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The Rise of Cottonpaw

In the seventeenth century, namely in 1603, at the beginning of the so-called Peasant War in Tsarist Russia, an uprising of slaves and peasants broke out, led by Cotton Kosolap.

It is not for nothing that historians and researchers of this historical period called it “rebellious,” because at that time a storm of coups swept through the Russian state, marked by numerous bloodsheds, which actually led the country to the loss of state independence, and also tested the fortitude of the Slavic people. The beginning of these events is considered to be the Cotton uprising.

Main Causes of the Cotton Rebellion

Modern historians believe that the following factors acted as the reasons that became the “catalyst” for the uprising:

• The death of the Russian tyrant and dictator Ivan the Fourth the Terrible, who, for his own benefit, introduced the oprichnina, which was hated by all layers of society of that time that existed in Rus'. At the same time, his death plunged Russia into Troubles, since he was the last of the legitimate representatives of power (the Last Rurikovich).
• The clash of interests of different social strata that occupied different positions in the state hierarchy.
• Tightening of feudal oppression in the years 1780-1790, through the legislative approval of serfdom in the state.
• In the end, the establishment of serfdom completely took away the rights of peasants and slaves, which deprived them of political status in the state.
• Mass famine, as well as epidemics provoked by lean years during the reign of Boris Godunov. Due to climate change, early frosts and late spring in 1601-1603, not only the harvest, but also the seed material was destroyed, which led to a shortage of bread and the introduction of high prices for this product.

All of the above caused the death of many thousands of people, as well as mass flights of peasants and slaves from their landowners who could not feed them. Quite often, these fugitives united in bandits and hunted in the forests by robbing merchants and wealthy citizens.

No matter how Godunov tried to help those in need, distributing money and bread from state reserves, such measures only aggravated the economic decay existing in Russia and soon the landowners themselves began to drive their own peasants out of their estates, unable to feed them.

The main indicator that served as a guide for government officials was the wave of popular uprisings in 1602, which resulted in the loss of vast territories in the southwestern and eastern regions of the Russian state, to which the rebellious population fled.

Events and progress of the Cotton uprising

The main driving force behind the uprising were:

• Military slaves or so-called boyar people, who at one time underwent military training and had weapons with them.
• Peasants and slaves who were able to escape from their landowners by uniting in detachments and making a living as robberies. Sometimes the number of such detachments exceeded a hundred people, and in the army of Ataman Khlopk there were about six hundred people.

As a result of these events, one of the largest popular riots of the seventeenth century began in August 1603, led by Cotton.

Riots began to arise spontaneously. The uprising swept the main Russian cities: Kolomna, Medyn, Vyazma, Mozhaisk, Rzhev, Vladimir, and Volokolamsk. But the main forces were concentrated near the capital.

After some time, Khlopok’s troops managed to take control of the Smolensk highway, connecting the central and western parts of the state. At first, representatives of the boyars did not pay any attention to the uprising, but very soon they realized that it was a huge mistake, because in a short time there was a real threat of seizing state power.

Immediately, active preparatory work for the defense of the capital began, for which the city was divided into a dozen defense sectors, each of which was headed by a boyar or okolnichy. The command of the defense of Moscow was entrusted by the Boyar Duma to governor Buturlin.

In September of the same year, a large tsarist army advanced from the capital under the command of the okolnichy Basmanov. As a result of the battles, the archers were forced to retreat several times. However, thanks to equipment and discipline, they soon managed to defeat the rebel detachments, many of whom themselves decided to surrender only after seeing the size of the king’s army.

At the same time, a certain part of the rebels still managed to escape to the southern regions, which were still under the control of Cotton. Ataman Kosolap himself was wounded, captured, and later executed in Moscow.

The commander of the tsarist army, Okolnichy Basmanov, was also killed during the decisive battle, and the uprising itself became the beginning of the so-called Bolotnikov Peasant War.

Video lecture: Cotton Rebellion

Introduction

History is one of the most important forms of people's self-awareness. Opposing political forces are trying to take advantage of the experience of history. They justify their actions with references to history. Therefore, in the interpretation of certain historical events, there is an ongoing struggle between different ideas and opinions.

The test was carried out on the topic: “Rebellious 17th century,” which was remembered for mass uprisings and social transformations.

Cotton's Rebellion 1603

Leader: Cotton Clubfoot

Reasons for the uprising:

Rising prices;

Speculation in bread;

Oppression of the people;

Composition of the rebels: Slaves.

The main task of Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich (the Grozny's middle son) and his advisers was to overcome economic devastation. Having given some benefits to the nobility and townspeople, the government at the same time took the path of further enslavement of the peasantry. This caused discontent among the broad masses. The peasants associated the deterioration of their situation with the name of Boris. They claimed that they were enslaved under Tsar Fedor Ioannovich at the instigation of the boyar Boris Fedorovich Godunov.

The situation in the country has become even more aggravated due to crop failure. In 1601 it rained for more than two months. Then very early, in mid-August, frosts hit and snow fell, which led to the destruction of the crop. Prices increased several times, and speculation in bread began. The following year, 1602, the winter crops again failed to sprout. Again, as in 1601, early cold weather set in. Prices have already increased more than 100 times. Boris Godunov organized government works. He attracted Muscovites and refugees who poured into the capital to the construction, using the already existing experience in erecting the bell tower of Ivan the Great, distributing bread from state bins, and allowed serfs to leave their masters and look for opportunities to feed themselves. But all these measures were unsuccessful. Rumors spread that the country was being punished for violating the order of succession to the throne, for the sins of Godunov. A slave revolt (1603-1604) broke out in the center of the country under the leadership of Cotton Crookshanks. It was brutally suppressed, and Khlopok was executed in Moscow.

Uprising I.I. Bolotnikov 1606

Leader: I.I. Bolotnikov

Reasons for the uprising:

The desire to return to the old communal order;

Oppression of the people;

The composition of the rebels: peasants, serfs, townspeople, Cossacks, nobles and other service people.

In 1606, after the death of False Dmitry, on whose instructions Boris Godunov was killed, the boyar Tsar Vasily Shuisky ascended the throne. The political conflict generated over power and the crown grew into a social one; the people finally lost faith in improving their situation and again opposed the authorities. In 1606-1607, an uprising broke out under the leadership of Ivan Isaevich Bolotnikov, which many historians consider the peak of the Peasant War.

I.I. Bolotnikov was a combat (military) slave of Prince Telyagevsky. From him he fled to the Don Cossacks, was captured by the Crimean Tatars and sold into slavery as an oarsman on a Turkish galley. After the defeat of the Turkish fleet by German ships, I.I. Bolotnikov ended up in Venice. After the meeting I.I. Bolotnikov in Sambir in the Mnishkov castle with Mikhail Molchanov, who looked like False Dmitry I, who fled from Moscow and pretended to be the escaped tsar. I.I. Bolotnikov received a letter from Molchanov, sealed with a state seal stolen from Moscow by Molchanov, in which he was appointed the Tsar’s governor, and also received a saber, a fur coat and 60 ducats. Then, through Germany and Poland, he arrived in Putivl as a governor of Tsar Dmitry.

Support I.I. Bolotnikova became Komaritsa volost. Here, in the area of ​​the city of Kromy, many Cossacks gathered who supported False Dmitry I, who freed this region from taxes for 10 years. Having become the head of the Cossack detachments, I.I. Bolotnikov from Krom moved to Moscow in the summer of 1606. Soon a small detachment of I.I. Bolotnikov turned into a powerful army, which included peasants, city residents, and even detachments of nobles and Cossacks dissatisfied with the boyar government. Acting as the governor of Tsar Dmitry Ivanovich, a rumor about the salvation of which came to life again during the reign of Vasily Shuisky, I.I. Bolotnikov defeated government troops near Yelets, captured Kaluga, Tula, Serpukhov.

In October 1606, the army of I.I. Bolotnikova besieged Moscow, settling down near the village of Kolomenskoye. At this time, more than 70 cities were on the side of the rebels. The siege of Moscow lasted two months. At the decisive moment, the betrayal of the noble detachments who went over to the side of Vasily Shuisky led to the defeat of the army of I. I. Bolotnikov. Seeking the support of the boyars and nobles, Vasily Shuisky in March 1607 issued the “Code on Peasants,” which introduced a 15-year period for searching for fugitives.

I.I. Bolotnikov was thrown back to Kaluga and besieged by tsarist troops. With the help of the rebel army of “Tsarevich Peter” (as the slave Ilya Gorchakov called himself - Ileyka Muromets) that came from the Terek along the Volga, I.I. Bolotnikov broke out of the siege and retreated to Tula. The three-month siege of Tula was led by Vasily Shuisky himself. The Upa River was blocked by a dam and the fortress was flooded. After V.I. Shuisky’s promise to save the lives of the rebels, they opened the gates of Tula. The king brutally dealt with the rebels. I.I. Bolotnikov was blinded and then drowned in an ice hole in the city of Kargopol. Ileika Muromets was executed in Moscow.

In the uprising of I.I. Bolotnikov was attended by representatives of different social strata - peasants, serfs, townspeople, Cossacks, nobles and other service people. The Cossacks, possessing weapons, having military experience, and a strong organization formed the core of the rebel army.

The ideological ideas of the rebels, despite the categorical nature of their demands, had a tsarist character. Naive monarchism and faith in a “good” tsar underlay the views of the Cossacks and the peasantry on the state structure. The peasantry and Cossacks saw the goal of the uprising as a return to the old, communal order.

Cotton Kosolap was born on July 5, 1567 in the city of Novgorod. The Great Famine of 1601-1603 gave rise to poverty and unrest. The uprising spread to many counties in the west, center and south of the country. The main forces of the rebels were heading towards Moscow, but were defeated on September 9, 1603 by the tsar's army under the command of the okolnichy I.F. Basmanov, who was killed in this battle. Khlopko himself was seriously wounded and died in captivity. Some of the rebels fled to Ukraine.

Notes

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The seventeenth century in Russian historical science was called “rebellious,” and for good reason: the entire course of the seventeenth century was colored by flashes of bloody events, and this turbulent time for the country was opened by the Cotton uprising.

Brief background to the uprising

The turn of the 16th-17th centuries became a test of strength for Russia; in some periods the state was on the verge of losing sovereignty. Clashes of interests of social groups occupying different positions in society reached the point of irreconcilable destruction of each other. The purely socio-economic reasons for such violent discontent among the lower classes also include the current political situation in Russia. Quite recently, the cruel and merciless autocrat died, whose oprichnina policy caused dull murmurs from all segments of the population. The death of the Tsar, on the one hand, caused a sigh of relief, and on the other, plunged the country into decades of the Time of Troubles. The fact is that the children of Ivan IV were not very healthy (Fyodor was like that; he died soon after his father). The last remaining scion of the once mighty Rurik family was a minor, and therefore could not rule; in addition, he died under mysterious circumstances. Here the noble boyar family of the Godunovs, who took the throne, came to the political forefront, arguing their action by their kinship with the last tsar.

Causes of the uprising

However, the new sovereign was catastrophically unlucky. Of course, much of what happened in the first years of Boris's reign was a consequence of the previous reign. Gradually, one layered on top of the other and caused an unprecedented rise in popular indignation. One of its manifestations was the Cotton uprising. The reasons for this event lay in the policy of oppression and further enslavement of the peasants. Many of them escaped from the estates of the landowners, thus, an increasing number of the protest population accumulated in the southeast of the country. One of the first clear signals to the new government can be considered the year 1602, when large-scale robberies led to the loss of control of some territories. We had to send military teams to suppress them. In 1602-1603 As a result of early frosts, widespread famine occurred, giving rise to poverty and rampant robbery. At the end of the summer of 1603, one of the largest riots of the first third of the 17th century broke out, known in history as the Cotton Rebellion.

Progress of the uprising

The most important highway connecting the central and western parts of the country - the Smolensk Road - was completely paralyzed. Detachments of fugitive serfs operated here under the command of Cotton Crookshanks. The authorities, who initially did not attach much importance to this, soon realized their mistake. Large military forces had to be deployed against the rebels; on the orders of Boris Godunov, a regiment of Moscow archers under the leadership of the okolnichy I.F. was sent to meet the “disobedient slaves.” Basmanova. The uprising led by Khlopko covered more and more territories; it is noteworthy that they did not put forward political and economic demands, but deliberately and with great cruelty engaged in ordinary robbery and robbery. The Tsar's governor treated the fighting capabilities of the fugitive slaves and their leader with disdain, for which he soon paid. In the battle that took place, which was long and fierce, Basmanov was mortally wounded.

Results of the uprising

After the death of the commander of the tsarist troops, the confrontation did not stop, but flared up with renewed vigor. The course of the battle more than once forced the archers to retreat. However, combat training and equipment played their role; by the end of the day, the rebels could no longer hold back the pressure of government troops and began to retreat, but, unfamiliar with military tactics, they opened their rear, which their opponents took advantage of. The total extermination of the rebels began; even those slaves who did not resist and were captured were soon executed without any trial or investigation. The leader of the uprising himself was seriously wounded and captured by the royal troops. His fate was sealed. In Moscow, Khlopko was executed.

A forerunner of the civil war?

The Cotton Rebellion of 1603 showed the contradictions that reigned in Russian society. Even in the privileged part of it there was no unity about the future of the country. Many noble ranks and families of the state were downright hostile to the new tsar, considering him a usurper and murderer of Dmitry of Uglich. Such disagreements could not but affect the lower classes, because the conductors of public opinion in that period were the boyars and nobles, and the lack of solidarity among them gave rise to various social disturbances. Many researchers consider the Time of Troubles to be the first civil war, because all layers of the then Russian society took part in the events mentioned to one degree or another. A kind of pioneer in this matter was the Cotton uprising, which preceded a whole series of bloody acts.

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2. Cotton's Rebellion of 1603

Leader: Cotton Clubfoot

Reasons for the uprising:

Rising prices;

Speculation in bread;

Oppression of the people;

Composition of the rebels: Slaves.

The main task of Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich (the Grozny's middle son) and his advisers was to overcome economic devastation. Having given some benefits to the nobility and townspeople, the government at the same time took the path of further enslavement of the peasantry. This caused discontent among the broad masses. The peasants associated the deterioration of their situation with the name of Boris. They claimed that they were enslaved under Tsar Fedor Ioannovich at the instigation of the boyar Boris Fedorovich Godunov.

The situation in the country has become even more aggravated due to crop failure. In 1601 it rained for more than two months. Then very early, in mid-August, frosts hit and snow fell, which led to the destruction of the crop. Prices increased several times, and speculation in bread began. The following year, 1602, the winter crops again failed to sprout. Again, as in 1601, early cold weather set in. Prices have already increased more than 100 times. Boris Godunov organized government works. He attracted Muscovites and refugees who poured into the capital to the construction, using the already existing experience in erecting the bell tower of Ivan the Great, distributing bread from state bins, and allowed serfs to leave their masters and look for opportunities to feed themselves. But all these measures were unsuccessful. Rumors spread that the country was being punished for violating the order of succession to the throne, for the sins of Godunov. A slave revolt (1603-1604) broke out in the center of the country under the leadership of Cotton Crookshanks. It was brutally suppressed, and Khlopok was executed in Moscow.

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