The use of English words in Russian. English words borrowed from other languages

The vocabulary of our language includes not only native Russian words. There are also borrowed ones among them. What are the origins of this phenomenon?

Reasons for borrowing

The life of any people is certainly connected with other countries and states. This usually occurs through economic, cultural and trade relations. The vocabularies of peoples also experience mutual influence during contact. And this is not surprising, because language is the main means of communication. As a result of this influence, foreign words necessarily appear in the dictionary of a particular people.

Borrowing history

Since the eighth century, various foreign words began to enter the Russian language. This phenomenon became one of the ways to develop his vocabulary. There is nothing surprising about this. The fact is that the vocabulary of any people at all times has been sensitive to the changing needs of society. Borrowed words in the Russian language appeared in the process of developing relations between countries. They came to us due to the fact that the corresponding concepts were absent in the vocabulary of our people.

The nature and volume of borrowing can indicate the historical paths of scientific, cultural and economic ties, as well as geographical discoveries. The result of all these processes was the penetration into Russian phraseology and the vocabulary of other languages.

Main stages

In history, one can observe certain periods that differ from each other in their preferential borrowing. So, in the most ancient period, many words came to us from Latin and Germanic languages. The next stage is associated with the colonization of North-Eastern and Northern Rus' by the Slavs. During this period, numerous borrowed words in the Russian language appeared from the Finno-Ugric vocabulary. At the next historical stage, Christianity began to emerge.

This was a period when borrowings appeared in the Russian language from Old Church Slavonic and Greek. Some changes affected the vocabulary in the 16th-18th centuries. This period is characterized by borrowings from the Polish language. In the 18th and 19th centuries, the bulk of foreign words entered our dictionary thanks to connections with the French and German peoples. The next period concerned English words. They began to enrich our vocabulary in large numbers in the 20-21st centuries.

Linguistic signs of borrowings

What can we say about the foreign origin of the word? The main features of borrowing are:

The sound "a" at the beginning of a word. This construction contradicts our phonetic laws. Those starting with the letter "a" are borrowed words in the Russian language. Examples of words of this type are numerous. These are “abbot” and “aria”, “lampshade” and “anathema”, “arba” and “paragraph”, “angel” and “questionnaire”.
The sound "e" at the beginning of a word. This is how Latinisms and Greekisms usually begin. For example, “era” and “epoch”, “exam” and “ethics”, “effect” and “floor”.
The "f" sound in a word. The fact is that the Eastern Slavs did not have such a sound in their language. It appeared only to denote letters in borrowed words. These are “fact” and “forum”, “sofa” and “scam”, “broadcast” and “form”, “profile” and “film”.
Using a combination of two or more vowels in words. According to the laws of our phonetics, such a construction was simply unacceptable. This is why it is so easy to find borrowed words in Russian. Examples of words: "punctuation" and "radio", "theater" and "out", "poet" and "veil", "cocoa" and "halo".
A harmonious combination of identical vowel sounds. This feature is characteristic of the Turkic language. These are words such as “pencil” and “shoe”, “sarafan” and “caravan”, “drum” and “ataman”.

A morphological feature of foreign words in some cases is their immutability. These are nouns that sound the same in any case and do not have a specific singular or plural form. Examples of such words are the following: “taxi” and “coat”, “coffee” and “maxi”, “beige” and “mini”.

History of borrowing French words

A significant part of the foreign words that are included in the vocabulary of the Russian language are Gallicisms. The term comes from the Latin "Gallic". It means expressions and words that were borrowed from the French people and constructed according to the phonetic laws of their language.

Gallicism became especially pronounced in the 18th century. It was during this period that French words confidently entered Russian speech. They were literally imbued with the spirit of this European country. Thus, borrowed words in Russian from French are “visiter” and “charm”, “compliment” and “favorite”, “curtsy” and “cavalier”, “guverner” and “cocotte”.

Gallicisms have penetrated into all spheres of human activity and life. This especially affected wardrobe items. This is evidenced by such words borrowed from the French language as “costume jewelry” and “accessory”, “jabot” and “veil”, “peignoir” and “manteau”. A lot of Gallicisms have appeared in the culinary field. The Russian dictionary has been replenished with such words as “mayonnaise” and “meringue”, “mashed potatoes” and “delicacy”.

Many Gallicisms are associated with the sphere of art. These are “accordion” and “overture”, “debut” and “poster”, “applause” and “palette”, “vaudeville” and “ensemble”.

The infusion of Gallicisms into the Russian language did not stop in the 19th and 20th centuries. Foreign words in this era were usually associated with economics, social life and politics. The following examples can be given: “diplomat” and “bureaucracy”, “democrat” and “capitalism”, “shareholder” and “press”, “budget” and “bourgeoisie”. Words such as “run” and “authoritarian” are also borrowed from French. Gallicisms include “exaggerate” and “importer”.

French loanwords in the Russian language are an example of how a foreign culture becomes an example to follow. A particularly strong influence of Gallicisms on Russian vocabulary was observed in the 18th and 19th centuries. In the next two centuries, borrowed words began to be considered more prestigious and beautiful. For example, "boutique". In France this is a small store. In Russia, this word took on a completely different meaning. Boutiques began to be called expensive stores offering customers fashionable clothes.

Phraseologisms borrowed from French

Gallicisms include not only words. Many phraseological units and catchphrases have passed from French into Russian. At one time they were uttered by political or historical figures - kings and politicians, generals, etc.

One of these expressions belongs to Louis VIII. He said: "Precision is the courtesy of kings." The era of religious wars in France gave us such a phrase as “a state within a state.” It concerned rich youth from the bourgeois-noble classes, wasting their lives. And the “old guard” was the name given to selected units of Napoleonic troops. They included the best soldiers and officers. Everyone knows the expression “Balzac age.” It belongs to the group of literary borrowings.

It is interesting that such a common expression among us as “out of place” is also a Gallicism. Literally it means “to be in an unenviable position.”

The history of the appearance of German words in Russian

The process of penetration of Germanic vocabulary began in the 13th century. It intensified significantly three centuries later. However, borrowed words in Russian from German began to appear most often in the 17th and 18th centuries. Their penetration occurred not only through written means, but also through oral means. The list of German loanwords in Russian is quite impressive. It concerns the following sections of vocabulary:

Military - “assault” and “parade ground”, “carriage”, “corporal” and “bayonet”, “grenade” and “soldier”;

Production - “chisel” and “workbench”, “washer” and “shaft”, “matrix” and “slate”, “template” and “format”;

Merchant - “accountant” and “freight”, “bill” and “cashier”;

Medical - “paramedic” and “bandage”, “plaster” and “cotton wool”, “syringe” and “resort”;

Socio-political - “dictation” and “falsification”, “aggressor” and “priority”, “slogan” and “discrimination”;

Chess art - "grandmaster" and "endgame";

Household - “sandwich” and “pretzel”, “dumplings” and “pate”, “apron” and “rutabaga”, “hairdresser” and “corkscrew”;

Arts - “landscape” and “easel”, “tour” and “dance”, “flute” and “choreographer”.

The main grammatical and phonetic features of borrowed German words are combinations of sounds “ey”, “ay”, as well as the initial “shp”, “sht” (“spy”, “stamp”). In addition, they are given out by an addition that does not have connecting vowels (“mouthpiece”, “sideburns”).

The history of the appearance of Anglicisms

Borrowings from Foggy Albion entered our language much later than French and German words. This process began in the 16th century. This period was characterized by successful trade between countries. Borrowed words in Russian from English appeared along with new concepts and goods, as well as scientific works.

The next active period of penetration of Anglicisms into our language began in the times of Peter the Great. During this period, borrowings that came to us from the British Isles concerned trade, everyday relations, as well as scientific activities.

In imperial Russia, the prestige of the English language was kept at a high level thanks to the significant role of Great Britain on the world stage. The next stages of borrowing date back to the 20s of the twentieth century. This was the period of formation of the independent Russian state.

Examples of Anglicisms

Borrowed words in the Russian language, which came to us from Britain, began to especially replenish our vocabulary after 1925. These are “stand” and “combine”, “tanker” and “container”, “TV” and “trolleybus”, etc.

Strengthening interaction with Western European countries at the end of the 20th century. led to the appearance of numerous borrowed words in Russian from English during this period. Examples are found in all areas of activity. There is nothing surprising in this, because English is the language of the global Internet, the largest radio and television companies, as well as many magazines and newspapers.

Borrowed words in Russian from English, examples from the following areas:

Socio-political - “businessman”, “management”, “dealer”;

Computer technology - "laptop", "hacker", "monitor".

Currently, there is a large list of wardrobe items, the names of which came to us from abroad. Thus, borrowed words in Russian from English are “grinders” and “body”, “cardigan” and “top”. You can also find “foreigners” in the cultural sphere - “promotion”, “remix”, “show business”, etc.

The Russian language is filled with Anglicisms. But patriots will be pleased to know that dozens of Russian words have long become part of English, some even since the 16th century. The borrowing process continues today. For example, local linguists call for using Rasputitsa more often.

Today we borrow mainly Anglicisms associated with computer technology - friend, like, bot, etc. Ten to twenty years ago, as a rule, borrowed words from the management sphere - manager, HR, auditor, etc. - became part of the Russian language. But the English language is enriched with Russian words, regardless of the onset of a particular technological era.

The linguistic portal dailywritingtips recalled 25 Russian words that have long and firmly become part of the English language.

Agitprop. Encyclopedia Britannica explains the word this way: Used in English to denote departments, especially in the theater, which are aimed at instilling something in the public eye. Usually has a negative connotation, showing Western civilization's aversion to using overt forms of drama and other art to achieve political goals.

Apparatchik. In the same Britannica, the communist ideologist Alexander Yakovlev, who under Gorbachev and later became an ardent anti-communist, is given as a classic example of Apparatchik.

Babushka. One of the English dictionaries says that this word appeared in English in 1938. Today Babushka is also a designation for a scarf in the form of a wide scarf.

Beluga– well, everything is clear here: the word was fixed in English several hundred years ago, with the beginning of supplies of black caviar from Russia.

Bolshevik- for obvious reasons, the word stuck after 1917, the classic definition is “a member of the extremist wing of the Russian Social Democratic Party.”

Cossack– “comes from the Turkish word “nomad.” One of the oldest Russian words used in English - since 1589.

Dacha– in English since 1896.

Duma- known in English since 1870, according to one of the dictionaries it comes from the German and Old English “dōm judgment”.

Glasnost.

Gulag- forced labor camp. Today, Gulag also refers to repression and any forced labor. It came into English relatively late - in 1974, thanks to the propaganda efforts of the writer Solzhenitsyn.

Intelligentsia- from English “smart”. In English since 1907.

Menshevik.

Pogrom– killing defenseless people, used in English since 1903. A number of dictionaries write that the word Pogrom came from the Yiddish language and meant “devastation.”

Samovar(since 1830).

English linguists are promoting wider use of other Russian words. Formally, they are already present in English, but for now they are too utilitarian. It is proposed to interpret them in a broader sense. These are the words:

Druzhina.

Glavlit- mentioned in an article in Britannica about the suppression of dissent.

Knout– known in English since 1716. But now this word is proposed to be used as a synonym for “punishment”.

Kulak- a wealthy farmer.

Lichenets– is proposed to be used as a synonym for “disenfranchised group.”

Namestnik.

Nomenklatura– while it is rarely used, it has not come into widespread use. But in the Encyclopedia Britannica it is found: for example, in an article about Academician Sakharov, where it is said that “he entered the nomenklatura at the age of 32.”

Okhranka- also a rarely used word, usually only in a direct context (secret political police in Russia).

Oprichnik– is understood so far only as the title of Tchaikovsky’s opera. It is suggested to be used more often for "violent minions".

Propiska.

Rasputitsa. It is proposed to be used as a synonym for terrible off-road conditions.

Silovik. "People of strength." For some reason, the British consider them among others. and the “pro-Chinese faction” in Russia.

Ushanka.

There are also Russian words in the English language that today we ourselves practically no longer use.

Korenizatsiya– overcoming the cultural and economic backwardness of the ethnic outskirts of Russia. The term itself is attributed to Lenin; the word appeared in English in 1913.

Yevsektsiya- Jewish part of the Communist Party.

But here you can get acquainted with Russian words that have become firmly established in the German language. Unlike English, German has many more words related to consumption: Kascha (used mainly to denote buckwheat porridge), Machorka, Papirossa (russische Zigarette mit langem), Blini, etc. Probably, these borrowings were associated with the presence of millions of Germans in Soviet captivity after the end of the Second World War. For example, Davaj-davaj - this expression was brought by prisoners of war returning from Russia.

One of the ways to develop a modern language is to borrow foreign words. The development of language is always closely related to the development of progress and society. Borrowed words in the Russian language are the result of contacts and relationships with other peoples, professional communities and states. Along with words and expressions that came to us from other languages, Anglicisms are very common in our speech. We'll talk about them today.

Specific words and expressions that came into the Russian language from English are called Anglicisms or Americanisms. Over the past 20-30 years, they have been rapidly penetrating the Russian language, and in such quantities that linguists have started talking about a phenomenon called English-Russian bilingualism.

This invasion is caused primarily by the fact that modern society is open to international contacts, as well as by the international status of the English language. These are the main reasons for the massive entry of borrowings into the Russian language (in particular from American English).

Reasons for borrowing foreign words

In most cases, the borrowing of foreign language vocabulary occurs due to the absence of a corresponding concept in the cognitive base of the language. So, for example, English borrowings appeared in the Russian language such as computer, player, toaster, impeachment, voucher, charter, barrel, surfing.

Among other reasons, there is the need to express ambiguous Russian concepts using a borrowed word. Examples: hotel for motor tourists - motel, summit - summit, figure skiing - freestyle, marksman - sniper, short press conference for journalists - briefing, hitman - hitman, parking lot - parking lot, short distance running - sprint, drop in production - recession, retail trade - retail and many others.

Foreign words in the Russian language allow you to increase its means of expression. Particularly noticeable in recent years is the emergence of foreign language stylistic synonyms such as maintenance - service, shopping - shopping, motorcyclist - biker, security - security, party - party, loser - loser, girlfriend - boyfriend, dancing - dance hall, friend - boyfriend, performance - performance, reception of guests - reception, etc.

English borrowings in the Russian language are also due to the need for specialization of objects and concepts, therefore many scientific and technical terms are borrowed from English. A significant number of foreign words from formal / book vocabulary have corresponding Russian synonyms. Here is a list of such words:

accentuate - highlight;
similar - similar;
vary - change;
vulgar - rude, vulgar;
misinform - give false information;
decorate - decorate;
ideal - perfect;
infectious - contagious;
memoirs - memories;
permanent - constant, continuous;
reconstruction - restoration;
elastic - flexible, etc.

Some English words appeared in the Russian language due to the presence of similar semantic and morphological series. In the 19th century, the words gentleman, policeman came into the Russian language from English; already at the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth centuries, an athlete, a record holder, and a yachtsman were added to them. Thus, a group of words appears that have the meaning of a person and a common element - “men”. Gradually, the group began to be replenished with new borrowings: businessman, congressman, showman, superman.

The most popular anglicisms

In almost any field of activity you can find words that came to us from the English language. Foreign language is especially widely used in the names of clubs, TV programs, and stores: talk show; dog show; strip show; Coach Center; show business; hit parade; fan club; Tennis Hall; Brain-ring; Home Credit Bank; Fan Park (Roev Ruchey); Second hand; Call center; Real-comfort; Sweet Mama.

Below is a list of areas and Anglicisms that have recently been most often used in them.

Politics/economics/positions:

summit, briefing, speaker, rating, electorate, voucher, holding, impeachment, image maker, speechwriter, investment, sponsor, barrel, media, recession, marketing, offshore, leasing, sequestration, tender, retail, price list, (top) manager , distributor, dealer, businesswoman, promoter, mentality.

Food/clothing/trade:

popcorn, hamburger, hot dog, barbecue, cheeseburger, fishburger, chocopie, pudding, (orange) fresh juice, yogurt, lunch, Coke-Cola, Nuts, Twix, Sprite, fast food, shorts, boots, bandana, cotton, top, non-roll (pillow), multi-brand, unisex, casual, catering, shopping, shopaholic, sale, Kodak Express, gel, SPA - salon, supermarket, VIP room, catering, second-hand, discount.

Sport:

shaping, diving, surfing, fitness, bodybuilding, snowboarding, paintball, frisbee, fitball, freestyle, wrestling, power lifting, training, skating rink, forward, bowling, goalkeeper, biker, sniper, turboslim, scooter, step class, overtime , contest.

Art/radio/TV:

western, video clip, thriller, music video maker, newsmaker, blockbuster, bestseller, musical, casting, supersta, underground, pop-Art, (had) rock, rock and roll (l), shake, breakdance, Brain ring, (current ) show, hit parade, skinhead, meteotime, superman.

Home/household/office:

air conditioner, mixer, toaster, blender, cooler, siding, roller shutters, antifreeze, roller blinds, Bullet Magic, Vanish, Fairy, Comet, Head & Shoulders, Dove, Tide, cleaning company, scrub, perfume, spray, tape, color, diaper, stapler.

Information and communication technologies:

computer, display, calculator, monitor, laptop, printer, Internet, scanner, CD, DVD, device, hacker, processor, upgrade, click, SMS, website, blog, smiley.

Anglicisms are present in all European languages, in the languages of African peoples and peoples of other continents that were once politically dependent on Great Britain or subject to American influence (cultural, economic, etc.). For example, in Japanese the word “cassette” sounds like tepu-rekoda from the English tape-recorder. The presence of Anglicisms in the Chukchi language, which penetrated through American traders, was noted: the word “sopy” means “soap” (in English “soap”), “manet” - “money” (in English “money”).

Belyaeva Alla

Scientific work on the topic “Modern borrowings from the English language”. The work consists of theoretical and practical parts with a mini-dictionary of Anglicisms.

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MBOU secondary school No. 11

Department: humanitarian

Section: information technology

Educational and research work

"Modern borrowings from English"

Completed:

Students of grade 8B

Belyaeva Alla (14 years old)

Checked:

Lukoshina Elena Alexandrovna,

Foreign language teacher,

2013, Pavlovo

1.Introduction………………………………………………………………………………….. 3

2. The importance of English in the modern world………………………... 5

3. Areas of use of Anglicisms………………………………………………………. 7

4. Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………….12

5. List of references used……………………………………………. 15

6.Appendix…….…………………………………………………………….16

7.Review……………………………………………………………………………….27

Introduction

Purpose Our work is to analyze modern borrowings from the English language.

To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks :
analyze research on this topic in order to give the concept of borrowing and determine the reasons for the appearance of English borrowings in the Russian language;
consider methods of formation and types of borrowing;
establish the composition of words borrowed from the English language at the end of the 20th – beginning of the 21st centuries, give their systematic description;
classify the most common anglicisms by areas of communication.

Relevance This topic is undeniable, since the use of Anglicisms by modern young people is growing every day and displacing native Russian words.

Accordingly, we can put forward the following hypothesis : in Russian speech, when young people communicate with their peers, Anglicisms are widely used, drawn from the Internet, musical compositions and the media, losing their true semantic meaning.
When solving the above problems, the following were used methods and techniques:

1. Descriptive method with techniques for observing linguistic phenomena.

2. Technique of taxonomy and classification.

The theoretical basis of the work was made up of linguistic works on lexicology by researchers G.B. Antrushina, O.V. Afanasyeva, N.N. Morozova, I.V. Arnold, L. Bloomfield, N.M. Shansky, as well as works devoted to the problem of English borrowings by linguists N.S. Avilova, V.V. Akulenko, V.M. Aristova, M.A. Breiter, T.V. Grunitskaya, A.I. Dyakova, O.V. Ilina, L.P. Krysina, V.B. Lebedeva, A.I. Melnikova, E.V. Urynson et al.

The research material is examples of the latest English borrowings used in various spheres of modern Russian life.
This work consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion and a list of references. The introduction defines the topic of the work, its relevance, purpose and objectives, the linguistic methods used in the work, as well as the theoretical basis and research material. The first chapter provides an analytical overview of the importance of the English language in the modern world. The second chapter, a practical one, examines the latest Anglicisms that have entered various spheres of Russian life. The conclusion provides conclusions and reflects the attitude towards the phenomenon of borrowing.

The importance of English in the modern world

Borrowing from English into Russian is far from a new phenomenon; it has been happening for several centuries. However, the modern Russian language is literally crammed with Anglicisms, thanks to the mass media, the Internet and the marketing industry. In English-speaking countries, if you want to make a restaurant menu more sophisticated, you add French words and double the prices. In Russia, you replace ordinary Russian words with English ones in transliteration. Today, going to a business lunch is much more attractive than going to lunch. Even if you eat exactly the same thing, the context will be completely different (and probably so will the prices).

The importance of the English language in the modern world is so great that knowing it is not a privilege or luxury. Once upon a time, computers, like mobile phones, could only be afforded by people of a certain social class. Nowadays such things are essential items. The same can be said about English. It is taught by everyone and everywhere: in schools, universities, courses. And in our digital age, anyone can learn English via Skype without leaving home. It is understood that any educated person is simply obliged to speak English, since it is his key to further self-education and self-improvement. That's why there are so many organizations now offering to teach you English. However, do not think that this is so easy to do. Learning any language is a long process that requires certain costs, both mental and financial. Still, it’s worth learning English. Do you want to travel and not feel like a black sheep, but communicate freely with people of different nationalities? Do you want to become a student at a foreign university? Do you want a prestigious job with career advancement? Or maybe you want to work abroad? There is only one piece of advice - learn English. After all, over time, you will still understand that 75% of world correspondence is carried out in English, 80% of information on computers is also stored in this language, and most international documents, articles, literary works, instructions are written in English. And we have not yet taken into account the film industry and the music Olympus. American-made films have become a part of our lives, and any pop singer considers it prestigious to sing at least one song in English. Knowledge of English in the modern world is a kind of window to the world. By mastering this language of international communication, you will be able to achieve your goals with the help of new opportunities. And you will definitely understand that the importance of the English language is not exaggerated.
Today, more and more people are aware of the need to study foreign languages, and this is quite understandable, because they are quite important and are of great importance in many professions. Many people learn languages because... this is an invariable part of their work, for some it is a regular hobby, and there are those who need knowledge of languages in order to travel around the world. This is also very convenient when corresponding or communicating with residents of other foreign countries. In addition, thanks to knowledge of a particular language, it is possible to read books by famous writers in their original form.

Is it difficult to master the English language? You could say it's very easy. Two important factors contribute to the ease of learning English: firstly, everywhere in advertising and on satellite television we see and hear news and advertising in English, and secondly, methods of teaching English to foreigners are the most well developed.

“Do you speak English?” - a phrase familiar to us from school. A set of words to which we once did not attach much importance. But how sad it sounds now, when, while on vacation abroad, we suddenly got lost. They are trying to help us by explaining things in English. But we simply don’t understand because we don’t speak the language! Or during business negotiations we cannot conduct a dialogue with a foreign partner. It’s so bitter, so doomed to have to answer the same question “No”.

English is the language of international communication. And for those who master it perfectly, all the doors of the world are open. Traveling, communicating with foreign friends on the Internet, business negotiations in English, education in the most prestigious universities not only in Russia, but also in the world! You will be sure that you will understand and that they will understand you. There will be no such problem for you as a language barrier.

Today, words of English origin penetrate into the Russian language mainly in writing through the texts of newspapers, magazines, books, and international treaties.
the oral route also takes place - through radio and television. A new form of borrowing is also relevant - through electronic media.

Areas of use of Anglicisms

Today, linguists note the following sources of the appearance of Anglicisms in the language:

Advertising. The advertising genre is one of the main sources of anglicisms in the Russian language. According to T.N. Livshits, Anglicisms in advertising contribute to the emergence of the “illusion of uniqueness,” i.e. impressions of uniqueness, significance of the advertised product or service. An important role is played by Anglicisms, the unusual and non-standard forms of which attract the attention of the consumer.

For example: steamer, roster, trimmer, pager, immobilizer, spoiler, shock sensor, locker, snooker, pool, squash.

Internet. The increase in the number of Internet users has led to the spread of computer vocabulary:homepage, e-mail, CDROM, chat, bit, byte, disk, cursor, flash drive.

With the development of computerization, first in the professional environment, and then outside it, terms related to computer technology appeared: the word computer itself, as well as display, file, interface, printer, scanner, laptop, browser, website and others
- cinematography. The popularity of Hollywood films has led to the emergence of new words in our vocabulary:horror, blockbuster, western, prime time, cyborg, terminator.

Music. The perception of the USA as a center of musical fashion led to the appearance of such words as:hit, single, remake, track, soundtrack, poster, etc.

Sports vocabulary:bowling, diving, skateboard, snowboard, biker, shaping, fitness.

Cosmetic terms:lifting, scrub, peeling.

The American-centricity of such current and dynamically developing spheres of life as culture, economics, business, computer technology, etc., has led to the penetration into the Russian language of a large number of Anglicisms, or rather Americanisms from these areas:

Culture: soundtrack, single, remake, action, 3D format, reality show, sitcom, pop art, comeback,pop-music, dark (heavy music), release, play-list, chart, face-control, dance, cool, remake, show business, club, fashion,summit, talk - show, briefing, prime-time, image-maker;

Computer technologies, Internet space:webcam, moderator, browser, container provider, online, offline, smile, e-mail, connect, like, site, blog, blogger, chat, internet, laptop, disk, byte, site.

Economy: marketing, promoter, merchandiser, offshore, futures, leasing; fast-food, hamburger, hot-dog, cheeseburger, boy-friend, VIP, weekend, very good, public, ok, nice, lucky, hotel, go, party, super-girl, baby, ask, looser, hi, real ,best.

Everyone has heard of numerous economic and financial terms, such as: barter, broker, voucher, dealer, distributor, marketing, investment, futures loans. - business:advergaming, branding, brand manager, preselling, supervisor;

Sport: fitness club, bowling, doping, transfer, overtime, coaching, coachbuilding,sportsman, fitness, bodybuilding, shaping, surfing.

For those who love sports, new types of sports activities appear: windsurfing, arm wrestling, freestyle, skateboarding, kickboxing, and the fighter in kickboxing is replaced by the Anglicism fighter.

Fashion, design: trend, casting, top model, fashion brand, print, designer, the word "shopping" " sounds more attractive than the word "shopping trip», presentation, rating, briefing, shop tour, killer, talk show, showman, brain ring.

The last remark is clearly confirmed in our speech, when preference is given to Anglicism rather than to its Russian counterpart: babysitter - "nanny", weekend - "weekend", bodyguard, security- "bodyguard, security guard" creative instead of “creative”, the definition is actively used glamorous instead of adjectives "attractive, chic", welcome instead of "welcome" and many others.

A particular danger is posed by synonymous pairs in which semantic differences are lost where it is important both for meaning and for traditional ethical ideas: business instead of such fundamentally incompatible concepts as resale (unproductive labor) andentrepreneurship(productive work); sex appeal instead of masculinity or femininity, sexuality instead of sensuality or depravity.

Among the manifestations of the process of transforming the basis of Russian mentality under the influence of borrowed words by V.V. Kolesov identifies the following:

The level of subjectivity in the statement increases: concept innovation “something new that has just come into use” is not identical to the concept innovation “not necessarily new, but original, fashionable”;

The artificiality of assessment and characterization is expanding: image does not correspond to the concept image (which is a fictitious, false image);

Hidden mitigation of characteristics is spreading: establishment instead bosses, underground instead of underground, corruption instead of venality;

The status of the designated person is reduced: love - sex (elimination of the spiritual and emotional component in communication).

In the language of modern Russian advertising, English dominates - “image” is everything! The term “Euro standard” has become a cliché in Russian marketing, although we in Europe have no idea what it even means. It's a made-up term designed to make Russian products seem trustworthy - if it's good enough for them, it's good enough for us!

I would say that some of the most ridiculous borrowings entered the Russian language through advertising. I’m not a fan of terms like “price list”, “upgrade” or “content”, because there are suitable Russian words for this, such as “price list”, “update” and “content”. There are too many cases when normal Russian words are replaced by borrowings from English - perhaps this is a temporary phenomenon - threatening, however, with the loss of the original vocabulary.

Here are some new Anglicisms in modern Russian slang:
Smoke, drink, epic fail, respect, chat, not ice (from an old TV ad), shoot'em'up, cool able (cool + able). (Appendix 1)

We have to admit that we ourselves use a similar mixture of languages - namely, homemade expressions “nice at all!” and “not good”.

Active borrowing of new foreign language vocabulary also occurs in less specialized areas of human activity. It is enough to recall such widely used words as presentation, nomination, sponsor, video (and derivatives: video clip, video cassette, video salon), show (and derivatives show business, talk show, showman), thriller, hit, disco, disc- jockey. Many people consider foreign vocabulary more attractive, prestigious, “scholarly,” and “beautiful-sounding.” For example:

exclusive - exceptional;
top model - the best model;
price list - price list;
image - image;

Cases have been noted when borrowings were used to denote concepts that were new to the receptor language and not available in the source language: detector, virtual, investor, digest, spray, etc.

Studying the English vocabulary of the last decades of the twentieth century in Russian, we came to the conclusion: if a concept affects important areas of human activity, then the word denoting this concept naturally becomes common.

Accordingly, the origin of these words is associated with sound distortion in the process of mastering these borrowings. A kind of play with sounds takes place.

Such words are formed by subtracting, adding, or moving some sounds in the original English term. The speech of young people easily incorporates English units, for example: shoes from shoes - shoes; superman from superman - superman; haer from hair - hair (patlas).

With the development of computer technology, English words are increasingly replenishing the vocabulary of schoolchildren. Many of the existing professional terms are cumbersome and inconvenient for daily use.

Therefore, there is a desire to shorten and simplify the word, for example:

Motherboard (motherboard) - “mother”;

CD-Rom Drive (laser disc drive) – young people now have the equivalent of a “sidyushnik”. Recently there has also been a craze for computer games, which again has served as a powerful source of new words.

The exclamation “Wow!” has become very common among young people, expressing the emotion of amazement or delight.

4. Conclusion

The relevance of the study lies in the fact that consideration of problems associated with the theory and practice of borrowings is especially significant in modern conditions, since today serious concerns are being expressed about the powerful influx of borrowings, which can lead to the devaluation of the Russian word. But language is a self-developing mechanism that can clean itself, get rid of the superfluous and unnecessary. This also happens with foreign words, the borrowing of which was presented during the study.

English borrowings appeared in the Russian language long before the 21st century. Anglicisms began to penetrate the Russian language at the turn of the 18th-19th centuries. Words were borrowed as a result of contacts between peoples, trade and economic relations between Russia and European countries. However, the intensity of the process of replenishing youth slang with English words increased precisely at the end of the 20th and beginning of the 21st century.

However, in spite of everything, the influx of Anglicisms into the vocabulary of the Russian language remained insignificant until the 90s. XX century: at this time, an intensive process of borrowing various English words began. This is due to changes in the sphere of political life, economics, culture and moral orientation of society.

The passion for Anglicisms has become a kind of fashion; it is due to the stereotypes and ideals created in youth society. This stereotype of the modern era is the image of an idealized American society, in which the standard of living is much higher, and high rates of technological progress lead the whole world. And by adding English borrowings to their speech, young people in a certain way approach this stereotype and become familiar with American culture and lifestyle. However, it should be noted that in general, borrowing foreign words is, first of all, one of the ways to develop a modern language, since language always quickly and flexibly responds to the needs of society.

In accordance with the results of the study, it is necessary to draw the following conclusion: the main reason for using Anglicisms is to facilitate communication between young people. As for the semantic meaning of words when translated into Russian, it cannot be said with certainty that it changes. Most of the words when translated take on the same meaning as anglicism. It should also be noted that a significant part of English words “moved” into Russian and is replaced by an English equivalent, which carries its own semantic meaning.

In accordance with the results of the study, it should be noted that the hypothesis was partially confirmed. This opens up prospects for further research on Anglicisms, which can be considered not only among young people, but also among other age and social groups.

In conclusion, it should be noted: slang will never disappear. Young people used slang many years ago, and will always use it. Without a doubt, slang changes over time, some words die, others appear. However, many Anglicisms that penetrated the slang of Russian youth long before the 21st century will forever remain in their jargon, replenished with new words every day.

Thus, we come to the conclusion that the number of Anglicisms in the Russian language is large. Among them, there are 2 main types of borrowing:

1) Words that came into the language to name new objects, a new reality or a term that has an international character. Their use in speech is justified in most cases. Although the meaning is not always correctly understood, due to ignorance of the English language:mixer, toaster, inauguration, cocktail, bowling.

2) Words of foreign origin that have synonyms in Russian. Their penetration into the language creates lexical redundancy and can interfere with understanding the meaning. The presence of lexical doublets, “one’s own” and “alien” names, is eliminated over time: one of them is established in the active composition of the language, and the other fades into the background of the language system. It is sad to realize that after several decades, the Russian language may contain a large number of words of English origin, replacing their original Russian equivalents. But in many cases this can be avoided by using Russian synonymous words and expressions.

Today, a simple man in the street, opening a newspaper with job offers, may simply not understand the meaning of the proposed vacancy (handmaker, image maker, merchandiser, provider, supervisor, realtor).

List of used literature:

1. Krysin L.P. Foreign words in modern life // Russian language of the late twentieth century. - M., 1996.

2. Grigoryan A.E. Speech culture. Is American madness going away? // Russian speech, 2005, No. 1. pp. 62-68

3. Ozhegov S.I. Dictionary of the Russian language / ed. N.Yu.Shvedova.-14th ed.-M.: Rus. lang., 1983.-816 p.

4. Dyakov A.I. Reasons for the intensive borrowing of Anglicisms in the modern Russian language. // Language and culture. - Novosibirsk, 2003.-P.35-43

6. Antrushina G.B., Afanasyeva O.V., Morozova N.N. Lexicology of the English language. – M., 1999.
7. Belousov V. Foreign words in the Russian language // Science and life. - 1993. - No. 8.
8. New Dictionary of Foreign Words / Ed. E.N. Zakharenko, L.N. Komissarova, I.V. Nechaev. – M., 2003. .

9. http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/

10. http://www.erudition.ru/referat/ref/id.46076_1.html

Appendix 1

Mini-dictionary of Anglicisms by area of use

Business and Law

outsourcing- outsourcing - transfer of part of non-core operations to a third party organization specializing in this area
best-seller- bestseller - a book that sells well
business- business (from the word busy [busy]) - occupation
businessman- businessman - entrepreneur
billing- billing - from bill - account, ticket, account management system
broker- broker, goes back to the Old French “wine merchant”
default- default
dealer- dealer - trader from deal - make deals
dealing- dealing
distributor- distributor - a wholesale agent who resells ("distributes") goods through its own network of buyers
dollar- dollar - monetary unit. USA
insider- insider (inside = inside) - a person who has access to confidential information
leasing- leasing (lease = rent, letting)
marketing- marketing (market = market)
manager- manager (manage = to lead, manage), from Lat. manus - hand
management- management
merchandiser- merchandiser
merchandising- merchandising, merchandise - goods, English borrowed from French, literally: merchandising
PR- pr (abbr. public relation) - public relations
price list- pricelist - list of prices
promotion- promotion - literally: promotion, “promotion”
promoter- promoter - a person involved in promoting something, also written: promoter, promoter
press release- press-realese - presentation to the press of an information message by the company about itself
stagflation- stagflation (stagnation + inflation)
startup- startup - a small company developing a new product with an unknown result
office- office
offshore- offshore (off-shore = outside the coast, that is, outside the jurisdiction of the country to which the coast belongs)
penny, pence- penny, pence - British coin
realtor- realtor - from realty - real estate
franchisor- franchiser
franchising- franchising - borrowed by English from French. franchise - franchise
pound sterling- pound sterling - monetary unit. UK
holding- holding - one of the types of business structures

motorsport- autosport
badminton- badminton
basketball- basketball (basket + ball = literally: basket ball)
baseball- baseball (base + ball)
base jumping- base jumping - jumping from a stable base
boxing- boxing
windsurfing- windsurfing
volleyball- volleyball
handball- handball - hand ball
game- game - game
gamer- gamer - player
Goal- goal - goal
goalkeeper- goalkeeper - goalkeeper (keeper of the “gate”)
jogging- jogging - from jog - to jog
drag racing- drag racing - drag - to drag, drag
dribbling- dribbling - from dribble - to drip, seep
drift racing- drift racing - drift literally “drift, skid, skid”, that is, when the car “skids”
zorbing- zorb - a transparent sphere in which the zorbonaut rolls
kiting- kiting - kite - kite
kitesurfing- kite surfing
kickboxing- kick boxing - kick - kick, kick
clinch- clinch (boxing)
cross- cross - to cross, cross-country running
knockout- knockout (literally - knocking out, putting out of action)
knockdown-knockdown
overtime- overtime - literally: over time, extra time
offside- offside - out of the game
paintball- paintball - paint ball
pace car- pace car - safety car inauto racing.
penalty- penalty - punishment
playoffs- play-off - knockout games
rally- rally - gathering, gathering together
rugby- rugby (from the name of the area Rugby)
record holder- recordsman - a person who sets records
ring- ring - ring, circle
robjumping- rob jumping - rob - rope, cable, jumping from a height, when the jumper is tied with ropes, “bungee»
surfing- surfing - surf - wave crest, surf
snowboard- snowboard - “snow board”, a board for skiing on snow
snowboarding- snowboarding
softball- softball
speedway- speedway - expressway
sport- sport from Old French desport - entertainment, leisure
athlete- sportsman - a person involved in professional sports
streetball- streetball - street basketball
street racing- street racing - street racing
half- time
time-out- time out - break in time
training- training, from train - to train
foul- foul - against the rules, wrong, dishonest
forward- forward - forward
freestyle- freestyle - free style
football- football - foot ball
midfielder- half-back - midfielder

upgrade- upgrade - updating the hardware of computer systems
applet- applet - a small application executed on the client as part of a larger one
assembler- assembler - assembler, low-level programming language
bug- bug - an error in the software [any program], literally - bug, bug
bugfix- bugfix - bug fix
byte- byte - units. change information capacity
banner- banner - flag
bit- bit (abbr. bi nary digi t ) - binary digit
blog- blog (short for “we b log” ") - diary on the Internet
blogger- blogger - a person who runs a blog
browser- browser - viewer
backslash- backslash - backslash
web- web - network, from “world wide web” - World Wide Web
decrement- decrement - decrease the operand by 1
default(value) - default (value) - default value
desktop- desktop - on top of the table (desk top = top of the desk, lid)
doorway- doorway page - entrance page
increment- increment - increase the operand by 1
Internet- internet - internetwork. The Internet connects many local networks.
internet service provider- internet service provider - Internet service provider
interface- interface - interface, joint, ways of interacting with a person. Something that helps connect the front panels of different devices (initially).
cybersquatter- cybersquatter - a person engaged in cybersquatting
cybersquatting- cybersquatting
cry- click - click, imitation of the sound that a mouse makes when pressing a key
laptop(laptop) laptop - laptop (lap = knees of a sitting person)
login- login - user name in the system. By providing it and a password, the user gains access to some service, such as a computer program
microprocessor- microprocessor
online- online, on-line - on the line, in touch
offline- offline, off-line - in real life. Disconnected from the computer network (initially)
parsing- parsing - syntactic parsing of the input sequence in accordance with the formal grammar
parser- parser - a program that implements parsing; parser
pixel- pixel (short for picture elemet) - the minimum addressable unit of an image on the screen
plugin- plugin (from plug in, “connect”) - a software module that extends the functionality, usually very specific, of the main application
podcasting- podcasting - ipodbroadcasting
posting- posting - writing messages on the forum
swapping- swapping - replacing one program segment in memory with another and restoring it upon request
service pack- service pack - a collection of updates, bugfixes and/or improvements, delivered as one installable package
screenshot- screenshot - screenshot
slash- slash - slash
software- software - soft product, also translated as soft equipment
servlet- servlet - a program executed on the server and extending the functionality of the web server
spam- spam - a brand of canned meat, advertising of which has become boring to many (from spiced ham)
spammer- spammer - a person who sends spam
transistor- transistor (transfer + resistor ) - variable resistance
traffic- traffic - the amount of information received and sent on a computer network, road traffic
thread- thread - thread, stream of separately executed code in a program
firewall- firewall - fire wall. A fire wall between houses that prevents the spread of fire (in this meaning in Russian the German word with the same meaning is used -firewall). A program that filters traffic and protects your computer from hacker attacks
file- file - a named location in the computer memory.
chipset- chipset - a set of chips to perform 1 or more related functions
hacker- hacker - a programmer who violates laws with his software code, in particular gaining unauthorized access and control of data
hi-tech- hi-tech, high technologies - high technologies
hosting- hosting from host - owner

Transport

Automotive

car- from car (trolley) - a vehicle with an internal combustion engine for transporting goods on the territory of industrial enterprises
parking- parking - parking lot;
trolleybus- from trolley (trolley rolling on wires) and bus (omnibus and bus)

The Russian language is rich and powerful, and this very wealth is constantly growing. Moreover, new words often come from other languages. Today we will tell you about the most frequently used words of English origin in the Russian language. You will find that you already know more than a hundred words in English without even studying them specifically.

Let's see what concepts relating to the names of clothing items and the world of fashion came to us from the English language.

Russian word	English word	Meaning
ivory	ivory - ivory	Ivory.
bodysuit	a body - body	Apparently the word comes from the fact that this type of clothing fits the body.
windproof	a wind - wind; proof - impenetrable	Windproof clothing, usually a jacket.
jeans	jeans - trousers made of thick cotton fabric (denim)	They were once the clothing of gold miners, but today they find a place in the wardrobe of almost every person.
clutch	to clutch - grab, squeeze, squeeze	A small handbag being squeezed in the hands.
leggings/leggings	leggings - leggings, gaiters; a leg - leg	Fashionable glamorous leggings are now called leggings :-)
long sleeve	long - long; a sleeve - sleeve	T-shirt with long sleeves.
sweater	to sweat - to sweat	It really can be hot in a sweater, so the origin of the word is quite logical.
tuxedo	a smoking jacket - “a jacket in which they smoke”	This word has an interesting origin. Previously, “jackets in which people smoke” were home clothes. When a gentleman was going to smoke, he put on a thick jacket (a smoking jacket), which was designed to protect his clothes from the smell of smoke and falling ash. By the way, in English a tuxedo is a tuxedo or a dinner jacket, and smoking is “smoking.”
stretch	to stretch - to stretch	This is the name for elastic fabrics that stretch well. In Russian, there is also a common incorrect pronunciation of this word - stretch.
chylis	a heel - heel	Sneakers with a wheel on the heel.
hoodie	a hood - hood	Hoodie.
shorts	short - short	Borrowed from the English short trousers.
shoes	shoes - shoes	This is what shoes are called in slang.

The cuisine of English-speaking people contains hundreds of delicious and healthy dishes, which is why our domestic hostesses also prepare all kinds of overseas dishes. These are the words and dishes that have enriched the Russian language thanks to English:

Russian word	English word	Meaning
jam	to jam - squeeze, crush	An analogue of our jam, only the fruit is crushed and mixed so that the dish has a jelly-like consistency.
crumble	to crumble - crumble	A pie whose base consists of butter and flour crumbs.
cracker	to crack - to break	Crispy cookies that break easily.
pancake	a pan - frying pan; a cake - cake, flatbread, pancake	American version of our pancakes.
roast beef	roast - fried; beef - beef	A cut of beef, usually grilled.
hot dog	hot - hot; a dog - a dog	Let's figure out why this favorite dish was named so strangely. The fact is that hot dogs came to the USA from Germany, where they were called Dachshund sandwiches (sandwich dachshund). This name was difficult to pronounce and was replaced by hot dogs. But why was the dish associated with dogs in Germany? There is a version, defended by many historians, that in Germany, until the middle of the 20th century, dog meat was often added to sausages, so long sausages began to be called “dachshunds”.
chips	chips - fried crispy potatoes	This word is interesting because in American English chips are chips, and in British English they are French fries, which in American English are called French fries.
shortbred	short - fragile; bread - bread	This is what they call crumbly shortbread cookies. The word short is used to mean “fragile, brittle” for dough products that have a high ratio of butter to flour.

English is the international language most often used in high-level business negotiations. The terminology of the business world is based on words of English origin, so if you work in the field of economics, management, marketing and finance, you already know hundreds of English words. Let's present the most frequently used of them:

Russian word	English word	Meaning
outsourcing	outsourcing - attracting resources from external sources	Transfer of certain types of work to third party specialists on a contractual basis.
brand	a brand - brand, name	A brand of goods that is extremely popular among customers.
broker	a broker - intermediary, agent	An individual or legal entity that acts as an intermediary in concluding transactions on the stock exchange, and also acts on behalf of its clients.
deadline	a deadline - deadline, final date	Deadline for submitting work.
default	default - non-payment, negligence, defect	Failure to fulfill obligations to repay borrowed funds or pay interest on securities.
diversification	diverse - different, varied	Development of new (different) types of activities by the enterprise. As well as the distribution of investments between various objects.
dealer	a dealer - merchant, sales agent	A company that engages in wholesale purchasing of goods and selling them to consumers. Also a professional participant in the securities market.
distributor	to distribute - distribute	A representative of a manufacturing company who purchases goods from it and sells them either to retailers and dealers, or directly to the buyer.
investor	an investor - investor	A person or organization that invests money in projects in order to increase its capital.
crowdfunding	a crowd - a crowd; funding - financing	Funding of new interesting ideas with money or other resources by a large number of people on a voluntary basis, usually done through the Internet.
leasing	to lease - to lease	A form of lending for the acquisition of fixed assets of an enterprise, in essence it is a long-term lease with a subsequent right of purchase.
marketing	marketing - market promotion, market activities	Organization of production and marketing of goods/services, which is based on the study of market needs. A marketing specialist is called a marketer or marketer.
management	management - management	Management of socio-economic organizations.
networking	a net - network; work - work	Establishing business contacts, creating a network of useful acquaintances for work.
know-how	to know - to know; how - how	Technology, a production secret that allows you to create a product/service in a unique way.
PR	public relations - public relations	Activities to create an attractive image of someone/something, including through the media.
prime time	prime - the best part; time - time	The time when the largest audience gathers near screens or near the radio
price list	a price - price; a list - list	Price list, a list of prices for goods and services of a particular company.
promoter	to promote - promote	A person who promotes a product/service on the market.
release	to release - release, publish	Release of a new product, for example, a film, music album, book, program, etc.
retailer	retail - retail sales	A legal entity that purchases goods wholesale and sells them at retail.
realtor	realty - real estate	Real estate sales specialist, intermediary between buyer and seller.
startup	to start up - start the project	A newly emerged company that builds its business on the basis of innovative ideas or technologies.
freelancer	a freelancer is a self-employed employee who provides his services to various companies	A person performing temporary work (work to order).
holding	to hold - hold, own	A company that owns controlling stakes in several enterprises and thereby exercises control over them.

The vocabulary of sports fans consists almost entirely of English loanwords, so it can be said that fans not only learn sports terms, but also expand their English vocabulary. Look at what words English has given us from the world of sports.

Russian word	English word	Meaning
arm wrestling	an arm - hand; wrestling - wrestling	Arm wrestling.
basketball, volleyball, football, baseball, handball	a ball - ball; a basket - basket; a volley - volley, receiving the ball on the fly; a foot - leg; a base - base; a hand - hand	Ball sports.
body-building	a body - body; to build - build	Exercise with machines or heavy weights to build muscle mass.
scuba diving	to dive - dive; scuba (self-contained underwater breathing apparatus) - scuba gear	Scuba diving.
doping	dope - drug	Prohibited drugs that invigorate the body for a short period of time.
curling	to curl - twist	A game in which you need to hit a target with a stone sliding on ice. At the same time, the round-shaped stone rotates.
kickboxing	a kick - kick; to box - to box	A type of boxing that allows kicks.
cross	to cross - to cross	Running or racing over rough terrain.
penalty	a penalty - punishment, fine	Free kick at the opponent's goal.
rope jumping	a rope - rope; to jump - jump	Jumping with a climbing rope from a height.
surfing	surf - surf wave	Riding the waves on a board.
skateboard	to skate - to ride; a board - board	Roller board.
sport	sport - sport	The word originally came from disport, meaning “entertainment, distraction from work.”
start	start - departure, start	The beginning of something.
half	time - time, period	Sports game time period.
fitness	fitness - endurance, physical culture, form	A healthy lifestyle that includes exercise to stay in good shape.
forward	a forward - one who goes ahead of others	Attack.

In the IT field, almost all words are taken from English. We will present here the most frequently used ones, and you can read about the rest in the articles of our teachers “Ok, Google, or All about gadgets and devices in English” and “Computer basics or how to survive in cyberspace. Basic computer concepts in English."

Russian word	English word	Meaning
browser	to browse - browse	A program for searching and viewing Internet resources.
viral	viral - viral	Popular, spreading among Internet users like a virus.
gamer	a game - game	A person who is interested in computer games.
display	a display - demonstration, display	A device for visually displaying information.
driver	to drive - manage, lead	A program that provides interaction between a computer's operating system and its hardware components.
click	a click - click	Press the mouse button, click on a button or link on the site.
community	a community - community	A group of people with the same interests.
login	to log in - log in	Login name.
laptop	a notebook - notepad, notebook	Laptop.
fast	to post - publish information	Post on a blog or forum.
provider	to provide - to supply, provide	A company that provides access to the Internet and mobile communications.
traffic	traffic - movement, flow of information	Amount of data that passes through the server
hacker	to hack - to hack, chop	A person who is good with computers and can hack various systems.
user	a user - user	Computer user.

Of course, it is difficult to place in one article all the words we took from the English language. Below we present some of the most frequently used borrowed concepts. We think that every person has used these words at least once in their life.

Russian word	English word	Meaning
animalistics	an animal - animal	A genre of art that uses images of animals. You'll often hear "animal print" referred to as a leopard print blouse.
outsider	outsider - outsider, extreme	A non-specialist in any field or a loser, as well as a team or athlete who has virtually no chance of winning.
best-seller	best - the best; a seller - a sold, hot commodity	Product that sells best.
blender	to blend - mix	A device for chopping and mixing products.
blockbuster	a block - quarter; to bust - explode	A popular film that has the effect of an exploding bomb.
boiler	to boil - to boil	Device for heating water.
briefing	brief - short	Short conference.
backing vocals	backing - support; vocal - vocals	Singers who sing along with the performer.
glamor	glamor - charm, charm	Demonstrative luxury.
grant	a grant - gift, subsidy, subsidy	Funds used to support the arts, science, etc.
destructive	to destruct - destroy	Devastating, unfruitful, destructive.
image maker	image - image; to make - to do	A person who creates an image, an external image.
impeachment	impeachment - distrust, condemnation	Removal of the head of state from power due to any violations of the law.
camping	a camp - camp	A recreation center equipped for tourists with tents or small houses.
cool	clever - smart, dexterous, gifted	According to some sources, this slang word also has English roots.
clown	a clown - uncouth guy, jester, clown	A favorite of children in the circus (circus comedian).
crossword	cross - intersecting; a word - a word	Everyone's favorite puzzle where words intersect each other.
loser	to lose - to lose, miss, fall behind	Jonah.
mainstream	the mainstream - main line, main direction	The predominant direction in any field.
parking	to park - park, park	Car parking.
puzzle	a puzzle - a puzzle	A puzzle consisting of many pieces.
playlist	to play - to play; a list - list	List of songs to play.
pressing	to press - press	Pressure, pressure. Often used to mean “psychological pressure.”
rating	to rate - to rate	Rating of something, degree of popularity.
remake	a remake - remake	Updated version of an old product.
reportage	to report - report	A report in the press about some events.
summit	a summit - the top	A meeting of heads of state or government at the highest level.
soundtrack	a sound - sound; a track - track	Sound track, usually music from a film.
second hand	second - second; a hand - hand	Used items.
security	security - safety, security	Security service, security guard.
selfie	self - self-	Self-portrait created using a camera.
square	a square - area	Green area in the city.
speaker	to speak - to speak	Someone who speaks at a conference, webinar, meeting, etc.
test drive	test - trial; a drive - a trip	Test drive to evaluate the qualities of the car.
talk show	to talk - to talk; a show - presentation	A show during which participants express their opinions on any issue.
tram	a tram - carriage; a way - way	Type of public transport.
thriller	a thrill - nervous trembling	A work of art that makes you feel nervous trembling and goosebumps running down your spine.
trolleybus	a trolley - roller current collector; a bus - bus, omnibus	The name appeared because trolleybuses used to have roller current collectors.
tuning	tuning - setting, adjustment	Remodeling and improvement of the car.
hand-made	a hand - hand; made - done	Things made by hand.
shampoo	a shampoo - washing your hair	Hair wash.
escalation	to escalate - rise, escalate	Increasing, strengthening of something. For example, conflict escalation is an exacerbation of the conflict.

We also invite you to watch a video about words that came into Russian from English.

These are the words of English origin in Russian that we often use in our speech. Now you know their origin and also understand their true meaning. However, there are many more similar borrowings from English in the Russian language. Do you know any words that came to us from English? Share your observations in the comments.