Basic ethical documents and codes in medicine. Documents regulating ethical standards for biomedical research involving humans

Today, the process of changing value priorities in the country has also affected social work as a public institution. The priority of material types of assistance gives way to the principle of complexity as a combination of psychological, pedagogical, medical, social, and socio-economic assistance. The principle of client-centrism is proclaimed as the humanistic basis of social work. The criteria for assessing the degree of need for social support are changing. A targeted approach is becoming dominant, defining the specification of social assistance in relation to each client, replacing equalizing material payments based on belonging to a certain social group.

This approach is based on an ethical basis enshrined in regulations. Let's look at some of them.

"Social work ethics: principles and standards (International Federation of Social Workers)"

The International Declaration on Social Work Ethics “Social Work Ethics: Principles and Standards” was adopted at the general meeting of the International Federation of Social Workers in October 1994 (Oslo, Norway). This document solves the problem of raising ethical issues among member associations of the international federation and social workers in these countries. Here are the basic ethical principles of social work, recommendations for the behavior of a social worker with clients, colleagues, and representatives of other areas. The Declaration is constantly being refined and subject to change.

It consists of two parts: “International Declaration of Ethical Principles of Social Work” and “International Ethical Standards for Social Workers”.

The first of them has a number of goals:

Formulate a system of basic principles of social work that can be adapted to cultural and social circumstances;

Identify areas of problems in social work practice;

Provide guidance in the selection of methods for solving ethical problems.

The Declaration substantiates the following ethical principles:

Client uniqueness;

The individual’s right to self-realization and the duty to contribute to the well-being of society;

Satisfying basic human needs;

Social Justice;

Anti-discrimination;

Respect for the rights and freedoms of the client;

Personal integrity

Confidentiality and responsible use of information;

Awareness and activity of the client in the process of solving problems;

Ethical justification of actions;

Intransigence towards various forms of oppression of people.

Among the ethically problematic areas in the Declaration are:

Problems associated with the need to act in a situation of conflicting interests of two parties (the specialist himself and the client, an individual client and groups of people, etc.);

Problems associated with the need to combine the positions of a controller and an assistant in practical activities;

Issues related to the duty to protect the client's interests and the need to act effectively and efficiently.

The second part of the document under consideration - “International Ethical Standards for Social Workers” - includes a list of standards of conduct for a social worker in relation to clients, agents and organizations (external to the institution in which the specialist works); colleagues; profession in general.

Support the client's right to trust, confidentiality, and responsible use of information;

Recognize and respect clients' individual goals, responsibilities and differences;

Help the client, individual, group, community, society in self-realization and maximum use of their own potential while respecting the rights of others.

Standards for a social worker’s relationship with agencies and organizations include the following requirements:

Collaborate only with partners who act in accordance with the ethical principles of the International Federation of Social Workers;

Responsibly implement the goals and objectives of the organization in one’s own activities; through it to promote desirable changes in social policy and social work practice;

Ensure “transparency” of the organization’s activities; use all opportunities to stop any form of unethical practices within the agency or organization.

In relation to colleagues, a social worker should strive for any cooperation that increases his professionalism and competence; acknowledge differences of opinion between colleagues; use and create opportunities for the exchange of experience, knowledge, ideas; defend colleagues if they are treated unfairly.

The standards of behavior of a social worker in relation to the profession are the need to preserve the values of social work, adhere to high professional standards, protect the profession from unconstructive criticism and constructively criticize existing practice and promote its development.

The “Professional and Ethical Code of Social Workers in Russia” was adopted by the Interregional Association of Social Workers on May 22, 1994.

The first section of the document “Behavior and Appearance of a Social Worker” contains several principles, according to which a social worker must maintain high standards of personal behavior, be competent and improve professional skills, treat professional duties as a personal duty, be honest and impartial, and comply with international standards in relation to scientific research.

The second section of the code sets out the “Ethical Obligations of the Social Worker to His Clients.” It indicates the paramount importance of the client’s interests, the need to rely on the internal potentials of the individual, maintain confidentiality when working with the client, and establish fair fees commensurate with the assistance provided.

The third section of the document “Ethical standards of a social worker in relation to his colleagues” includes two main provisions: requirements for a high degree of respect and trust, politeness and fairness with which a specialist must treat colleagues; requirements for full professional dedication when working with clients of colleagues.

The section “Ethical obligations of a social worker in relation to a manager or governing organization” indicates the need to firmly fulfill the obligations assumed by a social worker.

The content of the “Ethical Responsibilities of a Social Worker to the Profession” requires maintaining and developing the value, ethics, knowledge and mission of the profession; promote the profession by increasing the availability of social services to the population; be responsible for the development of knowledge in the field of social work and its implementation in practical professional activities.

“The ethical obligations of a social worker to society” put forward demands to prevent and eliminate discrimination, strive for freedom of choice and equal opportunities for all citizens (especially those in need), and promote political and legislative changes aimed at improving people's lives.

This document is based on the Code of Ethics of the National Association of Social Workers (NASW (USA)), adopted in the USA in 1979.

Also, the fundamentals of ethics are enshrined in the professional duties of a social worker and are outlined in general terms in the Qualification List, where the specialty “social work” was included in April 1991 by order of the USSR State Committee for Labor. The professional responsibilities of a social worker are also disclosed in job descriptions, which are mandatory. But, as was said, not every functional responsibility of a social worker can be considered as his duty. Those duties that are imposed on the employee under the influence of the situation or by higher officials and that do not benefit the client and society cannot be considered as his duty, but at the same time they can be fulfilled.

Thus, regulatory documents establish the responsibility of a social worker for the performance of professional duties. However, the main criteria for their successful implementation are his moral sense, honor and dignity, civic sense of responsibility and moral discipline.

These criteria together constitute a meaningful description of the professional duty of a social worker.

Consequently, the basis of the professional ethics of a social work specialist is made up of socially developed value requirements that society, the profession, the team, clients and he himself make for behavior and actions, and what he himself feels the need for and for which he is responsible.

Conclusions on the second chapter. Professional ethics of social work reveals the essence and specifics of the implementation of social support for different groups of the population in specific types of relationships.

Unlike professional duties, the requirements of professional ethics should be perceived by a specialist not as something imposed from the outside, but as an internal moral need, a deep conviction in the need for certain actions, showing attention and the desire to help those in need.

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International Code of Medical Ethics

Adopted by the 3rd General Assembly of the World Medical Association, London, Great Britain, October 1949, supplemented by the 22nd World Medical Assembly, Sydney, Australia, August 1968 and the 35th World Medical Assembly, Venice, Italy, October 1983.
General responsibilities of doctors
A PHYSICIAN MUST maintain the highest professional standards at all times.
THE PHYSICIAN MUST not allow self-interest to interfere with the freedom and independence of professional decisions, which must be made solely in the best interests of the patient.
THE PHYSICIAN SHOULD prioritize compassion and respect for the human dignity of the patient and be fully responsible for all aspects of medical care, regardless of his own professional specialization.
A DOCTOR MUST be honest in his dealings with patients and colleagues and deal with those of his colleagues who show incompetence or are found to be deceptive.

The following are not compatible with medical ethics standards:
a) Self-promotion unless specifically permitted by the laws of the country and the code of ethics of the national medical association.
b) Payment by a physician of a commission for referring a patient to him, or receiving payment or other remuneration from any source for referring a patient to a certain medical institution, to a certain specialist, or prescribing a certain type of treatment without sufficient medical grounds.
A DOCTOR MUST respect the rights of patients, colleagues, and other medical workers, and also maintain medical confidentiality.
A DOCTOR MUST, only in the interests of the patient, in the process of providing medical care, carry out interventions that could worsen his physical or mental condition.
A PHYSICIAN SHOULD be extremely careful when giving information about discoveries, new technologies and treatments through non-professional channels.
A DOCTOR SHOULD only state what he has personally verified.

Responsibilities of a doctor towards a patient
A DOCTOR MUST constantly remember his duty to preserve human life.
A DOCTOR MUST turn to more competent colleagues if the examination or treatment required by a patient goes beyond the level of his own professional capabilities.
A DOCTOR MUST maintain medical confidentiality even after the death of his patient.
A DOCTOR MUST always provide emergency care to anyone in need, unless he has verified that others are willing and able to do what is necessary.

Responsibilities of doctors towards each other
A DOCTOR SHOULD behave towards his colleagues as he would like them to behave towards him.
A DOCTOR MUST not lure patients away from his colleagues.
THE DOCTOR MUST adhere to the principles of the "Declaration of Geneva" approved by the World Medical Association.

Statement on Medical Ethics in Disasters

Adopted by the 46th General Assembly of the WMA,
Stockholm, Sweden, September 1994

1. THE DEFINITION OF A DISASTER for the purposes of this document focuses primarily on the medical aspects.

A disaster is the unexpected occurrence of harmful events, usually of a sudden and intense nature, resulting in significant property damage, significant displacement of people and/or large numbers of casualties and/or significant disruption in society, or a combination of the above. This definition, as formulated, does not include situations arising from international or internal conflicts and wars that give rise to problems other than those addressed in these Regulations. From a medical perspective, disaster situations are characterized by acute and unexpected discrepancies between medical capabilities and resources and the needs of victims or people whose health is at risk over a given period of time.

2. DISASTERS, whether natural (e.g. earthquakes), technological (e.g. nuclear or chemical accidents) or accidental (e.g. train derailment), are characterized by several features that give rise to specific problems:
a) their sudden occurrence, requiring quick action;
b) inadequacy of medical resources adapted to normal conditions: the large number of casualties means that available resources must be used most effectively in order to save as many lives as possible;
c) material or natural destruction that makes access to victims difficult and/or dangerous;
d) adverse effects on the health situation due to pollution and the danger of epidemics.

Thus, disasters require a multifaceted response, involving many different types of assistance from transportation and food supplies to medical care, carried out with careful security (police, fire service, army, etc.). These activities require effective and centralized leadership to coordinate public and personal efforts. Rescuers and doctors are faced with an unusual situation in which their personal ethics must somehow be combined with the ethical demands put forward by society in such an emotionally charged environment.

The rules of medical ethics, defined and learned earlier, should complement the personal ethics of doctors.
Inadequate and/or destroyed medical resources, on the one hand, and large numbers of people injured in a short time, on the other hand, pose a particular ethical problem.

Providing health care in such settings poses technical and organizational challenges in addition to ethical issues. Therefore, the WMA recommends the following ethical guidelines for physicians in disaster situations.

3. SORTING.
3.1. Triage represents the first ethical issue, arising from the limited immediately available treatment resources and the large number of victims with varying health conditions. Triage is the medical activity of preferential treatment and care based on diagnosis and prognosis. Patient survival depends on triage. It must be carried out quickly, taking into account medical needs, opportunities for medical intervention and available resources. Life-sustaining resuscitation efforts must occur concurrently with triage.

3.2. Triage should be entrusted to an authorized, experienced physician assisted by qualified personnel.

3.3. The doctor should triage the wounded in the following order:
a) victims who can be saved, but whose lives are in immediate danger, requiring assistance immediately or preferentially within the next few hours;
b) victims whose lives are not in immediate danger and who require urgent, but not immediate, medical attention;
c) wounded requiring only minor assistance, which can be provided later or which can be provided by auxiliary personnel;
d) psychologically traumatized, in need of reassurance, who cannot be assisted individually, but who may require sedation or rest in the acute stage;
e) victims whose condition cannot be alleviated by available therapeutic resources, victims who have received extremely severe injuries, such as radiation or burns, to such a degree and extent that their life cannot be saved in the given circumstances of time and place, or complex surgical cases , requiring a particularly delicate operation that will take too much time, thus forcing the doctor to choose between them and other patients. For these reasons, all such victims can be classified as "non-emergency" cases. A decision to “not take the casualty into account” in the allocation of priorities dictated by a disaster situation cannot be considered as “not providing assistance to a person in mortal danger.” This is justified if it is aimed at saving the maximum number of victims;
f) since cases may evolve and thus move into another category, it is important that the situation is regularly reviewed by the commissioners in a triage manner.

3.4. a) From an ethical point of view, the problem of triage and treatment of victims "outside emergency care" is the use of immediately available means in exceptional circumstances beyond the control of the person. It is unethical for a physician to persist in keeping a hopeless patient alive at all costs, thereby wasting scarce resources needed elsewhere. However, physicians must show compassion and respect for the dignity of their patients' privacy, for example by separating them from others and prescribing appropriate painkillers and sedatives.
b) The physician must act in accordance with his conscience, taking into account available means. He must try to establish an order of treatment priorities that will save the maximum number of seriously ill patients who have a chance of recovery and minimize morbidity, while taking into account the limitations imposed by circumstances.
The doctor should pay special attention to the fact that children may have specific needs.

4. RELATIONS WITH VICTIMS.
4.1. Victims are provided with first aid and emergency medical care. In the event of a disaster, the doctor must provide medical care to each victim without any selection, without waiting for a request for help.

4.2. In selecting patients who can be saved, the physician should be guided only by the patient's condition and should exclude any other considerations based on non-medical criteria.

4.3. Relationships with victims are determined by the provision of first aid and the need to protect the best interests of patients, if possible, by obtaining their consent in critical conditions. However, the doctor must take into account the cultural characteristics of the population and act in accordance with the requirements of the situation. It must be guided by the concept of optimal care, which includes both technical assistance and emotional support aimed at saving the maximum number of lives and minimizing morbidity to the absolute minimum.

4.4. Relationships with victims also include aspects related to empathy for the loss of life, which, along with technical medical actions, serve as recognition and support for the psychological experiences of victims. These aspects include respect for the dignity and morals of victims and their families, as well as assistance to survivors.

4.5. The doctor must respect the customs, rituals and beliefs of the victims and act with complete impartiality.

4.6. If possible, victims should register for follow-up medical care.

5. RELATIONS WITH THIRD PARTIES.
The physician has an obligation to each patient to exercise discretion and confidentiality when communicating with the media and other third parties, to exercise caution and objectivity, and to act with dignity in dealing with the emotional and political atmosphere surrounding a disaster situation.

6. RESPONSIBILITIES OF AUXILIARY MEDICAL PERSONNEL.
The ethical principles that apply to physicians also apply to personnel under the physician's supervision.

7. TRAINING.
The World Medical Association recommends that training in disaster medicine be included in university curricula and postgraduate medical courses.

8. RESPONSIBILITY.
The World Medical Association calls on member states and insurance companies to introduce a reduced liability or liability without malpractice procedure that would compensate both the public costs and any personal harm that may occur to doctors working in emergency or disaster situations.

The World Medical Association invites governments
a) provide assistance and support to foreign doctors and accept their activities, their arrival and financial assistance (for example, the Red Cross, Red Crescent) without discrimination on racial, religious and other grounds,
b) give preference to the provision of medical care rather than visits from dignitaries.

The International Declaration of Ethical Principles of Social Work was adopted by the International Federation of Social Workers on July 8, 1994.

SOCIAL WORK ETHICS: PRINCIPLES AND STANDARDS

(adopted at the general meeting of IFAD)

1. RATIONALE

Ethical knowledge is a necessary part of the professional activity of a social worker. Its ability to act ethically significantly enhances the quality of services offered to clients.

IFAD aims to promote debate on ethical issues among its member associations and among social workers in these countries.

The basis for further development of ethical principles can be “Social work ethics: principles and standards”, consisting of two documents: “International Declaration of Ethical Principles of Social Work” and “International Ethical Standards for Social Workers”. These documents present the basic ethical principles of the social worker profession, recommendations for behavior with clients, colleagues and representatives of other areas. Documents are constantly being updated and subject to changes.

2. INTERNATIONAL DECLARATION OF ETHICAL PRINCIPLES FOR SOCIAL WORK

2.1. Introduction

IFAD recognizes the need for a declaration of ethical principles that should guide the resolution of ethical problems arising in the process of social work.

The objectives of the International Declaration of Ethical Principles are:

1. Formulate a system of basic principles of social work.

2. Identify areas of ethical concern in social work practice (“problem areas”).

3. Provide guidance in the selection of methods for solving ethical problems (“methods for solving ethical problems”).

Consistency

The International Declaration of Ethical Principles states that IFAD member associations and their member social workers are committed to the principles set out below.

IFAD expects that a member of an association assists other members in identifying and solving ethical problems in the course of practice. National associations having difficulty in accepting these principles should inform the Executive Committee.

IFAD. The Executive Committee may oblige those associations that do not adhere to the provisions of the Declaration of Ethical Principles to comply with them. If this is not sufficient, the Executive Committee may, as a next step, suspend the organization's membership in the Federation or expel it from IFAD.

An international declaration of ethical principles should be made public. This will enable clients, employees, members of other professions and the public at large to expect that social work will be based on ethical principles.

We recognize that the declared description of a system of ethical standards for member associations would be unrealistic, given the differences in legislation, culture, and governance in IFAD member countries.

2.2. Principles

Social workers serve people by acting on the basis of the following basic principles:

2.2.1. Each person is valuable for his uniqueness, which should be taken into account and respected.

2.2.2. Every person has the right to self-realization to the extent that similar rights of other people are not violated, and is obliged to contribute to the well-being of society.

2.2.3. Every society, regardless of its form, must function in such a way as to provide the maximum benefits to all its members.

2.2.4. Social workers are committed to the principles of social justice.

2.2.5. Social workers are obliged to direct all their knowledge and skills to assist individuals, groups, communities in their development, as well as to resolve conflicts between the individual and society.

2.2.6. Social workers are expected to provide assistance to everyone who seeks their help and advice, without unfair discrimination on the basis of gender, age, physical or mental disability, color, social class, race, religion, language, political opinion, or sexual orientation.

2.2.7. Social workers respect the fundamental human rights of individuals and groups in accordance with the UN Declaration of Human Rights and other international conventions arising from this Declaration.

2.2.8. Social workers observe the principles of personal integrity, confidentiality and responsible use of information in their work. Social workers respect reasonable confidentiality even when national laws conflict with these requirements.

2.2.9. The social worker is expected to work closely with his clients for the benefit of the clients and not to the detriment of others. Clients are encouraged to engage in the work and should be advised of the risks and benefits of the proposed course of action.

2.2.10. Social workers generally expect clients to accept responsibility with them for developing a plan of action to change their lives. Coercion in solving the problems of one of the parties at the expense of infringing the interests of the other party can be resorted to only after carefully weighing the claims of the conflicting parties. Social workers should minimize the use of legal coercion when resolving client issues.

2.2.11. Social work is incompatible with direct or indirect support of individuals, groups, or government structures that use terrorism, torture, or other actions aimed at oppressing people.

2.2.12. Social workers take and adhere to ethically sound actions in accordance with the International Ethical Standards for Social Workers adopted by their national organizations.

2.3. Problem areas

2.3.1. Problem areas, that is, areas where ethical issues arise, are not common to everyone due to differences in culture and government. Each national association is encouraged to engage in discussions to identify the most important issues and problems specific to its country. The following problem areas are widely known:

1) the test of a social worker’s loyalty is at the intersection of interests:

The social worker and the client themselves;

The individual client and other people;

Client groups;

Client groups and the rest of society;

Systems of institutions and client groups;

Systems (institutions) of observer and social workers;

Various groups of professionals.

2) the very fact of the social worker as an assistant and as a controller. The relationship between these two aspects of social work requires clarification based on the selection of values in order to avoid confusion of motives in the absence of their clarity and consistency. When a social worker is expected to act as a government watchdog, he or she must clarify the ethical implications of that role and the extent to which it can be applied in accordance with the basic ethical principles of social work.

3) the conflict between the social worker's duty to protect the interests of the client and the need to act effectively and efficiently. The problem becomes important due to the introduction and use of information technology in the field of social work.

2.3.2. The principles enunciated in section 2.2 should always guide the decision making of a social worker in the field of social work.

2.4. Methods for solving questions/problems

2.4.1. The various national associations of social workers have a responsibility to resolve issues so that ethical issues can be addressed and resolved in collective forums within the organization.

Such forums should encourage the individual social worker to discuss, analyze and consider ethical issues in collaboration with colleagues, other expert groups and parties affected by the issue being discussed. In addition, such forums should provide the social worker with the opportunity to receive advice from colleagues and other professionals. Ethical analysis and discussion should always create new possibilities for solving a problem.

2.4.2. Member associations are required to create or adopt ethical standards for various areas of work, especially those where complex ethical issues exist and ethical principles may conflict with a country's legal system, politics or government authorities.

2.4.3. Once the ethical foundations have been established and serve to guide action within social work practice, the task of the associations is to assist the individual social worker in analyzing and considering ethical issues, taking into account:

1) the main principles of the Declaration (section 2.2);

2) the ethical, moral and political context of actions, that is, the analysis of the values and forces that make up the set of conditions during the conduct of actions;

3) motives for action, that is, to protect a higher level of awareness of the goals and intentions that a social worker should have in the process of his activities;

4) the nature of actions, that is, assistance in analyzing the moral content of the action, for example, the use of coercion as opposed to voluntary cooperation, leadership with the direct participation of the client, etc. d.;

5) consequences, that is, the impact that an action can have on different groups, by analyzing the consequences in the different ways of all parties involved in the short and long term.

2.4.4. Member associations are responsible for promoting and discussing ethical issues and research in this area.

3. INTERNATIONAL ETHICAL STANDARDS FOR SOCIAL WORKERS

This section is based on the International Charter of Ethics for Professional Social Work adopted by IFAD in 1976, but it does not include ethical principles as they are contained in the new, separate International Declaration of Ethical Principles of Social Work (section 2.2 of this document).

3.1. Preamble

Social work is largely based on humanitarian, religious and democratic ideals and philosophical theories and is a universal opportunity to meet human needs that arise in the process of interaction between the individual and society, as well as the development of human potential. The purpose of social workers is to serve in the name of improving human well-being and self-realization, helping to find resources to meet the needs and aspirations of individuals, groups, nations, and achieving social justice. Based on the International Declaration of Ethical Principles of Social Work, a social worker is required to recognize standards of ethical behavior.

3.2. Basic Standards of Ethical Behavior

3.2.1. Try to understand each individual client and client system, the elements influencing behavior and the services offered.

3.2.2. Uphold and develop the values, knowledge and methodology of the profession, refraining from behavior that violates the rules of the profession.

3.2.3. Recognize professional and personal limitations.

3.2.4. Encourage the use of relevant knowledge and skills.

3.2.5. Apply appropriate methods to develop (affirm) knowledge.

3.2.6. Contribute to the development of policies and programs aimed at improving life in society.

3.2.7. Identify and describe social needs.

3.2.8. Identify and describe the basis and nature of individual, group, community, national and international social problems.

3.2.9. Define and describe the content of the social worker profession.

3.2.10. Determine whether the social worker's public statements and actions were made on his own behalf or whether he was acting as a representative of a professional association, agency, organization or other group.

3.3. Standards of behavior for a social worker in relation to clients

3.3.1. Have primary responsibility towards specific clients, but within the limits set by ethical requirements.

3.3.2. Support the client's right to trust, confidentiality, and responsible use of information. The collection and exchange of information is a function of professional services where the client is informed of the need to collect it and for what purposes it will be used. Information is not used without prior warning to the client, except in cases where the client cannot be responsible for his actions or when it could cause serious harm to others. The client has access to the social worker's records and information relating to him.

3.3.3. Recognize and respect clients' individual goals, responsibilities, and differences.

Professional services must help all clients equally and accept responsibility for individual actions. Where professional services cannot be provided under such conditions, clients must be informed in order to have discretion.

3.3.4. Help the client, individual, group, community, society to realize themselves and maximize their potential while respecting the rights of others. Social services should assist clients in understanding and using professional services to meet their legal requirements and develop their interests.

3.4. Standards for the relationship of a social worker with agencies and organizations

3.4.1. Work and/or cooperate with those agencies and organizations whose policies and activities are aimed at providing services and professional activities in accordance with the ethical principles of IFAD.

3.4.2. Responsibly carry out the established purposes and functions of agencies or organizations, contributing to the development of social policy, methodology and practice with a view to creating better standards.

3.4.3. Bear maximum responsibility to the client by promoting desired changes in social policy, methodology and practice through the appropriate agency or organization. If the desired results are not achieved through these channels, initiate an appeal to higher authorities and to the wider public interested in solving this problem.

3.4.4. Provide professional accountability to clients and the public regarding performance in the form of periodic reviews of services provided.

3.4.5. Use all possible ethical means to stop unethical activities when policies, methods and practices are in direct conflict with the ethical principles of social work.

3.5. Standards of behavior for a social worker in relations with colleagues

3.5.1. Recognize the education, training and implementation of social work (colleagues and representatives of other disciplines), fully expanding collaboration with them, which can contribute to improving the effectiveness of services provided.

3.5.2. Recognize the validity of colleagues and other professionals having their own opinions regarding social work practice; it is necessary to express criticism in a correct form.

3.5.3. Use and create the opportunity to exchange knowledge, experience, ideas with all colleagues in social work, professionals from other fields, volunteers, promote mutual enrichment and improve joint activities.

3.5.4. Bring to the attention of relevant institutions within and outside the profession, violations of professional ethics and standards and ensure that relevant clients are properly included in these activities.

3.5.5. Defend colleagues if they are treated unfairly.

3.6. Standards in relation to the profession

3.6.1. Uphold the values, ethical principles and methodology of the profession and contribute to their clarification and improvement.

3.6.2. Adhere to professional standards in work and develop them.

3.6.3. Defend the profession from unfair criticism and strive to establish the idea of the need for professional practice.

3.6.4. Provide constructive criticism of the profession, its theory, methods, and practices.

3.6.5. Promote the emergence of new methods and approaches needed to respond to new and existing needs.

Business ethics is one of the youngest and fastest growing branches of science. Courses in this discipline are taught in the West and in the USA not only in business schools, but also in reputable universities, becoming an integral part of the training of economists, managers, specialists in the field of management of public organizations and public service. Gradually, interest in business ethics is emerging in Russia.

Business ethics in a broad sense, it is a set of ethical principles and norms that should guide the activities of organizations and their members. It includes phenomena of various orders: ethical assessment of both the internal and external policies of the organization as a whole; moral principles of the organization's members, i.e. professional morality; moral climate in the organization; business etiquette standards, etc.

An interesting fact is that the general basis business ethics serves as an understanding of work as a moral value. And work becomes a moral value if it is perceived not only as a source of livelihood, but also as a way of developing human dignity. At the same time, traditional ethical problems are solved: the problem of moral choice turns into the problem of choosing a profession, the so-called problem of vocation; the problem of the meaning of life becomes the problem of the meaning of professional activity; moral duty is considered as a professional duty; moral responsibility is refracted through professional responsibility, the professional qualities of an individual receive a moral assessment.

In general, a set of ethical rules and norms of behavior shared by participants in a particular corporate society (shareholders, directors, managers, employees) is formalized through documents of business ethics, thanks to which certain models of behavior and joint activities are created, as well as internal corporate mechanisms that ensure their application participants in corporate society in relations with each other and with the external environment (state, business partners, etc.).

Since business ethics documents are approved by the board of directors or the general meeting of shareholders, they become internal (local) documents of the company and acquire a certain legal meaning. Failure to comply with them may result in the application of sanctions for violators provided for by the charter and internal documents of the company.

Business ethics documents perform a wide range of tasks that can be reduced to the implementation of two main functions: reputational and management.

Reputation function is to increase confidence in the company on the part of potential investors (shareholders, banks, investment companies) and business partners (customers, suppliers, contractors, etc.). The presence of a company document of business ethics already becomes a kind of brand, a sign of its success and a necessary condition for a high business reputation. As a result of the adoption and implementation of a business ethics document in the company’s activities, its investment attractiveness increases, and the company’s image reaches a qualitatively higher level.

Management function documents of business ethics is to regulate and streamline corporate behavior in complex and ambiguous situations from the point of view of compliance with the principles of ethics, honesty and integrity. The management function is provided by:

1) the formation of ethical aspects of corporate culture between stakeholders within the corporation (shareholders, directors, managers and employees). The document of business ethics, introducing corporate values within the company, crystallizes the corporate identity of this company and, as a result, improves the quality of strategic and operational management in it;

2) regulation of priorities in relations with external stakeholders (suppliers, consumers, creditors, etc.);

3) determining the order and procedure for developing and making decisions in complex ethical situations;

4) listing and specifying forms of behavior that are unacceptable from an ethical standpoint.

Most common types of business ethics documents are declaration And codes, which are a kind of set of laws for intra-corporate use - one of the effective forms of regulation and control of the activities of an enterprise or organization.