a marriage based on the principle of social heterogeneity: different levels of education, unequal socioeconomic status, etc.
2. Number of marriage partners.
Monogamy is a marriage between one man and one woman.
The classic option is lifelong monogamy. They consider serial monogamy - a marriage between one man and one woman, but during the life of one and (or) the other partner there is more than one marital union. Polygamy is a marriage involving multiple partners.
Two options for polygamy are being considered:
1) polygyny (polygyny) – the marriage of one man with two or more women.
2) polyandry (polyandry) – the marriage of one woman with several men.
The tendency towards polygamy is more characteristic of men. In our modern life, both a hidden form of bigamy and hidden (unofficial) polyandry are possible, for example: the union of a married woman with a single man.
3. Legal registration of marriage relations.
1) Official (formal) or registered - this is a marriage concluded in the civil registry office. In an official marriage, the responsibility of the husband and wife for the quality of family life is enshrined in law; the state guarantees the protection of the family, paternity, motherhood and childhood.
2) Actual or civil - this is a marriage in fact.
In Russia, an increasing number of young people prefer not to enter into official marriage at the very beginning of their relationship. The following arguments are given in defense of civil marriage:
– in a civil marriage, you can gain experience of living together and the experience of distributing marital roles;
– find out the degree of compatibility of partners;
– learn to negotiate with each other while remaining independent and independent;
– the breakup of relations occurs in a milder form.
4. Structure of power in the family (specifics of intrafamily leadership).
1) traditionally patriarchal.
The husband is the head, owner, breadwinner, breadwinner; the wife's dependence on her husband is expressed; children from parents.
2) traditionally matriarchal.
In such a family, personal leadership belongs to the woman.
3) neopatriarchal.
The husband is the strategic and business leader and is responsible for long-term planning of family affairs. The wife is the tactical and emotional leader; she develops short-term plans and builds relationships between family members.
4) neo-matriarchal.
The opposite option: the wife is the strategic and business leader, the husband is the tactical and emotional leader. A common feature of the last two types of families is the joint leadership of husband and wife while dividing spheres of influence.
5) egalitarian family.
Such a family is characterized by complete and genuine equality of rights between husband and wife in all matters of family life:
– make a proportional contribution to the material well-being of the family;
– run the household together;
– make all important decisions together;
- are equally involved in raising children.
The ideal model of an egalitarian family is represented in the concept of open marriage. Some principles of an open marriage:
– you need to live in the present, based on realistic desires;
– the partner’s private life and his non-family interests should be respected;
– open communication, according to the rule: “say what you see, but don’t criticize;
– family roles should be flexible;
– there is equality as a fair division of responsibilities and benefits.
5. Number of generations or kinship structure.
Based on the family structure, the following types of families are distinguished:
1. Nuclear (“nucleus” - nucleus):
a) such a family can consist of a husband and wife, and be childless;
b) can include as many children as desired.
This term in relation to the family was introduced by the American sociologist J.P.
Murdoch (1949).
2. Extended – this is a married couple with children and one of the relatives of the husband or wife.
3. Multigenerational (or complex) is a family of several generations.
Some researchers use the term “extended” to refer to a “multi-generation” family.
6. Number of children.
Taking into account this criterion, the following types of families are distinguished:
– childless (infertile);
– one-child;
– small child (two children);
– large family (three children or more).
7. Presence of parents.
According to this criterion, the following types of families are considered:
a) complete;
b) incomplete (maternal, paternal, orphaned, illegitimate, divorced);
c) functionally incomplete (professional or other reasons leave spouses little time for family);
d) incomplete extended (relatives live in an incomplete family).
8. Based on social role characteristics, the following are distinguished:
a) traditional family:
– clearly defined requirements for all family members depending on their family role;
– the basis of relationships is respect for authority;
– mandatory subordination of younger family members to older representatives;
– the influence is carried out from top to bottom.
b) child-centric - a family in which the child occupies a central place from the very beginning. The child has a certain power over his parents and can control his parents to a certain extent. If the idea of “everything for the child” is clearly expressed, the child may have the role of “family idol.”
c) married family – the basis is the connection between spouses.
Relationships are built on the basis of trust and unconditional acceptance of the other person. Communication with the child is also built taking into account mutual interests and recognition of the value of the individual.
In the second typology, the basis for distinguishing different types of families is the quality of family life. Types of families are distinguished according to the following criteria.
1. Quality of family functions:
– normally functioning;
– dysfunctional.
2. State of psychological comfort:
– prosperous;
– dysfunctional.
3. Ability to productively resolve family problems:
– mature;
– problematic.
These types of families will be discussed in more detail in the “Problem Families” section.
1.4. Structure and main parameters of the family system
The next characteristic of a family group (after functions) is its structure. American psychotherapist S. Minukhin notes that the interaction of family members is subject to certain patterns. These patterns are usually not stated explicitly or even recognized; however, they form something whole, namely, the structure of the family. The structural approach to families is based on the idea that families are more than the individual “biopsychodynamics” of their members. S. Minukhin concludes that the reality of the structure is a reality of a different order compared to the reality of individual family members. The issue of determining family structure is quite complex both in theory and in practice of providing psychological assistance to families.
Family structure is a collection of elements and relationships between them. S. Minukhin and Ch. Fishman, as structural elements of the family as a system, identify marital, parental, sibling and individual subsystems, which are differentiated sets of family roles that allow the family to perform certain functions.
The relationships between the structural elements of the family system are characterized by the following properties: cohesion, hierarchy, flexibility.
Cohesion can be defined as the psychological distance between family members. Hierarchy characterizes the relationship of dominance-submission in the family and includes characteristics of various aspects of family relationships:
authority, dominance, the degree of influence of one family member on others, the power to make decisions. Flexibility means the ability of the family system to adapt to changes in the external and intrafamily situation.
Family structure, according to domestic family psychotherapists, includes the following elements:
1. Numerical and personal composition of the family.
2. Family rules.
3. Family roles.
4. Family subsystems.
5. Family boundaries.
6. Myths and legends A.Ya. Varga identifies six family system parameters that can be used to describe any family system:
1. Stereotypes of interaction.
2. Family rules.
3. Family myths.
4. Boundaries.
5. Stabilizers.
6. Family history.
Let us take a closer look at the structural elements and parameters of the family system.
1. Numerical and personal composition of the family - means who is physically or psychologically present in a given family system, for example, divorced families, remarriages. When working with a family, it is important to know who each family member considers to be a member, because... It is not uncommon for family members to disagree on who is included in the family. Resolving this issue is especially important for divorced families and remarried families.
2. Family rules are a set of foundations and requirements on which family life is built. The lack of rules and norms leads to chaos in the family system. Unclear rules and norms can contribute to the growth of anxiety among family members and inhibit the development of both the entire family system and individual members. Rules allow family members to navigate reality and give stability to the family as a whole due to the fact that everyone knows their rights and responsibilities. The following rules are distinguished:
a) explicit – concluded openly in the family and declared explicitly, for example:
knock on a closed door; never raise your voice; Parents set a time for small children to go to bed.
b) hidden - known to family members, but not openly proclaimed, for example: the topic of mother’s alcoholism is taboo; don't talk about anything sexual, it will upset your mother; if there are problems, it is better to talk to your father.
c) unconscious. Many rules are not understood by family members. They just act a certain way, without even thinking that they could do differently. These rules can be identified by observing the actual behavior of family members, how they, for example: make decisions; discussing something.
For example: 1) if the father is on vacation, everyone behaves very quietly; if it’s a mother, you can make some noise; 2) the last word in the dispute, in the discussion, belongs to the father.
3. Family roles are understood as goals, beliefs, feelings, values, actions that are expected or attributed to a person occupying a certain place in the family system. Highlight:
a) conventional – roles defined by law, morality, and tradition.
For example: the roles of husband, wife, mother, father, child, brother, sister, etc. The most general rights and responsibilities for a husband, wife, father, mother, as well as children in relation to their parents are established by law. Specific norms and rules determine what must be performed by the bearer of a conventional role.
For example: a mother should help children master various skills, control their behavior, etc.
b) interpersonal - roles that are determined by the personal characteristics and inclinations of their carriers (leader, dictator, favorite, follower, etc.).
The following requirements for family roles are distinguished:
1. The set of roles that an individual performs in the family must ensure the satisfaction of his needs for respect, recognition, etc.
2. The family role performed must correspond to the capabilities of the bearer of this role.
If the demands of the role are unbearable, the role holder experiences anxiety and mental stress. For example, this may occur in a child who plays the “role of a parent” (due to absence, illness, etc.).
3. The set of family roles that an individual performs in the family must ensure the satisfaction of not only his needs, but also the needs of other family members.
For example, a role structure in which the rest of some family members is ensured at the expense of the exorbitant work of another member can become psychologically traumatic.
One of the most interesting areas in modern psychotherapy is associated with the identification and study of the so-called pathologizing roles in the family. Pathologizing family roles are interpersonal roles that, due to their structure and content, have a psychotraumatic effect on their bearer. For example, the role of a scapegoat, the role of a “family martyr” who completely sacrifices himself in the name of the family, the role of a “sick person”.
4. Subsystems are a structural element of the family system, and their dynamics are closely related to the life cycle of the family.
1. The first is the subsystem of spouses.
This subsystem is formed with marriage. At the same time, the adaptation process begins, the roles of husband and wife are accepted and clarified. This process is significantly influenced by the experience acquired in parental families.
2. The second is the parent subsystem.
Appears after the birth of a child. The parental subsystem changes and adapts to the age characteristics of children. It must take into account the needs of all children growing up in the family.
3. The third is the subsystem of children.
This subsystem provides the opportunity for a child to be only a child; allows you to study peer relationships; develop the necessary communication skills to communicate with peers and adults.
Therefore, it is good when there is more than one child in a family.
Family boundaries are the rules that determine who participates and how 5.
interaction. Boundaries are public and private agreements between family members regarding who can do what within the family and outside the family. For example, who can stay late at work, who can invite friends and guests over; who you can meet outside of your family, etc.
V.M. Tseluiko identifies the following types of family boundaries:
a) external – regulate the relationship between the family and the social environment;
determine differences in behavior with family members and with the social environment.
Consider the permeability of boundaries (from impermeability to diffuseness);
b) internal – regulate relations between various subsystems within the family. These are the rules that determine the interaction between members of different family subsystems.
V.M. Tseluiko considers the following types of internal borders:
clear - they imply very specific rights, responsibilities, 1) norms of behavior for members of each subsystem (parental, child, marital), such rules improve communication in the family, facilitate the coordination and adaptation of participants in different subsystems;
rigid (tough) – ensure the autonomy of family members, isolate 2) them from each other. It is difficult for a family with rigid internal boundaries to function, because... Its members do not have coordination skills. Typical expressions in families with rigid boundaries:
- don’t bother me, I have my own concerns;
- mind your own business
– it’s time to take care of yourself, etc.
3) diffuse (blurred) - these are boundaries at which the autonomy of family members is lost and the functions of the subsystems are unclear.
Thus, in a family with diffuse boundaries, for example, the subsystem of the married couple seems to disappear, dissolving into the parental subsystem; the spouses lack intimacy in the relationship.
E.N. Yurasova identifies the following properties of family boundaries:
a) flexibility is the ability of boundaries to change. Rigid boundaries mean that family rules do not change despite changing situations.
b) permeability is a property of external boundaries. The permeability of boundaries is the family’s attitudes towards interaction and contacts with the external environment.
When external boundaries are highly permeable, they become diffuse, and this leads to excessive interference in the lives of other people's families. The impermeability of borders sharply reduces the possibility of necessary communication with the outside world.
6. Family myths and legends.
A family myth is a multifunctional family phenomenon, formed in the form of a set of ideas of members of a given family about itself. A myth is a complex family knowledge that is a continuation of a sentence such as: “We are...”. This knowledge is not always relevant. It is updated either when an outsider enters the family, or at moments of some serious social change, or in a situation of family dysfunction. This knowledge is poorly understood.
In a dysfunctional family, as A.Ya. writes. Varga, “the myth is closer to the surface than the functional.” The time required for the formation of a family myth is approximately the life span of three generations.
To denote this concept, terms such as “family image”, “we image”, “beliefs”, “family creed”, “coordinated expectations”, “naive family psychology” are also used.
The function of a family myth is to hide rejected information about the family as a whole and about each member from awareness. The purpose of the “family myth” is to camouflage the conflicts and unmet needs that family members have and to harmonize their idealized ideas about each other.
Thus, one can perceive the family myth as a kind of psychological defense mechanism for the family, which performs a protective function and helps maintain the integrity of the family system. The most famous are the following family myths: “We are a friendly family”;
“We are a family of heroes”; "The Myth of the Rescuer"
The negative effect of family myths is that the family becomes rigid; they prevent normative changes associated with the dynamics of the family life cycle. Thus, the myth of family exclusivity and chosenness may play the role of a compensatory strategy in the first generation, when the desire to elevate oneself, perhaps as a reaction to past problems, activates a powerful but realistic achievement motivation.
However, in subsequent generations, this myth, increasingly turning into a central family value divorced from reality (“We must be better always and everywhere”), can lead to severe narcissistic disorders of the family member(s) and the complete unproductivity of their actions.
A family legend is an interpretation of individual events that distorts the real facts of family history, allowing one to maintain the myth of family well-being. According to Andreeva, “family legends” are a set of well-integrated, although implausible, beliefs shared by all family members.” Examples of family legends: “all our women in the family are a little crazy”, “all our children get good grades at school”, “mother is a sick person and requires special treatment, we do not live for the sake of it”.
A family legend is also a homeostatic mechanism for maintaining a stable state of the family. Unlike a family myth, a family legend can be perceived as a lie, a distortion of information, for example: a legend about marital fidelity in the presence of infidelity, a legend about the natural death of a suicide, etc. Over time, a family legend can become part of a family myth. Legends have a clear connection with cultural myths as idealized ideas about family and marriage:
– in successful marriages, spouses always tell each other everything;
- the birth of a child, the appearance of a love affair, getting a divorce will solve all problems.
So, family myths and family legends contribute to the maintenance of dysfunctional relationships in families, as a result of which the individual’s needs for growth, change, self-actualization and cooperation are unsatisfied, and families as a whole rigidly reproduce their past experiences.
7. Stereotypes of interaction. In a family, any event, any interaction is a message. For example, if a woman rattles dirty dishes in the kitchen, then the rest of the family understands what this means. For example, that she is angry with them. If the husband leaves, loudly slamming the door, then this message is also easy to read. Every family interaction or event, as A.Ya. calls it. Varga, is a clear message for family members.
The messages can be characterized as follows:
1. Firstly, messages can be single-level or multi-level.
The sound of a door slamming is a one-level message, it goes through the auditory canal. Any verbal message is always two-level.
The first level is verbal, the second is non-verbal.
2. Secondly, messages can be congruent or incongruent.
Messages are congruent if the contents of the messages transmitted over two channels coincide. If you ask a friend:
“How are you?”, and she answers with a clear smile and joyful facial expressions: “Everything is fine!”, then this is a congruent message.
The messages in the families we discussed are often repeated. Messages and interactions that are repeated frequently are called interaction patterns.
For example, one of the interaction stereotypes “double bind” or “double trap” was described by the American psychotherapist Gregory Bateson. There is a boy suffering from schizophrenia in the hospital, and his mother comes to see him. She is waiting for him in the hall, the boy comes out and sits down close. Mom moves away. In response, he withdraws and remains silent. She angrily asks: “Aren’t you glad to see me?” “Double trap” is one of the stereotypes of interaction when a family member (usually a child) constantly receives an incongruent message in a situation where he cannot leave the communication.
8. Family system stabilizers. Every family, both dysfunctional and functional, has its own stabilizers.
Examples of functional stabilizers: common place of residence, common affairs, common money, common entertainment. Dysfunctional stabilizers: children, illness, behavioral disorders, adultery, etc.
If children were stabilizers of the family system, then, as a rule, at the stage of separation of children from their parents, their divorce or alcoholism of the spouses occurs. Why is separation (separation of children) often so difficult? Due to the fact that during his life's journey the child has become a stabilizer. The child leaves the family, ceases to be a stabilizer, his functions sag, no one fulfills them. Big problems begin in the family: anxiety appears, conflicts arise, and emotional tension increases. It becomes really difficult for parents unless another stabilizer appears, such as a dog.
Adultery can also be a good dysfunctional stabilizer. Often behind betrayal there is a fear of intimacy. One can imagine the following stereotype of interaction regarding betrayal: betrayal, showdowns and scandals regarding betrayal, reconciliation. They live together until tension accumulates from unresolved problems. The tension reaches a certain limit - then everything repeats. And there are a lot of such dysfunctional stabilizers in families.
9. Family history is a concept that describes the chronology of significant events in the life of a family over several generations. E.G. To work with family history, Eidemiller introduces the term “theme”, by which he understands a specific problem around which a periodically recurring conflict in the family is formed. The theme determines the way life events are organized and is externally manifested in behavioral stereotypes that are reproduced from generation to generation.
The study of this phenomenon of repetition of behavioral stereotypes across generations was started by M. Bowen. He found that in a family, from generation to generation, there is an accumulation and transmission of dysfunctional patterns, which can cause individual difficulties among family members. These observations were developed and captured in his concept of transmission. With the help of a genogram, authored by M.
Bowen, you can correctly record and find out your family history. The genogram analysis method is used for therapeutic and educational purposes.
– – –
The life cycle of a family is the history of the family’s life, its length in time, its own dynamics of family life. This concept is used by sociologists, psychologists, and psychotherapists to describe a number of important events characteristic of a nuclear family. The stages of the life cycle are distinguished.
Life cycle stage is the distance from one family event to another.
The idea of the life cycle came from sociology, originally there were 24 stages of the life cycle (Duval and Heal, 1948). In the 60s of the 20th century, when this concept began to be considered in psychotherapy, the family life cycle began to be reduced to 7-8 stages. Currently, there are various approaches to identifying the stages of the family life cycle.
In the sociological literature, the family life cycle is more often viewed as a process organized around the development of the child and determined by the stages of parenthood. In this regard, domestic sociologist A.I. Antonov identifies 4 main stages of the life cycle:
1) stage of pre-parenthood - from marriage to the birth of the first child;
2) stage of reproductive parenthood - the period between the birth of the first and last child (it can overlap, and in the case of the birth of one child, coincide with the next);
3) the stage of socialized parenthood (stage of upbringing) – the period from the birth of the first to the separation of the last child from the family;
4) stage of primogeniture - the period from the birth of the first grandchild to the death of one of the grandparents (the grandparents become grandparents).
The criteria for dividing the family life cycle into stages in the psychological literature are: changes in individual family functions;
changes in family structure; changes in methods of intrafamily communication.
Based on this, the following stages of the life cycle and the tasks of family development at each stage are distinguished:
4. Family with schoolchildren and teenagers (mature family).
5. Family with adult children. Separation of children from parents
6. Aging family.
The tasks of family development are the demands made by the external environment on the family, which the family as a system must cope with at each stage in order to successfully develop further.
1. The period of premarital courtship.
Family development goals:
– gaining experience communicating with representatives of the other sex;
– achieving partial material and psychological independence from the parental family;
– choice of marriage partner;
– gaining experience of emotional and business interaction with him.
The period of premarital courtship may be delayed. The following reasons for this phenomenon are identified: financial and economic difficulties; psychological (“Jewish mother syndrome”).
2. Young married couple without children.
Family development goals:
– differentiation from the parental family;
– determination of external and internal boundaries of the family;
– primary coordination of marital roles;
– formation of intrafamily communication.
3. Young family with small children.
Family development goals:
– separation and coordination of roles associated with fatherhood and motherhood;
– adaptation to heavy physical and mental stress;
– adaptation to limiting general activity outside the family, etc.
4. A family with schoolchildren and teenagers or a mature family (middle-aged marriage).
The criterion for family maturity is the duration of its existence (at least 7-10 years). At the mature stage of family life there is an age crisis of 30 years (summing up the first results and adjusting life plans). A mid-life crisis can also fall into this stage.
Development tasks for a schoolchild’s family:
1. Redistribution of duties or areas of responsibility:
– who should contact the school;
– who should help the child with his studies, etc.
2. Redistribution of time:
– changes in the daily routine of adults (both in terms of work and entertainment);
– changes in parents’ career plans, etc.
3. Redefining family boundaries:
– the help of grandparents in studying and raising a child violates external boundaries;
– there is a redefinition of the zones of influence of extended family members.
Researchers highlight the specific difficulties some families face when their child starts school. Difficulties associated with starting a child’s education at school are perceived as specific by parents, and sometimes force them to consult a psychologist. At the same time, parents often believe that the child has a problem, in fact, more often it is their own problems or problems in the marital relationship.
Here are examples of typical situations:
1. Parents are overly concerned about the child’s success (not diligent enough, does not want to study).
In most cases, behind the concern for the child’s success is the problem of one’s own success. The parent unconsciously identifies the child’s successes with his own successes, especially when he feels his own professional failure. And then – the child’s education in an elite school, attending prestigious sections, etc. - is a sign of family prestige.
2. If marital relations between parents are disturbed, then the child’s problems at school can perform an important stabilizing function.
Parents deal with the child’s difficulties, are involved in his problems, not paying attention to their own problems and broken marital relationships.
Developmental tasks for a teenager’s family:
1. Redistribution of autonomy and control between parents and adolescent.
2. Changing the type of parental attitude and behavior.
The family at this stage is faced with a competing group - a group of peers. And parents need to give their teenage child more autonomy. However, granting a lot of autonomy is fraught with negative consequences. It must be remembered that a teenager simultaneously needs both autonomy and support. It is necessary to combine the provision of autonomy with partnership communication with your son or daughter and with a trusting relationship.
3. Preparing for the child to leave home.
4. Review of marital relationships.
The solution to this problem is due to:
a) the passage of spouses through the crisis of their thirtieth birthday;
b) the complete end of the period of “romantic love”.
5. Family with adult children. Separation of children from parents.
This stage is also called “mature marriage.” It occurs when the spouses are 45-60 years old. The beginning of this stage may correspond to the midlife crisis of the spouses, which occurs at 40-45 years of age. Although it may be at a previous stage of the family life cycle, for example, in the mid-20th century, experts associated it with the age of 35 years.
Family development goals:
1) Reconstruction of marital relations.
The solution to this problem is determined by the following important points:
– significant changes occur in the functioning of the spouses’ body;
– the spouses are experiencing another age crisis;
– children leave the family.
2) Separation (separation) of the child from the family.
3) Correct care of children from home.
The way a young man (girl) leaves the family is extremely important.
If a young man leaves his family to never see his parents, his life is not going very well. If he stays with his parents and allows him to manage his life, his life is also not going well.
The method of leaving the family is determined by one’s position in relation to the family.
Researchers distinguish two types of this position:
a) responsive – choosing.
This position means that a young person leaving home does so of his own free will and knows that he can always seek support or return.
b) reactive – forced.
With this position, the young man leaves home against his will or stays, also against his will, for example, out of guilt.
The best support for children comes from parents who maintain active partnerships with their adult children, trust their judgment, and respect their decisions.
6. Aging family.
An aging family is a family that has largely fulfilled its parental function.
Family development goals:
1. Adaptation to care and retirement.
2. Restructuring of free time by spouses.
3. Review of marital relationships.
The solution to this problem is due to the fact that spouses can spend up to 24 hours a day together.
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Introduction
1. Family, its features
3. Family as a small group
Conclusion
List of used literature
Introduction
The family plays an important role in the life of every person and society as a whole. And it is not surprising that at each new stage of the development of society, when a reassessment of values occurs, interest in the problems of family, morality, and spirituality increases. Currently, in the increasingly complex conditions of modern life, the family, as a unique mediator between the interests of the individual and society, finds itself at the epicenter of social cataclysms.
In recent years, interest in the family of specialists in various fields of scientific knowledge, both theoreticians and practitioners, has increased significantly. Essentially, the family is currently a field of multidisciplinary research. Interest in it is associated with the role it plays in the process of formation and development of the individual, and, consequently, the present and future society as a whole.
Problems of the family and family and marital relations are constantly in the focus of attention of sociologists, educators and psychologists, since the family is a specific, in many ways unique entity: a small group and a social institution at the same time.
The family arose much earlier than religion, the state, the army, education, and the market.
The role of the family in society is ambiguous and incomparable with any other social institutions, since in terms of the strength of its influence on the formation, development and maintenance of the social well-being of the individual, it is the most significant.
Therefore, at present, the topic of family is relevant and significant for the science and practice of sociologists and educational psychologists.
1. Family, its features
family marriage cell society
The family is the basic unit of society, characterized, in particular, by the following features:
the union of a man and a woman;
voluntariness of marriage;
family members are connected by a common life;
entering into a marriage relationship;
desire for the birth, socialization and upbringing of children
The family is determined by various cultural factors, the method of production of material goods and the nature of the economic system. The family is a specific social phenomenon, therefore it occupies a special place in the social structure of society.
The specifics of the family are as follows:
1. The stability of the family as a social institution is ensured by the presence of such strong ties as kinship and marriage.
2. The family represents a universal form of social life.
3. The family develops in accordance with general, specific and particular general laws. At the same time, the family is a relatively independent social institution, which, reflecting “in miniature all the contradictions of society,” is endowed with its own internal contradictions, and, consequently, internal sources of development.
4. The family as a social institution occupies a subordinate position among large social communities.
5. The family is a historical, dynamic social phenomenon.
The family contributes not only to the formation of personality, but also to the self-affirmation of a person both within the family and outside it, stimulates his social, productive and creative activity, contributes to the preservation and strengthening of the physical and psychological well-being of members of society, the revelation of their individuality (it should be recognized that this applies only to wealthy families).
Family is the source of social belonging. The family constantly carries out a continuous process of transferring experience and traditions from one generation to another.
There are quite a lot of definitions of family in the scientific literature, and many definitions have entered the public consciousness so long ago that it is difficult to establish the authorship of these definitions.
The family is defined as a social institution, as a unit of society, as a small group of relatives living together and leading a common household. However, the psychological approach to understanding the family (unlike, for example, sociological and economic approaches) has its own specifics. Within the framework of this approach, the family is considered as a space of joint life activity, within which the specific needs of people connected by blood and kinship are satisfied. This space is a rather complex structure, consisting of various kinds of elements (roles, positions, coalitions, etc.) and a system of relationships between its members. So the structure exists in accordance with the laws of a living organism, therefore it has natural dynamics, passing through a number of phases and stages in its development.
From the point of view of the famous family psychologist G. Navaitis, the definition of the psychological essence of the family should be correlated with the goals of family research and the goals of the psychologist’s interaction with the family.
G. Navaitis discusses the concept of family, which is advisable to explore when consulting a family with a psychologist. He proposes to introduce the concept of a family as a small group that receives professional psychological help from specialists. The content of the concept “family” is revealed through a number of provisions.
A family is a group that satisfies the needs of its members. These needs are most successfully satisfied in the unique interactions of specific people.
The family includes heterogeneous components associated with physiological processes, with the psychological dynamics of relationships, with the norms and values of culture, with economic conditions of the market and production, with demographic changes, with the institutions of the army, the church, health care, government administration and with historical transformations in general. .
The family as a social institution is by no means doomed to passivity, but is capable of independently influencing the course of socio-historical development through changes in the family and demographic structure.
The family is a complex social entity and therefore multi-valued: on the one hand, the concept of a social institution reveals the meaning of the family in a broad social perspective in connection with other social institutions and with social processes of change, development, modernization; on the other hand, the understanding of the family as a small social group is focused on the patterns of formation, functioning and disintegration of the family as an autonomous entity.
There are many definitions of family, highlighting various aspects of family life as family-forming relationships, ranging from the simplest and extremely broad (for example, a family is a group of people who love each other, or a group of people who have common ancestors or live together) and ending extensive lists of family characteristics.
The definition of family as a historically specific system of relationships between spouses, between parents and children, as a small group whose members are connected by marriage or kinship relationships, a common life and mutual moral responsibility, and the social need for which is determined by the need of society for the physical and spiritual reproduction of the population, is attractive. belonging to the domestic sociologist A.G. Kharchev.
A family is created by the relationship between parents and children, and marriage turns out to be a legitimate recognition of those relationships between a man and a woman, those forms of cohabitation or sexual partnership that are accompanied by the birth of children. For a more complete understanding of the essence of the family, one should keep in mind the spatial localization of the family: housing, home, property and the economic basis of the family - the general family activity of parents and children, going beyond the narrow horizons of everyday life and consumerism. Thus, a family is a community of people based on a single family activity, connected by ties of marriage and kinship, and thereby carrying out the reproduction of the population and the continuity of family generations, as well as the socialization of children and the maintenance of the existence of family members. Only the presence of the triune relationship of marriage - parenthood - kinship allows us to talk about the constitution of the family as such in its strict form. The fact of one or two of these relationships characterizes the fragmentation of family groups, which were previously families proper (due to the maturation and separation of children, the breakdown of the family due to illness, death of its members, due to divorce and other types of family disorganization), or which did not become also families (for example, families of newlyweds, characterized only by marriage and, due to the absence of children, do not have parenthood (paternity, maternity) and kinship, consanguinity of children and parents, brothers and sisters)
2. Family and marriage as social institutions
Family and marriage are phenomena in which interest has always been stable and widespread. Despite all the ingenuity of man, the huge variety of political, economic and other organizations, in almost every society, from the most primitive tribe to the complex social system of a modern developed state, the family acted and acts as a clearly defined social unit.
The family is one of the most ancient and significant social institutions, but, nevertheless, there is no reason to assert that all other social institutions originate from the family. With all the diversity of starting positions, the family and the need to preserve it arise from the needs for the physical and spiritual reproduction of the population.
In any society, the family has a dual character. On the one hand, it is a social institution, on the other hand, it is a small group that has its own patterns of functioning and development. Hence its dependence on the social system, existing economic, political, religious relations and at the same time its relative independence.
Another social institution is closely connected with the institution of family - the institution of marriage - a socially and personally appropriate form of relationship sanctioned by society.
Family is a small group based on blood ties and regulating relations between spouses, parents and children, as well as close relatives. A distinctive feature of a family is joint housekeeping.
The basis of the family is, as a rule, a married couple. However, there are families characterized by living together and running a common household, but not legally registered. The number of such families has recently increased significantly. Sociologists generally note a decrease in the desire and readiness of the population for marriage, which is especially typical for modern developed countries. In addition, there are single-parent families where one of the parents is absent or the parent generation is not present at all for some reason (for example, when children live with grandparents without parents).
Families, depending on the representation of different generations in them, are nuclear (parents and children) and extended (married couple, children, parents of one of the spouses, other relatives, etc.). The processes of industrialization and urbanization, which have widely unfolded in the modern world, have led to the predominance of the nuclear family.
Changes in the composition and structure of the family often serve as a reason for pessimistic conclusions about the weakening of family ties. In “normal” conditions, according to Comte, the family must ensure the subordination of children to parents based on age and women to men based on gender. Currently, both parameters are changing significantly. Young people are leaving their parents' home earlier and earlier, are striving to live independently, and are increasingly choosing a profession other than that of their parents. The emancipation of women also contributes to the destruction of the hierarchical organization of the family.
In this regard, based on the nature of the distribution of family responsibilities and on the issue of leadership, today there are three main types of families.
Traditional (or patriarchal) family. This type of family organization involves the existence of at least three generations under one roof, and the role of leader is assigned to the eldest man. A traditional family is characterized by:
a) the woman’s economic dependence on her husband;
b) a functionally clear division of spheres of family life and the consolidation of male and female responsibilities (the husband is the breadwinner, the wife is the housewife);
c) recognition of the unconditional priority of men in matters of family leadership.
Neotraditional family. It retains traditional attitudes toward male leadership and the distinction between male and female family responsibilities, but unlike families of the first type, without sufficient objective economic grounds. Sociologists call this type of family exploitative, since along with the right to equal participation in social labor with men, women receive the “exclusive” right to domestic work.
Egalitarian family (family of equals). This type of family is characterized by:
a) fair, proportional division of household responsibilities between family members, interchangeability of spouses in solving everyday problems (the so-called “role symmetry”);
b) discussing the main problems and jointly making decisions that are important for the family;
c) emotional intensity of relationships.
There are also transitional types of families in which the role attitudes of men are more traditional in nature than their actual behavior, or vice versa. For example, a husband, preaching in words the need for a clear division of responsibilities into male and female, actively helps his wife with housework. Or, conversely, a man takes little part in housekeeping, but verbally advocates for democratic role guidelines.
Thus, in the modern family, not only are the traditional roles of women being transformed due to their massive participation in professional activities, but the roles of men are also changing. For example, now it is no longer anomalous or out of the ordinary for a man to take parental leave. Therefore, it is important to find out how spouses perceive the new situation, whether they are ready for the redistribution of family responsibilities, and on what leadership in the family depends.
What is the specificity of the family as a social institution?
First, it has a stable, structured organization consisting of two or more people related by blood, marriage, or adoption (the so-called “standard” family, as opposed to a “non-standard” family created by two or more people of either sex who are not relatives).
Secondly, the family as a social institution acts as a self-regulating system. Its members themselves actually create a micro culture of communication and develop a common view of many life values. All this is accompanied by a clash of positions of family members, the emergence of natural contradictions in this situation, the resolution of which is possible as a result of agreements and mutual concessions, which themselves, in turn, can be achieved due to the internal culture of people, their certain moral and social maturity.
Third, the family exists as a socially sanctioned union. The stable functioning of this institution is possible only when it interacts with other institutions, primarily with the state, law, public opinion, religion, education, and culture. Exerting an external influence on the family, they regulate its creation, functioning and change using a variety of social mechanisms. Within the framework of these institutions, legal and moral norms are created, sanctions are developed aimed at maintaining the family as an important social community.
The social institution of the family, being included in the structural, functional and normative systems of society, regulates the behavior of family members, defining their inherent social roles and statuses. They are naturally associated with those social functions that are implemented by the family as a social institution.
3. Family as a small group
A family is a small group based on the relationship between husband and wife, parents and children, whose members are connected by a common life, mutual moral responsibility and mutual assistance.
Since the family receives moral and legal sanction, public and state support, it also acts as a social institution. When they talk about the family as a social institution, what is of interest is not a specific family, but patterns of family behavior, role relationships, the specifics of formal and informal norms and sanctions in the sphere of marriage and family relations. Sociologists analyze the family as a social institution in cases where it is necessary to find out how its functioning corresponds to social needs, how family norms and values change in different types of culture, how social regulation of relations between family members occurs.
As a small social group, the family is most often considered in cases where a specific family is studied, real relationships between its members or its internal connections are studied. Researchers are interested in the goals, structure, composition of the family, family norms and values, relationships among family members, and the performance of basic functions by its members.
The family occupies a very special position in many respects compared to other social groups
Considering the family as a small group, scientists especially emphasize the role of psychological connections. The question of what relationships the family is formed on is not particularly important in this case. Such grounds can be either marriage, or consanguinity (for example, mother and children), or adoption, or common housing and budget (without registering a marriage). The main thing is that these people are connected by a relationship of mutual assistance and mutual responsibility for each other, for their children, their health and upbringing.
A family is a union of people united by love, common interests, mutual assistance and mutual understanding of each other’s problems and joys. Family relationships are multifaceted, like the person himself, and in order to establish a comfortable psychological climate in the house, it is necessary to go through a chain of compromises in relationships with each other.
What types of families are there? How do they differ from each other: composition, nature of relationships, distribution of roles and power within the family, number of children?
In modern Russia there are more than 40 million families. Among them there are extended (multi-generation) families that unite two or three generations under one roof (according to scientists, there are no more than 20% of them). Most Russian families consist of a married couple with one or two children, called a nuclear family.
Scientists distinguish complete families (two parents) and incomplete families (where for some reason one of the parents or the parent generation is missing, and the children live with their grandparents). Depending on the number of children, families are divided into childless, one-child, small and large families.
The distinctive features of the family as a small group of society are as follows:
1) a family is a special kind of union between spouses, characterized by spiritual community and deep intimate and trusting ties;
2) trust relationships between spouses and children prevail in the family;
3) the peculiarity of the family is manifested in the way it is formed: people
marry on the basis of mutual sympathy and spiritual closeness.
The main functions of a modern family can be summarized as follows:
1) reproductive - biological reproduction of family members;
2) educational - socialization of the individual;
3) household - maintaining the physical health of family members, caring for children;
4) economic - economic support for minors and disabled family members;
5) the sphere of primary social control - moral regulation of the behavior of family members in various areas, the responsibility and obligations of parents to their children;
6) the sphere of spiritual communication - the development of the personality of a family member;
7) social status - providing social status to family members; reproduction of social structure.
8) leisure - organization of rational leisure, social control in the field of leisure;
9) emotional - emotional stabilization of individuals and their psychological therapy;
10)sexual - sexual control.
11) accumulation of property and its transfer by inheritance.
Among the listed functions, the most important are reproductive and child rearing;
The famous Russian sociologist I. Kon gives a description of various types of cultures (depending on the prevailing norms of sexual morality), among which he distinguishes two main types: antisexual (repressive) and prosexual (tolerant).
An example of repressive morality is medieval Christian morality. An example of the opposite type is the culture of the peoples of Polynesia: sexuality and eroticism are actively encouraged here, sexual problems are freely discussed, expressed in rituals, songs, dances,
It is known that agrarian society was dominated by the extended family, which is sometimes called patriarchal.
During the transition from an agrarian society to an industrial one, a demographic revolution occurred, the result of which was the emergence of a new type of family - the nuclear family, or small family, which became especially widespread in urbanized areas.
The main reasons for such a significant transformation of the family:
1) characteristic of the industrial economy of production process organizations requires the distance of the place of work from the place of residence, which leads to an increase in population mobility, which has weakened the frequency and intensity of contacts between members of the extended family;
2) the growth of social mobility and the orientation towards “achieved status” characteristic of an industrial society leads to the fact that family members begin to occupy different social positions, which also leads to a weakening of family ties;
3) the growth of differentiation and specialization of social labor in an industrial society leads to widespread distribution;
cultural and educational institutions and the development of the service sector, these institutions take on many of the traditional functions of the family - educational, economic, leisure, etc.
Family tendencies play an important role in family and marital relations. Trends are more or less stable, repeating phenomena, facts, events that decrease or increase in relation to some initial period.
For example, these:
1) marriage for love, equal, voluntary without material calculations;
2) the growth of the social value of the family in the formation and development of the individual;
3) strengthening the feelings of spouses in individual sexual love;
4) excess of mortality over birth rate. Russia loses almost 1.5 million people every year.
5) reduction in the birth rate;
6) increase in the number of divorces;
7) the desire of girls to marry a rich man (without love, but tolerant).
8) increase in crime, including juvenile crime, etc.
The tendency characteristic of modern society to transform families into a “friendly intimate union” allows in some cases to adapt to the requirements of the socio-professional structure of society. In some social strata of society, a new type of family is beginning to be created, successfully combining the value orientations of spouses towards creating their own family and their professional interests associated with an orientation towards “achieved status”, i.e. career in the chosen profession. This type is called the “bi-career family.” In the West, this form has become widespread in the upper strata of the middle class, in our country - in some strata of the intelligentsia.
Conclusion
The family is a social phenomenon that combines the features of a social institution and a small group. Being a small group, it combines personal needs with public interests, adapts to social relations, norms, and values accepted in society. In other words, in the family, personal needs are ordered and organized on the basis of social values, norms and patterns of behavior accepted in society and, in the end, acquire the character of social functions
The world does not stand still, it changes, and with it its social institutions, and therefore the family, change.
The strength of the family, its attractiveness and vitality lie in the integrity that is inherent in the family both as a small social group and as a social institution. The integrity of the family is formed due to the mutual attraction and complementarity of the sexes, creating a “single androgenic being”, a kind of integrity that cannot be reduced either to the sum of family members or to an individual family member. Thanks to its multifunctionality and ability to cultivate the physiological and psychological needs of a person, the ability to self-organize and self-development, the family is able to combine personal, collective and public interests.
The current 21st century is becoming an era in which great hopes are placed for all mankind. The difficult economic and social situation requires serious stress from modern people, which often causes stress and depression, which have already become an integral part of our existence. Today is precisely the time when the need for a “safe haven”, a place of spiritual comfort, is especially acute. A family should be such a place - stability against the backdrop of widespread variability.
A healthy, strong family is the key to stability and prosperity of any society.
References
1. Andreeva G. M. Social psychology. - M.: Aspect Press, 2002
2. Varga A. Systemic family psychotherapy. -- M., 2001
3. Gurko, T. A. Transformation of the family institution: problem statement // Sociological studies. - 1995
4. Zborovsky G.E.. General sociology: Textbook. 3rd ed., rev. and additional - M.: Gardariki, 2004
5. Mikheeva A. R. Marriage, family, parenthood: sociological and demographic aspects. - Novosibirsk: Novosibirsk State. University, 2001.
6. Electronic resource. http://psyera.ru
7. Electronic resource. http://www.grandars.ru
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